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Ding P, Jin Q, Chen X, Yang S, Guo J, Xing G, Deng R, Wang A, Zhang G. Nanovaccine Confers Dual Protection Against Influenza A Virus And Porcine Circovirus Type 2. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:7533-7548. [PMID: 31571862 PMCID: PMC6754344 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s218057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influenza A virus (IAV) is known for its high variability and poses a huge threat to the health of humans and animals. Pigs play a central role in the cross-species reassortment of IAV. Ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) is the most conserved protective antigen in IAV and can be used to develop nanovaccines through nanoparticles displaying to increase its immunogenicity. However, the high immunogenicity of nanoparticles can cause the risk of off-target immune response, and excess unwanted antibodies may interfere with the protective efficacy of M2e-specific antibodies. Therefore, it is necessary to select reasonable nanoparticles to make full use of antibodies against nanoparticles while increasing the level of M2e-specific antibodies. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the most susceptible virus in pigs and can promote IAV infection. It is meaningful to develop a vaccine that can simultaneously control swine influenza virus (SIV) and PCV2. METHODS In the present study, M2e of different copy numbers were inserted into the capsid (Cap) protein of PCV2 and expressed in Escherichia coli to form self-assembled chimeric virus-like particles (VLPs) nanovaccine. BALB/c mice and pigs were immunized with these nanovaccines to explore optimal anti-IAV and anti-PCV2 immunity. RESULTS Cap is capable of carrying at least 81 amino acid residues (three copies of M2e) at its C-terminal without impairing VLPs formation. Cap-3M2e VLPs induced the highest levels of M2e-specific immune responses, conferring protection against lethal challenge of IAVs from different species and induced specific immune responses consistent with PCV2 commercial vaccines in mice. In addition, Cap-3M2e VLPs induced high levels of M2e-specific antibodies and PCV2-specific neutralizing antibodies in pigs. CONCLUSION Cap-3M2e VLP is an economical and promising bivalent nanovaccine, which provides dual protection against IAV and PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyang Ding
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianyue Jin
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Suzhen Yang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junqing Guo
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangxu Xing
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiguang Deng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiping Wang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou225009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou450002, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou225009, People’s Republic of China
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Du Q, Zhang H, He M, Zhao X, He J, Cui B, Yang X, Tong D, Huang Y. Interleukin-10 Promotes Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Persistent Infection in Mice and Aggravates the Tissue Lesions by Suppression of T Cell Infiltration. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2050. [PMID: 31551984 PMCID: PMC6747007 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-10, as a key anti-inflammatory cytokine, increases during porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection, but the role of IL-10 in the process remains to be defined. In the present study, using an IL-10 deficient mice model, we found that IL-10 deficiency prevented the reduction of splenic lymphocytes (CD45+ cells) induced by PCV2 and promoted CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration in lungs through inducting more T cell chemokines (CCL3, CXCL9, and CXCL10). Simultaneously, PCV2 infection induced a significant increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines and PCV2-specific antibodies in IL-10 deficient mice than in wild-type mice, resulting in a lower viral load in lung and a milder lung lesion in IL-10 deficient mice relative to wild-type mice. Moreover, the amounts of pulmonary CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were all inversely correlated with the lung lesions, as well as the viral load of PCV2. These results demonstrate that PCV2 infection employs IL-10 to block the transfer of T cells to the lungs of mice, and IL-10 attenuates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and PCV2-specific antibodies. The lack of T cell infiltration, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and PCV2-specific antibodies promote PCV2 replication, leading to a more severe lung lesion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mingrui He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jia He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Beibei Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Figueras-Gourgues S, Fraile L, Segalés J, Hernández-Caravaca I, López-Úbeda R, García-Vázquez FA, Gomez-Duran O, Grosse-Liesner B. Effect of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) maternally derived antibodies on performance and PCV-2 viremia in vaccinated piglets under field conditions. Porcine Health Manag 2019; 5:21. [PMID: 31516725 PMCID: PMC6727566 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-019-0128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nowadays, the most common presentation of PCV-2 is the subclinical infection in piglets after weaning. The success of PCV-2 vaccination is associated with the control of the clinical disease as well as the improvement of production parameters. In consequence, the objective of the present study was to analyse the effect of PCV-2 maternally derived antibody (MDA) levels on vaccine efficacy in piglets vaccinated at three weeks of age with a commercial PCV-2 subunit vaccine. The study was performed analysing a database with 6112 wean-to-slaughter piglets from 4 different European regions. Results Results showed that the use of the vaccine was able to decrease the PCV-2 viremia calculated as area under the curve (AUC = 60.29 ± 3.73), increase average daily weight gain (ADWG = 0.65 ± 0.01 kg/day) and reduce mortality (7%) in vaccinated piglets compared to non-vaccinated ones (AUC of 198.27 ± 6.14, 0.62 ± 0.01 kg/day and 11% respectively). The overall difference of ADWG between both groups was close to 30 g per day (p < 0.05), also when they were split for low and high levels of MDA titres. Moreover, the animals with the highest ADWG were observed in the group of piglets vaccinated with high or extremely high antibody titres (0.66 and 0.65 kg/day respectively). Considering only animals with extremely high antibody titres, both study groups performed similar, however there was a numerical difference of 10 g/day in favour of vaccinated piglets. Likewise, lack of correlation between ADWG and MDA was observed suggesting that no maternal antibody interference was present with the tested vaccine because the vaccinated animals grew faster compared to unvaccinated control animals, regardless of the level of maternal antibodies present at the time of vaccination. Conclusions The results of the present study demonstrated that the MDA against PCV-2 transferred through the colostrum intake has a protective effect against this viral infection. The vaccine used in the present study (Ingelvac CircoFLEX®) was effective when applied at three weeks of age and was not affected by the level of MDA at the time of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Figueras-Gourgues
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - L Fraile
- 3Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - J Segalés
- 4Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,5UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CRESA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I Hernández-Caravaca
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - R López-Úbeda
- 6Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.,2IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - F A García-Vázquez
- 1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.,2IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - O Gomez-Duran
- 7Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH AH Swine, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - B Grosse-Liesner
- 7Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH AH Swine, Ingelheim, Germany
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Efficacy of a Commercial PCV2a Vaccine with a Two-Dose Regimen Against PCV2d. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6030061. [PMID: 31261743 PMCID: PMC6789767 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2, the causative agent of porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD), consists of three major genotypes PCV2a, 2b and 2d. Current commercial vaccines contain the first-identified PCV2a’s capsid protein or whole virions. Outbreaks of PCVAD, caused by the recently identified PCV2d in vaccinated herds have raised concerns regarding the efficacy of current PCV2a vaccines against PCV2d. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a two-dose regimen for the recently reformulated Fostera PCV MetaStim vaccine, to determine if reformulation with the squalene oil adjuvant and two-dose regimen improves the threshold of protection enough to eliminate viremia in a vaccination and challenge model. Two groups of seven pigs each were vaccinated with the commercial vaccine or PBS, and challenged with the PCV2d virus. Strong pre-challenge virus neutralizing responses were detected against all three genotypes. Post-challenge viremia was not completely eliminated as expected but a 2 log10 mean reduction in viral load was achieved in vaccinated pigs. Vaccinated pigs had a mean score of 0 for pathological evaluation, while unvaccinated pigs had a score of 6.6. In conclusion, the reformulated Fostera PCV MetaStim PCV2a-based vaccine provided significant heterologous protection and was effective against PCV2d.
