51
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Qin X, Cao Y. Prognostic Biomarker NUMB Is Inhibited by Breast Cancer Cell Exosomes to Promote Breast Cancer Progression. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:6032076. [PMID: 35478938 PMCID: PMC9038436 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6032076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To clarify the regulation of breast cancer cell-derived exosomes on breast cancer and the expression of the NUMB endocytic adaptor protein (NUMB) protein. Methods The exosomes of breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 were isolated. The exosomes were subsequently labeled with PKH67 and added to breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells cultured in vitro. Transwell and clone formation assays were performed to detect cell migration, invasion, and clone formation. Meanwhile, Western blot and qPCR were conducted to determine the regulation of NUMB expression by exosomes in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, NUMB overexpressed lentivirus was supplemented to validate the recovery. Results The number of migrating and invasive breast cancer cells in the exosome-treated group was significantly increased compared with the control group. Moreover, the number of breast cancer cell clones in the exosome-treated group was increased than in the control group. However, the NUMB expression in breast cancer cells treated with exosomes revealed a substantial decrease, indicating that the exosomes of breast cancer cells could inhibit NUMB expression. NUMB overexpressed lentivirus supplementation markedly suppressed cell migration, invasion, and proliferation of breast cancer cells compared with exosome group. Conclusion Taken together, the exosomes of breast cancer cells could inhibit the expression of NUMB and promote the migration, invasion, and cell clone formation of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Youde Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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52
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Pane K, Quintavalle C, Nuzzo S, Ingenito F, Roscigno G, Affinito A, Scognamiglio I, Pattanayak B, Gallo E, Accardo A, Thomas G, Minic Z, Berezovski MV, Franzese M, Condorelli G. Comparative Proteomic Profiling of Secreted Extracellular Vesicles from Breast Fibroadenoma and Malignant Lesions: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073989. [PMID: 35409352 PMCID: PMC8999736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) shuttle proteins, RNA, DNA, and lipids crucial for cell-to-cell communication. Recent findings have highlighted that EVs, by virtue of their cargo, may also contribute to breast cancer (BC) growth and metastatic dissemination. Indeed, EVs are gaining great interest as non-invasive cancer biomarkers. However, little is known about the biological and physical properties of EVs from malignant BC lesions, and even less is understood about EVs from non-malignant lesions, such as breast fibroadenoma (FAD), which are clinically managed using conservative approaches. Thus, for this pilot study, we attempted to purify and explore the proteomic profiles of EVs from benign breast lesions, HER2+ BCs, triple–negative BCs (TNBCs), and continuous BC cell lines (i.e., BT-549, MCF–10A, and MDA-MB-231), combining experimental and semi-quantitative approaches. Of note, proteome-wide analyses showed 49 common proteins across EVs harvested from FAD, HER2+ BCs, TNBCs, and model BC lines. This is the first feasibility study evaluating the physicochemical composition and proteome of EVs from benign breast cells and primary and immortalized BC cells. Our preliminary results hold promise for possible implications in precision medicine for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Pane
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; (K.P.); (S.N.); (E.G.)
| | - Cristina Quintavalle
- Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Silvia Nuzzo
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; (K.P.); (S.N.); (E.G.)
| | - Francesco Ingenito
- Percuros BV, Eerbeeklaan 42, 2573 HT Den Haag, The Netherlands; (F.I.); (G.R.); (A.A.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 15, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Giuseppina Roscigno
- Percuros BV, Eerbeeklaan 42, 2573 HT Den Haag, The Netherlands; (F.I.); (G.R.); (A.A.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 15, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Alessandra Affinito
- Percuros BV, Eerbeeklaan 42, 2573 HT Den Haag, The Netherlands; (F.I.); (G.R.); (A.A.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 15, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Iolanda Scognamiglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 15, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Birlipta Pattanayak
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 15, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Enrico Gallo
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; (K.P.); (S.N.); (E.G.)
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy;
| | - Guglielmo Thomas
- Breast Unit Clinica Mediterranea, Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Via Orazio 2, 80122 Naples, Italy;
| | - Zoran Minic
- John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (Z.M.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Maxim V. Berezovski
- John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (Z.M.); (M.V.B.)
| | - Monica Franzese
- IRCCS SYNLAB SDN, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; (K.P.); (S.N.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (G.C.)
| | - Gerolama Condorelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini 15, 80131 Naples, Italy; (I.S.); (B.P.)
- IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (G.C.)
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53
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Cheng L, Hill AF. Therapeutically harnessing extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:379-399. [PMID: 35236964 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00410-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of extracellular vesicle (EV) research has developed rapidly over the last decade from the study of fundamental biology to a subject of significant clinical relevance. The potential of harnessing EVs in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases - including cancer and neurological and cardiovascular disorders - is now being recognized. Accordingly, the applications of EVs as therapeutic targets, biomarkers, novel drug delivery agents and standalone therapeutics are being actively explored. This Review provides a brief overview of the characteristics and physiological functions of the various classes of EV, focusing on their association with disease and emerging strategies for their therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley Cheng
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia. .,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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54
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Alexandra T, Maria G, Charalampos T, Eleni Z, George ZC, Nikolaos MV. Exosomes in breast cancer management. Where do we stand? A literature review. Biol Cell 2022; 114:109-122. [PMID: 35080041 DOI: 10.1111/boc.202100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exosomes constitute cellular molecular fingertips that participate in intercellular communication both in health and disease states. Hence, exosomes emerge as critical mediators of cancer development and progression, as well as potential biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets. OBJECTIVE To review literature data regarding applications of circulating exosomes in breast cancer management. METHODS This is a literature review of relevant published studies until April 2020 in PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Original papers in the English language concerning exosome related studies were included. RESULTS Exosomes represent molecular miniatures of their parent cells. Several homeostatic mechanisms control exosomal secretion and synthesis. Exosomal exchange among cells creates an intricate intercellular crosstalk orchestrating almost every tissue process, as well as carcinogenesis. Available data highlight exosomes as major mediators of cancer development and progression. The secretion of specific exosomal molecules, particularly miRNAs, correlates with the underlying processes and can be used as a means of tumor detection and prognostic assessment. CONCLUSIONS Exosomal miRNAs expression profiles and levels closely relate to cancer extent, type and prognosis. Deep comprehension of such correlations and systematization of experimental outcomes will offer a novel approach in cancer detection and management. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triantafyllou Alexandra
- 1st Propaedeutic Surgical Department, Hippocration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Gazouli Maria
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoropoulos Charalampos
- 1st Propaedeutic Surgical Department, Hippocration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Zografos Eleni
- 1st Propaedeutic Surgical Department, Hippocration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Zografos C George
- 1st Propaedeutic Surgical Department, Hippocration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Michalopoulos V Nikolaos
- 1st Propaedeutic Surgical Department, Hippocration General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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55
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Cancer extracellular vesicles, tumoroid models, and tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:112-126. [PMID: 35032650 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer extracellular vesicles (EVs), or exosomes, promote tumor progression through enhancing tumor growth, initiating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, remodeling the tumor microenvironment, and preparing metastatic niches. Three-dimensionally (3D) cultured tumoroids / spheroids aim to reproduce some aspects of tumor behavior in vitro and show increased cancer stem cell properties. These properties are transferred to their EVs that promote tumor growth. Moreover, recent tumoroid models can be furnished with aspects of the tumor microenvironment, such as vasculature, hypoxia, and extracellular matrix. This review summarizes tumor tissue culture and engineering platforms compatible with EV research. For example, the combination experiments of 3D-tumoroids and EVs have revealed multifunctional proteins loaded in EVs, such as metalloproteinases and heat shock proteins. EVs or exosomes are able to transfer their cargo molecules to recipient cells, whose fates are often largely altered. In addition, the review summarizes approaches to EV labeling technology using fluorescence and luciferase, useful for studies on EV-mediated intercellular communication, biodistribution, and metastatic niche formation.
