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Starshinova A, Kudryavtsev I, Rubinstein A, Malkova A, Dovgaluk I, Kudlay D. Tuberculosis and COVID-19 Dually Affect Human Th17 Cell Immune Response. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2123. [PMID: 37626620 PMCID: PMC10452633 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 infection not only profoundly impacts the detection of tuberculosis infection (Tbc) but also affects modality in tuberculosis patient immune response. It is important to determine immune response alterations in latent tuberculosis infection as well as in SARS-CoV-2-infected tuberculosis patients. Such changes may have underlying effects on the development and course of further tuberculosis. Here, we aimed to review the characteristics of immune response in TB patients or convalescent COVID-19 patients with latent TB infection (LTBI). MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the features of immune response in tuberculosis and COVID-19 patients. For this, we analyzed publications released from December 2019 to March 2023; those which were published in accessible international databases ("Medline", "PubMed", "Scopus") and with keywords such as "COVID-19", "SARS-CoV-2", "tuberculosis", "pulmonary tuberculosis", "latent tuberculosis infection", "Treg", "follicular Treg", and "Treg subsets", we considered. RESULTS Through our analysis, we found that tuberculosis patients who had been infected with COVID-19 previously and elevated Th1 and Th2 cell levels. High levels of Th1 and Th2 cells may serve as a positive marker, characterizing activated immune response during TB infection. COVID-19 or post-COVID-19 subjects showed decreased Th17 levels, indicating a lack of tuberculosis development. Moreover, the typical course of tuberculosis is associated with an increase in Treg level, but COVID-19 contributes to a hyperinflammatory response. CONCLUSION According to the data obtained, the course of tuberculosis proceeds in a dissimilar way due to the distinct immune response, elicited by SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, the development of active tuberculosis with a severe course is associated with a decline in Treg levels. Both pathogens lead to disturbed immune responses, increasing the risk of developing severe TB. The insights and findings of this paper may be used to improve the future management of individuals with latent and active tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Starshinova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor Kudryavtsev
- Department of Immunology, Institution of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St-Petersburg, Russia; (I.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Artem Rubinstein
- Department of Immunology, Institution of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St-Petersburg, Russia; (I.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Anna Malkova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | - Irina Dovgaluk
- Phthisiopulmonology Department, Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 191036 St-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Dmitry Kudlay
- Department of Pharmacology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia;
- Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115478 Moscow, Russia
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Phillips JD, Fay KA, Bergeron AJ, Zhang P, Mielcarz DW, Calkins AM, Searles TG, Christensen BC, Finley DJ, Turk MJ, Channon JY. The Effect of Lung Resection for NSCLC on Circulating Immune Cells: A Pilot Study. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:5116-5134. [PMID: 37232845 PMCID: PMC10217048 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30050387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This pilot study sought to evaluate the circulating levels of immune cells, particularly regulatory T-cell (Treg) subsets, before and after lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer. Twenty-five patients consented and had specimens collected. Initially, peripheral blood of 21 patients was collected for circulating immune cell studies. Two of these patients were excluded due to technical issues, leaving 19 patients for the analyses of circulating immune cells. Standard gating and high-dimensional unsupervised clustering flow cytometry analyses were performed. The blood, tumors and lymph nodes were analyzed via single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing for Treg analyses in a total of five patients (including four additional patients from the initial 21 patients). Standard gating flow cytometry revealed a transient increase in neutrophils immediately following surgery, with a variable neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and a stable CD4-CD8 ratio. Unexpectedly, the total Treg and Treg subsets did not change with surgery with standard gating in short- or long-term follow-up. Similarly, unsupervised clustering of Tregs revealed a dominant cluster that was stable perioperatively and long-term. Two small FoxP3hi clusters slightly increased following surgery. In the longer-term follow-up, these small FoxP3hi Treg clusters were not identified, indicating that they were likely a response to surgery. Single-cell sequencing demonstrated six CD4+FoxP3+ clusters among the blood, tumors and lymph nodes. These clusters had a variable expression of FoxP3, and several were mainly, or only, present in tumor and lymph node tissue. As such, serial monitoring of circulating Tregs may be informative, but not completely reflective of the Tregs present in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Phillips