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Analysis of genetic variation of porcine circovirus type 2 within pig populations in central China. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1445-1451. [PMID: 30888560 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the genetic diversity of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), 284 clinical tissue samples were collected from different pig farms in central China from 2015 to 2017. A total of 162 tissue samples (162/284, 57.04%) were positive for PCV2 by PCR, and subsequently, the complete genome of 36 of these PCV2 samples was cloned and sequenced. The sequencing results showed that 37 complete PCV2 sequences were obtained from 36 PCV2-positive clinical samples. These PCV2 strains were relatively conserved and extremely homologous to the representative classical PCV2 strains. Of these, 20 PCV2 strains belonged to genotype PCV2d, 14 belonged to PCV2b, and three others belonged to PCV2a. Coinfection with PCV2b and PCV2d was identified in one sample (DF-2). These results show that PCV2d may be gradually replacing PCV2b as the predominant PCV2 genotype in central China, and that other genotypes also exist in individual regions. The results of this study will aid in our understanding of the molecular epidemiology of PCV2.
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Ouyang T, Zhang X, Liu X, Ren L. Co-Infection of Swine with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Other Swine Viruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020185. [PMID: 30795620 PMCID: PMC6410029 DOI: 10.3390/v11020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent that causes porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVD/PCVAD), which are present in every major swine-producing country in the world. PCV2 infections may downregulate the host immune system and enhance the infection and replication of other pathogens. However, the exact mechanisms of PCVD/PCVAD are currently unknown. To date, many studies have reported that several cofactors, such as other swine viruses or bacteria, vaccination failure, and stress or crowding, in combination with PCV2, lead to PCVD/PCVAD. Among these cofactors, co-infection of PCV2 with other viruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine parvovirus, swine influenza virus and classical swine fever virus have been widely studied for decades. In this review, we focus on the current state of knowledge regarding swine co-infection with different PCV2 genotypes or strains, as well as with PCV2 and other swine viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Linzhu Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
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Wang X, Lv C, Ji X, Wang B, Qiu L, Yang Z. Ivermectin treatment inhibits the replication of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in vitro and mitigates the impact of viral infection in piglets. Virus Res 2019; 263:80-86. [PMID: 30658073 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) capsid protein (Cap) has a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and can enter the nucleus. In this study, ivermectin, a small-molecule nuclear import inhibitor of proteins was used to determine the role of nuclear localization of Cap on PCV2 replication. Observation by fluorescence microscopy of the intracellular localization of Cap and Cap NLS in cells cultured with ivermectin (50 μg/mL) determined that Cap and Cap NLS were located in the cytoplasm; in contrast, for cells cultured without ivermectin, they accumulated in the cell nucleus. Ivermectin treatment also reduced nuclear transport of Cap derived from PCV2 infection as well as PCV2 replication in PK-15 cells. In addition, lower levels of PCV2 in tissues and sera of piglets treated with ivermectin were detected by qPCR. These results established for the first time that ivermectin has potent antiviral activity towards PCV2 both in vitro and vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changjie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojuan Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Qiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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Mudroňová D, Karaffová V, Csank T, Király J, Revajová V, Gancarčíková S, Nemcová R, Pistl J, Vilček Š, Levkut M. Systemic immune response of gnotobiotic mice infected with porcine circovirus type 2 after administration of Lactobacillus reuteri L26 Biocenol™. Benef Microbes 2018; 9:951-961. [PMID: 30232907 DOI: 10.3920/bm2017.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study we confirmed an antiviral activity of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri L26 which was mediated by stimulation of local intestinal immunity. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the influence of L. reuteri L26 on the systemic immune response in gnotobiotic mice infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). A total of 30 germ-free mice were divided into 3 groups and animals in noninfected and infected control groups (NC and IC; n=10) received sterile de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe broth for 7 days and animals in experimental group L+PCV (n=10) were inoculated with L. reuteri L26. Subsequently, mice in L+PCV and IC groups were infected with PCV2; however, mice in the control group received virus cultivation medium (mock). The results showed an increase of percentage of cytotoxic cells (CD8+ and CD49b+CD8-) and oxidative burst of phagocytes, up-regulation of the gene expression of RANTES, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ and immunoglobulin A in blood above all in the later phase of infection (14 dpi) in L+PCV group accompanied by higher load of PCV2 in the serum. These findings indicate that L. reuteri L26 has a potential to induce systemic immune reaction, but in gnotobiotic mice immune stimulation can increase virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mudroňová
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - V Karaffová
- 1 Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - T Csank
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - J Király
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - V Revajová
- 1 Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - S Gancarčíková
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - R Nemcová
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - J Pistl
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Š Vilček
- 3 Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - M Levkut
- 1 Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
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Vargas-Bermudez DS, Díaz A, Mogollón JD, Jaime J. Longitudinal comparison of the humoral immune response and viral load of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in pigs with different vaccination schemes under field conditions. F1000Res 2018; 7:42. [PMID: 30254738 PMCID: PMC6127736 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13160.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections are distributed worldwide and cause Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease (PCVAD). To minimize the impact of PCV2 infection on swine health and production, different vaccination schemes have been used since 2006. However, the association between vaccination schemes, virus load and disease under field conditions are not completely understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effect of two different PCV2 vaccination schemes on the humoral response and PCV2 load in pigs after weaning under field conditions. Methods: Two commercial pig farms (Farm A and B), endemically infected with PCV2, which were using two different PCV2 subunit vaccinations schemes for sow, gilts and piglets, were selected. We designed a longitudinal study and measured IgG levels by ELISA and virus load by quantitative PCR in pigs after weaning. Forty 3-week old piglets were randomly selected at weaning and followed for 20 weeks. IgG levels and virus loads were compared within and between farms and considered statistically different if the non-parametric Wilcoxon-test p value was lower than 0.05. Results: We found that low virus loads were maintained in pigs from both farms regardless of the vaccination scheme used (p>0.05). However, there was significant difference in the mean IgG levels observed over time (p<0.05) while there were no significant differences in viral loads. This suggests that different humoral immune response is not associated with different virus loads observed over time. Conclusions: These results are important because they can help to prevent PCV2 infections using different vaccination schemes to minimize the effect of PCVAD on swine health and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Vargas-Bermudez