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56
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Suzuki J, Tsuboi M, Ishii G. Cancer-associated fibroblasts and the tumor microenvironment in non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2022; 22:169-182. [PMID: 34904919 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2022.2019018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has a markedly poor prognosis as it progresses, and the prognosis is still unsatisfactory even with modern treatments. Cancer is composed of not only cancer cells, but also stroma consisting of various cell types. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major component of the stroma and the associated tumor microenvironment (TME). Particularly, CAFs are a critical component in elucidating the biological mechanisms of cancer progression and new therapeutic targets. This article outlines the TME formed by CAFs in NSCLC. AREAS COVERED Focusing on the TME in NSCLC, we discuss the mechanisms by which CAFs are involved in cancer progression, drug resistance, and the development of therapies targeting CAFs. EXPERT OPINION In the TME, CAFs profoundly contribute to tumor progression by interacting with cancer cells through direct contact or paracrine cytokine signaling. CAFs also interact with various other stromal components to establish a tumor-promoting immunosuppressive microenvironment and remodel the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, these effects are closely associated with drug resistance. Further elucidation of the stromal microenvironment, including CAFs, could prove to be crucial in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Suzuki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsuboi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
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57
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Wilczyński JR. Cancer Stem Cells: An Ever-Hiding Foe. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 113:219-251. [PMID: 35165866 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91311-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are a population of cells enable to reproduce the original phenotype of the tumor and capable to self-renewal, which is crucial for tumor proliferation, differentiation, recurrence, and metastasis, as well as chemoresistance. Therefore, the cancer stem cells (CSCs) have become one of the main targets for anticancer therapy and many ongoing clinical trials test anti-CSCs efficacy of plenty of drugs. This chapter describes CSCs starting from general description of this cell population, through CSCs markers, signaling pathways, genetic and epigenetic regulation, role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transition and autophagy, cooperation with microenvironment (CSCs niche), and finally role of CSCs in escaping host immunosurveillance against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek R Wilczyński
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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58
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Microenvironment of Cancer Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1393:103-124. [PMID: 36587304 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12974-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Microenvironment of cancer stem cells (CSCs) consists of a variety of cells and inter-cellular matrix and communications of the components. The microenvironment of CSCs maintains the stemness feature of the CSCs. Several cell types which communicate each other via signaling molecules surrounding CSCs are main factors of the CSC microenvironment. A key question is "What kind of information the cells exchange in the CSC microenvironment?" to reveal the microenvironment and CSC features. Components and molecular markers of CSC microenvironment, signaling cross-talks in CSC microenvironment, and targeting CSC microenvironment are focused in this review.
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59
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Quadri Z, Elsherbini A, Bieberich E. Extracellular vesicles in pharmacology: Novel approaches in diagnostics and therapy. Pharmacol Res 2022; 175:105980. [PMID: 34863822 PMCID: PMC8760625 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized lipid vesicles that are produced by all eukaryotic cells, and they typically range in size from 30 to 150 nm. Exosomes were discovered almost 40 years ago; however, the last two decades have attracted considerable attention due to exosomes' inherent abilities to shuttle nucleic acids, lipids and proteins between cells, along with their natural affinity to exosome target cells. From a pharmaceutical perspective, exosomes are regarded as naturally produced nanoparticle drug delivery vehicles. The application of exosomes as a means of drug delivery offers critical advantages compared to other nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. These advantages are due to the exosomes' intrinsic features, such as low immunogenicity, biocompatibility, stability, and their ability to overcome biological barriers. Herein, we outline the structure and origin of exosomes, as well as their biological functions. We also touch upon recent advances in exosome labeling, imaging and drug loading. Finally, we discuss exosomes in targeted drug delivery and clinical trial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainuddin Quadri
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502, United States
| | - Ahmed Elsherbini
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502, United States
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, United States; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502, United States.
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60
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Tastan B, Tarakcioglu E, Birinci Y, Park Y, Genc S. Role of Exosomal MicroRNAs in Cell-to-Cell Communication. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2257:269-292. [PMID: 34432284 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1170-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle, are small vesicles (30-100 nm) secreted into extracellular space from almost all types of cells. Exosomes mediate cell-to-cell communication carrying various biologically active molecules including microRNAs. Studies have shown that exosomal microRNAs play fundamental roles in healthy and pathological conditions such as immunity, cancer, and inflammation. In this chapter, we introduce the current knowledge on exosome biogenesis, techniques used in exosome research, and exosomal miRNA and their functions in biological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Tastan
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emre Tarakcioglu
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yelda Birinci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yongsoo Park
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sermin Genc
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Science, University of Dokuz Eylul, Izmir, Turkey. .,Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey.
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61
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Taeb S, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Rezapoor S, Musa AE, Farhood B, Najafi M. Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Stem Cells Resistance to Radiotherapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 22:18-30. [PMID: 34951575 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666211224154952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a chronic disorder that involves several elements of both the tumor and the host stromal cells. At present, the complex relationship between the various factors presents in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and tumor cells, as well as immune cells located within the TME, is still poorly known. Within the TME, the crosstalk of these factors and immune cells essentially determines how a tumor reacts to the treatment and how the tumor can ultimately be destroyed, remain dormant, or develop and metastasize. Also, in TME, reciprocal crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), extracellular matrix (ECM), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) intensifies the proliferation capacity of cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are subpopulation of cells that reside within the tumor bulk and have the capacity to self-renew, differentiate, and repair DNA damage. These characteristics make CSCs develop resistance to a variety of treatments, such as radiotherapy (RT). RT is a frequent and often curative treatment for local cancer which mediates tumor elimination by cytotoxic actions. Also, cytokines and growth factors that are released into TME, have been involved in the activation of tumor radioresistance and the induction of different immune cells, altering local immune responses. In this review, we discuss the pivotal role of TME in resistance of CSCs to RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Taeb
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 , Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla 34956, Turkey
| | - Saeed Rezapoor
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Campus), Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences., Iraq
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Villegas-Pineda JC, Lizarazo-Taborda MDR, Ramírez-de-Arellano A, Pereira-Suárez AL. Exosomal miRNAs and lncRNAs: The Modulator Keys of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in the Genesis and Progression of Malignant Neoplasms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:717478. [PMID: 34912797 PMCID: PMC8667074 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.717478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is made up of a universe of molecular and cellular components that promote or inhibit the development of neoplasms. Among the molecular elements are cytokines, metalloproteinases, proteins, mitochondrial DNA, and nucleic acids, within which the ncRNAs: miRNAs and lncRNAs stand out due to their direct modulating effects on the genesis and progression of various cancers. Regarding cellular elements, the solid tumor microenvironment is made up of tumor cells, healthy adjacent epithelial cells, immune system cells, endothelial cells, and stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, which are capable of generating a modulating communication network with the other components of the tumor microenvironment through, among other mechanisms, the secretion of exosomal vesicles loaded with miRNAs and lncRNAs. These ncRNAs are key pieces in developing neoplasms since they have diverse effects on cancer cells and healthy cells, favoring or negatively regulating protumoral cellular events, such as migration, invasion, proliferation, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and resistance to treatment. Due to the growing number of relevant evidence in recent years, this work focused on reviewing, analyzing, highlighting, and showing the current state of research on exosomal ncRNAs derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts and their effects on different neoplasms. A future perspective on using these ncRNAs as real therapeutic tools in the treatment of cancer patients is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio César Villegas-Pineda
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.,Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | - Adrián Ramírez-de-Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico.,Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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63
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Mollah F, Varamini P. Overcoming Therapy Resistance and Relapse in TNBC: Emerging Technologies to Target Breast Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1921. [PMID: 34944738 PMCID: PMC8698629 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer and is the leading cause of cancer mortality in women. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer. Often, TNBC is not effectively treated due to the lack of specificity of conventional therapies and results in relapse and metastasis. Breast cancer-associated fibroblasts (BCAFs) are the predominant cells that reside in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and regulate tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis, and therapy resistance. BCAFs secrete a wide range of factors, including growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines, some of which have been proved to lead to a poor prognosis and clinical outcomes. This TME component has been emerging as a promising target due to its crucial role in cancer progression and chemotherapy resistance. A number of therapeutic candidates are designed to effectively target BCAFs with a focus on their tumor-promoting properties and tumor immune response. This review explores various agents targeting BCAFs in TNBC, including small molecules, nucleic acid-based agents, antibodies, proteins, and finally, nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Mollah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Pegah Varamini
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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64
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Targeted Therapy Modulates the Secretome of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts to Induce Resistance in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413297. [PMID: 34948097 PMCID: PMC8706990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of trastuzumab plus pertuzumab plus docetaxel as a first-line therapy in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer has provided significant clinical benefits compared to trastuzumab plus docetaxel alone. However, despite the therapeutic success of existing therapies targeting HER2, tumours invariably relapse. Therefore, there is an urgent need to improve our understanding of the mechanisms governing resistance, so that specific therapeutic strategies can be developed to provide improved efficacy. It is well known that the tumour microenvironment (TME) has a significant impact on cancer behaviour. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are essential components of the tumour stroma that have been linked to acquired therapeutic resistance and poor prognosis in breast cancer. For this reason, it would be of interest to identify novel biomarkers in the tumour stroma that could emerge as therapeutic targets for the modulation of resistant phenotypes. Conditioned medium experiments carried out in our laboratory with CAFs derived from HER2-positive patients showed a significant capacity to promote resistance to trastuzumab plus pertuzumab therapies in two HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines (BCCLs), even in the presence of docetaxel. In order to elucidate the components of the CAF-conditioned medium that may be relevant in the promotion of BCCL resistance, we implemented a multiomics strategy to identify cytokines, transcription factors, kinases and miRNAs in the secretome that have specific targets in cancer cells. The combination of cytokine arrays, label-free LC-MS/MS quantification and miRNA analysis to explore the secretome of CAFs under treatment conditions revealed several up- and downregulated candidates. We discuss the potential role of some of the most interesting candidates in generating resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Forder A, Hsing CY, Trejo Vazquez J, Garnis C. Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles and Cellular Communication in Metastasis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123429. [PMID: 34943937 PMCID: PMC8700460 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between cancer cells and the surrounding stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in promoting metastasis, which is the major cause of cancer death. Small membrane-bound particles called extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from both cancer and stromal cells and have a key role in mediating this communication through transport of cargo such as various RNA species (mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA), proteins, and lipids. Tumor-secreted EVs have been observed to induce a pro-tumorigenic phenotype in non-malignant cells of the stroma, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and local immune cells. These cancer-associated cells then drive metastasis by mechanisms such as increasing the invasiveness of cancer cells, facilitating angiogenesis, and promoting the formation of the pre-metastatic niche. This review will cover the role of EV-mediated signaling in the TME during metastasis and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting these pathways to develop biomarkers and novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Forder
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (A.F.); (C.-Y.H.); (J.T.V.)
