51
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Chereshnev VA, Timganova VP, Zamorina SA, Bochkova MS, Khramtsov PV, Kropaneva MD, Raev MB. Role of α-fetoprotein in differentiation of regulatory T lymphocytes. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2018; 477:248-251. [PMID: 29299806 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496617060084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of native α-fetoprotein (AFP) on the expression of T-regulatory lymphocyte (Treg) markers by activated CD4+ lymphocytes with different proliferative status was studied. α-Fetoprotein did not affect the ratio of proliferating and non-proliferating activated CD4+ cells. In the study of Treg differentiation, it was found that AFP at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL significantly inhibited the number of nonproliferating CD4+FOXP3+ and CD4+FOXP3+HELIOS+ lymphocytes without affecting the expression of Treg markers by proliferating CD4+ lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Chereshnev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.,Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia.,Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - V P Timganova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.
| | - S A Zamorina
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.,Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia
| | - M S Bochkova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - P V Khramtsov
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.,Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia
| | - M D Kropaneva
- Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia
| | - M B Raev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.,Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia.,Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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52
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Abd Al Samid M, Chaudhary B, Khaled YS, Ammori BJ, Elkord E. Combining FoxP3 and Helios with GARP/LAP markers can identify expanded Treg subsets in cancer patients. Oncotarget 2017; 7:14083-94. [PMID: 26885615 PMCID: PMC4924699 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) comprise numerous heterogeneous subsets with distinct phenotypic and functional features. Identifying Treg markers is critical to investigate the role and clinical impact of various Treg subsets in pathological settings, and also for developing more effective immunotherapies. We have recently shown that non-activated FoxP3−Helios+ and activated FoxP3+/–Helios+ CD4+ T cells express GARP/LAP immunosuppressive markers in healthy donors. In this study we report similar observations in the peripheral blood of patients with pancreatic cancer (PC) and liver metastases from colorectal cancer (LICRC). Comparing levels of different Treg subpopulations in cancer patients and controls, we report that in PC patients, and unlike LICRC patients, there was no increase in Treg levels as defined by FoxP3 and Helios. However, defining Tregs based on GARP/LAP expression showed that FoxP3−LAP+ Tregs in non-activated and activated settings, and FoxP3+Helios+GARP+LAP+ activated Tregs were significantly increased in both groups of patients, compared with controls. This work implies that a combination of Treg-specific markers could be used to more accurately determine expanded Treg subsets and to understand their contribution in cancer settings. Additionally, GARP−/+LAP+ CD4+ T cells made IL-10, and not IFN-γ, and levels of IL-10-secreting CD4+ T cells were elevated in LICRC patients, especially with higher tumor staging. Taken together, our results indicate that investigations of Treg levels in different cancers should consider diverse Treg-related markers such as GARP, LAP, Helios, and others and not only FoxP3 as a sole Treg-specific marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Abd Al Samid
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Belal Chaudhary
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yazan S Khaled
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Basil J Ammori
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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53
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Cancer immune resistance: can theories converge? Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:411-419. [PMID: 33525800 PMCID: PMC7289003 DOI: 10.1042/etls20170060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immune oncology (IO) is challenged to expand its usefulness to a broader range of cancers. A second generation of IO agents acting beyond the realm of Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy (CIT) is sought with the intent of turning immune-resistant cancers into appealing IO targets. The published literature proposes a profusion of models to explain cancer immune resistance to CIT that largely outnumber the immune landscapes and corresponding resistance mechanisms. In spite of the complex and contradicting models suggested to explain refractoriness to CIT, the identification of prevailing mechanisms and their targeting may not be as daunting as it at first appears. Here, we suggest that cancer cells go through a conserved evolutionary bottleneck facing a Two-Option Choice to evade recognition by the immune competent host: they can either adopt a clean oncogenic process devoid of immunogenic stimuli (immune-silent tumors) or display an entropic biology prone to immune recognition (immune-active tumors) but resilient to rejection thanks to the recruitment of compensatory immune suppressive processes. Strategies aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of CIT will be different according to the immune landscape targeted.