- Departamento de Salud Animal. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - José Darío Mogollón
- Departamento de Salud Animal. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jairo Jaime
- Departamento de Salud Animal. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Klaumann F, Franzo G, Sohrmann M, Correa-Fiz F, Drigo M, Núñez JI, Sibila M, Segalés J. Retrospective detection of Porcine circovirus 3
(PCV-3) in pig serum samples from Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1290-1296. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Klaumann
- CAPES Foundation; Ministry of Education of Brazil; Brasília Brazil
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB); IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - G. Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS); University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - M. Sohrmann
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science; University of Nottingham; Loughborough England
| | - F. Correa-Fiz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB); IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Drigo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS); University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - J. I. Núñez
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB); IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - M. Sibila
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB); IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - J. Segalés
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB); UAB; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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Utilization of phage display to identify antigenic regions in the PCV2 capsid protein for the evaluation of serological responses in mice and pigs. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1877-1887. [PMID: 29589172 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is associated with a series of swine diseases. There is a great interest in improving our understanding of the immunology of PCV2, especially the properties of the viral capsid protein Cap-PCV2 and how they relate to the immunogenicity of the virus and the subsequent development of vaccines. Phage display screening has been widely used to study binding affinities for target proteins. The aim of this study was to use phage display screening to identify antigenic peptides in the PCV2 capsid protein. After the selection of peptides, five of them presented similarity to sequences found in cap-PCV2, and four peptides were synthesized and used for immunization in mice: 51-CTFGYTIKRTVT-62 (PS14), 127-CDNFVTKATALTY-138 (PS34), 164-CKPVLDSTIDY-173 (PC12), and 79-CFLPPGGGSNT-88 (PF1). Inoculation with the PC12 peptide led to the highest production of antibodies. Furthermore, we used the PC12 peptide as an antigen to examine the humoral response of swine serum by ELISA. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay was 88.9% and 92.85%, respectively. Altogether, characterization of immunogenic epitopes in the capsid protein of PCV2 may contribute to the improvement of vaccines and diagnostics.
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Huan C, Fan M, Cheng Q, Wang X, Gao Q, Wang W, Gao S, Liu X. Evaluation of the Efficacy and Cross-Protective Immunity of Live-Attenuated Chimeric PCV1-2b Vaccine Against PCV2b and PCV2d Subtype Challenge in Pigs. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:455. [PMID: 29599761 PMCID: PMC5862802 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) commercial vaccines are either inactivated PCV2 isolates or subunit vaccine based on the Cap protein of PCV2. Currently, no live-attenuated vaccines are yet available. Although the predominant circulating subtype worldwide is PCV2b, the emerging PCV2d subtype is also increasingly associated with PCV disease. In this study, piglets were inoculated with a live-attenuated chimeric PCV1-2b vaccine before challenged with PCV2b and PCV2d isolates. Thirty-two piglets were randomly divided into seven groups: negative (sham-vaccinated, sham-challenged), VAC+PCV2b (PCV1-2b vaccinated, PCV2b-challenged), VAC+PCV2d (PCV1-2b vaccinated, PCV2d-challenged), CHAL+PCV2b (sham-vaccinated, PCV2b-challenged), CHAL+PCV2d (sham-vaccinated, PCV2d-challenged), CV+PCV2b (commercial-vaccinated, PCV2b-challenged), and CV+PCV2d (commercial-vaccinated, PCV2d-challenged). The results showed that vaccinated challenged groups demonstrated high levels of anti-PCV2 antibody and reduced PCV2b and PCV2d loads both in serum and nasal swabs compared with the challenge-only groups. PCV2 DNA was detected in the superficial inguinal lymph nodes of only one pig in each of the VAC+PCV2b and VAC+PCV2d groups (group mean values, 101.81 and 101.77 genomic copies/g, respectively), which was significantly lower than those in CHAL+PCV2b and CHAL+PCV2d animals (group mean values, 1011.65 and 1010.60 genomic copies/g, respectively; P < 0.01). In addition, PCV2 DNA in each of the VAC+PCV2b and VAC+PCV2d groups was significantly lower than those in CV+PCV2b and CV+PCV2d animals (group mean values, 108.47 and 108.34 genomic copies/g, respectively; P < 0.01), indicating that the live-attenuated PCV1-2b vaccine was more effective than commercial vaccine. The live-attenuated PCV1-2b vaccine was effective in reducing PCV2b/PCV2d viremia, shedding, and tissue viral loads in vaccinated challenged pigs compared with challenge-only piglets, indicating that the PCV1-2b prototype vaccine is a good candidate for a live-attenuated vaccine against both PCV2b and PCV2d subtypes. And we first revealed that the live-attenuated PCV1-2b vaccine could protect piglets from challenge with either PCV2b or PCV2d equivalently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchao Huan
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mingyu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qingru Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wanbin Wang
- Postgraduates Training Station of Jiangsu Province, Taizhou, China
| | - Song Gao
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Postgraduates Training Station of Jiangsu Province, Taizhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproducts Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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63
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Ge J, Cui X, Shi Y, Zhao L, Wei C, Wen S, Xia S, Chen H. Development and application of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on recombinant capsid protein for the detection of mink circovirus infection. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:29. [PMID: 29373971 PMCID: PMC5787310 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1337-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mink circovirus (MiCV) is a newly discovered pathogen associated with mink diarrhea. The prevalence and economic importance of this virus remain poorly understood, and no specific serological assay has been developed for the diagnosis of MiCV infection. RESULTS In this study, a recombinant capsid protein antigen expressed in Escherichia coli was utilized to establish an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Results revealed that the assay had no cross-reactivity with other related pathogens, and the respective sensitivity and specificity of the proposed iELISA were 92.31% and 91.67% compared with those obtained of Western blot on 138 serum samples from minks. The correlation coefficient between iELISA and Western blot was 0.838 (p > 0.05). iELISA was applied to detect MiCV antibodies in 683 clinical serum samples from different farms from the major mink industry province in China, and 21 of 24 farms with 163 of 683 (23.87%) individuals were tested positive for MiCV antibodies. The positive rates of each of the 21 flocks ranged from 2.33% to 73.68%. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that iELISA was a sensitive and specific method suitable for the large-scale detection of MiCV infections in mink. This study provided an effective method for the serological diagnosis and positive rate investigation of MiCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.,Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xingyang Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yunjia Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine Unit, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Rd, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Chengwei Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shanshan Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shuang Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine Unit, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Rd, Harbin, 150069, China.
