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Gautam N, Ramamoorthi G, Champion N, Han HS, Czerniecki BJ. Reviewing the significance of dendritic cell vaccines in interrupting breast cancer development. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 95:101239. [PMID: 38150884 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and is the most prevalent cancer in women. According to the U.S breast cancer statistics, about 1 in every 8 women develop an invasive form of breast cancer during their lifetime. Immunotherapy has been a significant advancement in the treatment of cancer with multiple studies reporting favourable patient outcomes by modulating the immune response to cancer cells. Here, we review the significance of dendritic cell vaccines in treating breast cancer patients. We discuss the involvement of dendritic cells and oncodrivers in breast tumorigenesis, highlighting the rationale for targeting oncodrivers and neoantigens using dendritic cell vaccine therapy. We review different dendritic cell subsets and maturation states previously used to develop vaccines and suggest the use of DC vaccines for breast cancer prevention. Further, we highlight that the intratumoral delivery of type 1 dendritic cell vaccines in breast cancer patients activates tumor antigen-specific CD4+ T helper cell type 1 (Th1) cells, promoting an anti-tumorigenic immune response while concurrently blocking pro-tumorigenic responses. In summary, this review provides an overview of the current state of dendritic cell vaccines in breast cancer highlighting the challenges and considerations necessary for an efficient dendritic cell vaccine design in interrupting breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Gautam
- Clinical Science & Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ganesan Ramamoorthi
- Clinical Science & Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas Champion
- Department of Breast Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hyo S Han
- Department of Breast Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Brian J Czerniecki
- Clinical Science & Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Breast Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
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2
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Abstract
Cell-based immunotherapies have become an exciting avenue for cancer treatment, particularly CAR T cells, which have shown great success in treating hematological malignancies. However, the limited success of T cell-based approaches in treating solid tumors has sparked interest in alternative cell types that could be used for solid tumor immunotherapy. Recent research has pointed to macrophages as a potential solution, given their ability to infiltrate solid tumors, exhibit a strong anti-tumor response, and persist long-term in the tumor microenvironment. Although early attempts with ex-vivo activated macrophage-based therapies failed to translate into clinical success, the field has revolutionized with the recent development of chimeric antigen receptor-expressing macrophages (CAR-M). While CAR-M therapy has reached the clinical trial stage, several challenges still need to be overcome before the therapy can become a reality. Here we review the evolution of macrophage-based cell therapy and evaluate recent studies and developments, emphasizing the potential of macrophages as cellular therapeutics. Furthermore, we also discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with using macrophages as a basis for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok K Mishra
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Sunil K Malonia
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Williams L, Dery KJ, Lee WH, Li H, Shively JE, Kujawski M. Isolation and expansion of murine γδ T cells from mouse splenocytes. J Immunol Methods 2022; 508:113322. [PMID: 35843266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elucidation of the function of gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) requires robust models that show how γδ T cells are commonly involved in inflammation, since very little is known about the factors that promote and control their development and function. There are few studies of murine γδ T cells primarily because these cells have proven difficult to isolate, expand and characterize. Here, we describe a simple method that utilizes key expansion elements to isolate and expand murine CD4-CD8-CD3+ γδ T cells typically found in secondary lymphoid tissues. Expansion of γδ T cells reached 150-fold by day 8 of culture, depended on exogenous IL-2, αCD3, and αCD28, and supported efficient and reproducible in vitro differentiation. These studies showed high production of cytokines IFNγ and Granzyme B, with the novel finding of IL-24 upregulation as well. Expression analysis of expanded γδ T cells, after treatment with IL-2, revealed high levels of Granzyme B, Granzyme D, and IFNγ. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assays showed that expanded γδ T cells were effective at inducing >90% cytolysis of murine MC38 colon cancer, E0771 breast cancer, and B16 melanoma cells at 10:1 effector to target ratios. These findings indicated that murine γδ T cells can be successfully isolated, expanded, and used to perform preclinical therapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Williams
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth J Dery
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA; The Dumont-UCLA Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wen-Hui Lee
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Harry Li
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - John E Shively
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Maciej Kujawski