| | - Chi-Yun Hsing
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (A.F.); (C.-Y.H.); (J.T.V.)
| | - Jessica Trejo Vazquez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (A.F.); (C.-Y.H.); (J.T.V.)
| | - Cathie Garnis
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Cancer Research Center, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (A.F.); (C.-Y.H.); (J.T.V.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Koopaie M, Abedinejad F, Manifar S, Mousavi R, Kolahdooz S, Shamshiri A. Salivary miRNA-21 expression as a potential non-invasive diagnostic biomarker in breast cancer. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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67
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Li C, Teixeira AF, Zhu HJ, Ten Dijke P. Cancer associated-fibroblast-derived exosomes in cancer progression. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:154. [PMID: 34852849 PMCID: PMC8638446 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify novel cancer therapies, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has received a lot of attention in recent years in particular with the advent of clinical successes achieved by targeting immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The TME consists of multiple cell types that are embedded in the extracellular matrix (ECM), including immune cells, endothelial cells and cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which communicate with cancer cells and each other during tumor progression. CAFs are a dominant and heterogeneous cell type within the TME with a pivotal role in controlling cancer cell invasion and metastasis, immune evasion, angiogenesis and chemotherapy resistance. CAFs mediate their effects in part by remodeling the ECM and by secreting soluble factors and extracellular vesicles. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contain various biomolecules such as nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. The biomolecules in exosomes can be transmitted from one to another cell, and thereby affect the behavior of the receiving cell. As exosomes are also present in circulation, their contents can also be explored as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer patients. In this review, we concentrate on the role of CAFs-derived exosomes in the communication between CAFs and cancer cells and other cells of the TME. First, we introduce the multiple roles of CAFs in tumorigenesis. Thereafter, we discuss the ways CAFs communicate with cancer cells and interplay with other cells of the TME, and focus in particular on the role of exosomes. Then, we elaborate on the mechanisms by which CAFs-derived exosomes contribute to cancer progression, as well as and the clinical impact of exosomes. We conclude by discussing aspects of exosomes that deserve further investigation, including emerging insights into making treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitor blockade more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Adilson Fonseca Teixeira
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
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Wang P, Wang C, Zhu L, Li P, Tang X, Wang J, Hu F, Qiao G, Xie C, Zhu C. RETRACTED ARTICLE: MiR-151-3p transferred by cancer-associated fibroblast-derived extracellular vesicles promotes osteosarcoma progression through the CHL1/integrin 1β/TGF-β axis. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:1390. [PMID: 33723405 PMCID: PMC8636259 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00304-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Jianhu Hospital of Nantong University, Jianhu People's Hospital, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Changchao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huaian Tumor Hospital & Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian, P.R. China
| | - Leyin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The People's Hospital of Yizheng City, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yizheng, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, Huaian Tumor Hospital & Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Jianhu Hospital of Nantong University, Jianhu People's Hospital, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Jianhu Hospital of Nantong University, Jianhu People's Hospital, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Fangyong Hu
- Department of Central Laboratory, Huaian Tumor Hospital & Huaian Hospital of Huaian City, Huaian, P.R. China
| | - Gaoshan Qiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The People's Hospital of Yizheng City, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yizheng, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, The People's Hospital of Yizheng City, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yizheng, P.R. China
| | - Chengdong Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The People's Hospital of Yizheng City, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yizheng, P.R. China.
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Dougherty U, Mustafi R, Zhu H, Zhu X, Deb D, Meredith SC, Ayaloglu-Butun F, Fletcher M, Sanchez A, Pekow J, Deng Z, Amini N, Konda VJ, Rao VL, Sakuraba A, Kwesi A, Kupfer SS, Fichera A, Joseph L, Hart J, He F, He TC, West-Szymanski D, Li YC, Bissonnette M. Upregulation of polycistronic microRNA-143 and microRNA-145 in colonocytes suppresses colitis and inflammation-associated colon cancer. Epigenetics 2021; 16:1317-1334. [PMID: 33356812 PMCID: PMC8813074 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1863117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Because ADAM17 promotes colonic tumorigenesis, we investigated potential miRNAs regulating ADAM17; and examined effects of diet and tumorigenesis on these miRNAs. We also examined pre-miRNA processing and tumour suppressor roles of several of these miRNAs in experimental colon cancer. Using TargetScan, miR-145, miR-148a, and miR-152 were predicted to regulate ADAM17. miR-143 was also investigated as miR-143 and miR-145 are co-transcribed and associated with decreased tumour growth. HCT116 colon cancer cells (CCC) were co-transfected with predicted ADAM17-regulating miRNAs and luciferase reporters controlled by ADAM17-3'UTR. Separately, pre-miR-143 processing by colonic cells was measured. miRNAs were quantified by RT-PCR. Tumours were induced with AOM/DSS in WT and transgenic mice (Tg) expressing pre-miR-143/miR-145 under villin promoter. HCT116 transfection with miR-145, -148a or -152, but not scrambled miRNA inhibited ADAM17 expression and luciferase activity. The latter was suppressed by mutations in ADAM17-3'UTR. Lysates from colonocytes, but not CCC, processed pre-miR-143 and mixing experiments suggested CCC lacked a competency factor. Colonic miR-143, miR-145, miR-148a, and miR-152 were downregulated in tumours and more moderately by feeding mice a Western diet. Tg mice were resistant to DSS colitis and had significantly lower cancer incidence and tumour multiplicity. Tg expression blocked up-regulation of putative targets of miR-143 and miR-145, including ADAM17, K-Ras, XPO5, and SET. miR-145, miR-148a, and miR-152 directly suppress colonocyte ADAM17 and are down-regulated in colon cancer. This is the first direct demonstration of tumour suppressor roles for miR-143 and miR-145 in an in vivo model of colonic tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reba Mustafi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Xiaorong Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Dilip Deb
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Arantxa Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Joel Pekow
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Zifeng Deng
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Nader Amini
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Vani J Konda
- Department of Medicine, Baylor University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Vijaya L. Rao
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | | | - Akushika Kwesi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Sonia S Kupfer
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | | | - Loren Joseph
- Departments of Pathology, Beth Israel, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Hart
- Departments of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Fang He
- Departments of Orthopedics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Departments of Orthopedics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Yan Chun Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
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Brena D, Huang MB, Bond V. Extracellular vesicle-mediated transport: Reprogramming a tumor microenvironment conducive with breast cancer progression and metastasis. Transl Oncol 2021; 15:101286. [PMID: 34839106 PMCID: PMC8636863 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles’ (EVs) role in breast tumor microenvironment and pre-metastatic niche development. Breast cancer EV-mediated transmission of pro-metastatic and drug-resistant phenotypes. Precision medicine with EVs as biomarkers and delivery vehicles for drug and anticancer genetic material.