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Kayla A. Fay
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | | | - Peisheng Zhang
- DartLab, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | | | | | - Tyler G. Searles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Brock C. Christensen
- Departments of Epidemiology and Molecular & Systems Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - David J. Finley
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Kudryavtsev I, Zinchenko Y, Starshinova A, Serebriakova M, Malkova A, Akisheva T, Kudlay D, Glushkova A, Yablonskiy P, Shoenfeld Y. Circulating Regulatory T Cell Subsets in Patients with Sarcoidosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13081378. [PMID: 37189479 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13081378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Over recent years, many researchers have supported the autoimmune theory of sarcoidosis. The presence of uncontrolled inflammatory response on local and system levels in patients with sarcoidosis did not define that the immunoregulatory mechanisms could be affected. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution and the disturbance circulating Treg cell subsets in the peripheral blood in patients with sarcoidosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective comparative study was performed in 2016-2018 (34 patients with sarcoidosis (men (67.6%), women (32.3%)) were examined). Healthy subjects-the control group (n = 40). The diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis was performed according to the standard criteria. We used two ten-color combinations of antibodies for Treg immunophenotyping. The first one contained CD39-FITC, CD127-PE, CCR4-PE/Dazzle™ 594, CD25-PC5.5, CD161-PC7, CD4-APC, CD8-APC-AF700, CD3-APC/Cy7, HLA-DR-PacBlue, and CD45 RA-BV 510™, while the second consisted of CXCR3-Alexa Fluor 488, CD25-РЕ, CXCR5-РЕ/Dazzle™ 594, CCR4-PerСP/Сy5.5, CCR6-РЕ/Cy7, CD4-АPC, CD8 АPC-AF700, CD3-АPC/Cy7, CCR7-BV 421, and CD45 RA-BV 510. The flow cytometry data were analyzed by using Kaluza software v2.3. A statistical analysis was performed with Statistica 7.0 and GraphPad Prism 8 software packages. RESULTS OF THE STUDY Primarily, we found that patients with sarcoidosis had decreased absolute numbers of Treg cells in circulation. We noted that the level of CCR7-expressing Tregs decreased in patients with sarcoidosis vs. the control group (65.55% (60.08; 70.60) vs. 76.93% (69.59; 79.86) with p < 0.001). We noticed that the relative numbers of CD45RA-CCR7+ Tregs decreased in patients with sarcoidosis (27.11% vs. 35.43%, p < 0.001), while the frequency of CD45 RA-CCR7- and CD45RA+ CCR7- Tregs increased compared to the control group (33.3% vs. 22.73% and 0.76% vs. 0.51% with p < 0.001 and p = 0.028, respectively). CXCR3-expressing Treg cell subsets-Th1-like CCR60078CXCR3+ Tregs and Th17.1-like CCR6+ CXCR3+ Tregs-significantly increased in patients with sarcoidosis vs. the control group (14.4% vs. 10.5% with p < 0.01 and 27.9% vs. 22.8% with p < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, the levels of peripheral blood EM Th17-like Tregs significantly decreased in the sarcoidosis group vs. the control group (36.38% vs. 46.70% with p < 0.001). Finally, we found that CXCR5 expression was increased in CM Tregs cell subsets in patients with sarcoidosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated a decrease in circulating Tregs absolute numbers and several alterations in Treg cell subsets. Moreover, our results highlight the presence of increased levels of CM CXCR5+ follicular Tregs in the periphery that could be linked with the imbalance of follicular Th cell subsets and alterations in B cell, based on the immune response. The balance between the two functionally distinct Treg cell populations-Th1-like and Th17-like Tregs-could be used in sarcoidosis diagnosis and the determination of prognosis and disease outcomes. Furthermore, we want to declare that analysis of Treg numbers of phenotypes could fully characterize their functional activity in peripherally inflamed tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Kudryavtsev
- Department of Immunology, Institution of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yulia Zinchenko
- Phthisiopulmonology Department, St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Starshinova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Serebriakova
- Department of Immunology, Institution of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Malkova
- Laboratory of the Mosaic of Autoimmunity, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Akisheva
- Department of Immunology, Institution of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Kudlay
- Department of Pharmacology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Immunology, 115552 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anzhela Glushkova
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, 19201 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Piotr Yablonskiy
- Phthisiopulmonology Department, St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of the Mosaic of Autoimmunity, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Laboratory of the Mosaic of Autoimmunity, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 5265601, Israel