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Riggs Diabetes, Metabolism, and Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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Polanczyk MJ, Walker E, Haley D, Guerrouahen BS, Akporiaye ET. Blockade of TGF-β signaling to enhance the antitumor response is accompanied by dysregulation of the functional activity of CD4 +CD25 +Foxp3 + and CD4 +CD25 -Foxp3 + T cells. J Transl Med 2019; 17:219. [PMID: 31288845 PMCID: PMC6617864 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pleiotropic cytokine, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in actively suppressing antitumor immune responses. Evidence shows that TGF-β produced by tumor cells promotes tolerance via expansion of Tregs. Our group previously demonstrated that blockade of TGF-β signaling with a small molecule TGF-β receptor I antagonist (SM16) inhibited primary and metastatic tumor growth in a T cell dependent fashion. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of SM16 on Treg generation and function. Methods Using BALB/c, FoxP3eGFP and Rag−/− mice, we performed FACS analysis to determine if SM16 blocked de novo TGF-β-induced Treg generation in vitro and in vivo. CD4+ T cells from lymph node and spleen were isolated from control mice or mice maintained on SM16 diet, and flow cytometry analysis was used to detect the frequency of CD4+CD25−FoxP3+ and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells. In vitro suppression assays were used to determine the ability to suppress naive T cell proliferation in vitro of both CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ and CD4+CD25−FoxP3+ T cell sub-populations. We then examined whether SM16 diet exerted an inhibitory effect on primary tumor growth and correlated with changes in FoxP3+expression. ELISA analysis was used to measure IFN-γ levels after 72 h co-culture of CD4+CD25+ T cells from tumor-bearing mice on control or SM16 diet with CD4+CD25− T cells from naive donors. Results SM16 abrogates TGF-β-induced Treg generation in vitro but does not prevent global homeostatic expansion of CD4+ T cell sub-populations in vivo. Instead, SM16 treatment causes expansion of a population of CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ Treg-like cells without significantly altering the overall frequency of Treg in lymphoreplete naive and tumor-bearing mice. Importantly, both the CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ T cells and the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs in mice receiving SM16 diet exhibited diminished ability to suppress naive T cell proliferation in vitro compared to Treg from mice on control diet. Conclusions These findings suggest that blockade of TGF-β signaling is a potentially useful strategy for blunting Treg function to enhance the anti-tumor response. Our data further suggest that the overall dampening of Treg function may involve the expansion of a quiescent Treg precursor population, which is CD4+CD25−Foxp3+.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edwin Walker
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA.,Veana Therapeutics, Inc., Portland, OR, USA
| | - Daniel Haley
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel T Akporiaye
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, OR, USA. .,Veana Therapeutics, Inc., Portland, OR, USA.
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Olive D. Fonctions de CD28, CTLA-4 et PD-1. Bull Cancer 2018; 105 Suppl 1:S3-S15. [PMID: 30595196 DOI: 10.1016/S0007-4551(18)30385-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
FUNCTIONS OF CD28, CTLA-4 AND PD-1: 2018 is time in between since immunotherapies are recognized as treatments in cancer even in patients where they were supposed to be not or poorly active. We will focus on a review on facts meaning data reproduced during the last thirty-five years and what they have provided. We will focus on these data and question them regarding the novel and unexpected clinical that were not anticipated by the preclinical data. Consequently we will mainly present data regarding CD28, CTLA-4PD-1 and their ligands. We will not address the complex network of proteins involved in cosignalling in tissues.
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Franchina DG, He F, Brenner D. Survival of the fittest: Cancer challenges T cell metabolism. Cancer Lett 2017; 412:216-223. [PMID: 29074426 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T cells represent the major contributors to antitumor-specific immunity among the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. However, tumors acquire ways to evade immunosurveillance and anti-tumor responses are too weak to eradicate the disease. T cells are often functionally impaired as a result of interaction with, or signals from, transformed cells and the tumor microenvironment, including stromal cells. Among these, nutrients use and consumption is critically important for the control of differentiation and effector mechanisms of T cells. Moreover, Treg cells-skewing conditions often coexist within the cancer milieu, which sustains the notion of immune privileged tumors. Additionally, cancer cells contend with tumor infiltrating lymphocytes for nutrients and can outcompete the immune response. PD1- and CTLA-based immunotherapies partially remodel cell metabolism leading the way to clinical approaches of metabolic reprogramming for therapeutic purposes. Here we shortly discuss T cell fates during anti-tumor immune responses and how signals within tumor microenvironment influence T cell metabolism, altering functions and longevity of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide G Franchina
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Feng He
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Immune Systems Biology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dirk Brenner
