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Isaacs JF, Degefu HN, Chen T, Kleist SA, Musial SC, Ford MA, Searles TG, Lin CC, Skorput AGJ, Shirai K, Turk MJ, Zanazzi GJ, Rosato PC. CD39 is expressed on functional effector and tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells. bioRxiv 2024:2024.03.15.585252. [PMID: 38559200 PMCID: PMC10980075 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.585252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The ecto-ATPase CD39 is expressed on exhausted CD8+ T cells in chronic viral infection and has been proposed as a marker of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in cancer, but the role of CD39 in an effector and memory T cell response has not been clearly defined. We report that CD39 is expressed on antigen-specific CD8+ short-lived effector cells (SLECs), while it's co-ecto-enzyme, CD73, is found on memory precursor effector cells (MPEC) in vivo . Inhibition of CD39 enzymatic activity during in vitro T cell priming enhances MPEC differentiation in vivo after transfer and infection. The enriched MPEC phenotype is associated with enhanced tissue resident memory (T RM ) establishment in the brain and salivary gland following an acute intranasal viral infection, suggesting that CD39 ATPase activity plays a role in memory CD8+ T cell differentiation. We also show that CD39 is expressed on human and murine T RM across several non-lymphoid tissues and melanoma, while CD73 is expressed on both circulating and resident memory subsets in mice. In contrast to exhausted CD39+ T cells in chronic infection, CD39+ T RM are fully functional when stimulated ex vivo with cognate antigen. This work further expands the identity of CD39 beyond a T cell exhaustion marker.
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2
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Torres GM, Jarnagin HC, Park C, Yang H, Kosarek NN, Bhandari R, Wang CY, Kolling FW, Whitfield ML, Turk MJ, Liby KT, Pioli PA. CDDO-Methyl Ester Inhibits BRAF Inhibitor Resistance and Remodels the Myeloid Compartment in BRAF-mutant Melanoma. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.01.551524. [PMID: 37577680 PMCID: PMC10418171 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.01.551524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of advanced melanomas harbor activating BRAF V600E mutations that are sensitive to BRAF inhibition. However, the duration of the response to BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) has been limited due to the development of acquired resistance, which is preceded by recruitment of immunosuppressive myeloid cells and regulatory T cells (T regs ). While the addition of MAPK/ERK kinase 1 inhibitors (MEKi) prolongs therapeutic response to BRAF inhibition, most patients still develop resistance. Using a Braf V600E/+ /Pten -/- graft mouse model of melanoma, we now show that the addition of the methyl ester of the synthetic triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (C-Me) to the BRAFi vemurafenib analog PLX4720 at resistance significantly reduces tumor burden. Dual treatment remodels the BRAFi resistant-tumor microenvironment (TME), reducing infiltration of T regs and tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), and attenuates immunosuppressive cytokine production. For the first time, we characterize myeloid populations using scRNA-seq in BRAFi-resistant tumors and demonstrate that restoration of therapeutic response is associated with significant changes in immune-activated myeloid subset representation. Collectively, these studies suggest that C-Me inhibits acquired resistance to BRAFi. Use of C-Me in combination with other therapies may both inhibit melanoma growth and enhance therapeutic responsiveness more broadly.
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Ramirez DE, Mohamed A, Huang YH, Turk MJ. In the right place at the right time: tissue-resident memory T cells in immunity to cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 2023; 83:102338. [PMID: 37229984 PMCID: PMC10631801 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory (Trm) cells have recently emerged as essential components of the immune response to cancer. Here, we highlight new studies that demonstrate how CD8+ Trm cells are ideally suited to accumulate in tumors and associated tissues, to recognize a wide range of tumor antigens (Ags), and to persist as durable memory. We discuss compelling evidence that Trm cells maintain potent recall function and serve as principal mediators of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapeutic efficacy in patients. Finally, we propose that Trm and circulating memory T-cell compartments together form a formidable barrier against metastatic cancer. These studies affirm Trm cells as potent, durable, and necessary mediators of cancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaney E Ramirez
- Dartmouth Cancer Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Asmaa Mohamed
- Dartmouth Cancer Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Yina H Huang
- Dartmouth Cancer Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Dartmouth Cancer Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, USA.