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54
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Zhao H, Liao X, Kang Y. Tregs: Where We Are and What Comes Next? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1578. [PMID: 29225597 PMCID: PMC5705554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells are usually recognized as a specialized subset of CD4+ T cells functioning in establishment and maintenance of immune tolerance. Meanwhile, there is emerging evidence that regulatory T cells (Tregs) are also present in various non-lymphoid tissues, and that they have unique phenotypes credited with activities distinct from regulatory function. Their development and function have been described in plenty of manuscripts in the past two decades. However, with the deepening of research in recent years, emerging evidence revealed some novel mechanisms about how Tregs exert their activities. First, we discuss the expanding family of regulatory lymphocytes briefly and then, try to interpret how fork-head box P3 (Foxp3), a master regulator of the regulatory pathway in the development and function of regulatory T cells, functions. Subsequently, another part of our focus is varieties of tissue Tregs. Next, we primarily discuss recent research on how Tregs work and their faceted functions in terms of soluble mediators, functional proteins, and inhibitory receptors. In particular, unless otherwise noted, the term “Treg” is used here to refer specially to the “CD4+CD25+Foxp3+” regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelian Liao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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55
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Toor SM, Syed Khaja AS, Alkurd I, Elkord E. In-vitro effect of pembrolizumab on different T regulatory cell subsets. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 191:189-197. [PMID: 28963773 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and interactions with PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) play critical roles in the tumour evasion of immune responses through different mechanisms, including inhibition of effector T cell proliferation, reducing cytotoxic activity, induction of apoptosis in tumour-infiltrating T cells and regulatory T cell (Treg ) expansion. Effective blockade of immune checkpoints can therefore potentially eliminate these detrimental effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of anti-PD-1 antibody, pembrolizumab, on various Treg subpopulations. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors (HD) and primary breast cancer patients (PBC) were treated in vitro with pembrolizumab, which effectively reduced PD-1 expression in both cohorts. We found that PD-1 was expressed mainly on CD4+ CD25+ T cells and pembrolizumab had a greater effect on PD-1 expression in CD4+ CD25- T cells, compared to CD4+ CD25+ cells. In addition, pembrolizumab did not affect the expression levels of Treg -related markers, including cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), CD15s, latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Ki-67. Moreover, we report that CD15s is expressed mainly on forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)- Helios+ Treg in HD, but it is expressed on FoxP3+ Helios- Treg subset in addition to FoxP3- Helios+ Treg in PBC. Pembrolizumab did not affect the levels of FoxP3+/- Helios+/- Treg subsets in both cohorts. Taken together, our study suggests that pembrolizumab does not affect Treg or change their phenotype or function but rather blocks signalling via the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in activated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Toor
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - A S Syed Khaja
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - I Alkurd
- College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - E Elkord
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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56
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The immunosuppressive effect of the tick protein, Salp15, is long-lasting and persists in a murine model of hematopoietic transplant. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10740. [PMID: 28878331 PMCID: PMC5587732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salp15, a salivary protein of Ixodes ticks, inhibits the activation of naïve CD4 T cells. Treatment with Salp15 results in the inhibition of early signaling events and the production of the autocrine growth factor, interleukin-2. The fate of the CD4 T cells activated in the presence of Salp15 or its long-term effects are, however, unknown. We now show that Salp15 binding to CD4 is persistent and induces a long-lasting immunomodulatory effect. The activity of Salp15 results in sustained diminished cross-antigenic antibody production even after interruption of the treatment with the protein. Transcriptionally, the salivary protein provokes an acute effect that includes known activation markers, such as Il2 or Cd44, and that fades over time. The long-term effects exerted by Salp15 do not involve the induction of either anergy traits nor increased populations of regulatory T cells. Similarly, the treatment with Salp15 does not result in B cell anergy or the generation of myeloid suppressor cells. However, Salp15 induces the increased expression of the ectoenzyme, CD73, in regulatory T cells and increased production of adenosine. Our study provides a profound characterization of the immunomodulatory activity of Salp15 and suggests that its long-term effects are due to the specific regulation of CD73.