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Giganti G, Atif M, Mohseni Y, Mastronicola D, Grageda N, Povoleri GA, Miyara M, Scottà C. Treg cell therapy: How cell heterogeneity can make the difference. Eur J Immunol 2020; 51:39-55. [PMID: 33275279 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ CD25high CD127low/- FOXP3+ T regulatory cells are responsible for maintaining immune tolerance and controlling excessive immune responses. Treg cell use in pre-clinical animal models showed the huge therapeutic potential of these cells in immune-mediated diseases and laid the foundations for their applications in therapy in humans. Currently, there are several clinical trials utilizing the adoptive transfer of Treg cells to reduce the morbidity in autoimmune disorders, allogeneic HSC transplantation, and solid organ transplantation. However, a large part of them utilizes total Treg cells without distinction of their biological variability. Many studies on the heterogeneity of Treg cell population revealed distinct subsets with different functions in the control of the immune response and induction of peripheral tolerance. Some of these subsets also showed a role in controlling the general homeostasis of non-lymphoid tissues. All these Treg cell subsets and their peculiar properties can be therefore exploited to develop novel therapeutic approaches. This review describes these functionally distinct subsets, their phenotype, homing properties and functions in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. In addition, we also discuss the limitations in using Treg cells as a cellular therapy and the strategies to enhance their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Giganti
- "Peter Gorer" Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Muhammad Atif
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Paris (CIMI-PARIS), AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Yasmin Mohseni
- "Peter Gorer" Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniela Mastronicola
- "Peter Gorer" Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nathali Grageda
- "Peter Gorer" Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giovanni Am Povoleri
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Makoto Miyara
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre d'immunologie et des maladies infectieuses, Paris (CIMI-PARIS), AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Cristiano Scottà
- "Peter Gorer" Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Chiarini M, Capra R, Serana F, Bertoli D, Sottini A, Giustini V, Scarpazza C, Rovaris M, Torri Clerici V, Ferraro D, Galgani S, Solaro C, Conti MZ, Visconti A, Imberti L. Simultaneous quantification of natural and inducible regulatory T-cell subsets during interferon-β therapy of multiple sclerosis patients. J Transl Med 2020; 18:169. [PMID: 32299447 PMCID: PMC7161224 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic activity of interferon-β in multiple sclerosis are still not completely understood. In the present study, we evaluated the short and long-term effects of interferon-β treatment on different subsets of regulatory T cells in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients biologically responsive to treatment because of mixovirus resistance protein A inducibility. Methods In this prospective longitudinal study, subsets of natural regulatory T cells (naïve, central memory and effector memory) and inducible regulatory T cells (Tr1), as well as in vitro-induced regulatory T cells (Tr1-like cells), were simultaneously quantified by flow cytometry in samples prepared from 148 therapy-naïve multiple sclerosis patients obtained before and after 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of interferon-β-1a treatment. mRNA for interleukin-10 and Tr1-related genes (CD18, CD49b, and CD46, together with Cyt-1 and Cyt-2 CD46-associated isoforms) were quantified in Tr1-like cells. Results Despite profound inter-individual variations in the modulation of all regulatory T-cell subsets, the percentage of natural regulatory T cells increased after 6, 12, and 24 months of interferon-β treatment. This increase was characterized by the expansion of central and effector memory regulatory T-cell subsets. The percentage of Tr1 significantly enhanced at 12 months of therapy and continued to be high at the subsequent evaluation points. Patients experiencing relapses displayed a higher percentage of naïve regulatory T cells and a lower percentage of central memory regulatory T cells and of Tr1 before starting interferon-β therapy. In addition, an increase over time of central memory and of Tr1 was observed only in patients with stable disease. However, in vitro-induced Tr1-like cells, prepared from patients treated for 24 months, produced less amount of interleukin-10 mRNA compared with pre-treatment Tr1-like cells. Conclusion Interferon-β induces the expansion of T regulatory subsets endowed with a high suppressive activity, especially in clinically stable patients. The overall concurrent modulation of natural and inducible regulatory T-cell subsets might explain the therapeutic effects of interferon-β in multiple sclerosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Chiarini
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.,Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), ASST Spedali Civili, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ruggero Capra
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federico Serana
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.,Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), ASST Spedali Civili, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Diego Bertoli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), ASST Spedali Civili, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sottini
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), ASST Spedali Civili, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Viviana Giustini
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), ASST Spedali Civili, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Scarpazza