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4
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Li C, Zhang B, Schaafsma E, Reuben A, Wang L, Turk MJ, Zhang J, Cheng C. TimiGP: Inferring cell-cell interactions and prognostic associations in the tumor immune microenvironment through gene pairs. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101121. [PMID: 37467716 PMCID: PMC10394258 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Determining the prognostic association of different immune cell types in the tumor microenvironment is critical for understanding cancer biology and developing new therapeutic strategies. However, this is challenging in certain cancer types, where the abundance of different immune subsets is highly correlated. In this study, we develop a computational method named TimiGP to overcome this challenge. Based on bulk gene expression and survival data, TimiGP infers cell-cell interactions that reveal the association between immune cell relative abundance and prognosis. As demonstrated in metastatic melanoma, TimiGP prioritizes immune cells critical in prognosis based on the identified cell-cell interactions. Highly consistent results are obtained by TimiGP when applied to seven independent melanoma datasets and when different cell-type marker sets are used as inputs. Additionally, TimiGP can leverage single-cell RNA sequencing data to delineate the tumor immune microenvironment at high resolutions across a wide range of cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Li
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Baoyi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Evelien Schaafsma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Alexandre Reuben
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Linghua Wang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Lung Cancer Genomics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Lung Cancer Interception Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Mechanisms of Th1-like Treg suppression are unknown in cancer. Two studies in Immunity by Ayala et al. and Zagorulya et al. demonstrate that Th1-like Treg cells interact with type 1 dendritic cells in tumors and draining lymph nodes to potently suppress anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaney E Ramirez
- Dartmouth Cancer Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Dartmouth Cancer Center and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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Phillips JD, Fay KA, Bergeron AJ, Zhang P, Mielcarz DW, Calkins AM, Searles TG, Christensen BC, Finley DJ, Turk MJ, Channon JY. The Effect of Lung Resection for NSCLC on Circulating Immune Cells: A Pilot Study. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:5116-5134. [PMID: 37232845 PMCID: PMC10217048 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30050387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This pilot study sought to evaluate the circulating levels of immune cells, particularly regulatory T-cell (Treg) subsets, before and after lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer. Twenty-five patients consented and had specimens collected. Initially, peripheral blood of 21 patients was collected for circulating immune cell studies. Two of these patients were excluded due to technical issues, leaving 19 patients for the analyses of circulating immune cells. Standard gating and high-dimensional unsupervised clustering flow cytometry analyses were performed. The blood, tumors and lymph nodes were analyzed via single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing for Treg analyses in a total of five patients (including four additional patients from the initial 21 patients). Standard gating flow cytometry revealed a transient increase in neutrophils immediately following surgery, with a variable neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and a stable CD4-CD8 ratio. Unexpectedly, the total Treg and Treg subsets did not change with surgery with standard gating in short- or long-term follow-up. Similarly, unsupervised clustering of Tregs revealed a dominant cluster that was stable perioperatively and long-term. Two small FoxP3hi clusters slightly increased following surgery. In the longer-term follow-up, these small FoxP3hi Treg clusters were not identified, indicating that they were likely a response to surgery. Single-cell sequencing demonstrated six CD4+FoxP3+ clusters among the blood, tumors and lymph nodes. These clusters had a variable expression of FoxP3, and several were mainly, or only, present in tumor and lymph node tissue. As such, serial monitoring of circulating Tregs may be informative, but not completely reflective of the Tregs present in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Phillips
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Kayla A. Fay
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | | | - Peisheng Zhang
- DartLab, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | | | | | - Tyler G. Searles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Brock C. Christensen
- Departments of Epidemiology and Molecular & Systems Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - David J. Finley
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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7
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Messier C, Khatwani N, Hawkes A, Huang Y(P, Turk MJ. Abstract 3464: Dynamics of resident memory (Trm) cell responses between skin and draining lymph nodes during primary and recall responses to melanoma. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Tissue resident memory (TRM) cells reside durably in tissues where they serve as a vital component of protective anti-tumor immunity. In mice, TRM cells are defined by their expression of tissue retention markers such as CD69 and CD103, and lack of egress markers such as CD62L, CCR7 and S1PR1. We previously showed that depletion of regulatory T cells induces the generation of protective CD8 Trm cells in skin and draining LNs of B16 melanoma tumor-excised mice. While tumor specific Trm cells were shown to stably reside in tissues at steady state, little is known about their migration between tissue compartments and circulation during primary and recall responses to melanoma. Using gp100-specific transgenic pmel CD8 T cells expressing a Kaede-GFP photoconvertible marker, we investigated the trafficking patterns of tumor Ag specific CD8+ T-cells that were labeled in situ by exposure to UV light in the skin. During primary tumor growth, we observed pronounced movement of antigen-experienced pmel cells through skin to tumor-draining LNs. This trafficking behavior could be inhibited by treatment with FTY720, indicating its S1PR-dependence. Such movement was no longer evident at memory timepoints. However, re-challenge with B16 cells in the dermis induced rapid pmel T cell egress to both LNs and circulation. Recallenge-mediated Trm cell skin egress was confirmed using anti-Thy1.1 monoclonal antibody to deplete circulating and lymphoid memory, while preserving skin TRM. Here we found that skin TRM proliferate and transiently increase expression of Tbet, but go on to generate a durable secondary Trm response in lymph nodes. These data highlight T cell movement between tissues during Trm programming and recall responses to cancer, and shed light on a potential mechanism for the generation TRM populations in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Moreover, our results highlight the potential for retrograde movement of Trm responses from peripheral tissue reservoirs to participate more broadly in systemic anti-tumor immunity.
Citation Format: Cameron Messier, Nikhil Khatwani, Aaron Hawkes, Yuyang (Poppy) Huang, Mary Jo Turk. Dynamics of resident memory (Trm) cell responses between skin and draining lymph nodes during primary and recall responses to melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3464.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aaron Hawkes
- 1Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH
| | | | - Mary Jo Turk
- 1Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH
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8
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Mohamed A, Vella J, Turk MJ, Huang YH. Dendritic cells instruct differentiation of tissue resident memory T cells in the skin to promote durable tumor immunity. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.57.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A subset of melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors develops vitiligo, a CD8 T cell-mediated autoimmune disease associated with improved patient survival. Using a melanoma-associated vitiligo (MAV) mouse model, CD8 tissue resident memory (TRM) T cells in vitiligo skin were found to be necessary and sufficient for durable tumor immunity. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we found that skin TRM cells formed large aggregates with CD11c myeloid cells proximal to hair follicles. CD11c depletion resulted in TRM cell loss, revealing an unexpected requirement for continued T cell-dendritic cell (DC) interactions in TRM cell maintenance. We hypothesize that DCs provide instructive signals that are required for continued in situ maturation of CD8 TRM cells. To identify these signals, we disrupted Toll Like Receptor (TLR) signaling in DCs by ablating the MyD88 adapter protein and observed a reduction in skin TRM cell accumulation. This prompted us to explore a role for the microbiota in CD8 TRM formation. Treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics resulted in a 50% reduction in vitiligo incidence. B6 mice from vendors with microbiota differences, exhibited divergent MAV incidence, but upon cohousing or fecal transplantation, mice from both sources exhibited high MAV incidence. Collectively, these findings indicates that the gut-skin microbiota axis plays a critical role in generating tumor protective TRM cells. Future studies seek to identify microbial antigens responsible for promoting TRM differentiation.