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57
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Pathangey LB, McCurry DB, Gendler SJ, Dominguez AL, Gorman JE, Pathangey G, Mihalik LA, Dang Y, Disis ML, Cohen PA. Surrogate in vitro activation of innate immunity synergizes with interleukin-7 to unleash rapid antigen-driven outgrowth of CD4+ and CD8+ human peripheral blood T-cells naturally recognizing MUC1, HER2/neu and other tumor-associated antigens. Oncotarget 2017; 8:10785-10808. [PMID: 27974697 PMCID: PMC5355224 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective adoptive immunotherapy has proved elusive for many types of human cancer, often due to difficulties achieving robust expansion of natural tumor-specific T-cells from peripheral blood. We hypothesized that antigen-driven T-cell expansion might best be triggered in vitro by acute activation of innate immunity to mimic a life-threatening infection. Unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were subjected to a two-step culture, first synchronizing their exposure to exogenous antigens with aggressive surrogate activation of innate immunity, followed by γ-chain cytokine-modulated T-cell hyperexpansion. Step 1 exposure to GM-CSF plus paired Toll-like receptor agonists (resiquimod and LPS), stimulated abundant IL-12 and IL-23 secretion, as well as upregulated co-stimulatory molecules and CD11c expression within the myeloid (CD33+) subpopulation. Added synthetic long peptides (>20aa) derived from widely expressed oncoproteins (MUC1, HER2/neu and CMVpp65), were reliably presented to CD4+ T-cells and cross-presented to CD8+ T-cells. Both presentation and cross-presentation demonstrated proteasomal and Sec61 dependence that could bypass the endoplasmic reticulum. Step 2 exposure to exogenous IL-7 or IL-7+IL-2 produced selective and sustained expansion of both CD4+ and CD8+ peptide-specific T-cells with a predominant interferon-γ-producing T1-type, as well as the antigen-specific ability to lyse tumor targets. Other γ-chain cytokines and/or combinations were initially proliferogenic, but followed by a contractile phase not observed with IL-7 or IL-7+IL-2. Regulatory T-cells were minimally propagated under these culture conditions. This mechanistically rational culture sequence, effective even for unvaccinated donors, enables rapid preparation of T-cells recognizing tumor-associated antigens expressed by the majority of human cancers, including pancreatic cancers, breast cancers and glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha B Pathangey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Dustin B McCurry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Sandra J Gendler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Ana L Dominguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Jessica E Gorman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Girish Pathangey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Laurie A Mihalik
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Yushe Dang
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary L Disis
- Tumor Vaccine Group, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter A Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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58
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Revilla-Nuin B, de Bejar Á, Martínez-Alarcón L, Herrero JI, Martínez-Cáceres CM, Ramírez P, Baroja-Mazo A, Pons JA. Differential profile of activated regulatory T cell subsets and microRNAs in tolerant liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2017; 23:933-945. [PMID: 28006867 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a potential role in operational tolerance in liver transplantation (LT) patients, and microRNAs (miRNAs) are known to be involved in immunological responses and tolerance. Thus, we analyzed the implication of different peripheral blood Treg subsets and miRNAs on LT tolerance in 24 tolerant (Tol) and 23 non-tolerant (non-Tol) LT recipients by cellular, genetic, and epigenetic approximation. Non-Tol patients had a lower demethylation rate of the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) regulatory T cell-specific demethylated region (TSDR) than Tol patients that correlated with the frequency of circulating Tregs. Tol patients presented a different signature of Treg subset markers compared with non-Tol patients with increased expression of HELIOS and FOXP3 and a higher proportion of latency-associated peptide (LAP)+ Tregs and CD45RA- human leukocyte antigen D related (HLA-DR)+ activated effector-memory Tregs. The expression of miR95, miR24, miR31, miR146a, and miR155 was higher in Tol than in non-Tol patients and was positively correlated with activated Treg markers. In conclusion, these data suggest that activated effector-memory Tregs and a TSDR-demethylation state of Tregs may play a role in the complex system of regulation of LT tolerance. In addition, we describe a set of miRNAs differentially expressed in human LT Tol patients providing suggestive evidence that miRNAs are implied in the preservation of self-tolerance as mediated by Tregs. Liver Transplantation 23 933-945 2017 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Revilla-Nuin
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, University Clinical Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca," University of Murcia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Murcia, Spain
| | - África de Bejar
- Clinical Laboratory Unit, Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Laura Martínez-Alarcón
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, University Clinical Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca," University of Murcia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Herrero
- Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Manuel Martínez-Cáceres
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, University Clinical Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca," University of Murcia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo Ramírez