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64
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Dunkelberger JR, Serão NVL, Weng Z, Waide EH, Niederwerder MC, Kerrigan MA, Lunney JK, Rowland RRR, Dekkers JCM. Genomic regions associated with host response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome vaccination and co-infection in nursery pigs. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:865. [PMID: 29132293 PMCID: PMC5682865 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The WUR1000125 (WUR) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) can be used as a genetic marker for host response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), PRRS vaccination, and co-infection with porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b). Objectives of this study were to identify genomic regions other than WUR associated with host response to PRRS vaccination and PRRSV/PCV2b co-infection and regions with a different effect on host response to co-infection, depending on previous vaccination for PRRS. METHODS Commercial crossbred nursery pigs were pre-selected for WUR genotype (n = 171 AA and 198 AB pigs) where B is the dominant and favorable allele. Half of the pigs were vaccinated for PRRS and 4 weeks later, all pigs were co-infected with PRRS virus and PCV2b. Average daily gain (ADG) and viral load (VL) were quantified post vaccination (Post Vx) and post co-infection (Post Co-X). Single-SNP genome-wide association analyses were then conducted to identify genomic regions associated with response to vaccination and co-infection. RESULTS Multiple SNPs near the major histocompatibility complex were significantly associated with PCV2b VL (-log 10 P ≥ 5.5), regardless of prior vaccination for PRRS. Several SNPs were also significantly associated with ADG Post Vx and Post Co-X. SNPs with a different effect on ADG, depending on prior vaccination for PRRS, were identified Post Vx (-log 10 P = 5.6) and Post Co-X (-log 10 P = 5.5). No SNPs were significantly associated with vaccination VL (-log10 P ≤ 4.7) or PRRS VL (-log10 P ≤ 4.3). Genes near SNPs associated with vaccination VL, PRRS VL, and PCV2b VL were enriched (P ≤ 0.01) for immune-related pathways and genes near SNPs associated with ADG were enriched for metabolism pathways (P ≤ 0.04). SNPs associated with vaccination VL, PRRS VL, and PCV2b VL showed overrepresentation of health QTL identified in previous studies and SNPs associated with ADG Post Vx of Non-Vx pigs showed overrepresentation of growth QTL. CONCLUSIONS Multiple genomic regions were associated with PCV2b VL and ADG Post Vx and Post Co-X. Different SNPs were associated with ADG, depending on previous vaccination for PRRS. Results of functional annotation analyses and novel approaches of using previously-reported QTL support the identified regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenelle R Dunkelberger
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,Topigs Norsvin USA, Burnsville, MN, 55337, USA
| | - Nick V L Serão
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Ziqing Weng
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,ABS Global Inc., DeForest, WI, 53532, USA
| | - Emily H Waide
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.,The Seeing Eye Inc., Morristown, NJ, 07960, USA
| | - Megan C Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Maureen A Kerrigan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | | | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Jack C M Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Kaalberg L, Geurts V, Jolie R. A field efficacy and safety trial in the Netherlands in pigs vaccinated at 3 weeks of age with a ready-to-use porcine circovirus type 2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae combined vaccine. Porcine Health Manag 2017; 3:23. [PMID: 29152324 PMCID: PMC5679184 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-017-0070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory diseases impair the health and welfare of growing pigs and impacts farmers’ gains worldwide. Their control through a preventative medical approach has to be tailored according to the pathogens identified at farm level. In the Netherlands, several studies have emphasized the prominent role of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Porcine Circovirus type 2 and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in such respiratory conditions. Further to the arrival on the Dutch market of the first commercially available bivalent vaccine against PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae, Porcilis® PCV M. Hyo, a trial was designed to evaluate its safety and efficacy under local field conditions. Material and methods In a conventional farrow-to-finish 170-sow farm with a history of respiratory diseases and demonstrated circulation of both M. hyopneumoniae and PCV2, 812 piglets were randomised and included at weaning in either of the three following groups: PCVM (vaccinated with Porcilis® PCV M. Hyo), FLEX (vaccinated with CircoFLEX® and MycoFLEX®) or NC (negative control, injected with placebo). Piglets were vaccinated at 3 weeks of age (day 0) and a subset was bled and weighed at regular intervals up to slaughter. Lung slaughter checks were only performed on 64% of the pigs included on day 0. Results and implication No side effect of injection was observed in any of the three groups. Average daily weight gain was improved in both vaccinated groups as compared to the NC group, over the finishing period as well as from wean-to-finish. The PCVM group had a significantly lower PCV2 viremia area under the curve than the two other groups, and a significant reduction in the severity of the pneumonia-like lesions was observed at slaughter in the pigs of the PCVM group. A conservative estimate of the economic benefit of that vaccine was 2.84 € per finisher. This trial confirms that the vaccine is efficacious against the health and growth effects of PCV2 and M. hyopneumoniae, of practical advantage (single injection of a bivalent product) and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Kaalberg
- De Graafschapdierenartsen bv, Schimmeldijk 1 Vorden, 7251 MX Vorden, The Netherlands
| | - Victor Geurts
- MSD Animal Health, Wim de Korverstraat 35, 5831 AN Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Rika Jolie
- Merck Animal Health, 2 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ 07940 USA
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66
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Afolabi KO, Iweriebor BC, Obi LC, Okoh AI. Molecular detection of Porcine circovirus type 2 in swine herds of Eastern Cape Province South Africa. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:212. [PMID: 29096613 PMCID: PMC5669008 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) remains the main causative viral pathogen of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD) of great economic importance in pig industry globally. This present study aims at determining the occurrence of the viral pathogen in swine herds of the Province. Results The data obtained revealed that 15.93% of the screened samples (54/339) from the swine herds of the studied areas were positive for PCV2; while the severity of occurrence of the viral pathogen as observed at farm level ranges from approximately 5.6 to 60% in the studied farms. The majority (15 out of 17 = 88%) of the analyzed sequences were found clustering with other PCV2b strains in the phylogenetic analysis. More interestingly, two other sequences obtained were also found clustering within PCV2d genogroup, which is presently another fast-spreading genotype with observable higher virulence in global swine herds. Conclusion This is the first report of PCV2 in swine herds of the Province and the first detection of PCV2b and PCV2d in South African swine herds. It follows the first reported case of PCV2a in an outbreak of porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in Gauteng Province, South Africa more than one decade ago. This finding confirmed the presence of this all-important viral pathogen in pigs of the region; which could result in a serious outbreak of PCVAD and huge economic loss at the instances of triggering factors if no appropriate measures are taken to effectively curb its spread. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-017-1121-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode Olayinka Afolabi
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, 5700, South Africa. .,SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, 5700, South Africa.