Supported by T32-AI007363 P30-CA023108
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Mohamed
- 1Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel Sch. of Med., Dartmouth Col
| | - Jennifer Vella
- 1Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel Sch. of Med., Dartmouth Col
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- 1Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel Sch. of Med., Dartmouth Col
| | - Yina H Huang
- 1Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel Sch. of Med., Dartmouth Col
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9
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Abstract
T cells mediate anti-tumor immune responses and are the key target of immune checkpoint therapy, but they can also promote immune tolerance. A clear understanding of the specific contributions and biology of different T cell subsets is required to fully harness the curative potential of immunotherapies. Experts discuss the state of the field and key challenges for moving forward.
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10
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Molodtsov AK, Khatwani N, Vella JL, Lewis KA, Zhao Y, Han J, Sullivan DE, Searles TG, Preiss NK, Shabaneh TB, Zhang P, Hawkes AR, Malik BT, Kolling FW, Usherwood EJ, Wong SL, Phillips JD, Shirai K, Angeles CV, Yan S, Curiel TJ, Huang YH, Cheng C, Turk MJ. Resident memory CD8 + T cells in regional lymph nodes mediate immunity to metastatic melanoma. Immunity 2021; 54:2117-2132.e7. [PMID: 34525340 PMCID: PMC9015193 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the anti-tumor immune response changes as primary tumors progress and metastasize. We investigated the role of resident memory (Trm) and circulating memory (Tcirm) cells in anti-tumor responses at metastatic locations using a mouse model of melanoma-associated vitiligo. We found that the transcriptional characteristics of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells were defined by the tissue of occupancy. Parabiosis revealed that tumor-specific Trm and Tcirm compartments persisted throughout visceral organs, but Trm cells dominated lymph nodes (LNs). Single-cell RNA-sequencing profiles of Trm cells in LN and skin were distinct, and T cell clonotypes that occupied both tissues were overwhelmingly maintained as Trm in LNs. Whereas Tcirm cells prevented melanoma growth in the lungs, Trm afforded long-lived protection against melanoma seeding in LNs. Expanded Trm populations were also present in melanoma-involved LNs from patients, and their transcriptional signature predicted better survival. Thus, tumor-specific Trm cells persist in LNs, restricting metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey K Molodtsov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Nikhil Khatwani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Jennifer L Vella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Kathryn A Lewis
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Yanding Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Jichang Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Delaney E Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Tyler G Searles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Nicholas K Preiss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Tamer B Shabaneh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkes
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Brian T Malik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Fred W Kolling
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Edward J Usherwood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Sandra L Wong
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Joseph D Phillips
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Keisuke Shirai
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | | | - Shaofeng Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- Department of Medicine and Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Yina H Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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11
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Vella JL, Molodtsov A, Angeles CV, Branchini BR, Turk MJ, Huang YH. Dendritic cells maintain anti-tumor immunity by positioning CD8 skin-resident memory T cells. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/10/e202101056. [PMID: 34362825 PMCID: PMC8356251 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory (TRM) T cells are emerging as critical components of the immune response to cancer; yet, requirements for their ongoing function and maintenance remain unclear. APCs promote TRM cell differentiation and re-activation but have not been implicated in sustaining TRM cell responses. Here, we identified a novel role for dendritic cells in supporting TRM to melanoma. We showed that CD8 TRM cells remain in close proximity to dendritic cells in the skin. Depletion of CD11c+ cells results in rapid disaggregation and eventual loss of melanoma-specific TRM cells. In addition, we determined that TRM migration and/or persistence requires chemotaxis and adhesion mediated by the CXCR6/CXCL16 axis. The interaction between CXCR6-expressing TRM cells and CXCL16-expressing APCs was found to be critical for sustaining TRM cell-mediated tumor protection. These findings substantially expand our knowledge of APC functions in TRM T-cell homeostasis and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Vella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Aleksey Molodtsov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Christina V Angeles
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Yina H Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA .,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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12
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Han J, Zhao Y, Shirai K, Molodtsov A, Kolling FW, Fisher JL, Zhang P, Yan S, Searles TG, Bader JM, Gui J, Cheng C, Ernstoff MS, Turk MJ, Angeles CV. Resident and circulating memory T cells persist for years in melanoma patients with durable responses to immunotherapy. Nat Cancer 2021; 2:300-311. [PMID: 34179824 PMCID: PMC8223731 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
While T-cell responses to cancer immunotherapy have been avidly studied, long-lived memory has been poorly characterized. In a cohort of metastatic melanoma survivors with exceptional responses to immunotherapy, we probed memory CD8+ T-cell responses across tissues, and across several years. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed three subsets of resident memory T (TRM) cells shared between tumors and distant vitiligo-affected skin. Paired T-cell receptor sequencing further identified clonotypes in tumors that co-existed as TRM in skin and as effector memory T (TEM) cells in blood. Clonotypes that dispersed throughout tumor, skin, and blood preferentially expressed a IFNG / TNF-high signature, which had a strong prognostic value for melanoma patients. Remarkably, clonotypes from tumors were found in patient skin and blood up to nine years later, with skin maintaining the most focused tumor-associated clonal repertoire. These studies reveal that cancer survivors can maintain durable memory as functional, broadly-distributed TRM and TEM compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichang Han
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Yanding Zhao
- Departments of Molecular and Systems Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Keisuke Shirai
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Aleksey Molodtsov