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, University Clinical Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca," University of Murcia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Murcia, Spain.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Liver Transplant Unit, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Baroja-Mazo
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, University Clinical Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca," University of Murcia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Pons
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, University Clinical Hospital "Virgen de la Arrixaca," University of Murcia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Murcia, Spain.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Liver Transplant Unit, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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59
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Jones AP, Trend S, Byrne SN, Fabis-Pedrini MJ, Geldenhuys S, Nolan D, Booth DR, Carroll WM, Lucas RM, Kermode AG, Hart PH. Altered regulatory T-cell fractions and Helios expression in clinically isolated syndrome: clues to the development of multiple sclerosis. Clin Transl Immunology 2017; 6:e143. [PMID: 28690849 PMCID: PMC5493587 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2017.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of multiple sclerosis (MS) is frequently preceded by an acute or subacute neurological disturbance referred to as clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). The specific immunological disturbances present in CIS remain underexamined. This study analysed peripheral blood mononuclear cells from n=18 treatment-naive individuals with recently diagnosed CIS (<120 days) for disturbances in the phenotype of T regulatory (Treg), follicular T regulatory (Tfr), T helper (Th), follicular T helper (Tfh) and B cells. Relative to healthy controls (n=19), CIS was associated with lower proportions of suppressive CD45RA+FoxP3lo Treg and Tfr cells and greater proportions of non-suppressive CD45RA−FoxP3lo and Th17-like Treg and Tfr. Lower Helios expression (maen fluorescent intensity) was measured across all Treg and Tfr fractions in the CIS group, suggesting less potent regulatory function. Greater frequencies of activated, efficient B-cell helper Tfh subsets and a trend for a higher proportion of IgD−CD27− B cells was also detected in the CIS group, characteristics that were positively correlated with Treg and Tfr Helios expression. These results indicate that Treg and Tfr impairment is an early feature in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson P Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Stephanie Trend
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Scott N Byrne
- Cellular Photoimmunology Group, Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marzena J Fabis-Pedrini
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, University of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sian Geldenhuys
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Nolan
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Immunology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David R Booth
- Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - William M Carroll
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, University of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Allan G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, University of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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60
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T-cell expression of AhR inhibits the maintenance of pT reg cells in the gastrointestinal tract in acute GVHD. Blood 2017; 130:348-359. [PMID: 28550042 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-08-734244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that affects the function and development of immune cells. Here, we show that recipient mice receiving AhR-/- T cells have improved survival and decreased acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in 2 different murine allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) models. We also show that CD4+ T cells lacking AhR demonstrate reduced accumulation in secondary lymphoid tissue because of low levels of proliferation 4 days after BMT. Additionally, we found a significant increase in the quantity of peripherally induced regulatory donor T (pTreg) cells in the colon of recipients transplanted with AhR-/- T cells 14 days after transplant. Blockade of AhR using a clinically available AhR antagonist greatly enhanced the in vitro generation of inducible Treg (iTreg) cells from naïve CD4+ human T cells. We have identified AhR as a novel target on donor T cells that is critical to the pathogenesis of aGVHD.
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61
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Syed Khaja AS, Toor SM, El Salhat H, Ali BR, Elkord E. Intratumoral FoxP3 +Helios + Regulatory T Cells Upregulating Immunosuppressive Molecules Are Expanded in Human Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2017; 8:619. [PMID: 28603527 PMCID: PMC5445103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can be antitumorigenic or pro-tumorigenic in colorectal cancer (CRC) depending on the presence of different Treg subsets with various immunosuppressive molecules. Some studies reported the phenotypic characteristics of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in CRC, but limited studies have focused on the co-expression of suppressive molecules on immune cells. The aim of this study was to characterize immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), compared to paired adjacent non-tumor colon tissue of CRC patients. Additionally, we investigated co-expression of immunosuppressive molecules on different Treg subsets in the TME, normal colon tissue, and peripheral blood of CRC patients and healthy donors. In this preliminary study, we report that the majority of CD3+ T cells in the TME are CD4+ T cells with high co-expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1)/cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and PD-1/CD39 molecules. Levels of CD4+FoxP3+Helios+ Tregs were significantly increased in the TME. Furthermore, we observed increased levels of PD-1/CTLA-4 and PD-1/CD39 co-expressing cells within FoxP3+Helios+ and FoxP3+Helios- Treg subsets, indicative of their potent immunosuppressive potential. These results suggest synergistic associations between PD-1/CTLA-4 and PD-1/CD39 in dampening T-cell activation and function along with suppressing tumor-specific immune responses, suggesting that dual blockade of these molecules could be a more effective strategy for inducing antitumor immune responses in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azharuddin Sajid Syed Khaja