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.,Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Diana Ferraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Solaro
- Department of Rehabilitation, CRRF Mons Luigi Novarese Moncrivello, Vercelli, Italy
| | | | | | - Luisa Imberti
- Centro di Ricerca Emato-oncologica AIL (CREA), ASST Spedali Civili, P.le Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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Hussein H, Denanglaire S, Van Gool F, Azouz A, Ajouaou Y, El-Khatib H, Oldenhove G, Leo O, Andris F. Multiple Environmental Signaling Pathways Control the Differentiation of RORγt-Expressing Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3007. [PMID: 31998303 PMCID: PMC6961548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
RORγt-expressing Tregs form a specialized subset of intestinal CD4+ Foxp3+ cells which is essential to maintain gut homeostasis and tolerance to commensal microbiota. Recently, c-Maf emerged as a critical factor in the regulation of RORγt expression in Tregs. However, aside from c-Maf signaling, the signaling pathways involved in the differentiation of RORγt+ Tregs and their possible interplay with c-Maf in this process are largely unknown. We show that RORγt+ Treg development is controled by positive as well as negative signals. Along with c-Maf signaling, signals derived from a complex microbiota, as well as IL-6/STAT3- and TGF-β-derived signals act in favor of RORγt+ Treg development. Ectopic expression of c-Maf did not rescue RORγt expression in STAT3-deficient Tregs, indicating the presence of additional effectors downstream of STAT3. Moreover, we show that an inflammatory IFN-γ/STAT1 signaling pathway acts as a negative regulator of RORγt+ Treg differentiation in a c-Maf independent fashion. These data thus argue for a complex integrative signaling network that finely tunes RORγt expression in Tregs. The finding that type 1 inflammation impedes RORγt+ Treg development even in the presence of an active IL-6/STAT3 pathway further suggests a dominant negative effect of STAT1 over STAT3 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Hussein
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Frédéric Van Gool
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Abdulkader Azouz
- Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Yousra Ajouaou
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hana El-Khatib
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Oldenhove
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Oberdan Leo
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Andris
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhang N, Feng M, Liang Z, Zhao X, Gao C, Qin Y, Wu Y, Liu G, Zhao J, Guo H, Luo J. Reduced activated regulatory T cells and imbalance of Th17/activated Treg cells marks renal involvement in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Mol Immunol 2019; 118:19-29. [PMID: 31837507 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of naturally occurring regulatory T cells (Treg) in the control of the immune tolerance of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) has not been well defined. Therefore, we separate the phenotypically heterogeneous Treg cells into different subsets based on the expression of FOXP3 and CD45RA during AAV pathogenesis. Fifty-four AAV patients (38 patients with renal involvement) and 19 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in this study. Levels of CD4+T cell subsets and cytokines were detected by flow cytometry. Treg immunesuppression capacity was measured in co-culture experiments. The diagnostic value for Treg subsets was evaluated by the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). Patients with AAV had lower percentages and numbers of activated Treg cells (aTreg, P = 0.044, P = 0.002), while higher levels of total Treg cells (P = 0.001, P = 0.026) with diminished immunosuppression capacity. The proportions of effector memory T-cell subpopulation (P < 0.001) were increased in AAV patients. Interestingly, the AUC of the aTreg improved significantly the diagnostic potential of AAV. Furthermore, the ratio of Th17/aTreg was significantly increased in active and renal vasculitis patient and positive correlation between Th17/Treg subset ratio and creatinine or BUN. In addition, we found that cytokine IL-2 and IL-4 exhibited a downward while IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17A trend upward in AAV patients. Increase in total Treg levels, along with functional deficiency, and decrease in aTreg cells constitute potential novel biomarkers for AAV. And the ratio of Th17/aTreg might serve as an important tool to recognize and monitor AAV patients with renal involvement and disease remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Wang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Shulan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Min Feng
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Zhaojun Liang
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xiangcong Zhao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Department of Pathology,Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yan Qin
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yanyao Wu
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Guangying Liu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jinfang Zhao
- Department of Medical Statistics, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Shenzhen Baoan Shiyan People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518005, China.
| | - Jing Luo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China.