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Fred W Kolling
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jan L Fisher
- Departments of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Shaofeng Yan
- Departments of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Tyler G Searles
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Justin M Bader
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jiang Gui
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Chao Cheng
- Baylor School of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Mary Jo Turk
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
| | - Christina V Angeles
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Departments of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Long-lived memory CD8+ T cells play important roles in tumor immunity. Studies over the past two decades have identified four subsets of memory CD8+ T cells - central, effector, stem-like, and tissue resident memory - that either circulate through blood, lymphoid and peripheral organs, or reside in tissues where cancers develop. In this article, we will review studies from both pre-clinical mouse models and human patients to summarize the phenotype, distribution and unique features of each memory subset, and highlight specific roles of each subset in anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, we will discuss how stem-cell like and resident memory CD8+ T cell subsets relate to exhausted tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) populations. These studies reveal how memory CD8+ T cell subsets together orchestrate durable immunity to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichang Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, United States
| | - Nikhil Khatwani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, United States
| | - Tyler G Searles
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, United States
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, United States; Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, United States
| | - Christina V Angeles
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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14
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Santiesteban GMT, Bhandari R, Yang H, Spezza P, Shabaneh TB, Liby K, Turk MJ, Pioli PA. Reprograming of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Human BrafV600EMutant Melanoma. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.242.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Melanoma tumors are highly immunogenic, making them an attractive target for immunotherapy. However, many patients do not mount robust clinical responses to targeted therapies, which is attributable, at least in part, to suppression of immune responses by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Using a human in vitro culture system, we have shown that the synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-Me enhances immune activation by reprogramming macrophages from immuno-suppressive to immuno-stimulatory. CDDO-Me significantly reduced CCL2, VEGF and IL-6 secretion by macrophages and inhibited surface expression of CD163, a marker associated with poor clinical outcomes. Furthermore, CDDO-Me mediated both contact-dependent and independent effects on macrophage activation in tri-cultures of macrophages with activated autologous T cells and BRAFV600E mutant melanoma cells. Signaling pathway activation was interrogated to identify the potential mechanism by which CDDO-Me attenuates the pro-tumorigenic macrophage activation profile. Our results demonstrated that CDDO-Me inhibited STAT3 phosphorylation, which is a known regulator of TAM activation. Given these results, we hypothesize that, in addition to mediating direct anti-tumorigenic effects, CDDO-Me may also enhance the efficacy of additional immunotherapies, including BRAF inhibition. Collectively, our studies suggest that the redirection of immuno-suppressive myeloid cell activation may provide both a direct means of inhibiting melanoma growth and may enhance the efficacy of additional targeted immunotherapies through relief of immune suppression in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Spezza
- 1Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College
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15
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Sanseviero E, O'Brien EM, Karras JR, Shabaneh TB, Aksoy BA, Xu W, Zheng C, Yin X, Xu X, Karakousis GC, Amaravadi RK, Nam B, Turk MJ, Hammerbacher J, Rubinstein MP, Schuchter LM, Mitchell TC, Liu Q, Stone EL. Anti-CTLA-4 Activates Intratumoral NK Cells and Combined with IL15/IL15Rα Complexes Enhances Tumor Control. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1371-1380. [PMID: 31239316 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies targeting CTLA-4 induce durable responses in some patients with melanoma and are being tested in a variety of human cancers. However, these therapies are ineffective for a majority of patients across tumor types. Further understanding the immune alterations induced by these therapies may enable the development of novel strategies to enhance tumor control and biomarkers to identify patients most likely to respond. In several murine models, including colon26, MC38, CT26, and B16 tumors cotreated with GVAX, anti-CTLA-4 efficacy depends on interactions between the Fc region of CTLA-4 antibodies and Fc receptors (FcR). Anti-CTLA-4 binding to FcRs has been linked to depletion of intratumoral T regulatory cells (Treg). In agreement with previous studies, we found that Tregs infiltrating CT26, B16-F1, and autochthonous Braf V600E Pten -/- melanoma tumors had higher expression of surface CTLA-4 (sCTLA-4) than other T-cell subsets, and anti-CTLA-4 treatment led to FcR-dependent depletion of Tregs infiltrating CT26 tumors. This Treg depletion coincided with activation and degranulation of intratumoral natural killer cells. Similarly, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and melanoma patient-derived tumor tissue, Tregs had higher sCTLA-4 expression than other intratumoral T-cell subsets, and Tregs infiltrating NSCLC expressed more sCTLA-4 than circulating Tregs. Patients with cutaneous melanoma who benefited from ipilimumab, a mAb targeting CTLA-4, had higher intratumoral CD56 expression, compared with patients who received little to no benefit from this therapy. Furthermore, using the murine CT26 model we found that combination therapy with anti-CTLA-4 plus IL15/IL15Rα complexes enhanced tumor control compared with either monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Sanseviero
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Cancer Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erin M O'Brien
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Cancer Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jenna R Karras
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Cancer Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tamer B Shabaneh
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Bulent Arman Aksoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Wei Xu
- Melanoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cathy Zheng
- Melanoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiangfan Yin
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Wistar Cancer Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Melanoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Giorgos C Karakousis
- Melanoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Melanoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian Nam