- Cancer Research Center, College of Science and Engineering, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salman M Toor
- Cancer Research Center, College of Science and Engineering, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Haytham El Salhat
- Oncology Department, Al Noor Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Oncology Department, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Cancer Research Center, College of Science and Engineering, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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62
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Preferential accumulation of regulatory T cells with highly immunosuppressive characteristics in breast tumor microenvironment. Oncotarget 2017; 8:33159-33171. [PMID: 28388539 PMCID: PMC5464858 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) have an ambiguous role in breast cancer prognosis, with studies reporting both positive and negative correlations between Treg infiltration and prognosis. This discrepancy could be due to the different immunosuppressive molecules present in these cells. In the present study, we phenotypically characterize different Treg subsets infiltrating the tumor microenvironment (TME), compared to adjacent normal tissue and peripheral blood of primary breast cancer (PBC) patients. We report that the majority of tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have terminally exhaustive phenotype as assessed by CD39 and PD-1 expressions. We also show that Tregs are accumulated in breast TME compared to normal tissue. Further characterization of Tregs showed that these are mainly FoxP3+Helios+ and express high levels of CTLA-4 and PD-1. This preferential accumulation of FoxP3+Helios+ Treg subset with co-expression of different immune inhibitory molecules might have a negative effect on breast cancer prognosis. Taken together, our results suggest that breast tumor cells might utilize Tregs, and different suppressive pathways involving CD39, PD-1 and CTLA-4 molecules in creating an immune-subversive environment for them to survive, and a dual blockade of these immunosuppressive molecules might be considered as an effective method in breast cancer treatment.
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Sun H, Gao W, Pan W, Zhang Q, Wang G, Feng D, Geng X, Yan X, Li S. Tim3+ Foxp3 + Treg Cells Are Potent Inhibitors of Effector T Cells and Are Suppressed in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Inflammation 2017; 40:1342-1350. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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64
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Schwarz A, Bruhs A, Schwarz T. The Short-Chain Fatty Acid Sodium Butyrate Functions as a Regulator of the Skin Immune System. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:855-864. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Trojan K, Zhu L, Aly M, Weimer R, Bulut N, Morath C, Opelz G, Daniel V. Association of peripheral NK cell counts with Helios + IFN-γ - T regs in patients with good long-term renal allograft function. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 188:467-479. [PMID: 28194759 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about a possible interaction of natural killer (NK) cells with regulatory T cells (Treg ) in long-term stable kidney transplant recipients. Absolute counts of lymphocyte and Treg subsets were studied in whole blood samples of 136 long-term stable renal transplant recipients and 52 healthy controls using eight-colour fluorescence flow cytometry. Patients were 1946 ± 2201 days (153-10 268 days) post-transplant and showed a serum creatinine of 1·7 ± 0·7 mg/dl. Renal transplant recipients investigated > 1·5 years post-transplant showed higher total NK cell counts than recipients studied < 1·5 years after transplantation (P = 0·006). High NK cells were associated with high glomerular filtration rate (P = 0·002) and low serum creatinine (P = 0·005). Interestingly, high NK cells were associated with high CD4+ CD25+ CD127- forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3+ ) Treg that co-express the phenotype Helios+ interferon (IFN)-γ- and appear to have stable FoxP3 expression and originate from the thymus. Furthermore, high total NK cells were associated with Treg that co-express the phenotypes interleukin (IL)-10- transforming growth factor (TGF)-β+ (P = 0·013), CD183+ CD62L- (P = 0·003), CD183+ CD62+ (P = 0·001), CD183- CD62L+ (P = 0·002), CD252- CD152+ (P < 0·001), CD28+ human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR- ) (P = 0·002), CD28+ HLA-DR+ (P < 0·001), CD95+ CD178- (P < 0·001) and CD279- CD152+ (P < 0·001), suggesting that these activated Treg home in peripheral tissues and suppress effector cells via TGF-β and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). The higher numbers of NK and Treg cell counts in patients with long-term good allograft function and the statistical association of these two lymphocyte subsets with each other suggest a direct or indirect (via DC) interaction of these cell subpopulations that contributes to good long-term allograft acceptance. Moreover, we speculate that regulatory NK cells are formed late post-transplant that are able to inhibit graft-reactive effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Trojan