Breast cancer metastatic progression to critical secondary sites is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women. While existing therapies are highly effective in combating primary tumors, metastatic disease is generally deemed incurable with a median survival of only 2, 3 years. Extensive efforts have focused on identifying metastatic contributory targets for therapeutic antagonism and prevention to improve patient survivability. Excessive breast cancer release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), whose contents stimulate a metastatic phenotype, represents a promising target. Complex breast cancer intercellular communication networks are based on EV transport and transference of molecular information is in bulk resulting in complete reprogramming events within recipient cells. Other breast cancer cells can acquire aggressive phenotypes, endothelial cells can be induced to undergo tubule formation, and immune cells can be neutralized. Recent advancements continue to implicate the critical role EVs play in cultivating a tumor microenvironment tailored to cancer proliferation, metastasis, immune evasion, and conference of drug resistance. This literature review serves to frame the role of EV transport in breast cancer progression and metastasis. The following five sections will be addressed: (1) Intercellular communication in developing a tumor microenvironment & pre-metastatic niche. (2) Induction of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). (3). Immune suppression & evasion. (4) Transmission of drug resistance mechanisms. (5) Precision medicine: clinical applications of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Brena
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | - Ming-Bo Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States.
| | - Vincent Bond
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
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Zhang F, Guo J, Zhang Z, Qian Y, Wang G, Duan M, Zhao H, Yang Z, Jiang X. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome: A tumor regulator and carrier for targeted tumor therapy. Cancer Lett 2021; 526:29-40. [PMID: 34800567 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that have the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types. Several studies have shown that exosomes secreted by MSCs (MSCs-Exo) play an important role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and drug resistance. However, contradictory results have suggested that MSCs-Exo can also suppress tumors through specific mechanisms, such as regulating immune responses and intercellular signaling. Consequently, the relationship between MSCs-Exo and tumors remains controversial. However, it is undeniable that exosomes, as natural vesicles, can be excellent drug carriers and show promise for application in targeted tumor therapy. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the involvement of MSCs-Exo in tumor progression and their potential as drug delivery systems in targeted therapy. We argue that MSCs-Exo can be used as safe carriers of antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jinshuai Guo
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhenghou Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yiping Qian
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Meiqi Duan
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Haiying Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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72
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Loh JJ, Ma S. The Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblast as a Dynamic Player in Mediating Cancer Stemness in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:727640. [PMID: 34760886 PMCID: PMC8573407 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.727640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The enrichment of cancer-associated fibroblast (CAFs) in a tumor microenvironment (TME) cultivates a pro-tumorigenic niche via aberrant paracrine signaling and matrix remodeling. A favorable niche is critical to the maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), a population of cells that are characterized by their enhanced ability to self-renew, metastasis, and develop therapy resistance. Mounting evidence illustrates the interplay between CAF and cancer cells expedites malignant progression. Therefore, targeting the key cellular components and factors in the niche may promote a more efficacious treatment. In this study, we discuss how CAF orchestrates a niche that enhances CSC features and the potential therapeutic implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jian Loh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Stephanie Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR China
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Roles and mechanisms of exosomal non-coding RNAs in human health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:383. [PMID: 34753929 PMCID: PMC8578673 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes play a role as mediators of cell-to-cell communication, thus exhibiting pleiotropic activities to homeostasis regulation. Exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), mainly microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are closely related to a variety of biological and functional aspects of human health. When the exosomal ncRNAs undergo tissue-specific changes due to diverse internal or external disorders, they can cause tissue dysfunction, aging, and diseases. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the underlying regulatory mechanisms of exosomes in human diseases. In addition, we explore the current knowledge on the roles of exosomal miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in human health and diseases, including cancers, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases, to determine their potential implication in biomarker identification and therapeutic exploration.
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74
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Teles RHG, Yano RS, Villarinho NJ, Yamagata AS, Jaeger RG, Meybohm P, Burek M, Freitas VM. Advances in Breast Cancer Management and Extracellular Vesicle Research, a Bibliometric Analysis. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:4504-4520. [PMID: 34898576 PMCID: PMC8628791 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28060382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles transport variable content and have crucial functions in cell–cell communication. The role of extracellular vesicles in cancer is a current hot topic, and no bibliometric study has ever analyzed research production regarding their role in breast cancer and indicated the trends in the field. In this way, we aimed to investigate the trends in breast cancer management involved with extracellular vesicle research. Articles were retrieved from Scopus, including all the documents published concerning breast cancer and extracellular vesicles. We analyzed authors, journals, citations, affiliations, and keywords, besides other bibliometric analyses, using R Studio version 3.6.2. and VOSviewer version 1.6.0. A total of 1151 articles were retrieved, and as the main result, our analysis revealed trending topics on biomarkers of liquid biopsy, drug delivery, chemotherapy, autophagy, and microRNA. Additionally, research related to extracellular vesicles in breast cancer has been focused on diagnosis, treatment, and mechanisms of action of breast tumor-derived vesicles. Future studies are expected to explore the role of extracellular vesicles on autophagy and microRNA, besides investigating the application of extracellular vesicles from liquid biopsies for biomarkers and drug delivery, enabling the development and validation of therapeutic strategies for specific cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Handerson Gomes Teles
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (R.S.Y.); (N.J.V.); (A.S.Y.); (R.G.J.); (V.M.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-98205-9151
| | - Rafael Sussumu Yano
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (R.S.Y.); (N.J.V.); (A.S.Y.); (R.G.J.); (V.M.F.)
| | - Nicolas Jones Villarinho
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (R.S.Y.); (N.J.V.); (A.S.Y.); (R.G.J.); (V.M.F.)
| | - Ana Sayuri Yamagata
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (R.S.Y.); (N.J.V.); (A.S.Y.); (R.G.J.); (V.M.F.)
| | - Ruy Gastaldoni Jaeger
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (R.S.Y.); (N.J.V.); (A.S.Y.); (R.G.J.); (V.M.F.)
| | - Patrick Meybohm
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Malgorzata Burek
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (P.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Vanessa Morais Freitas
- Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICB), University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (R.S.Y.); (N.J.V.); (A.S.Y.); (R.G.J.); (V.M.F.)
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Richard V, Davey MG, Annuk H, Miller N, Dwyer RM, Lowery A, Kerin MJ. MicroRNAs in Molecular Classification and Pathogenesis of Breast Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5332. [PMID: 34771496 PMCID: PMC8582384 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current clinical practice of breast tumor classification relies on the routine immunohistochemistry-based expression analysis of hormone receptors, which is inadequate in addressing breast tumor heterogeneity and drug resistance. MicroRNA expression profiling in tumor tissue and in the circulation is an efficient alternative to intrinsic molecular subtyping that enables precise molecular classification of breast tumor variants, the prediction of tumor progression, risk stratification and also identifies critical regulators of the tumor microenvironment. This review integrates data from protein, gene and miRNA expression studies to elaborate on a unique miRNA-based 10-subtype taxonomy, which we propose as the current gold standard to allow appropriate classification and separation of breast cancer into a targetable strategy for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinitha Richard
- Discipline of Surgery, The Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland; (M.G.D.); (H.A.); (N.M.); (R.M.D.); (A.L.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael J. Kerin
- Discipline of Surgery, The Lambe Institute for Translational Research, National University of Ireland, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland; (M.G.D.); (H.A.); (N.M.); (R.M.D.); (A.L.)
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Zhong Y, Li H, Li P, Chen Y, Zhang M, Yuan Z, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Luo G, Fang Y, Li X. Exosomes: A New Pathway for Cancer Drug Resistance. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743556. [PMID: 34631581 PMCID: PMC8497983 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are secreted into body fluids by multiple cell types and are enriched in bioactive molecules, although their exact contents depend on the cells of origin. Studies have shown that exosomes in the tumor microenvironment affect tumor growth, metastasis and drug resistance by mediating intercellular communication and the transport of specific molecules, although their exact mechanisms of action need to be investigated further. In this review, we have summarized current knowledge on the relationship between tumor drug resistance and exosomes, and have discussed the potential applications of exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbin Zhong
- Hand, Foot Vascular Surgery, Tungwah Hospital to Sun Yet-sen University, Dongguan, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Peiwen Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Dermatology Department, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhendong Yuan
- Hand, Foot Vascular Surgery, Tungwah Hospital to Sun Yet-sen University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yufang Zhang
- Anyang Tumor Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Geng Luo
- Hand, Foot Vascular Surgery, Tungwah Hospital to Sun Yet-sen University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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77
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Oliveira FD, Castanho MARB, Neves V. Exosomes and Brain Metastases: A Review on Their Role and Potential Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10899. [PMID: 34639239 PMCID: PMC8509735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) are a frequent complication in patients with advanced stages of cancer, associated with impairment of the neurological function, quality of life, prognosis, and survival. BM treatment consists of a combination of the available cancer therapies, such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapies. Even so, cancer patients with BM are still linked to poor prognosis, with overall survival being reported as 12 months or less. Intercellular communication has a pivotal role in the development of metastases, therefore, it has been extensively studied not only to better understand the metastization process, but also to further develop new therapeutic strategies. Exosomes have emerged as key players in intercellular communication being potential therapeutic targets, drug delivery systems (DDS) or biomarkers. In this Review, we focus on the role of these extracellular vesicles (EVs) in BM formation and their promising application in the development of new BM therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vera Neves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (F.D.O.); (M.A.R.B.C.)