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Experimental and Molecular Immunology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Laurell A, Lönnemark M, Brekkan E, Magnusson A, Tolf A, Wallgren AC, Andersson B, Adamson L, Kiessling R, Karlsson-Parra A. Intratumorally injected pro-inflammatory allogeneic dendritic cells as immune enhancers: a first-in-human study in unfavourable risk patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer 2017. [PMID: 28642820 PMCID: PMC5477104 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating pre-clinical data indicate that the efficient induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells characterizing viral infections is caused by cross-priming where initially infected DCs produce an unique set of inflammatory factors that recruit and activate non-infected bystander DCs. Our DC-based immunotherapy concept is guided by such bystander view and accordingly, we have developed a cellular adjuvant consisting of pre-activated allogeneic DCs producing high levels of DC-recruiting and DC-activating factors. This concept doesn’t require MHC-compatibility between injected cells and the patient and therefore introduces the possibility of using pre-produced and freeze-stored DCs from healthy blood donors as an off- the-shelf immune enhancer. The use of MHC-incompatible allogeneic DCs will further induce a local rejection process at the injection site that is expected to further enhance recruitment and maturation of endogenous bystander DCs. Methods Twelve intermediate and poor risk patients with newly diagnosed metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) where included in a phase I/II study. Pro-inflammatory allogeneic DCs were produced from a leukapheresis product collected from one healthy blood donor and subsequently deep-frozen. A dose of 5–20 × 106 DCs (INTUVAX) was injected into the renal tumor twice with 2 weeks interval before planned nephrectomy and subsequent standard of care. Results No INTUVAX-related severe adverse events were observed. A massive infiltration of CD8+ T cells was found in 5 out of 12 removed kidney tumors. No objective tumor response was observed and 6 out of 11 evaluable patients have subsequently received additional treatment with standard tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Three of these 6 patients experienced an objective tumor response including one sunitinib-treated patient who responded with a complete and durable regression of 4 brain metastases. Median overall survival (mOS) is still not reached (currently 42.5 months) but has already passed historical mOS in patients with unfavourable risk mRCC on standard TKI therapy. Conclusions Our findings indicate that intratumoral administration of proinflammatory allogeneic DCs induces an anti-tumor immune response that may prolong survival in unfavourable risk mRCC-patients given subsequent standard of care. A randomized, multi-center, phase II mRCC trial (MERECA) with INTUVAX in conjuction with sunitinib has been initiated. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01525017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laurell
- Department of Oncology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Lönnemark
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Einar Brekkan
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Urology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Magnusson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Radiology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Tolf
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Bengt Andersson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Adamson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rolf Kiessling
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alex Karlsson-Parra
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden.,Immunicum AB, Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Ma SR, Deng WW, Liu JF, Mao L, Yu GT, Bu LL, Kulkarni AB, Zhang WF, Sun ZJ. Blockade of adenosine A2A receptor enhances CD8 + T cells response and decreases regulatory T cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:99. [PMID: 28592285 PMCID: PMC5461710 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0665-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer immunotherapy offers a promising approach in cancer treatment. The adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) could protect cancerous tissues from immune clearance via inhibiting T cells response. To date, the role of A2AR in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has not been investigated. Here, we sought to explore the expression and immunotherapeutic value of A2AR blockade in HNSCC. METHODS The expression of A2AR was evaluated by immunostaining in 43 normal mucosae, 48 dysplasia and 165 primary HNSCC tissues. The immunotherapeutic value of A2AR blockade was assessed in vivo in genetically defined immunocompetent HNSCC mouse model. RESULTS Immunostaining of HNSCC tissue samples revealed that increased expression of A2AR on tumor infiltrating immune cells correlated with advanced pathological grade, larger tumor size and positive lymph node status. Elevated A2AR expression was also detected in recurrent HNSCC and HNSCC tissues with induction chemotherapy. The expression of A2AR was found to be significantly correlated with HIF-1α, CD73, CD8 and Foxp3. Furthermore, the increased population of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which partially expressed A2AR, was observed in an immunocompetent mouse model that spontaneously develops HNSCC. Pharmacological blockade of A2AR by SCH58261 delayed the tumor growth in the HNSCC mouse model. Meanwhile, A2AR blockade significantly reduced the population of CD4+ Foxp3+ Tregs and enhanced the anti-tumor response of CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS These results offer a preclinical proof for the administration of A2AR inhibitor on prophylactic experimental therapy of HNSCC and suggest that A2AR blockade can be a potential novel strategy for HNSCC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Rui Ma
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China, 430079.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China, 430079
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China, 430079
| | - Liang Mao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China, 430079
| | - Guang-Tao Yu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China, 430079
| | - Lin-Lin Bu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China, 430079
| | - Ashok B Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wen-Feng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China, 430079. .,Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China, 430079. .,Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China.
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