| | - Benson Chuks Iweriebor
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, 5700, South Africa.,SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, 5700, South Africa
| | - Larry Chikwelu Obi
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, 5700, South Africa.,SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, 5700, South Africa.,Academic and Research Division, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, 5700, South Africa.,SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape Province, 5700, South Africa
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67
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Zhang G, Cheng G, Jia P, Jiao S, Feng C, Hu T, Liu H, Du Y. The Positive Correlation of the Enhanced Immune Response to PCV2 Subunit Vaccine by Conjugation of Chitosan Oligosaccharide with the Deacetylation Degree. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15080236. [PMID: 28933754 PMCID: PMC5577591 DOI: 10.3390/md15080236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), the degraded products of chitosan, have been demonstrated to have versatile biological functions. In primary studies, it has displayed significant adjuvant effects when mixed with other vaccines. In this study, chitosan oligosaccharides with different deacetylation degrees were prepared and conjugated to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) subunit vaccine to enhance its immunogenicity. The vaccine conjugates were designed by the covalent linkage of COSs to PCV2 molecules and administered to BALB/c mice three times at two-week intervals. The results indicate that, as compared to the PCV2 group, COS-PCV2 conjugates remarkably enhanced both humoral and cellular immunity against PCV2 by promoting lymphocyte proliferation and initiating a mixed T-helper 1 (Th1)/T-helper 2 (Th2) response, including raised levels of PCV2-specific antibodies and an increased production of inflammatory cytokines. Noticeably, with the increasing deacetylation degree, the stronger immune responses to PCV2 were observed in the groups with COS-PCV2 vaccination. In comparison with NACOS (chitin oligosaccharides)-PCV2 and LCOS (chitosan oligosaccharides with low deacetylation degree)-PCV2, HCOS (chitosan oligosaccharides with high deacetylation degree)-PCV2 showed the highest adjuvant effect, even comparable to that of PCV2/ISA206 (a commercialized adjuvant) group. In summary, COS conjugation might be a viable strategy to enhance the immune response to PCV2 subunit vaccine, and the adjuvant effect was positively correlated with the deacetylation degree of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqiang Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Gong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Peiyuan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Siming Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Cui Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Tao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yuguang Du
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Production & Formulation Engineering, PLA and State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Ding P, Zhang T, Li Y, Teng M, Sun Y, Liu X, Chai S, Zhou E, Jin Q, Zhang G. Nanoparticle orientationally displayed antigen epitopes improve neutralizing antibody level in a model of porcine circovirus type 2. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5239-5254. [PMID: 28769561 PMCID: PMC5533572 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s140789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in biotechnology have enabled the rapid identification and subsequent expression of pathogenic microbial major antigens that induce protective immune responses. However, subunit vaccines have not been successfully commercialized mainly due to the lack of sufficient levels of neutralizing antibodies (NAs). High levels of NA rely on the efficient recognition and cross-linking of multiple neutralizing epitopes with B-cell receptors (BCRs). Nanoparticles are able to display coupled antigenic arrays at high density and provide multiple binding molecular scenarios with BCRs. The high-resolution antigenic structure makes it possible to accurately display stable neutralizing epitopes. Therefore, the development of a nanovaccine that orientationally displays neutralizing epitopes is a feasible strategy. To address this hypothesis, the capsid (Cap) protein of porcine circovirus type 2 as model antigen was conjugated to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through direct reaction of the mercapto group of the unique cysteines with AuNPs, rendering Cap-AuNPs to have neutralizing epitopes on outer surface and an immunodominant epitope buried within the inner surface. In vitro studies showed that AuNPs promoted the phagocytosis of Cap protein and NA levels were significantly improved, meanwhile antibody levels against the immunodominant epitope was significantly reduced. In mouse studies, Cap-AuNP-immunized mice displayed a high production of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and interferon-γ, suggesting that Cap-AuNPs can effectively activate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and balance Th1 and Th2 cellular responses. This study presents a new vaccine design strategy based on antigen structure, where nanoparticles are coupled to antigens in well-ordered arrays and orientationally display neutralizing epitopes to enhance NA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyang Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling.,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Teng Zhang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences.,College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University
| | - Yafei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling.,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Man Teng
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Yaning Sun
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Xiao Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou
| | - Shujun Chai
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Enmin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling
| | - Qianyue Jin
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling.,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Afghah Z, Webb B, Meng XJ, Ramamoorthy S. Ten years of PCV2 vaccines and vaccination: Is eradication a possibility? Vet Microbiol 2017; 206:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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70
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Karaffová V, Csank T, Mudroňová D, Király J, Revajová V, Gancarčíková S, Nemcová R, Pistl J, Vilček Š, Levkut M. Influence of Lactobacillus reuteri L26 Biocenol™ on immune response against porcine circovirus type 2 infection in germ-free mice. Benef Microbes 2017; 8:367-378. [PMID: 28504566 DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria are frequently used for prevention of bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract, but there are only limited studies on their efficacy against viral gut infections in animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri L26 BiocenolTM on the innate and adaptive immune responses in germ-free Balb/c mice, experimentally infected by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), which confers immunosuppressive effect. A total of 30 six-week-old female mice were divided into 3 groups and animals in experimental group LPCV (n=10) were inoculated with L. reuteri L26, animals in the control group (C; n=10) and experimental group PCV (n=10) received sterile De Man-Rogosa-Sharpe broth for 7 days. Subsequently, mice from both experimental groups were infected with PCV2; however, mice in the control group received virus cultivation medium (mock). Virus load in faeces, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN); as well as gene expression of selected cytokines, immunoglobulin A (IgA) and polymeric Ig receptor (PIgR) in the ileum, and percentage of CD8+, CD19+ and CD49b+CD8- cells in the MLN were evaluated. Our results showed that L. reuteri significantly decreased the amount of PCV2 in faeces and in the ileum, and up-regulated the gene expression of chemokines, interferon (IFN)-γ, IgA and PIgR in the ileum. Increased IFN-γ mRNA level was accompanied by higher proportion of natural killer cells and up-regulated IgA and PIgR gene expressions were in accordance with significantly higher percentage of CD19+ lymphocytes in the MLN. These findings indicate that probiotic L. reuteri has an antiviral effect on PCV2 in the intestine which is mediated by stimulation of local gut immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Karaffová