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78
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Scioli MG, Terriaca S, Fiorelli E, Storti G, Fabbri G, Cervelli V, Orlandi A. Extracellular Vesicles and Cancer Stem Cells in Tumor Progression: New Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10572. [PMID: 34638913 PMCID: PMC8508599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor burden is a complex microenvironment where different cell populations coexist and have intense cross-talk. Among them, a heterogeneous population of tumor cells with staminal features are grouped under the definition of cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are also considered responsible for tumor progression, drug resistance, and disease relapse. Furthermore, CSCs secrete a wide variety of extracellular vesicles (EVs) with different cargos, including proteins, lipids, ssDNA, dsDNA, mRNA, siRNA, or miRNA. EVs are internalized by other cells, orienting the microenvironment toward a protumorigenic and prometastatic one. Given their importance in tumor growth and metastasis, EVs could be exploited as a new therapeutic target. The inhibition of biogenesis, release, or uptake of EVs could represent an efficacious strategy to impair the cross-talk between CSCs and other cells present in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, natural or synthetic EVs could represent suitable carriers for drugs or bioactive molecules to target specific cell populations, including CSCs. This review will discuss the role of CSCs and EVs in tumor growth, progression, and metastasis and how they affect drug resistance and disease relapse. Furthermore, we will analyze the potential role of EVs as a target or vehicle of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Scioli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Anatomic Pathology Institute, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy; (M.G.S.); (S.T.); (E.F.); (G.F.)
| | - Sonia Terriaca
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Anatomic Pathology Institute, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy; (M.G.S.); (S.T.); (E.F.); (G.F.)
| | - Elena Fiorelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Anatomic Pathology Institute, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy; (M.G.S.); (S.T.); (E.F.); (G.F.)
| | - Gabriele Storti
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy; (G.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Giulia Fabbri
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Anatomic Pathology Institute, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy; (M.G.S.); (S.T.); (E.F.); (G.F.)
| | - Valerio Cervelli
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy; (G.S.); (V.C.)
| | - Augusto Orlandi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Anatomic Pathology Institute, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy; (M.G.S.); (S.T.); (E.F.); (G.F.)
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79
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Bondhopadhyay B, Sisodiya S, Alzahrani FA, Bakhrebah MA, Chikara A, Kasherwal V, Khan A, Rani J, Dar SA, Akhter N, Tanwar P, Agrawal U, Hussain S. Exosomes: A Forthcoming Era of Breast Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4672. [PMID: 34572899 PMCID: PMC8464658 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent advancements in therapeutics and personalized medicine, breast cancer remains one of the most lethal cancers among women. The prognostic and diagnostic aids mainly include assessment of tumor tissues with conventional methods towards better therapeutic strategies. However, current era of gene-based research may influence the treatment outcome particularly as an adjunct to diagnostics by exploring the role of non-invasive liquid biopsies or circulating markers. The characterization of tumor milieu for physiological fluids has been central to identifying the role of exosomes or small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). These exosomes provide necessary communication between tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The manipulation of exosomes in TME may provide promising diagnostic/therapeutic strategies, particularly in triple-negative breast cancer patients. This review has described and highlighted the role of exosomes in breast carcinogenesis and how they could be used or targeted by recent immunotherapeutics to achieve promising intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banashree Bondhopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, India; (B.B.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (V.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Sandeep Sisodiya
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, India; (B.B.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (V.K.); (J.R.)
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 411004, India
| | - Faisal Abdulrahman Alzahrani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Embryonic Stem Cells Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammed A. Bakhrebah
- Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Atul Chikara
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, India; (B.B.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (V.K.); (J.R.)
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 411004, India
| | - Vishakha Kasherwal
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, India; (B.B.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (V.K.); (J.R.)
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Noida 201313, India
| | - Asiya Khan
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201313, India;
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr. Bheem Rao Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital (Dr. BRA-IRCH), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110023, India;
| | - Jyoti Rani
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, India; (B.B.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (V.K.); (J.R.)
| | - Sajad Ahmad Dar
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Naseem Akhter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Albaha 65411, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Pranay Tanwar
- Laboratory Oncology Unit, Dr. Bheem Rao Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital (Dr. BRA-IRCH), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110023, India;
| | - Usha Agrawal
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Showket Hussain
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Noida 201301, India; (B.B.); (S.S.); (A.C.); (V.K.); (J.R.)
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80
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Xiong H, Huang Z, Yang Z, Lin Q, Yang B, Fang X, Liu B, Chen H, Kong J. Recent Progress in Detection and Profiling of Cancer Cell-Derived Exosomes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007971. [PMID: 34075696 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, known as nanometer-sized vesicles (30-200 nm), are secreted by many types of cells. Cancer-derived exosomes have great potential to be biomarkers for early clinical diagnosis and evaluation of cancer therapeutic efficacy. Conventional detection methods are limited to low sensitivity and reproducibility. There are hundreds of papers published with different detection methods in recent years to address these challenges. Therefore, in this review, pioneering researches about various detection strategies are comprehensively summarized and the analytical performance of these tests is evaluated. Furthermore, the exosome molecular composition (protein and nucleic acid) profiling, a single exosome profiling, and their application in clinical cancer diagnosis are reviewed. Finally, the principles and applications of machine learning method in exosomes researches are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Zhejun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xueen Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jilie Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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81
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Seibold T, Waldenmaier M, Seufferlein T, Eiseler T. Small Extracellular Vesicles and Metastasis-Blame the Messenger. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174380. [PMID: 34503190 PMCID: PMC8431296 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Due to their systemic nature, metastatic lesions are a major problem for curative cancer treatment. According to a common model for metastasis, tumor cells disseminate by local invasion, survival in the blood stream and extravasation into suitable tissue environments. At secondary sites, metastatic cells adapt, proliferate and foster vascularization to satisfy nutrient and oxygen demand. In recent years, tumors were shown to extensively communicate with cells in the local microenvironment and future metastatic sites by secreting small extracellular vesicles (sEVs, exosomes). sEVs deliver bioactive cargos, e.g., proteins, and in particular, several nucleic acid classes to reprogram target cells, which in turn facilitate tumor growth, cell motility, angiogenesis, immune evasion and establishment of pre-metastatic niches. sEV-cargos also act as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. This review discusses how tumor cells utilize sEVs with nucleic acid cargos to progress through metastasis, and how sEVs may be employed for prognosis and treatment. Abstract Cancer is a complex disease, driven by genetic defects and environmental cues. Systemic dissemination of cancer cells by metastasis is generally associated with poor prognosis and is responsible for more than 90% of cancer deaths. Metastasis is thought to follow a sequence of events, starting with loss of epithelial features, detachment of tumor cells, basement membrane breakdown, migration, intravasation and survival in the circulation. At suitable distant niches, tumor cells reattach, extravasate and establish themselves by proliferating and attracting vascularization to fuel metastatic growth. These processes are facilitated by extensive cross-communication of tumor cells with cells in the primary tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as at distant pre-metastatic niches. A vital part of this communication network are small extracellular vesicles (sEVs, exosomes) with a size of 30–150 nm. Tumor-derived sEVs educate recipient cells with bioactive cargos, such as proteins, and in particular, major nucleic acid classes, to drive tumor growth, cell motility, angiogenesis, immune evasion and formation of pre-metastatic niches. Circulating sEVs are also utilized as biomarker platforms for diagnosis and prognosis. This review discusses how tumor cells facilitate progression through the metastatic cascade by employing sEV-based communication and evaluates their role as biomarkers and vehicles for drug delivery.