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Koizumi SI, Ishikawa H. Transcriptional Regulation of Differentiation and Functions of Effector T Regulatory Cells. Cells 2019; 8:E939. [PMID: 31434282 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3-expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells can suppress the activity of various types of immune cells and play key roles in the maintenance of self-tolerance and in the regulation of immune responses against pathogens and tumor cells. Treg cells consist of heterogeneous subsets that have distinct phenotypes and functions. Upon antigen stimulation, naïve-like thymus-derived Treg cells, which circulate in secondary lymphoid organs, can differentiate into effector Treg (eTreg) cells and migrate to and control immune homeostasis of peripheral tissues. eTreg cells are heterogeneous in terms of their ability to localize to specific tissues and suppress particular types of immune responses. Differentiation and function of diverse eTreg subsets are regulated by a variety of transcription factors that are activated by antigens and cytokines. In this article, we review the current understanding of the transcriptional regulation of differentiation and function of eTreg cells.
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Polanczyk MJ, Walker E, Haley D, Guerrouahen BS, Akporiaye ET. Blockade of TGF-β signaling to enhance the antitumor response is accompanied by dysregulation of the functional activity of CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + and CD4 +CD25 -Foxp3 + T cells. J Transl Med 2019; 17:219. [PMID: 31288845 PMCID: PMC6617864 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pleiotropic cytokine, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in actively suppressing antitumor immune responses. Evidence shows that TGF-β produced by tumor cells promotes tolerance via expansion of Tregs. Our group previously demonstrated that blockade of TGF-β signaling with a small molecule TGF-β receptor I antagonist (SM16) inhibited primary and metastatic tumor growth in a T cell dependent fashion. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of SM16 on Treg generation and function. Methods Using BALB/c, FoxP3eGFP and Rag−/− mice, we performed FACS analysis to determine if SM16 blocked de novo TGF-β-induced Treg generation in vitro and in vivo. CD4+ T cells from lymph node and spleen were isolated from control mice or mice maintained on SM16 diet, and flow cytometry analysis was used to detect the frequency of CD4+CD25−FoxP3+ and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells. In vitro suppression assays were used to determine the ability to suppress naive T cell proliferation in vitro of both CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ and CD4+CD25−FoxP3+ T cell sub-populations. We then examined whether SM16 diet exerted an inhibitory effect on primary tumor growth and correlated with changes in FoxP3+expression. ELISA analysis was used to measure IFN-γ levels after 72 h co-culture of CD4+CD25+ T cells from tumor-bearing mice on control or SM16 diet with CD4+CD25− T cells from naive donors. Results SM16 abrogates TGF-β-induced Treg generation in vitro but does not prevent global homeostatic expansion of CD4+ T cell sub-populations in vivo. Instead, SM16 treatment causes expansion of a population of CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ Treg-like cells without significantly altering the overall frequency of Treg in lymphoreplete naive and tumor-bearing mice. Importantly, both the CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ T cells and the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in mice receiving SM16 diet exhibited diminished ability to suppress naive T cell proliferation in vitro compared to Treg from mice on control diet. Conclusions These findings suggest that blockade of TGF-β signaling is a potentially useful strategy for blunting Treg function to enhance the anti-tumor response. Our data further suggest that the overall dampening of Treg function may involve the expansion of a quiescent Treg precursor population, which is CD4+CD25−Foxp3+.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edwin Walker
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA.,Veana Therapeutics, Inc., Portland, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Haley
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel T Akporiaye
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA. .,Veana Therapeutics, Inc., Portland, OR, USA.
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10
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Sacramento PM, Monteiro C, Dias ASO, Kasahara TM, Ferreira TB, Hygino J, Wing AC, Andrade RM, Rueda F, Sales MC, Vasconcelos CC, Bento CAM. Serotonin decreases the production of Th1/Th17 cytokines and elevates the frequency of regulatory CD4 + T-cell subsets in multiple sclerosis patients. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1376-1388. [PMID: 29719048 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Excessive levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the CNS are associated with reduced serotonin (5-HT) synthesis, a neurotransmitter with diverse immune effects. In this study, we evaluated the ability of exogenous 5-HT to modulate the T-cell behavior of patients with MS, a demyelinating autoimmune disease mediated by Th1 and Th17 cytokines. Here, 5-HT attenuated, in vitro, T-cell proliferation and Th1 and Th17 cytokines production in cell cultures from MS patients. Additionally, 5-HT reduced IFN-γ and IL-17 release by CD8+ T cells. By contrast, 5-HT increased IL-10 production by CD4+ T cells from MS patients. A more accurate analysis of these IL-10-secreting CD4+ T cells revealed that 5-HT favors the expansion of FoxP3+ CD39+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and type 1 regulatory T cells. Notably, this neurotransmitter also elevated the frequency of Treg17 cells, a novel regulatory T-cell subset. The effect of 5-HT in upregulating CD39+ Treg and Treg17 cells was inversely correlated with the number of active brain lesions. Finally, in addition to directly reducing cytokine production by purified Th1 and Th17 cells, 5-HT enhanced in vitro Treg function. In summary, our data suggest that serotonin may play a protective role in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila M Sacramento