- The Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Jeff Hammerbacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mark P Rubinstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Lynn M Schuchter
- Melanoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tara C Mitchell
- Melanoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, Wistar Cancer Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erica L Stone
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, Wistar Cancer Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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16
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Molodtsov A, Lewis K, Han J, Vella J, Zhao Y, Malik B, Zhang P, Kolling F, Cheng C, Huang YH, Angeles C, Turk MJ. Resident memory (TRM) cells sustain immunity to cancer at sites of frequent metastasis. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.138.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Tissue resident memory T cells (TRM cells) have recently been recognized as durable mediators of immunity to cancer. We previously showed that regulatory T cell-depleting immunotherapy of B16 melanoma induces protective TRM cells that persist in the skin of mice that develop autoimmune vitiligo. The goal of the present study was to assess the host-wide diversity and function of memory CD8 T cells throughout peripheral tissues of these mice. Using Pmel transgenic CD8 T cells to track Ag-specific responses revealed the generation of memory T cells with a TRM-like phenotype (CD44hi CD62Llow CD103+CD69+) throughout skin, lungs and liver. Parabiotic transfer/equilibration experiments demonstrated the presence of TRM cells in each peripheral tissue and also, surprisingly, in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Tumor protection experiments in parabiotic mice, and after treatment with the S1PR antagonist FTY720, indicated roles for both TRM cells and circulating memory T cells in providing long-lived protection against melanoma re-challenge at various tissue locations. Single-cell transcriptional profiling of memory CD8 T cells isolated from the skin, lungs, liver, lymph nodes, and spleen indicated the presence of diverse populations with features of both circulating and resident memory, but with TRM cell populations dominating in peripheral tissues and tumor-draining lymph nodes. Moreover, clonally-identical TRM cells in the skin, liver, lungs, and lymph nodes each possessed unique transcriptional features exclusive to their tissue of origin. These studies highlight the tissue-specific adaptations of tumor-reactive TRM cells, and the importance of host-wide TRM responses in providing immunity to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jichang Han
- 1Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College
| | | | | | - Brian Malik
- 1Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College
| | | | | | - Chao Cheng
- 1Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College
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17
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Santiesteban GMT, Shabaneh T, Bhandari R, Liby K, Turk MJ, Pioli P. CDDO-Me Redirects Macrophage Activation. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.135.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Melanoma tumors are highly immunogenic, making them an attractive target for immunotherapy. However, many patients do not mount robust clinical responses to targeted therapies, which is attributable, at least in part, to suppression of immune responses by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Using a human in vitro culture system, we now show that the synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-Me enhances immune activation by reprogramming macrophages from immuno-suppressive to immuno-stimulatory. CDDO-Me treatment inhibits surface marker expression of CD16 and CD163 and significantly reduces production of CCL2 and IL-6 in macrophages. These studies also demonstrate that CDDO-Me effects on TAM activation are enhanced when macrophages are tri-cultured with autologous activated T cells and BRAFV600Emutant cells. Because CDDO-Me dramatically attenuates secretion of CCL2, we hypothesize that CDDO-Me may enhance melanoma patient response to additional immunotherapies, including BRAF inhibition. Approximately 50% of advanced melanomas harbor activating BRAFV600Emutations, and BRAF inhibitors have consistently shown anti-tumor responses in patients with BRAFV600Emutant melanoma. However, the duration of the response has been limited due to the development of acquired resistance, which occurs because of myeloid recruitment driven by CCL2. Current studies are focused on assessing the efficacy of combination CDDO-Me/BRAF inhibition. Collectively, these studies suggest that the redirection of immuno-suppressive myeloid cell activation may provide both a direct means of inhibiting melanoma growth and may enhance the efficacy of additional targeted immunotherapies.
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18
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Abstract
Resident memory (TRM) cells are a distinct tissue-localized T cell lineage that is crucial for protective immunity in peripheral tissues. While a great deal of effort has focused on defining their role in immunity to infections, studies now reveal TRM cells as a vital component of the host immune response to cancer. Characterized by cell-surface molecules including CD103, CD69, and CD49a, TRM-like tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can be found in a wide range of human cancers, where they portend improved prognosis. Recent studies in mouse tumor models have shown that TRM cells are induced by cancer vaccines delivered in peripheral tissue sites, or by the depletion of regulatory T cells. Such tumor-specific TRM cells are recognized as both necessary and sufficient for long-lived protection against tumors in peripheral tissue locations. TRM responses against tumor/self-antigens can concurrently result in the development of pathogenic TRM responses to self, with a growing number of autoimmune diseases and inflammatory pathologies being attributed to TRM responses. This review will recount the path to discovering the importance of resident memory CD8 T cells as they pertain to cancer immunity. In addition to highlighting key studies that directly implicate TRM cells in anti-tumor immunity, we will highlight earlier work that implicitly suggested their importance. Informed by studies in infectious disease models, and instructed by a clear role for TRM cells in autoimmunity, we will discuss strategies for therapeutically promoting TRM responses in settings where they don't naturally occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Molodtsov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
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19