- 1 Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - T Csank
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - D Mudroňová
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - J Király
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - V Revajová
- 1 Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - S Gancarčíková
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - R Nemcová
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - J Pistl
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Š Vilček
- 3 Department of Epizootiology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - M Levkut
- 1 Department of Pathological Anatomy and Pathological Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
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71
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Denner J, Mankertz A. Porcine Circoviruses and Xenotransplantation. Viruses 2017; 9:v9040083. [PMID: 28425928 PMCID: PMC5408689 DOI: 10.3390/v9040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allotransplantation and xenotransplantation may be associated with the transmission of pathogens from the donor to the recipient. Whereas in the case of allotransplantation the transmitted microorganisms and their pathogenic effect are well characterized, the possible influence of porcine microorganisms on humans is mostly unknown. Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are common in pig breeds and they belong to porcine microorganisms that still have not been fully addressed in terms of evaluating the potential risk of xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues, and organs. Two types of PCVs are known: porcine circovirus (PCV) 1 and PCV2. Whereas PCV1 is apathogenic in pigs, PCV2 may induce severe pig diseases. Although most pigs are subclinically infected, we do not know whether this infection impairs pig transplant functionality, particularly because PCV2 is immunosuppressive. In addition, vaccination against PCV2 is able to prevent diseases, but in most cases not transmission of the virus. Therefore, PCV2 has to be eliminated to obtain xenotransplants from uninfected healthy animals. Although there is evidence that PCV2 does not infect—at least immunocompetent—humans, animals should be screened using sensitive methods to ensure virus elimination by selection, Cesarean delivery, vaccination, or embryo transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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72
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Du Q, Huang Y, Wang T, Zhang X, Chen Y, Cui B, Li D, Zhao X, Zhang W, Chang L, Tong D. Porcine circovirus type 2 activates PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK pathways to promote interleukin-10 production in macrophages via Cap interaction of gC1qR. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17492-507. [PMID: 26883107 PMCID: PMC4951228 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection caused PCV2-associated diseases (PCVAD) is one of the major emerging immunosuppression diseases in pig industry. In this study, we investigated how PCV2 inoculation increases interleukin (IL)-10 expression in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). PCV2 inoculation significantly upregulated IL-10 expression compared with PCV1. Upon initial PCV2 inoculation, PI3K/Akt cooperated with NF-κB pathways to promote IL-10 transcription via p50, CREB and Ap1 transcription factors, whereas inhibition of PI3K/Akt activation blocked Ap1 and CREB binding to the il10 promoter, and decreased the binding level of NF-κB1 p50 with il10 promoter, leading to great reduction in early IL-10 transcription. In the later phase of inoculation, PCV2 further activated p38 MAPK and ERK pathways to enhance IL-10 production by promoting Sp1 binding to the il10 promoter. For PCV2-induced IL-10 production in macrophages, PCV2 capsid protein Cap, but not the replicase Rep or ORF3, was the critical component. Cap activated PI3K/Akt, p38 MAPK, and ERK signaling pathways to enhance IL-10 expression. In the whole process, gC1qR mediated PCV2-induced PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK activation to enhance IL-10 induction by interaction with Cap. Depletion of gC1qR blocked PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK activation, resulting in significant decrease in IL-10 production in PCV2-inoculated cells. Thus, gC1qR might be a critical functional receptor for PCV2-induced IL-10 production. Taken together, these data demonstrated that Cap protein binding with host gC1qR induction of PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK signalings activation is a critical process in enhancing PCV2-induced IL-10 production in porcine alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Delong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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73
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Franzo G, Tucciarone CM, Cecchinato M, Drigo M. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) evolution before and after the vaccination introduction: A large scale epidemiological study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39458. [PMID: 27991573 PMCID: PMC5171922 DOI: 10.1038/srep39458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their commercialization, vaccines against Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) have been the cornerstone control strategy. Nevertheless, the periodic emergence of new genotype waves and the recent reports of vaccine failure outbreaks have raised the question if widespread vaccination strategies could have driven viral evolution and affected different genotype fitness. To investigate this issue an in-deep analysis, based on a bioinformatics and biostatistics approach, has been implemented. ORF2 sequences from vaccinated and non-vaccinated populations (i.e. domestic pigs before and after vaccine introduction and wild boars) were considered. The action of selective forces on PCV2 strains has been analyzed and compared among groups. Remarkable differences were found in the selective forces acting on viral populations circulating in different “immune environments”. Particularly for PCV2a, a directional selection promoting a change in the viral capsid away from the vaccine specific antigenic determinants has been detected after vaccine introduction. Involved amino acids were previously reported to be part of viral epitopes whose variability is responsible of immune escape. Our findings support a change in PCV2 evolutionary pattern after widespread vaccination introduction and stress once more the compulsoriness of a continuous monitoring of PCV2 epidemiology to promptly act in response to the emergence of possible vaccine-escaping mutants.