- Post-graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of General Medicine Department, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clarice Monteiro
- Post-graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of General Medicine Department, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aleida S O Dias
- Post-graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of General Medicine Department, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taissa M Kasahara
- Post-graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of General Medicine Department, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaís B Ferreira
- Post-graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of General Medicine Department, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joana Hygino
- Post-graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Wing
- Post-graduate Program in Neurology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Regis M Andrade
- Department of General Medicine Department, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rueda
- Clinical of Diagnosis by Image, Barra da Tijuca Unity, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marisa C Sales
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Cleonice A M Bento
- Post-graduate Program in Microbiology, Department of General Medicine Department, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Post-graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Trojan K, Zhu L, Aly M, Weimer R, Bulut N, Morath C, Opelz G, Daniel V. Association of peripheral NK cell counts with Helios + IFN-γ - T regs in patients with good long-term renal allograft function. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 188:467-479. [PMID: 28194759 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about a possible interaction of natural killer (NK) cells with regulatory T cells (Treg ) in long-term stable kidney transplant recipients. Absolute counts of lymphocyte and Treg subsets were studied in whole blood samples of 136 long-term stable renal transplant recipients and 52 healthy controls using eight-colour fluorescence flow cytometry. Patients were 1946 ± 2201 days (153-10 268 days) post-transplant and showed a serum creatinine of 1·7 ± 0·7 mg/dl. Renal transplant recipients investigated > 1·5 years post-transplant showed higher total NK cell counts than recipients studied < 1·5 years after transplantation (P = 0·006). High NK cells were associated with high glomerular filtration rate (P = 0·002) and low serum creatinine (P = 0·005). Interestingly, high NK cells were associated with high CD4+ CD25+ CD127- forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3+ ) Treg that co-express the phenotype Helios+ interferon (IFN)-γ- and appear to have stable FoxP3 expression and originate from the thymus. Furthermore, high total NK cells were associated with Treg that co-express the phenotypes interleukin (IL)-10- transforming growth factor (TGF)-β+ (P = 0·013), CD183+ CD62L- (P = 0·003), CD183+ CD62+ (P = 0·001), CD183- CD62L+ (P = 0·002), CD252- CD152+ (P < 0·001), CD28+ human leucocyte antigen D-related (HLA-DR- ) (P = 0·002), CD28+ HLA-DR+ (P < 0·001), CD95+ CD178- (P < 0·001) and CD279- CD152+ (P < 0·001), suggesting that these activated Treg home in peripheral tissues and suppress effector cells via TGF-β and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). The higher numbers of NK and Treg cell counts in patients with long-term good allograft function and the statistical association of these two lymphocyte subsets with each other suggest a direct or indirect (via DC) interaction of these cell subpopulations that contributes to good long-term allograft acceptance. Moreover, we speculate that regulatory NK cells are formed late post-transplant that are able to inhibit graft-reactive effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Trojan
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Zhu
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - M Aly
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Nephrology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - R Weimer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - N Bulut
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - C Morath
- Department of Nephrology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - G Opelz
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Daniel
- Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Tan TG, Mathis D, Benoist C. Singular role for T-BET+CXCR3+ regulatory T cells in protection from autoimmune diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:14103-8. [PMID: 27872297 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616710113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for restraining inflammation in a variety of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the transcriptional and functional phenotypes of Treg cells within the pancreatic lesion remain poorly understood. Here we characterized pancreas-infiltrating Treg cells in the NOD mouse model of T1D and uncovered a substantial enrichment of the Treg subpopulation expressing the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Accumulation of CXCR3+ Treg cells within pancreatic islets was dependent on the transcription factor T-BET, and genetic ablation of T-BET increased the onset and penetrance of disease, abrogating the sex bias normally seen in the NOD model. Both male and female mice lacking T-BET+ Treg cells showed a more aggressive insulitic infiltrate, reflected most prominently by elevated production of type 1 cytokines. Our results suggest the possibility of fine therapeutic targeting of Treg cells, in a tissue- and cell-subset-specific fashion, as a more focused immunotherapy for T1D.
