51
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Germline development from human pluripotent stem cells toward disease modeling of infertility. Fertil Steril 2012; 97:1250-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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52
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Zhu Y, Hu HL, Li P, Yang S, Zhang W, Ding H, Tian RH, Ning Y, Zhang LL, Guo XZ, Shi ZP, Li Z, He Z. Generation of male germ cells from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells): an in vitro and in vivo study. Asian J Androl 2012; 14:574-9. [PMID: 22504877 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2012.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from mice and humans can differentiate into primordial germ cells. However, whether iPS cells are capable of producing male germ cells is not known. The objective of this study was to investigate the differentiation potential of mouse iPS cells into spermatogonial stem cells and late-stage male germ cells. We used an approach that combines in vitro differentiation and in vivo transplantation. Embryoid bodies (EBs) were obtained from iPS cells using leukaemia inhibitor factor (LIF)-free medium. Quantitative PCR revealed a decrease in Oct4 expression and an increase in Stra8 and Vasa mRNA in the EBs derived from iPS cells. iPS cell-derived EBs were induced by retinoic acid to differentiate into spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), as evidenced by their expression of VASA, as well as CDH1 and GFRα1, which are markers of SSCs. Furthermore, these germ cells derived from iPS cells were transplanted into recipient testes of mice that had been pre-treated with busulfan. Notably, iPS cell-derived SSCs were able to differentiate into male germ cells ranging from spermatogonia to round spermatids, as shown by VASA and SCP3 expression. This study demonstrates that iPS cells have the potential to differentiate into late-stage male germ cells. The derivation of male germ cells from iPS cells has potential applications in the treatment of male infertility and provides a model for uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying male germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- Renji Hospital, Sperm Development and Genetics Laboratory, Shanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai Institute of Andrology, Department of Urology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
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53
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Lin ZYC, Imamura M, Sano C, Nakajima R, Suzuki T, Yamadera R, Takehara Y, Okano HJ, Sasaki E, Okano H. Molecular signatures to define spermatogenic cells in common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Reproduction 2012; 143:597-609. [PMID: 22323619 DOI: 10.1530/rep-11-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Germ cell development is a fundamental process required to produce offspring. The developmental program of spermatogenesis has been assumed to be similar among mammals. However, recent studies have revealed differences in the molecular properties of primate germ cells compared with the well-characterized mouse germ cells. This may prevent simple application of rodent insights into higher primates. Therefore, thorough investigation of primate germ cells is necessary, as this may lead to the development of more appropriate animal models. The aim of this study is to define molecular signatures of spermatogenic cells in the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus. Interestingly, NANOG, PRDM1, DPPA3 (STELLA), IFITM3, and ZP1 transcripts, but no POU5F1 (OCT4), were detected in adult marmoset testis. Conversely, mouse testis expressed Pou5f1 but not Nanog, Prdm1, Dppa3, Ifitm3, and Zp1. Other previously described mouse germ cell markers were conserved in marmoset and mouse testes. Intriguingly, marmoset spermatogenic cells underwent dynamic protein expression in a developmental stage-specific manner; DDX4 (VASA) protein was present in gonocytes, diminished in spermatogonial cells, and reexpressed in spermatocytes. To investigate epigenetic differences between adult marmoset and mice, DNA methylation analyses identified unique epigenetic profiles to marmoset and mice. Marmoset NANOG and POU5F1 promoters in spermatogenic cells exhibited a methylation status opposite to that in mice, while the DDX4 and LEFTY1 loci, as well as imprinted genes, displayed an evolutionarily conserved methylation pattern. Marmosets have great advantages as models for human reproductive biology and are also valuable as experimental nonhuman primates; thus, the current study provides an important platform for primate reproductive biology, including possible applications to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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54
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Pistollato F, Bremer-Hoffmann S, Healy L, Young L, Stacey G. Standardization of pluripotent stem cell cultures for toxicity testing. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:239-57. [PMID: 22248265 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.639763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pluripotent stem cell (PSC) lines offer a unique opportunity to derive various human cell types that can be exploited for human safety assessments in vitro and as such contribute to modern mechanistically oriented toxicity testing. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the two major types of PSC cultures that are currently most promising for toxicological applications: human embryonic stem cell lines and human induced PSC lines. Through the review, the article explains how these cell types will improve the current safety evaluations of chemicals and will allow a more efficient selection of drug candidates. Additionally, the article discusses the important issues of maintaining PSCs as well as their differentiation efficiency. EXPERT OPINION The demonstration of the reliability and relevance of in vitro toxicity tests for a given purpose is mandatory for their use in regulatory toxicity testing. Given the peculiar nature of PSCs, a high level of standardization of undifferentiated cell cultures as well as of the differentiation process is required in order to ensure the establishment of robust test systems. It is, therefore, of pivotal importance to define and internationally agree on crucial parameters to judge the quality of the cellular models before enrolling them for toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pistollato
- Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, Systems Toxicology Unit, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
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55
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Psathaki OE, Hübner K, Sabour D, Sebastiano V, Wu G, Sugawa F, Wieacker P, Pennekamp P, Schöler HR. Ultrastructural Characterization of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Oocytes and Granulosa Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:2205-15. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olympia E. Psathaki
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Karin Hübner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Davood Sabour
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Vittorio Sebastiano
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Fumihiro Sugawa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Wieacker
- Institute for Human Genetics, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
| | - Petra Pennekamp
- Institute for Human Genetics, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans R. Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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56
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Eguizabal C, Montserrat N, Vassena R, Barragan M, Garreta E, Garcia-Quevedo L, Vidal F, Giorgetti A, Veiga A, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Complete meiosis from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 2011; 29:1186-95. [PMID: 21681858 DOI: 10.1002/stem.672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gamete failure-derived infertility affects millions of people worldwide; for many patients, gamete donation by unrelated donors is the only available treatment. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can differentiate in vitro into germ-like cells, but they are genetically unrelated to the patient. Using an in vitro protocol that aims at recapitulating development, we have achieved, for the first time, complete differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to postmeiotic cells. Unlike previous reports using human ESCs, postmeiotic cells arose without the over-expression of germline related transcription factors. Moreover, we consistently obtained haploid cells from hiPSCs of different origin (keratinocytes and cord blood), produced with a different number of transcription factors, and of both genetic sexes, suggesting the independence of our approach from the epigenetic memory of the reprogrammed somatic cells. Our work brings us closer to the production of personalized human gametes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eguizabal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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57
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Tosca L, Courtot AM, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Tachdjian G. Productionin vitrode cellules germinales murines et humaines à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes. Med Sci (Paris) 2011; 27:866-74. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20112710015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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58
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Can we grow sperm? A translational perspective on the current animal and human spermatogenesis models. Asian J Androl 2011; 13:677-82. [PMID: 21765440 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been tremendous advances in both the diagnosis and treatment of male factor infertility; however, the mechanisms responsible to recreate spermatogenesis outside of the testicular environment continue to elude andrologists. Having the ability to 'grow' human sperm would be a tremendous advance in reproductive biology with multiple possible clinical applications, such as a treatment option for men with testicular failure and azoospermia of multiple etiologies. To understand the complexities of human spermatogenesis in a research environment, model systems have been designed with the intent to replicate the testicular microenvironment. Currently, there are both in vivo and in vitro model systems. In vivo model systems involve the transplantation of either spermatogonial stem cells or testicular xenographs. In vitro model systems involve the use of pluripotent stem cells and complex coculturing and/or three-dimensional culturing techniques. This review discusses the basic methodologies, possible clinical applications, benefits and limitations of each model system. Although these model systems have greatly improved our understanding of human spermatogenesis, we unfortunately have not been successful in demonstrating complete human spermatogenesis outside of the testicle.
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59
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Human Haploid Cells Differentiated from Meiotic Competent Clonal Germ Cell Lines That Originated from Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:1079-88. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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60
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Pelosi E, Forabosco A, Schlessinger D. Germ cell formation from embryonic stem cells and the use of somatic cell nuclei in oocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1221:18-26. [PMID: 21401625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.05982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have remarkable properties of pluripotency and self-renewal, along with the retention of chromosomal integrity. Germ cells function as a kind of "transgenerational stem cells," transmitting genetic information from one generation to the next. The formation of putative primordial germ cells (PGCs) and germ cells from mouse and human ESCs (hESCs) has, in fact, been shown, and the apparent derivation of functional mouse male gametes has also been described. Additionally, investigators have successfully reprogrammed somatic nuclei into a pluripotent state by inserting them into ESCs or oocytes. This would enable the generation of ESCs genetically identical to the somatic cell donor and their use in cell therapy. However, these methodologies are still inefficient and their mechanisms poorly understood. Until full comprehension of these processes is obtained, clinical applications remain remote. Nevertheless, they represent promising tools in the future, enhancing methods of therapeutic cloning and infertility treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pelosi