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82
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Zhu H, Liu X. Advances of Tumorigenesis, Diagnosis at Early Stage, and Cellular Immunotherapy in Gastrointestinal Malignancies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:666340. [PMID: 34434889 PMCID: PMC8381364 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.666340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, in 2018, 4.8 million new patients have a diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, while 3.4 million people died of such disorders. GI malignancies are tightly relevant to 26% of the world-wide cancer incidence and occupies 35% of all cancer-associated deaths. In this article, we principally investigated molecular and cellular mechanisms of tumorigenesis in five major GI cancers occurring at esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, and colorectal region that illustrate high morbidity in Eastern and Western countries. Moreover, through this investigation, we not only emphasize importance of the tumor microenvironment in development and treatment of malignant tumors but also identify significance of M2PK, miRNAs, ctDNAs, circRNAs, and CTCs in early detection of GI cancers, as well as systematically evaluate contribution of personalized precision medicine including cellular immunotherapy, new antigen and vaccine therapy, and oncolytic virotherapy in treatment of GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Zhu
- Precision and Personalized Cancer Treatment Center, Division of Cancer Diagnosis & Therapy, Ciming Boao International Hospital, Boao Lecheng International Medical Tourism Pilot Zone, Qionghai, China.,Stem Cell and Biotherapy Technology Research Center, Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Division of Cellular & Biomedical Science, Ciming Boao International Hospital, Boao Lecheng International Medical Tourism Pilot Zone, Qionghai, China
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83
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Špilak A, Brachner A, Kegler U, Neuhaus W, Noehammer C. Implications and pitfalls for cancer diagnostics exploiting extracellular vesicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113819. [PMID: 34087328 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of cancer in order to facilitate timely therapeutic interventions is an unsolved problem in today's clinical diagnostics. Tumors are detected so far mostly after pathological symptoms have emerged (usually already in progressed disease states), within preventive screenings, or occasionally as incidental finding. The emergence of extracellular vesicle (EV) analytics in combination with liquid biopsy sampling opened a plethora of new possibilities for the detection of tumors (and other diseases). This review gives an overview of the diversity of currently known EV species and the relevant cargo molecules representing potential biomarkers to detect, identify and characterize tumor cells. A number of molecules reported in recent years to be valuable targets for different aspects of cancer diagnostics, are presented. Furthermore, we discuss (technical) challenges and pitfalls related to the various potential applications (screening, diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring) of liquid biopsy based EV analytics, and give an outlook to possible future directions of this emerging field in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Špilak
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Brachner
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Kegler
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christa Noehammer
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Giefinggasse 4, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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84
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Breast Cancer Drug Resistance: Overcoming the Challenge by Capitalizing on MicroRNA and Tumor Microenvironment Interplay. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153691. [PMID: 34359591 PMCID: PMC8345203 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical management of breast cancer reaches new frontiers every day. However, the number of drug resistant cases is still high, and, currently, this constitutes one of the major challenges that cancer research has to face. For instance, 50% of women affected with HER2 positive breast cancer presents or acquires resistance to trastuzumab. Moreover, for patients affected with triple negative breast cancer, standard chemotherapy is still the fist-line therapy, and often patients become resistant to treatments. Tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in this context. Indeed, cancer-associated stromal cells deliver oncogenic cues to the tumor and vice versa to escape exogenous insults. It is well known that microRNAs are among the molecules exploited in this aberrant crosstalk. Indeed, microRNAs play a crucial function both in the induction of pro-tumoral traits in stromal cells and in the stroma-mediated fueling of tumor aggressiveness. Here, we summarize the most recent literature regarding the involvement of miRNAs in the crosstalk between tumor and stromal cells and their capability to modulate tumor microenvironment characteristics. All up-to-date findings suggest that microRNAs in the TME could serve both to reverse malignant phenotype of stromal cells, modulating response to therapy, and as predictive/prognostic biomarkers.
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85
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Gao R, Ye H, Gao Q, Wang N, Zhou Y, Duan H. Inhibition of circular RNA_0000285 prevents cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in thyroid cancer by sponging microRNA-654-3p. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:673. [PMID: 34345298 PMCID: PMC8323011 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is derived from follicular or thyroid cells and has become the most prevalent malignant tumor of endocrine organs, with increased morbidity and mortality. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are used as prognostic and predictive markers for different types of cancer. However, the role of circRNA_0000285 in thyroid cancer and its potential molecular mechanism remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the roles and underlying molecular mechanism of circRNA_0000285 in thyroid cancer to identify novel treatments for this disease. The target binding site of circRNA_0000285 and microRNA-654-3p (miR-654-3p) were predicted and confirmed via the dual-luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. Thyroid cancer cell viability and apoptosis were determined via the MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis, respectively, whereas the expression levels of circRNA_0000285 and miR-654-3p were determined via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis. In addition, the protein expression levels of the apoptosis-associated proteins, Bax and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), were detected via western blotting. The results of the dual-luciferase reporter and RIP assays demonstrated that miR-654-3p directly targeted circRNA_0000285. The expression levels of circRNA_0000285 and miR-654-3p in thyroid cancer cells (TPC-1 and FTC133) were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Knockdown of circRNA_0000285 via small interfering (si)RNA inhibited circRNA_0000285 levels and increased miR-654-3p levels. In addition, miR-654-3p expression decreased following transfection with miR-654-3p inhibitor. Functional experiments demonstrated that circRNA_0000285-siRNA decreased thyroid cancer cell proliferation, promoted cell apoptosis, enhanced Bax expression and suppressed Bcl-2 expression. All these effects were reversed following transfection with miR-654-3p inhibitor. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that circRNA_0000285 plays a vital role in thyroid cancer progression by regulating miR-654-3p, which provides a potential therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Gao
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Qingjun Gao
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Nanpeng Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
| | - Haisong Duan
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
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86
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Husna AA, Rahman MM, Lai YC, Chen HW, Hasan MN, Nakagawa T, Miura N. Identification of melanoma-specific exosomal miRNAs as the potential biomarker for canine oral melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:1062-1073. [PMID: 34273912 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Considering the importance of the canine cancer model of human disease, as well as the need for strategies for canine cancer management, the properties of exosomes are an emerging topic in canine oncology. In our study, exosomal RNA was isolated and investigated by next-generation sequencing. We identified several differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) in the exosomes of two melanoma cell lines compared with non-tumor reference exosomes. We explored these potential melanoma-specific exosomal miRNAs further and found that miR-143 and let-7b increased in primary, whereas miR-210, 708, 221, and 222 increased in metastatic site originated melanoma cells. Further analysis showed miR-143 and 221 significantly increased in plasma exosomes of metastatic melanoma patients. Moreover, the sensitivity and specificity are >85% for differentiating the non-metastatic and metastatic patients. Therefore, these miRNAs can be an incredible biomarker candidate to identify metastatic melanoma and facilitate a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Asmaul Husna
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Md Mahfuzur Rahman
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yu-Chang Lai
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Md Nazmul Hasan
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Miura
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.,Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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87
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Magesh P, Thankachan S, Venkatesh T, Suresh PS. Breast cancer fibroblasts and cross-talk. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 521:158-169. [PMID: 34270953 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The breast tumor microenvironment is one of the crucial elements supporting breast cancer tumor progression and metastasis. The fibroblasts are the chief cellular component of the stromal microenvironment and are pathologically activated and differentiated into breast cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The catabolic phenotype of breast CAFs arises due to metabolic reprogramming of these fibroblasts under pseudo-hypoxic conditions. The metabolic intermediates and ATP produced by the breast CAFs are exploited by the neighboring cancer cells for energy generation. The growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines secreted by the CAFs help fuel tumor growth, invasion, and dissemination. Moreover, the interplay between breast CAFs and cancer cells, mediated by the growth factors, ROS, metabolic intermediates, exosomes, and catabolite transporters, aids in building a favorable microenvironment that promotes cancer cell proliferation, tumor progression, and metastasis. Therefore, identifying effective means to target the reprogrammed metabolism of the breast CAFs and the cross-communication between CAFs and cancer cells serve as promising strategies to develop anti-cancer therapeutics. Henceforth, the scope of the present review ranges from discussing the underlying characteristics of breast CAFs, mechanisms of metabolic reprogramming in breast CAFs, and the nature of interactions between breast CAFs and cancer cells to studying the intricacies of reprogrammed metabolism targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanila Magesh
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Sanu Thankachan
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India
| | - Thejaswini Venkatesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod 671316, India
| | - Padmanaban S Suresh
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut 673601, Kerala, India.
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88
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Crosstalk between Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Tumor Growth and Immunosuppression of Breast Cancer. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:8840066. [PMID: 34337083 PMCID: PMC8294979 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8840066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Signals from the tumor microenvironment (TME) have a profound influence on the maintenance and progression of cancers. Chronic inflammation and the infiltration of immune cells in breast cancer (BC) have been strongly associated with early carcinogenic events and a switch to a more immunosuppressive response. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most abundant stromal component and can modulate tumor progression according to their secretomes. The immune cells including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and helper T cell (Th)), monocyte-infiltrating cells (MICs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), mast cells (MCs), and natural killer cells (NKs) play an important part in the immunological balance, fluctuating TME between protumoral and antitumoral responses. In this review article, we have summarized the impact of these immunological players together with CAF secreted substances in driving BC progression. We explain the crosstalk of CAFs and tumor-infiltrating immune cells suppressing antitumor response in BC, proposing these cellular entities as predictive markers of poor prognosis. CAF-tumor-infiltrating immune cell interaction is suggested as an alternative therapeutic strategy to regulate the immunosuppressive microenvironment in BC.