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74
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Evaluation of natural porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) subclinical infection and seroconversion dynamics in piglets vaccinated at different ages. Vet Res 2016; 47:121. [PMID: 27912792 PMCID: PMC5135804 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0405-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) serological and virological dynamics in piglets vaccinated at different ages in a PCV2 subclinical infection (PCV2-SI) scenario. Six hundred and forty-four 2 week-old healthy piglets were selected and distributed into four treatment groups: vaccination at 3, 6 or 10 weeks of age (3W-VAC, 6W-VAC and 10W-VAC groups, respectively) and unvaccinated pigs (NON-VAC group). Blood (n = 112 pigs) and oral fluid (OF) (n = 40 pens) samples were taken throughout the study to assess PCV2 load, humoral immunity and viral genotyping. Percentage of PCV2-DNA positive sera mainly raised by 10 weeks of age, being maximum at 14 weeks of age, and then started to decrease at 18 and 25 weeks of age. Specifically, PCV2 vaccination at 3 or 6 weeks of age yielded similar results, since they produced an earlier seroconversion and reduced, at different sampling points, the proportion of viremic animals in comparison to the unvaccinated group. In contrast, PCV2 vaccination at 10 weeks of age only achieved such reduction at 25 weeks of age; in this case, vaccination coincided with the increase of the percentage of viremic pigs in the population. Both serological techniques used in sera and OF offered similar results with a high and statistically significant correlation. In contrast, a higher percentage of PCV2 DNA positivity was detected in OF in comparison with sera. In conclusion, under the present study conditions, the optimal time for PCV2 piglet vaccination was at either 3 or 6 weeks of age.
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75
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Opriessnig T, Xiao CT, Halbur PG, Gerber PF, Matzinger SR, Meng XJ. A commercial porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2a-based vaccine reduces PCV2d viremia and shedding and prevents PCV2d transmission to naïve pigs under experimental conditions. Vaccine 2016; 35:248-254. [PMID: 27919634 PMCID: PMC5221148 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination has been effective in protecting pigs from clinical disease and today is used extensively. Recent studies in vaccinated populations indicate a major PCV2 genotype shift from the predominant PCV2 genotype 2b towards 2d. The aims of this study were to determine the ability of the commercial inactivated PCV2a vaccine Circovac® to protect pigs against experimental challenge with a 2013 PCV2d strain and prevent transmission. Thirty-eight pigs were randomly divided into four groups with 9–10 pigs per group: NEG (sham-vaccinated, sham-challenged), VAC (PCV2a-vaccinated, sham-challenged), VAC + CHAL (PCV2a-vaccinated and PCV2d-challenged), and CHAL (sham-vaccinated, PCV2d-challenged). Vaccination was done at 3 weeks of age using Circovac® according to label instructions. The CHAL and VAC + CHAL groups were challenged with PCV2d at 7 weeks of age and all pigs were necropsied 21 days post-challenge (dpc). The VAC-CHAL pigs seroconverted to PCV2 by 21 days post vaccination (dpv). At PCV2d challenge on 28 dpv, 3/9 VAC and 1/9 VAC + CHAL pigs were seropositive. NEG pigs remained seronegative for the duration of the study. Vaccination significantly reduced PCV2d viremia (VAC + CHAL) at dpc 14 and 21, PCV2d fecal shedding at dpc 14 and 21 and PCV2d nasal shedding at dpc 7, 14 and 21 compared to CHAL pigs. Vaccination significantly reduced mean PCV2 antigen load in lymph nodes in VAC + CHAL pigs compared to CHAL pigs. When pooled serum or feces collected from VAC + CHAL and CHAL pigs at dpc 21 were used to expose single-housed PCV2 naïve pigs, a pooled fecal sample from CHAL pigs contained infectious PCV2 whereas this was not the case for VAC + CHAL pigs suggesting reduction of PCV2d transmission by vaccination. Under the study conditions, the PCV2a-based vaccine was effective in reducing PCV2d viremia, tissue loads, shedding and transmission indicating that PCV2a vaccination should be effective in PCV2d-infected herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK; Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA; College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Patrick G Halbur
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Priscilla F Gerber
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Shannon R Matzinger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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76
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PCV2d-2 is the predominant type of PCV2 DNA in pig samples collected in the U.S. during 2014–2016. Vet Microbiol 2016; 197:72-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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77
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Rose N, Andraud M, Bigault L, Jestin A, Grasland B. A commercial PCV2a-based vaccine significantly reduces PCV2b transmission in experimental conditions. Vaccine 2016; 34:3738-45. [PMID: 27318416 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Transmission characteristics of PCV2 have been compared between vaccinated and non-vaccinated pigs in experimental conditions. Twenty-four Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) piglets, vaccinated against PCV2 at 3weeks of age (PCV2a recombinant CAP protein-based vaccine), were inoculated at 15days post-vaccination with a PCV2b inoculum (6⋅10(5) TCID50), and put in contact with 24 vaccinated SPF piglets during 42days post-inoculation. Those piglets were shared in six replicates of a contact trial involving 4 inoculated piglets mingled with 4 susceptible SPF piglets. Two replicates of a similar contact trial were made with non-vaccinated pigs. Non vaccinated animals received a placebo at vaccination time and were inoculated the same way and at the same time as the vaccinated group. All the animals were monitored twice weekly using quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA for serology until 42days post-inoculation. The frequency of infection and the PCV2 genome load in sera of the vaccinated pigs were significantly reduced compared to the non-vaccinated animals. The duration of infectiousness was significantly different between vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups (16.6days [14.7;18.4] and 26.6days [22.9;30.4] respectively). The transmission rate was also considerably decreased in vaccinated pigs (β=0.09 [0.05-0.14] compared to β=0.19 [0.11-0.32] in non-vaccinated pigs). This led to an estimated reproduction ratio of 1.5 [95% CI 0.8 - 2.2] in vaccinated animals versus 5.1 [95% CI 2.5 - 8.2] in non-vaccinated pigs when merging data of this experiment with previous trials carried out in same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rose
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France.