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging/NIH Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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61
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Abstract
The idea that a sperm or egg might be formed outside of a gonad is perhaps as bizarre today as human assisted conception and test-tube babies were 30-40 years ago and has received a similar amount of media copy. Here, we review briefly the derivation of mammalian germ cells and sperm cells from embryonic stem cells in vitro, ask whether these methods are viable and could provide therapies in the future, and discuss what constitutes an 'artificial' sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Lokman
- Department of Biomedical Science, Centre for Stem Cell Biology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
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62
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Geens M, Sermon KD, Van de Velde H, Tournaye H. Sertoli cell-conditioned medium induces germ cell differentiation in human embryonic stem cells. J Assist Reprod Genet 2011; 28:471-80. [PMID: 21318592 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-011-9541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the spontaneous germ cell differentiation capacity of VUB hESC lines, develop a protocol for the induction of germ cell differentiation using conditioned medium from Sertoli cells (SCCM) and compare it to existing protocols. METHODS hESC were allowed to differentiate spontaneously or after the addition of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and/or SCCM. VASA transcripts were measured by relative quantification real-time RT-PCR to determine the efficiency of germ cell differentiation. RESULTS VUB hESC lines can differentiate spontaneously towards the germ cell lineage, however, more consistently in an embryoid body approach than in monolayer cultures. BMPs and SCCM significantly improve VASA expression, but do not have a synergistic effect. Direct contact of differentiating hESC with Sertoli cells does not improve VASA expression. CONCLUSIONS SCCM contains inductive factors for germ cell differentiation and could represent an element for in-vitro differentiation to germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Geens
- Research Group Biology of the Testis (BITE), Department of Embryology and Genetics, Medical School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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63
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Panula S, Medrano JV, Kee K, Bergström R, Nguyen HN, Byers B, Wilson KD, Wu JC, Simon C, Hovatta O, Reijo Pera RA. Human germ cell differentiation from fetal- and adult-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 20:752-62. [PMID: 21131292 PMCID: PMC3024045 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, our understanding of molecular genetic aspects of human germ cell development has been limited, at least in part due to inaccessibility of early stages of human development to experimentation. However, the derivation of pluripotent stem cells may provide the necessary human genetic system to study germ cell development. In this study, we compared the potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), derived from adult and fetal somatic cells to form primordial and meiotic germ cells, relative to human embryonic stem cells. We found that ∼5% of human iPSCs differentiated to primordial germ cells (PGCs) following induction with bone morphogenetic proteins. Furthermore, we observed that PGCs expressed green fluorescent protein from a germ cell-specific reporter and were enriched for the expression of endogenous germ cell-specific proteins and mRNAs. In response to the overexpression of intrinsic regulators, we also observed that iPSCs formed meiotic cells with extensive synaptonemal complexes and post-meiotic haploid cells with a similar pattern of ACROSIN staining as observed in human spermatids. These results indicate that human iPSCs derived from reprogramming of adult somatic cells can form germline cells. This system may provide a useful model for molecular genetic studies of human germline formation and pathology and a novel platform for clinical studies and potential therapeutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Panula
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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64
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Krtolica A, Giritharan G. Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-based Models for Male Reproductive Toxicity Screening. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2010; 56:213-21. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2010.486470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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65
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Modulation of embryonic stem cell fate and somatic cell reprogramming by small molecules. Reprod Biomed Online 2010; 21:26-36. [PMID: 20462797 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are pluripotent cells and have the ability to self-renew in vitro and to differentiate into cells representing all three germ layers. They provide enormous opportunities for basic research, regenerative medicine as well as drug discovery. The mechanisms that govern ESC fate are not completely understood, so a better understanding and control of ESC self-renewal and differentiation are pivotal for therapeutic applications. In contrast to growth factors and genetic manipulations, small molecules offer great advantages in modulating ESC fate. For instance, they could be conveniently identified through high-throughput screening, work across multiple signalling pathways and affect epigenetic modifications as well. This review focuses on the recent progress in the use of small molecules to regulate ESC self-renewal, differentiation and somatic cell reprogramming.