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Zhu
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - M Aly
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Nephrology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - R Weimer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - N Bulut
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Morath
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G Opelz
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Daniel
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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66
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Jones AP, Kermode AG, Lucas RM, Carroll WM, Nolan D, Hart PH. Circulating immune cells in multiple sclerosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 187:193-203. [PMID: 27689339 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating T and B lymphocytes contribute to the pathogenesis of the neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). Further progress in the development of MS treatments is dependent upon a greater understanding of the immunological disturbances that underlie the disease. Analyses of circulating immune cells by flow cytometry have revealed MS-associated alterations in the composition and function of T and B cell subsets, including temporal changes associated with disease activity. Disturbances in circulating immune populations reflect those observed in the central nervous system and include skewing towards proinflammatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells, greater proportions of follicular T helper cells and functional defects in the corresponding T and B regulatory subsets. Utilizing the analytical power of modern flow cytometers, researchers are now well positioned to monitor immunological changes associated with disease activity or intervention, describe immunological signatures with predictive value and identify targets for therapeutic drug development. This review discusses the contribution of various T and B lymphocyte subsets to MS pathogenesis, provides current and relevant phenotypical descriptions to assist in experimental design and highlights areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Jones
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA
| | - A G Kermode
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, The University of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Perth, WA
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT
| | - W M Carroll
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute, The University of Western Australia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Perth, WA
| | - D Nolan
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Murdoch University, Perth, WA.,Immunology Department, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - P H Hart
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA
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Trojan K, Unterrainer C, Aly M, Zhu L, Weimer R, Bulut N, Morath C, Opelz G, Daniel V. IFNy+ and IFNy- Treg subsets with stable and unstable Foxp3 expression in kidney transplant recipients with good long-term graft function. Transpl Immunol 2016; 39:S0966-3274(16)30124-1. [PMID: 27989714 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treg are a heterogenous cell population. In the present study we attempted to identify Treg subsets that might contribute to stable and good long-term graft function. METHOD Lymphocyte and Treg subsets were studied in 136 kidney transplant recipients with good long-term graft function and in 52 healthy control individuals using eight-color-fluorescence flow cytometry. Foxp3 TSDR methylation status was investigated in enriched IFNy+ and IFNy- Treg preparations using high resolution melt analysis. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, patients showed strong associations of IFNy secreting Helios+ and Helios- Treg with Treg that co-expressed perforin and/or CTLA4 (CD152; p<0.01). Moreover they showed associations of IFNy-Helios+ Treg with Treg that produced TGFβ and/or perforin and of IFNy-Helios- Treg with TGFβ production (all p<0.01). Only in patients, but not in healthy controls, were IFNy- Helios+ and Helios- Treg associated with higher CD45+, CD3+, (CD4+), CD19+ lymphocyte counts (p<0.001). In addition IFNy-Helios+ Treg were associated with CD16+56+ lymphocytes (p<0.001). Enriched IFNy- Treg from female but not male patients showed an association of Foxp3 methylation with higher total Treg and higher Helios+IFNy-, CXCR3+Lselectin+ (CD183+CD62L+), CXCR3-Lselectin+ and CD28+HLADR+ Treg subsets (p<0.01). Enriched IFNy+ Treg from male patients showed an association of demethylated Foxp3 with total Treg and IL10-TFGβ+ Treg counts, and in enriched IFNy- Treg an association of methylated Foxp3 with APO1/FasR+FasL+ (CD95+CD178+) Treg (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Kidney recipients with good long-term graft function possess IFNy+ and IFNy- Treg with stable and unstable Foxp3 expression in the blood. They co-express CD28, HLADR, CTLA4, CXCR3, Lselectin, TGFβ, perforin and FasL and might contribute to the establishment and maintenance of good long-term graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Trojan
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christian Unterrainer
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mostafa Aly
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Li Zhu
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Rolf Weimer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, D-35385 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Nuray Bulut
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, D-35385 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christian Morath
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Opelz
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Volker Daniel
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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68