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Shabaneh TB, Molodtsov AK, Steinberg SM, Zhang P, Torres GM, Mohamed GA, Boni A, Curiel TJ, Angeles CV, Turk MJ. Oncogenic BRAF V600E Governs Regulatory T-cell Recruitment during Melanoma Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2018; 78:5038-5049. [PMID: 30026331 PMCID: PMC6319620 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) are critical mediators of immunosuppression in established tumors, although little is known about their role in restraining immunosurveillance during tumorigenesis. Here, we employ an inducible autochthonous model of melanoma to investigate the earliest Treg and CD8 effector T-cell responses during oncogene-driven tumorigenesis. Induction of oncogenic BRAFV600E and loss of Pten in melanocytes led to localized accumulation of FoxP3+ Tregs, but not CD8 T cells, within 1 week of detectable increases in melanocyte differentiation antigen expression. Melanoma tumorigenesis elicited early expansion of shared tumor/self-antigen-specific, thymically derived Tregs in draining lymph nodes, and induced their subsequent recruitment to sites of tumorigenesis in the skin. Lymph node egress of tumor-activated Tregs was required for their C-C chemokine receptor 4 (Ccr4)-dependent homing to nascent tumor sites. Notably, BRAFV600E signaling controlled expression of Ccr4-cognate chemokines and governed recruitment of Tregs to tumor-induced skin sites. BRAFV600E expression alone in melanocytes resulted in nevus formation and associated Treg recruitment, indicating that BRAFV600E signaling is sufficient to recruit Tregs. Treg depletion liberated immunosurveillance, evidenced by CD8 T-cell responses against the tumor/self-antigen gp100, which was concurrent with the formation of microscopic neoplasia. These studies establish a novel role for BRAFV600E as a tumor cell-intrinsic mediator of immune evasion and underscore the critical early role of Treg-mediated suppression during autochthonous tumorigenesis.Significance: This work provides new insights into the mechanisms by which oncogenic pathways impact immune regulation in the nascent tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res; 78(17); 5038-49. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer B Shabaneh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Aleksey K Molodtsov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Shannon M Steinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Gretel M Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Gadisti A Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Andrea Boni
- Spectrum Healthcare Partners, South Portland, Maine
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, and Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Christina V Angeles
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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20
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Zhao Y, Schaafsma E, Gorlov IP, Hernando E, Thomas NE, Shen R, Turk MJ, Berwick M, Amos CI, Cheng C. A Leukocyte Infiltration Score Defined by a Gene Signature Predicts Melanoma Patient Prognosis. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:109-119. [PMID: 30171176 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer in the United States with an increasing incidence. Melanoma lesions often exhibit high immunogenicity, with infiltrating immune cells playing important roles in regression of tumors occurring spontaneously or caused by therapeutic treatment. Computational and experimental methods have been used to estimate the abundance of immune cells in tumors, but their applications are limited by the requirement of large gene sets or multiple antibodies. Although the prognostic role of immune cells has been appreciated, a systematic investigation of their association with clinical factors, genomic features, prognosis and treatment response in melanoma is still lacking. This study, identifies a 25-gene signature based on RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-Skin Cutaneous Melanoma (TCGA-SKCM) dataset. This signature was used to calculate sample-specific Leukocyte Infiltration Scores (LIS) in six independent melanoma microarray datasets and scores were found to vary substantially between different melanoma lesion sites and molecular subtypes. For metastatic melanoma, LIS was prognostic in all datasets with high LIS being associated with good survival. The current approach provided additional prognostic information over established clinical factors, including age, tumor stage, and gender. In addition, LIS was predictive of patient survival in stage III melanoma, and treatment efficacy of tumor-specific antigen vaccine. IMPLICATIONS: This study identifies a 25-gene signature that effectively estimates the level of immune cell infiltration in melanoma, which provides a robust biomarker for predicting patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanding Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Evelien Schaafsma
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Ivan P Gorlov
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Eva Hernando
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Nancy E Thomas
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ronglai Shen
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire
| | - Marianne Berwick
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Dermatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | | | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire. .,Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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21
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Kuklinski LF, Yan S, Li Z, Fisher JL, Cheng C, Noelle RJ, Angeles CV, Turk MJ, Ernstoff MS. VISTA expression on tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells in primary cutaneous melanoma correlates with poor disease-specific survival. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1113-1121. [PMID: 29737375 PMCID: PMC11028124 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses contribute to the pathogenesis of melanoma by facilitating immune evasion. V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA) is a potent negative regulator of T-cell function and is expressed at high levels on monocytes, granulocytes, and macrophages, and at lower densities on T-cell populations within the tumor microenvironment. In this study, 85 primary melanoma specimens were selected from pathology tissue archives and immunohistochemically stained for CD3, PD-1, PD-L1, and VISTA. Pearson's correlation coefficients identified associations in expression between VISTA and myeloid infiltrate (r = 0.28, p = 0.009) and the density of PD-1+ inflammatory cells (r = 0.31, p = 0.005). The presence of VISTA was associated with a significantly worse disease-specific survival in univariate analysis (hazard ratio = 3.57, p = 0.005) and multivariate analysis (hazard ratio = 3.02, p = 0.02). Our findings show that VISTA expression is an independent negative prognostic factor in primary cutaneous melanoma and suggests its potential as an adjuvant immunotherapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F Kuklinski
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Medicine, Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Shaofeng Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Zhongze Li
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jan L Fisher
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Chao Cheng
- Departments of Biomedical Data Sciences, Molecular and Systems Biology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, USA
| | - Randolph J Noelle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Christina V Angeles
- Department of Surgery, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Marc S Ernstoff
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, University of Buffalo, The State University of New York, Elm and Carlton, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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22