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13
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Li H, Wang W, Wang G, Hou Y, Xu F, Liu R, Wang F, Xue J, Hu T, Luan X. Interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α promote the ability of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells to express programmed death ligand-2 and induce the differentiation of CD4(+)interleukin-10(+) and CD8(+)interleukin-10(+) Treg subsets. Cytotherapy 2016; 17:1560-71. [PMID: 26432559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and regulatory T cells (Treg) have been successfully used in treating autoimmune diseases accompanied by abundant inflammatory cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Therefore, this work investigated the effects of IFN-γ and TNF-α on the ability of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hPMSCs) on inducing the differentiation of CD4(+)interleukin (IL)-10(+)and CD8(+)IL-10(+)Treg subsets. METHODS Human PMSCs were co-cultured with T cells in the presence or absence of a trans-well system or anti- programmed death ligand-2 (PDL2) monoclonal antibody (mAb), respectively. CD4(+)IL-10(+)and CD8(+)IL-10(+)Treg subsets, as well as the levels of IL-10 in the supernatants, were detected on this basis. Examinations were conducted to explore the impact of IFN-γ and TNF-α on the expression of PDL2 in hPMSCs. In this process, flow cytometry, Western blot and reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction were used. RESULTS CD4(+)IL-10(+)and CD8(+)IL-10(+)Treg subsets from T cells either non-activated or activated by use of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or CD3/CD28mAb significantly increased in the presence of hPMSCs. However, these levels markedly decreased after blocking the expression of PDL2 in hPMSCs. IL-10 followed the same pattern. Furthermore, the percentages of CD4(+)IL-10(+) and CD8(+)IL-10(+)T cells also sharply declined under the trans-well system, whereas the percentages as well as the expression of PDL2 in hPMSCs oppositely raised after hPMSCs pre-stimulated by IFN-γ and TNF-α. IFN-γ could promote the expression of PDL2 partly through the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS IFN-γ and TNF-α could promote the ability of hPMSCs in inducing the differentiation of CD4(+)IL-10(+)and CD8(+)IL-10(+)Treg subsets and enhance the expression of PDL2 in hPMSCs. These would benefit the application of hPMSCs in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Shandong Province, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Shandong Province, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyan Wang
- Department of Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Hou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Binzhou Medical University, Shandong Province, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghuang Xu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Shandong Province, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Yantai Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Yantai Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangnan Xue
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Shandong Province, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Hu
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Shandong Province, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiying Luan
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Shandong Province, Yantai, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Chevalier MF, Didier C, Petitjean G, Karmochkine M, Girard PM, Barré-Sinoussi F, Scott-Algara D, Weiss L. Phenotype alterations in regulatory T-cell subsets in primary HIV infection and identification of Tr1-like cells as the main interleukin 10-producing CD4+ T cells. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:769-79. [PMID: 25281758 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional regulatory T cells (Tregs) can suppress human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific immune responses but cannot control immune activation in primary HIV infection. Here, we characterized Treg subsets, using recently defined phenotypic delineation, and analyzed the relative contribution of cell subsets to the production of immunosuppressive cytokines in primary HIV infection. METHODS In a longitudinal prospective study, ex vivo phenotyping of fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with primary HIV infection was performed at baseline and month 6 of follow-up to characterize Treg subsets, immune activation, and cytokine production in isolated CD4(+) T cells. RESULTS The frequency of CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low) Tregs and the distribution between the naive, memory, and activated/memory Treg subsets was similar in patients and healthy donors. However, Tregs from patients with primary HIV infection showed peculiar phenotypic profiles, such as elevated FoxP3, ICOS, and CTLA-4 expression, with CTLA-4 expression strikingly increased in all Treg subsets both at baseline and month 6 of follow-up. The great majority of interleukin 10 (IL-10)-producing CD4(+) T cells were FoxP3(neg) (ie, Tr1-like cells). In contrast to conventional Tregs, Tr1-like cells were inversely correlated with immune activation and not associated with lower effector T-cell responses. CONCLUSION FoxP3(neg) Tr1-like cells-major contributors to IL-10 production-may have a beneficial role by controlling immune activation in early HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu F Chevalier
- Régulation des infections rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur Université Paris Diderot
| | - Céline Didier
- Régulation des infections rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur
| | - Gaël Petitjean
- Régulation des infections rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur
| | | | | | | | | | - Laurence Weiss
- Régulation des infections rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou
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