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Li L, Yang SH, Yao Y, Xie YQ, Yang YQ, Wang YH, Yin XY, Ma HD, Gershwin ME, Lian ZX. Block of both TGF-β and IL-2 signaling impedes Neurophilin-1 + regulatory T cell and follicular regulatory T cell development. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2439. [PMID: 27787514 PMCID: PMC5134002 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that lead to autoimmunity is critical for defining potential therapeutic pathways. In this regard there have been considerable efforts in investigating the interacting roles of TGF-β and IL-2 on the function regulatory T cells. We have taken advantage of dnTGF-βRII Il2ra-/- (abbreviated as Il2ra-/-Tg) mouse model, which allows a direct mechanistic approach to define the relative roles of TGF-β and IL-2 on Treg development. Il2ra-/-Tg mice spontaneously developed multi-organ autoimmune diseases with expansion of pathogenic T cells and enhanced germinal center response at 3-4 weeks of age. Importantly, peripheral Treg cells from Il2ra-/-Tg mice demonstrated an activated Th1-like stable phenotype and normal in vitro suppressive function, while thymus Treg increased but manifested decreased suppressive function. Interestingly, neither thymus nor peripheral Treg cells of Il2ra-/-Tg mice contained Neuropilin-1+ or PD-1hi phenotype, resulting in defective follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cell development. Such defective Tfr development led to elevated follicular T helper cells, enhanced germinal center responses and increased plasma cell infiltration. These data demonstrate an important synergetic role of TGF-β and IL-2 in the generation, activation and stability of Treg cells, as well as their subsequent development into Tfr cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shu-Han Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yu-Qing Xie
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yan-Qing Yang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Yin-Hu Wang
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Xue-Ying Yin
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Hong-Di Ma
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - MEric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei 230027, China
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Regulatory T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Progression: Role and Therapeutic Targeting. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4030028. [PMID: 27509527 PMCID: PMC5041022 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen significant efforts in understanding and modulating the immune response in cancer. In this context, immunosuppressive cells, including regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), have come under intense investigation for their proposed roles in suppressing tumor-specific immune responses and establishing an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, thus enabling tumor immune evasion. Additionally, recent evidence indicates that Tregs comprise diverse and heterogeneous subsets; phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets of tumor-infiltrating Tregs could contribute differently to cancer prognosis and clinical outcomes. Understanding Treg biology in the setting of cancer, and specifically the tumor microenvironment, is important for designing effective cancer therapies. In this review, we critically examine the role of Tregs in the tumor microenvironment and in cancer progression focusing on human studies. We also discuss the impact of current therapeutic modalities on Treg biology and the therapeutic opportunities for targeting Tregs to enhance anti-tumor immune responses and clinical benefits.
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Elkord E. Helios Should Not Be Cited as a Marker of Human Thymus-Derived Tregs. Commentary: Helios(+) and Helios(-) Cells Coexist within the Natural FOXP3(+) T Regulatory Cell Subset in Humans. Front Immunol 2016; 7:276. [PMID: 27456241 PMCID: PMC4937724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eyad Elkord
- Cancer Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Biomedical Research Center, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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71
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Li K, Chen F, Xie H. Decreased FOXP3+ and GARP+ Tregs to neoadjuvant chemotherapy associated with favorable prognosis in advanced gastric cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:3525-33. [PMID: 27366089 PMCID: PMC4913533 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s101884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has been an increasingly used therapeutic strategy to improve the outcome of advanced gastric cancer (GC) over the past few decades. Lymphocytic infiltration has been reported to be associated with response to NACT, but the immune cell subpopulation and its prognosis contributing to response in GC have not been clarified yet. In the current study, the tumor infiltration of FOXP3+ and GARP+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs, marked by FOXP3 and GARP) response to NACT in advanced GC and their correlation with prognosis were evaluated. The infiltration of FOXP3+ and GARP+ Tregs in 102 patients with advanced GC who were treated with or without NACT was measured using immunohistochemical method. The infiltration of FOXP3+ and GARP+ Tregs was significantly decreased in the NACT group than in the non-NACT group (P=0.023 and P=0.012, respectively) and significantly associated with tumor, node, metastasis stage (P=0.019 and P=0.011, respectively). There was no significant difference in patient’s overall survival between the NACT and non-NACT groups (P=0.166); however, patients in the NACT group with decreased infiltration of FOXP3+ and GARP+ Tregs had longer overall survival (P=0.002 and P<0.001, respectively). Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that the infiltration of GARP+ Tregs and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors (P=0.038 and P=0.013, respectively). The results demonstrated that NACT could decrease the infiltration of FOXP3+ and GARP+ Tregs, and that the infiltration of GARP+ Tregs may serve as a new prognostic factor of human GC response to NACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Pathology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchao Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Xie