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Curiel TJ, Gupta HB, Padron A, Pandeswara S, Sareddy G, Yuan B, Reyes RM, Turk MJ, Hurez V, Li R, Vadlamudi R, Clark CA. Cell-intrinsic and spatially divergent tumor programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) signals modify local and systemic anti-tumor immunity through novel chemokine effects. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.124.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
PD-L1, expressed on many tumors, inhibits anti-tumor T cells by programmed death (PD)-1 engagement. Tumor PD-L1 predicts anti-PD-L1 treatment outcomes through incompletely understood mechanisms. We used naturally PD-L1+ murine B16 melanoma (ctrl) and made PD-L1KO B16 by CRISPR/Cas9. PD-L1KO B16 grew faster when ctrl B16 was on the opposite flank (trans). By contrast, ctrl B16 grew slower when trans to PD-L1KO B16. Anti-PD-L1 slowed ctrl but not PD-L1KO B16 tumors as expected. However, when PD-L1KO was trans to ctrl αPD-L1 now also slowed PD-L1KO growth. Anti-PD-L1 increased CD3+ T cell infiltration into ctrl and PD-L1KO tumors similarly in vivo, but increased natural killer (NK) cell numbers and functions (e.g., CD107a, IFN-g) in PD-L1KO tumors > ctrl. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells chemotaxed to PD-L1KO slightly > ctrl, but NK cells migrated 2-fold more to PD-L1KO vs ctrl. PD-L1KO tumors produced more CCL2 than ctrl in vitro and in vivo, and this CCL2 induced CCR2+ NK chemotaxis in vitro. Both NK cells and T cells were required for optimal trans responses to anti-PD-L1 treatment in vivo. In wild type mice, anti-CCL2 reduced growth of trans PD-L1KO tumors > ctrl, and reduced anti-PD-L1 efficacy against PD-L1KO> ctrl tumors. In CCR2KO mice, anti-PD-L1 efficacy was retained against trans ctrl B16, but abolished against PD-L1KO trans tumors. PD-L1 also regulated other chemokines recruiting receptor+ cells, with similar effects seen in MB49 bladder cancer and 4T1 breast cancer cells. Thus, tumor PD-L1 alters immune infiltrates and anti-PD-L1 efficacy through novel chemokine effects. Our models help understand anti-PD-L1 (and likely anti-PD-1) responses based on tumor PD-L1 expression and can define ways to improve immunotherapy for PD-L1 null tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bin Yuan
- 1Univ. of Texas Hlth. Sci. Ctr., San Antonio
| | | | | | | | - Rong Li
- 1Univ. of Texas Hlth. Sci. Ctr., San Antonio
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23
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Padrón Á, Hurez V, Gupta HB, Clark CA, Pandeswara SL, Yuan B, Svatek RS, Turk MJ, Drerup JM, Li R, Curiel TJ. Age effects of distinct immune checkpoint blockade treatments in a mouse melanoma model. Exp Gerontol 2018; 105:146-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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24
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Ernstoff MS, Gandhi S, Pandey M, Puzanov I, Grivas P, Montero A, Velcheti V, Turk MJ, Diaz-Montero CM, Lewis LD, Morrison C. Challenges faced when identifying patients for combination immunotherapy. Future Oncol 2017; 13:1607-1618. [PMID: 28835114 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1996, Jim Allison demonstrated that blocking the immune regulatory molecule CTLA-4 with anit-CTLA4 antibody led to enhance tumor responses in mice. It would take an additional 15 years for human studies to confirm the potency and clinical efficacy of anti-CTLA4, ultimately leading to US FDA approval of the first checkpoint inhibitor, ipilimumab. Now with a plethora of immune-modulating agents demonstrating single agent safety and benefit across many tumor types, investigation on the optimal combination of immune-based therapies has begun in earnest. While there are many challenges, a central one is how to select which combination for which patient is the best. Here we review the current approaches that a practitioner can use to achieve this therapeutic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Ernstoff
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Shipra Gandhi
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Manu Pandey
- Department of Medicine University of Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Igor Puzanov
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Petros Grivas
- Departments of Hematology-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alberto Montero
- Departments of Hematology-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vamsidhar Velcheti
- Departments of Hematology-Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - Lionel D Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Carl Morrison
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.,OmniSeq, Buffalo, NY, USA
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25
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Clark CA, Gupta HB, Padron A, Zhang D, Hurez V, Turk MJ, Li R, Curiel T. Abstract 3696: Tumor-intrinsic PD-L1 alters tumor chemokines, NK cell trafficking and function, and renders distant PD-L1 null tumors responsive to αPD-L1. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-3696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Programmed death ligand (PD-L) 1 is expressed on many tumors and inhibits anti-tumor T cells through programmed death (PD)-1. Tumor PD-L1 predicts αPD-L1 treatment effects, but mechanism(s) for PD-L1- tumor response to αPD-L1 are unclear. Our studies suggest tumor-intrinsic PD-L1 signals and spatially varied PD-L1 expression may contribute to response deviation. We used PD-L1+ B16 melanoma (ctrl) and made PD-L1KO by CRISPR. αPD-L1 slowed ctrl but not PD-L1KO B16 growth in mice as expected, but PD-L1KO also responded to αPD-L1 if ctrl B16 was on the trans flank. αPD-L1 elicited similar CD3+ T cell infiltration into ctrl vs. PD-L1KO tumors, but without detectable B16-specific T cell increase. CD11b+ cell infiltration was similar in ctrl and PD-L1KO. Strikingly, NKp46+ and NK1.1+ natural killer (NK) cells infiltrated PD-L1KO > ctrl. NK cells increased significantly (~2-fold) after αPD-L1 in PD-L1KO vs. ctrl, along with NK effector functions (e.g., IFN-γ). Tumor PD-L1 altered tumor chemokines (e.g., CXCL12, CCL2) that could explain trafficking. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells chemotaxed to PD-L1KO slightly > ctrl (with slightly > PD-1+ T cells) in transwells, but NK cells migrated ~2-fold more to PD-L1KO vs. ctrl (with increased activation (e.g., PD-1, CD69), also seen in vivo). We observed that tumor β2 microglobulin (B2M) expression was suppressed by tumor PD-L1. Tumor PD-L1 alteration of immune infiltrates by altering chemokines is a novel mechanism for PD-L1 TIL control. These data also indicate that tumor PD-L1 blunts NK cell infiltration in B16 and reduces B2M, which could boost NK cell anti-tumor activity. These changes correlate with rescued αPD-L1 response of PD-L1KO B16. As αPD-L1 did not increase B16-specific T cells in PD-L1low, we hypothesize that rescue of αPD-L1 response is in part NK cell-mediated. Preliminary in vivo NK cell depletion + αPD-L1 experiments implicate a role for NK cells in PD-L1KO tumor response, but more work is needed to identify mechanisms. Effects extend beyond B16 as ctrl (PD-L1+) MB49 bladder cancer cells in trans elicited αPD-L1 response of PD-L1KO MB49 tumors. Mouse breast and ovarian cancers, and human ovarian and bladder cells exhibit similar PD-L1-intrinsic effects. Finally, αPD-L1 directly altered tumor cell chemokine production in vitro, suggesting additional, novel αPD-L1 treatment mechanisms requiring more study. Our models are useful to understand αPD-L1 (and likely αPD-1) responses based on tumor PD-L1 expression and will help define strategies to improve responses in PD-L1low tumors, and possibly poorly responsive PD-L1+ tumors.