| | - M Andraud
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - L Bigault
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - A Jestin
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
| | - B Grasland
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France; Université Bretagne Loire, Rennes, France
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78
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Effect of high and low levels of maternally derived antibodies on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection dynamics and production parameters in PCV2 vaccinated pigs under field conditions. Vaccine 2016; 34:3044-3050. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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79
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Li XJ, Liu JL, Gao DS, Wan WY, Yang X, Li YT, Chang HT, Chen L, Wang CQ, Zhao J. Single-step affinity and cost-effective purification of recombinant proteins using the Sepharose-binding lectin-tag from the mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus as fusion partner. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 119:51-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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80
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Díaz I, Cortey M, Olvera À, Segalés J. Use of H-Index and Other Bibliometric Indicators to Evaluate Research Productivity Outcome on Swine Diseases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149690. [PMID: 26930283 PMCID: PMC4773010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
H-index is the most commonly applied tool to evaluate scientific productivity. In this study, the use of the H-index to evaluate scientific production in swine veterinary medicine was explored. A database of 137 pig infectious agents was constructed, including its taxonomic division, zoonotic potential, status as emerging pathogen and whether it was OIE-listed. The H-index and the total number of citations were calculated for those pathogens, the location of the affiliation of the first author of each paper included in the H-index core was registered and, for the ten pathogens with the highest H-index, evolution over time was measured. H-index values were compared to the M quotient, A-index, G-index, HG-index and the G/H ratio. H-indices were found to be severely affected by search accuracy and the database was hand curated. Swine pathogen H-indexes were highly dispersed ranging from 0 to 106 and were generally higher for pathogens causing endemic diseases in large pig producing countries. Indeed, the three top pathogens were Escherichia coli, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Porcine circovirus type 2 with H-indices 106, 95 and 85, respectively. H-indices of viruses and bacteria were significantly higher (P<0.001) than other pathogen types. Also, non-zoonotic pathogens had higher H-indices than zoonotic pathogens (p<0.009) while no differences could be found for being listed by the OIE. For emerging diseases, only non-emerging viruses had higher H-index (p = 0.02). The study of H-indexes over time revealed three general patterns and that they had increased mainly after the 1980’s. As expected, there were strong geographic patterns in terms of authorship and North America (38%) and Europe (46%) coped the majority of the papers. Finally, in order to quantify the contribution of a subject to a specific field, a new index “Deciphering Citations Organized by Subject” (Dcos) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Díaz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Martí Cortey
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àlex Olvera
- Institut de Recerca de la Sida, IrsiCaixa—HIVACAT, Carretera del Canyet, s/n, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i d’Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
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81
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Pujols J, Segalés J, Polo J, Rodríguez C, Campbell J, Crenshaw J. Influence of spray dried porcine plasma in starter diets associated with a conventional vaccination program on wean to finish performance. Porcine Health Manag 2016; 2:4. [PMID: 28405430 PMCID: PMC5382401 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-016-0021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conventional vaccination programs using a single injection of a combined vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (MHYO) can promote a strong immune response that reduces feed intake for 24 to 48 h post injection. Often such vaccines are given around the time of weaning during a critical stress period in which feed intake is already compromised. Spray dried porcine plasma (SDPP) is a protein source used in starter diets that increases post-weaning feed intake of pigs. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of a conventional vaccination program along with feeding SDPP in a starter diet on antibody development and wean to finish performance of pigs. Results Pigs fed the starter diet with SDPP had improved body weight, average daily weight gain and average daily feed intake during the initial 14 d after weaning along with improved feed efficiency during the initial 7 d after weaning and these responses were independent of vaccination. Vaccination at 3 d after weaning had no significant effect on performance during the initial 14 d after weaning. Cumulative mortality was reduced for pigs fed the starter diet with SDPP, while vaccinated pigs had reduced mortality from d 48 to 145. Both vaccinated pigs and those fed the starter diet with SDPP had heavier carcass weight. One pig per pen was challenged with PCV2 at d 63. A higher percentage of vaccinated pigs were sero-positive for antibodies against PCV2 and MHYO at d 35, 63 and 78. Antibody values against PCV2 were higher for vaccinated pigs at d 35 and 63, but lower at d 146. Percentage of positive samples for PCV2 genome in serum was reduced for vaccinated pigs at d 117 and 146. Antibody values against MHYO were increased for vaccinated pigs at d 35, 63 and 78. Conclusions Vaccination supported a long term antibody response against PCV2 and a moderate but weaker antibody response against MHYO for early finishing pigs challenged with PCV2. Using SDPP in the starter diet along with vaccination supported the best long-term beneficial effects on survival to market and carcass weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Pujols
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Polo
- APC EUROPE, S.A. Avda, Sant Julià 246-258, Pol. Ind. El Congost, E-08403 Granollers, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodríguez
- APC EUROPE, S.A. Avda, Sant Julià 246-258, Pol. Ind. El Congost, E-08403 Granollers, Spain
| | - Joy Campbell
- APC Inc., 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA 50021 USA
| | - Joe Crenshaw
- APC Inc., 2425 SE Oak Tree Court, Ankeny, IA 50021 USA
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82
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Mughini-Gras L, Beato MS, Angeloni G, Monne I, Buniolo F, Zuliani F, Morini M, Castellan A, Bonfanti L, Marangon S. Control of a Reassortant Pandemic 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus Outbreak in an Intensive Swine Breeding Farm: Effect of Vaccination and Enhanced Farm Management Practices. PLOS CURRENTS 2015; 7. [PMID: 25932349 PMCID: PMC4405187 DOI: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.4211b8d6cedd8c870db723455409c0f8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses in swine cause considerable economic losses and raise concerns about their zoonotic potential. The current paucity of thorough empirical assessments of influenza A virus infection levels in swine herds under different control interventions hinders our understanding of their effectiveness. Between 2012 and 2013, recurrent outbreaks of respiratory disease caused by a reassortant pandemic 2009 H1N1 (H1N1pdm) virus were registered in a swine breeding farm in North-East Italy, providing the opportunity to assess an outbreak response plan based on vaccination and enhanced farm management. All sows/gilts were vaccinated with a H1N1pdm-specific vaccine, biosecurity was enhanced, weaning cycles were lengthened, and cross-fostering of piglets was banned. All tested piglets had maternally-derived antibodies at 30 days of age and were detectable in 5.3% of ~90 day-old piglets. There was a significant reduction in H1N1pdm RT-PCR detections after the intervention. Although our study could not fully determine the extent to which the observed trends in seropositivity or RT-PCR positivity among piglets were due to the intervention or to the natural course of the disease in the herd, we provided suggestive evidence that the applied measures were useful in controlling the outbreak, even without an all-in/all-out system, while keeping farm productivity at full.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Serena Beato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgia Angeloni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Buniolo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Zuliani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Morini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | | | - Lebana Bonfanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Marangon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Padua, Italy
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