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, People's Republic of China
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72
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Aly MG, Trojan K, Weimer R, Morath C, Opelz G, Tohamy MA, Daniel V. Low-dose oral cholecalciferol is associated with higher numbers of Helios(+) and total Tregs than oral calcitriol in renal allograft recipients: an observational study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 17:24. [PMID: 27296673 PMCID: PMC4906900 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-016-0066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a cornerstone of graft acceptance. High numbers of Tregs are associated with better long-term graft survival. Recently, Vitamin D was suggested as an immunomodulator, in addition to its classical role in calcium metabolism. Vitamin D modulates Tregs and might, thereby, promote graft acceptance and long-term graft survival. Methods One hundred twenty-three renal allograft recipients attending either Heidelberg nephrology or Giessen internal medicine clinic were enrolled in this cross- sectional study. Sixteen healthy controls were studied in addition. Sixty-nine patients were receiving no vitamin D, 38 calcitriol, and 16 cholecalciferol supplementations. We evaluated whether there was a difference in the absolute numbers of Helios+, Helios−, CTLA-4+, IFNg+, and total Tregs among the patient groups. Results Cholecalciferol supplementation was associated with higher absolute numbers of Helios+, CTLA-4+, and total Tregs than calcitriol (p < 0.001, p = 0.004, p = 0.001 respectively). Helios+ Tregs were also higher in cholecalciferol than no vitamin D supplementation patients (p = 0.001), whereas CTLA-4+ and total Tregs were similar in both groups (p = NS). Helios+, Helios−, CTLA-4+, IFNg+, and total Tregs were similar in the cholecalciferol and healthy control groups (p = NS). Conclusion Our findings indicate that cholecalciferol, even when administered at low dosages, has a stabilizing effect on Tregs (particularly the Helios + subset), in contrast to calcitriol which showed neither a stabilizing nor a proliferation-inducing effect on the same cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa G Aly
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Nephrology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Karina Trojan
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Weimer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen, Klinikstrasse 33, D-35385, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Morath
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Opelz
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammed A Tohamy
- Nephrology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Volker Daniel
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Halvorsen EC, Hamilton MJ, Young A, Wadsworth BJ, LePard NE, Lee HN, Firmino N, Collier JL, Bennewith KL. Maraviroc decreases CCL8-mediated migration of CCR5(+) regulatory T cells and reduces metastatic tumor growth in the lungs. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1150398. [PMID: 27471618 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1150398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial physiological role in the regulation of immune homeostasis, although recent data suggest Tregs can contribute to primary tumor growth by suppressing antitumor immune responses. Tregs may also influence the development of tumor metastases, although there is a paucity of information regarding the phenotype and function of Tregs in metastatic target organs. Herein, we demonstrate that orthotopically implanted metastatic mammary tumors induce significant Treg accumulation in the lungs, which is a site of mammary tumor metastasis. Tregs in the primary tumor and metastatic lungs express high levels of C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) relative to Tregs in the mammary fat pad and lungs of tumor-free mice, and Tregs in the metastatic lungs are enriched for CCR5 expression in comparison to other immune cell populations. We also identify that C-C chemokine ligand 8 (CCL8), an endogenous ligand of CCR5, is produced by F4/80(+) macrophages in the lungs of mice with metastatic primary tumors. Migration of Tregs toward CCL8 ex vivo is reduced in the presence of the CCR5 inhibitor Maraviroc. Importantly, treatment of mice with Maraviroc (MVC) reduces the level of CCR5(+) Tregs and metastatic tumor burden in the lungs. This work provides evidence of a CCL8/CCR5 signaling axis driving Treg recruitment to the lungs of mice bearing metastatic primary tumors, representing a potential therapeutic target to decrease Treg accumulation and metastatic tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Halvorsen
- Integrative Oncology Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M J Hamilton
- Integrative Oncology Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency , Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Young
- Integrative Oncology Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - B J Wadsworth
- Integrative Oncology Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - N E LePard
- Integrative Oncology Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency , Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - H N Lee
- Integrative Oncology Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency , Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - N Firmino
- Integrative Oncology Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J L Collier
- Integrative Oncology Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - K L Bennewith
- Integrative Oncology Department, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Interdisciplinary Oncology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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