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66
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Clark AT. Egg-Citing Advances in Generating Primordial Germ Cells in the Laboratory. Biol Reprod 2010; 82:233-4. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.082388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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67
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68
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West F, Roche-Rios M, Abraham S, Rao R, Natrajan M, Bacanamwo M, Stice S. KIT ligand and bone morphogenetic protein signaling enhances human embryonic stem cell to germ-like cell differentiation. Hum Reprod 2009; 25:168-78. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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69
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Aflatoonian B, Ruban L, Jones M, Aflatoonian R, Fazeli A, Moore H. In vitro post-meiotic germ cell development from human embryonic stem cells. Hum Reprod 2009; 24:3150-9. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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70
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Nicholas CR, Haston KM, Grewall AK, Longacre TA, Reijo Pera RA. Transplantation directs oocyte maturation from embryonic stem cells and provides a therapeutic strategy for female infertility. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:4376-89. [PMID: 19696121 PMCID: PMC2766296 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten to 15% of couples are infertile, with the most common causes being linked to the production of few or no oocytes or sperm. Yet, our understanding of human germ cell development is poor, at least in part due to the inaccessibility of early stages to genetic and developmental studies. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) provide an in vitro system to study oocyte development and potentially treat female infertility. However, most studies of ESC differentiation to oocytes have not documented fundamental properties of endogenous development, making it difficult to determine the physiologic relevance of differentiated germ cells. Here, we sought to establish fundamental parameters of oocyte development during ESC differentiation to explore suitability for basic developmental genetic applications using the mouse as a model prior to translating to the human system. We demonstrate a timeline of definitive germ cell differentiation from ESCs in vitro that initially parallels endogenous oocyte development in vivo by single-cell expression profiling and analysis of functional milestones including responsiveness to defined maturation media, shared genetic requirement of Dazl, and entry into meiosis. However, ESC-derived oocyte maturation ultimately fails in vitro. To overcome this obstacle, we transplant ESC-derived oocytes into an ovarian niche to direct their functional maturation and, thereby, present rigorous evidence of oocyte physiologic relevance and a potential therapeutic strategy for infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory R Nicholas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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71
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Nicholas CR, Chavez SL, Baker VL, Reijo Pera RA. Instructing an embryonic stem cell-derived oocyte fate: lessons from endogenous oogenesis. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:264-83. [PMID: 19366753 PMCID: PMC2726843 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Female reproductive potential is limited in the majority of species due to oocyte depletion. Because functional human oocytes are restricted in number and accessibility, a robust system to differentiate oocytes from stem cells would enable a thorough investigation of the genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors affecting human oocyte development. Also, the differentiation of functional oocytes from stem cells may permit the success of human somatic cell nuclear transfer for reprogramming studies and for the production of patient-specific embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Thus, ESC-derived oocytes could ultimately help to restore fertility in women. Here, we review endogenous and ESC-derived oocyte development, and we discuss the potential and challenges for differentiating functional oocytes from ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory R Nicholas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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72
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Park TS, Galic Z, Conway AE, Lindgren A, Van Handel BJ, Magnusson M, Richter L, Teitell MA, Mikkola HK, Lowry WE, Plath K, Clark AT. Derivation of primordial germ cells from human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells is significantly improved by coculture with human fetal gonadal cells. Stem Cells 2009; 27:783-95. [PMID: 19350678 PMCID: PMC4357362 DOI: 10.1002/stem.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The derivation of germ cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or human induced pluripotent stem (hIPS) cells represents a desirable experimental model and potential strategy for treating infertility. In the current study, we developed a triple biomarker assay for identifying and isolating human primordial germ cells (PGCs) by first evaluating human PGC formation during the first trimester in vivo. Next, we applied this technology to characterizing in vitro derived PGCs (iPGCs) from pluripotent cells. Our results show that codifferentiation of hESCs on human fetal gonadal stromal cells significantly improves the efficiency of generating iPGCs. Furthermore, the efficiency was comparable between various pluripotent cell lines regardless of origin from the inner cell mass of human blastocysts (hESCs), or reprogramming of human skin fibroblasts (hIPS). To better characterize the iPGCs, we performed Real-time polymerase chain reaction, microarray, and bisulfite sequencing. Our results show that iPGCs at day 7 of differentiation are transcriptionally distinct from the somatic cells, expressing genes associated with pluripotency and germ cell development while repressing genes associated with somatic differentiation (specifically multiple HOX genes). Using bisulfite sequencing, we show that iPGCs initiate imprint erasure from differentially methylated imprinted regions by day 7 of differentiation. However, iPGCs derived from hIPS cells do not initiate imprint erasure as efficiently. In conclusion, our results indicate that triple positive iPGCs derived from pluripotent cells differentiated on hFGS cells correspond to committed first trimester germ cells (before 9 weeks) that have initiated the process of imprint erasure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Sub Park
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Zoran Galic
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Anne E. Conway
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Anne Lindgren
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Benjamin J. Van Handel
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Mattias Magnusson
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Laura Richter
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Michael A. Teitell
- Department of Medicine, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Reserach, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Hanna K.A Mikkola
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Reserach, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - William E. Lowry
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Reserach, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Kathrin Plath
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Reserach, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Amander T Clark
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
- College of Letters and Science, University of California, Los Angeles
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Reserach, University of California, Los Angeles
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73
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Reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem cells: how suitable could they be in reproductive medicine? Fertil Steril 2009; 91:971-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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