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89
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Ilkhani K, Bastami M, Delgir S, Safi A, Talebian S, Alivand MR. The Engaged Role of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Metabolism: Focusing on Cancer-Associated Fibroblast and Exosome Mediators. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:254-266. [PMID: 32914721 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200910123428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a significant property of various cancer cells, which most commonly arises from the Tumor Microenvironment (TME). The events of metabolic pathways include the Warburg effect, shifting in Krebs cycle metabolites, and the rate of oxidative phosphorylation, potentially providing energy and structural requirements for the development and invasiveness of cancer cells. TME and tumor metabolism shifting have a close relationship through bidirectional signaling pathways between stromal and tumor cells. Cancer- Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs), as the most dominant cells of TME, play a crucial role in the aberrant metabolism of cancer. Furthermore, the stated relationship can affect survival, progression, and metastasis in cancer development. Recently, exosomes are considered one of the most prominent factors in cellular communications considering effective content and bidirectional mediatory effect between tumor and stromal cells. In this regard, CAF-Derived Exosomes (CDE) exhibit an efficient obligation to induce metabolic reprogramming for promoting growth and metastasis of cancer cells. The understanding of cancer metabolism, including factors related to TME, could lead to the discovery of a potential biomarker for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in cancer management. This review focuses on the association between metabolic reprogramming and engaged microenvironmental, factors such as CAFs, and the associated derived exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khandan Ilkhani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Bastami
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soheila Delgir
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asma Safi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Talebian
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Alivand
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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90
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Fernández-Nogueira P, Fuster G, Gutierrez-Uzquiza Á, Gascón P, Carbó N, Bragado P. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Breast Cancer Treatment Response and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3146. [PMID: 34201840 PMCID: PMC8268405 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BrCa) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide, with about one million new cases diagnosed each year. In spite of the improvements in diagnosis, early detection and treatment, there is still a high incidence of mortality and failure to respond to current therapies. With the use of several well-established biomarkers, such as hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), as well as genetic analysis, BrCa patients can be categorized into multiple subgroups: Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-enriched, and Basal-like, with specific treatment strategies. Although chemotherapy and targeted therapies have greatly improved the survival of patients with BrCa, there is still a large number of patients who relapse or who fail to respond. The role of the tumor microenvironment in BrCa progression is becoming increasingly understood. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the principal population of stromal cells in breast tumors. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of CAFs' role in altering the tumor response to therapeutic agents as well as in fostering metastasis in BrCa. In addition, we also review the available CAFs-directed molecular therapies and their potential implications for BrCa management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Fernández-Nogueira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.F.); (P.G.); (N.C.)
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Fuster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.F.); (P.G.); (N.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry & Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Vic, 08500 Vic, Spain
| | - Álvaro Gutierrez-Uzquiza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pere Gascón
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.F.); (P.G.); (N.C.)
| | - Neus Carbó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.F.); (P.G.); (N.C.)
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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91
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Balaji S, Kim U, Muthukkaruppan V, Vanniarajan A. Emerging role of tumor microenvironment derived exosomes in therapeutic resistance and metastasis through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Life Sci 2021; 280:119750. [PMID: 34171378 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) constitutes multiple cell types including cancerous and non-cancerous cells. The intercellular communication between these cells through TME derived exosomes may either enhance or suppress the tumorigenic processes. The tumor-derived exosomes could convert an anti-tumor environment into a pro-tumor environment by inducing the differentiation of stromal cells into tumor-associated cells. The exosomes from tumor-associated stromal cells reciprocally trigger epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells, which impose therapeutic resistance and metastasis. It is well known that these exosomes contain the signals of EMT, but how these signals execute chemoresistance and metastasis in tumors remains elusive. Understanding the significance and molecular signatures of exosomes transmitting EMT signals would aid in developing appropriate methods of inhibiting them. In this review, we focus on molecular signatures of exosomes that shuttle between cancer cells and their stromal populations in TME to explicate their impact on therapeutic resistance and metastasis through EMT. Especially Wnt signaling is found to be involved in multiple ways of exosomal transport and hence we decipher the biomolecules of Wnt signaling trafficked through exosomes and their potential in serving as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekaran Balaji
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 020, India
| | - Usha Kim
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 020, India
| | - Veerappan Muthukkaruppan
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 020, India
| | - Ayyasamy Vanniarajan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 020, India.
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92
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Giorello MB, Borzone FR, Labovsky V, Piccioni FV, Chasseing NA. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in the Breast Tumor Microenvironment. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:135-155. [PMID: 33398516 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Years of investigation have shed light on a theory in which breast tumor epithelial cells are under the effect of the stromal microenvironment. This review aims to discuss recent findings concerning the phenotypic and functional characteristics of cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and their involvement in tumor evolution, as well as their potential implications for anti-cancer therapy. In this manuscript, we reviewed that CAFs play a fundamental role in initiation, growth, invasion, and metastasis of breast cancer, and also serve as biomarkers in the clinical diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Giorello
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología (IBYME) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, CP, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Francisco Raúl Borzone
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología (IBYME) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, CP, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vivian Labovsky
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología (IBYME) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, CP, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia Valeria Piccioni
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular y Nuevos Blancos Terapéuticos (IBYME) y Laboratorio de Inmunohematología (IBYME) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, CP, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norma Alejandra Chasseing
- Laboratorio de Inmunohematología (IBYME) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, CP, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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93
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AlHumaidi RB, Fayed B, Sharif SI, Noreddin A, Soliman SSM. Role of Exosomes in Breast Cancer Management: Evidence-Based Review. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:666-675. [PMID: 34077346 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210601115707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The field of cancer research has massively grown in recent decades, leading to a better understanding of the underlying causes and greatly improved the therapeutic approaches. Breast cancer (BC) is the third leading cause of mortality among all cancers and the most common malignant disease in women worldwide, representing one in four cancers in women. The crosstalk between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment is crucial for tumor progression and metastatic process. Tumor cells communicate not only through classical paracrine signaling mechanisms, including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, but also through"exosomes". Exosomes are nano-vesicles that are released by various types of cells. Over the last decade, researchers have been attracted to the role of exosomes in breast cancer. It has been proven that exosomes influence major tumor-related pathways, including invasion, migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, and drug resistance. Additionally, exosomes play important roles in clinical applications. Several studies have demonstrated the potential applications of exosomes in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Furthermore, exosomes have been engineered to function as nano-delivery systems of chemotherapeutic drugs. They can also be designed as vaccines to trigger the patient's immune system. This review discusses the recent progress regarding the use of exosomes as drug delivery systems, therapeutic agents, biomarkers, and vaccines against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan B AlHumaidi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bahgat Fayed
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Suleiman I Sharif
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ayman Noreddin
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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94
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Tao S, Li H, Ma X, Ma Y, He J, Gao Y, Li J. Elevating microRNA-1-3p shuttled by cancer-associated fibroblasts-derived extracellular vesicles suppresses breast cancer progression and metastasis by inhibiting GLIS1. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:634-648. [PMID: 33154575 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play supporting roles in tumor progression by releasing microvesicles that transmit oncogenic cargoes. Indeed, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as important vehicles to deliver proteins, messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and microRNAs (miRs) between cells. In this study, we aimed to outline the role and function of CAFs-derived EVs carrying miR-1-3p in breast cancer. We first experimentally determined downregulated miR-1-3p in breast cancer tissues. EVs were isolated from CAFs extracted from breast cancer tissues, which showed downregulated miR-1-3p expression relative to EVs derived from normal fibroblasts (NFs). In a co-culture system, miR-1-3p cargo was transported into breast cancer cells via CAF-derived EVs. In gain-of-function experiments, the elevation of miR-1-3p in breast cancer cells inhibited cell viability, invasion, migration, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and suppressed tumor formation and metastasis. Furthermore, EVs derived from CAFs transfected with miR-1-3p mimic were more effective in transferring miR-1-3p to suppress cancer progression and metastasis. Krüppel-like zinc-finger protein Gli-similar 1 (GLIS1) was predicted to be a putative target of miR-1-3p, which was subsequently confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay. We then demonstrated that overexpression of GLIS1 neutralized the effects of miR-1-3 on the development of breast cancer in vitro. These findings shed light on the underlying mechanism by which CAFs-derived EVs carrying miR-1-3p mediate the progression and metastasis of breast cancer, and highlight the potential of miR-1-3p shuttled by CAFs-derived EVs serving as a therapeutic target for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Tao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Changzhou No. 7 People's Hospital, 213000, Changzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 750004, Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Xiuzhen Ma
- Department of Surgical Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 750004, Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Ma
- Ningxia Medical University, 750004, Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Jiale He
- Ningxia Medical University, 750004, Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Yali Gao
- Ningxia Medical University, 750004, Yinchuan, P. R. China
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 750004, Yinchuan, P. R. China.
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95
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The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Development of a Cancer Stem Cell Microenvironment Niche and Potential Therapeutic Targets: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102435. [PMID: 34069860 PMCID: PMC8157362 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer cells that possess traits usually attributed to stem cells. An increase in CSCs can lead to more rapid cancer progression, treatment resistance and the increased likelihood of recurrence. To promote CSC survival and associated cancer progression, cancer cells enter into reciprocal crosstalk with the surrounding tissue environment, as well as with distant metastatic sites. This mechanism of communication relies, in part, on secreted factors, of which extracellular vesicles (EVs) are thought to have a critical role. This systematic review evaluates the current knowledge of cancer communication via EVs to alter the microenvironment to increase the survival and maintenance of CSCs. A total of 16 studies spanning the EV content, pathway alterations and CSC-targeting treatments provide new insights into how EVs mediate CSC traits and identify the gaps in our understanding of how modulation of the microenvironment plays a key role. Abstract Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have increasingly been shown to be a crucial element of heterogenous tumors. Although a relatively small component of the population, they increase the resistance to treatment and the likelihood of recurrence. In recent years, it has been shown, across multiple cancer types (e.g., colorectal, breast and prostate), that reciprocal communication between cancer and the microenvironment exists, which is, in part, facilitated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, the mechanisms of this method of communication and its influence on CSC populations is less well-understood. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to determine the evidence that supports the role of EVs in the manipulation of the tumor microenvironment to promote the survival of CSCs. Embase and PubMed were used to identify all studies on the topic, which were screened using PRISMA guidelines, resulting in the inclusion of 16 studies. These 16 studies reported on the EV content, pathways altered by EVs and therapeutic targeting of CSC through EV-mediated changes to the microenvironment. In conclusion, these studies demonstrated the role of EV-facilitated communication in maintaining CSCs via manipulation of the tumor microenvironment, demonstrating the potential of creating therapeutics to target CSCs. However, further works are needed to fully understand the targetable mechanisms upon which future therapeutics can be based.
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96
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Berzaghi R, Islam A, Hellevik T, Martinez-Zubiaurre I. Secretion rates and protein composition of extracellular vesicles released by cancer-associated fibroblasts after radiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:401-413. [PMID: 33899109 PMCID: PMC8127688 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reciprocal communication between the malignant and non-malignant cellular elements in tumors is essential for cancer sustainability and plays an important role in the response of cancers to treatments. Some of this cellular crosstalk takes place via secretion of vesicles that are actively released into the extracellular space by most cell types in tumors. Recent studies have demonstrated radiation-induced changes in the secretion rate and composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs), with impact on radiation-related cellular communication. However, little is known about the effects of different radiation regimens on the release of EVs by cells of the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we provide a comprehensive molecular characterization of EVs released by cultured primary lung tumor fibroblasts. We explore the quantitative and morphological changes triggered by ionizing radiation (IR), delivered as a single dose of 18 Gy or three consecutive daily medium-doses of 6 Gy. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) secrete EVs with sizes ranging from 80 to 200 nm, expressing some of the classical exosome markers. Exposing CAFs to a single-high radiation dose (1 × 18 Gy) or fractionated medium-dose did not alter the release of CAF-EVs. The protein composition of CAF-EVs was analyzed by LC-MS/MS proteomics and revealed that CAF-EVs are enriched with heat shock proteins, integrins, tetraspanins, proteinases, collagens, growth factors and an array of molecules involved in the regulation of cell migration and the immune system. Quantitative proteomic analyses revealed minor changes in the protein composition of CAF-EVs after radiation exposure. Taken together, this study presents original data on lung tumor CAF-EV composition and reveals that release and protein cargo of CAF-EVs are largely unaltered after exposing CAFs to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Berzaghi
- Corresponding author. Rodrigo Berzaghi, PhD, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway. E-mail:
| | - Ashraful Islam
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Turid Hellevik
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Inigo Martinez-Zubiaurre
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
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97
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Solé C, Lawrie CH. MicroRNAs in Metastasis and the Tumour Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4859. [PMID: 34064331 PMCID: PMC8125549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the process whereby cancer cells migrate from the primary tumour site to colonise the surrounding or distant tissue or organ. Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer-related mortality and approximately half of all cancer patients present at diagnosis with some form of metastasis. Consequently, there is a clear need to better understand metastasis in order to develop new tools to combat this process. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression and play an important role in cancer development and progression including in the metastatic process. Particularly important are the roles that miRNAs play in the interaction between tumour cells and non-tumoral cells of the tumour microenvironment (TME), a process mediated largely by circulating miRNAs contained primarily in extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this review, we outline the accumulating evidence for the importance of miRNAs in the communication between tumour cells and the cells of the TME in the context of the pre-metastatic and metastatic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Solé
- Molecular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Charles Henderson Lawrie
- Molecular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain;
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX4 3DU, UK
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98
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Pandkar MR, Dhamdhere SG, Shukla S. Oxygen gradient and tumor heterogeneity: The chronicle of a toxic relationship. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188553. [PMID: 33915221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The commencement of cancer is attributed to one or a few cells that become rogue and attain the property of immortality. The inception of distinct cancer cell clones during the hyperplastic and dysplastic stages of cancer progression is the utimate consequence of the dysregulated cellular pathways and the proliferative potential itself. Furthermore, a critical factor that adds a layer of complexity to this pre-existent intra-tumoral heterogeneity (ITH) is the foundation of an oxygen gradient, that is established due to the improper architecture of the tumor vasculature. Therefore, as a resultant effect, the poorly oxygenated regions thus formed and characterized as hypoxic, promote the emergence of aggressive and treatment-resistant cancer cell clones. The extraordinary property of the hypoxic cancer cells to exist harmoniously with cancerous and non-cancerous cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) further increases the intricacies of ITH. Here in this review, the pivotal influence of differential oxygen concentrations in shaping the ITH is thoroughly discussed. We also emphasize on the vitality of the interacting networks that govern the overall fate of oxygen gradient-dependent origin of tumor heterogeneity. Additionally, the implications of less-appreciated reverse Warburg effect, a symbiotic metabolic coupling, and the associated epigenetic regulation of rewiring of cancer metabolism in response to oxygen gradients, have been highlighted as critical influencers of ITH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura R Pandkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Shruti G Dhamdhere
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India
| | - Sanjeev Shukla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462066, India.
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99
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Zhao Y, Zheng X, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Fei W, Wang F, Zheng C. Extracellular Matrix: Emerging Roles and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:650453. [PMID: 33968752 PMCID: PMC8100244 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.650453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important regulator of breast cancer (BC). The ECM comprises of highly variable and dynamic components. Compared with normal breast tissue under homeostasis, the ECM undergoes many changes in composition and organization during BC progression. Induced ECM proteins, including fibrinogen, fibronectin, hyaluronic acid, and matricellular proteins, have been identified as important components of BC metastatic cells in recent years. These proteins play major roles in BC progression, invasion, and metastasis. Importantly, several specific ECM molecules, receptors, and remodeling enzymes are involved in promoting resistance to therapeutic intervention. Additional analysis of these ECM proteins and their downstream signaling pathways may reveal promising therapeutic targets against BC. These potential drug targets may be combined with new nanoparticle technologies. This review summarizes recent advances in functional nanoparticles that target the ECM to treat BC. Accurate nanomaterials may offer a new approach to BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchun Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab Women's Reproductive Health, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab Women's Reproductive Health, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab Women's Reproductive Health, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab Women's Reproductive Health, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Fei
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab Women's Reproductive Health, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengmei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab Women's Reproductive Health, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caihong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Lab Women's Reproductive Health, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Dogra S, Hannafon BN. Breast Cancer Microenvironment Cross Talk through Extracellular Vesicle RNAs. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1330-1341. [PMID: 33895121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of extracellular communication has been at the forefront of research efforts in recent years. However, the mechanisms of cell-to-cell communication in complex tissues are poorly understood. What is clear is that cells do not exist in isolation, that they are constantly interacting and communicating with cells in the immediate vicinity and with cells at a distance. Intercellular communication by the release of small extracellular vesicles, called exosomes, loaded with RNAs is one mechanism by which cells communicate. In recent years, research has shown that exosomes, a class of extracellular vesicles, can play a major role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Specifically, exosomes have been demonstrated to play a role in promoting primary cancer development, invasion, metastasis, and chemotherapeutic resistance. This review summarizes what is known about the mechanisms of exosome-mediated transfer of RNAs among cells in the breast microenvironment and discusses outstanding questions and the potential for new therapeutic intervention targeted at these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrita Dogra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Bethany N Hannafon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
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