Citation Format: Curtis A. Clark, Harshita B. Gupta, Alvaro Padron, Deyi Zhang, Vincent Hurez, Mary Jo Turk, Rong Li, Tyler Curiel. Tumor-intrinsic PD-L1 alters tumor chemokines, NK cell trafficking and function, and renders distant PD-L1 null tumors responsive to αPD-L1 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3696. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3696
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis A. Clark
- 1The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Harshita B. Gupta
- 1The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Alvaro Padron
- 1The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Deyi Zhang
- 1The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Vincent Hurez
- 1The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- 2Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH
| | - Rong Li
- 1The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Tyler Curiel
- 1The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
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26
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Li N, Xu W, Yuan Y, Ayithan N, Imai Y, Wu X, Miller H, Olson M, Feng Y, Huang YH, Jo Turk M, Hwang ST, Malarkannan S, Wang L. Immune-checkpoint protein VISTA critically regulates the IL-23/IL-17 inflammatory axis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1485. [PMID: 28469254 PMCID: PMC5431161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01411-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
V-domain Immunoglobulin Suppressor of T cell Activation (VISTA) is an inhibitory immune-checkpoint molecule that suppresses CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation when expressed on antigen-presenting cells. Vsir -/- mice developed loss of peripheral tolerance and multi-organ chronic inflammatory phenotypes. Vsir -/- CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were hyper-responsive towards self- and foreign antigens. Whether or not VISTA regulates innate immunity is unknown. Using a murine model of psoriasis induced by TLR7 agonist imiquimod (IMQ), we show that VISTA deficiency exacerbated psoriasiform inflammation. Enhanced TLR7 signaling in Vsir -/- dendritic cells (DCs) led to the hyper-activation of Erk1/2 and Jnk1/2, and augmented the production of IL-23. IL-23, in turn, promoted the expression of IL-17A in both TCRγδ+ T cells and CD4+ Th17 cells. Furthermore, VISTA regulates the peripheral homeostasis of CD27- γδ T cells and their activation upon TCR-mediated or cytokine-mediated stimulation. IL-17A-producing CD27- γδ T cells were expanded in the Vsir -/- mice and amplified the inflammatory cascade. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that VISTA critically regulates the inflammatory responses mediated by DCs and IL-17-producing TCRγδ+ and CD4+ Th17 T cells following TLR7 stimulation. Our finding provides a rationale for therapeutically enhancing VISTA-mediated pathways to benefit the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Natarajan Ayithan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yasutomo Imai
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Hyogo College of Medicine 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Xuesong Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Halli Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Michael Olson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Yunfeng Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Yina H Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Samuel T Hwang
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95816, USA
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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27
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Malik BT, Byrne KT, Vella JL, Zhang P, Shabaneh TB, Steinberg SM, Molodtsov AK, Bowers JS, Angeles CV, Paulos CM, Huang YH, Turk MJ. Resident memory T cells in the skin mediate durable immunity to melanoma. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/10/eaam6346. [PMID: 28738020 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aam6346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells have been widely characterized in infectious disease settings; however, their role in mediating immunity to cancer remains unknown. We report that skin-resident memory T cell responses to melanoma are generated naturally as a result of autoimmune vitiligo. Melanoma antigen-specific TRM cells resided predominantly in melanocyte-depleted hair follicles and were maintained without recirculation or replenishment from the lymphoid compartment. These cells expressed CD103, CD69, and CLA (cutaneous lymphocyte antigen), but lacked PD-1 (programmed cell death protein-1) or LAG-3 (lymphocyte activation gene-3), and were capable of making IFN-γ (interferon-γ). CD103 expression on CD8 T cells was required for the establishment of TRM cells in the skin but was dispensable for vitiligo development. CD103+ CD8 TRM cells were critical for protection against melanoma rechallenge. This work establishes that CD103-dependent TRM cells play a key role in perpetuating antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Malik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Katelyn T Byrne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer L Vella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Tamer B Shabaneh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Shannon M Steinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Aleksey K Molodtsov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jacob S Bowers
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Christina V Angeles
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Yina H Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. .,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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28
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Steinberg SM, Shabaneh TB, Zhang P, Martyanov V, Li Z, Malik BT, Wood TA, Boni A, Molodtsov A, Angeles CV, Curiel TJ, Whitfield ML, Turk MJ. Myeloid Cells That Impair Immunotherapy Are Restored in Melanomas with Acquired Resistance to BRAF Inhibitors. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1599-1610. [PMID: 28202513 PMCID: PMC5380540 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to BRAFV600E inhibitors (BRAFi) in melanoma remains a common clinical obstacle, as is the case for any targeted drug therapy that can be developed given the plastic nature of cancers. Although there has been significant focus on the cancer cell-intrinsic properties of BRAFi resistance, the impact of BRAFi resistance on host immunity has not been explored. Here we provide preclinical evidence that resistance to BRAFi in an autochthonous mouse model of melanoma is associated with restoration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the tumor microenvironment, initially reduced by BRAFi treatment. In contrast to restoration of MDSCs, levels of T regulatory cells remained reduced in BRAFi-resistant tumors. Accordingly, tumor gene expression signatures specific for myeloid cell chemotaxis and homeostasis reappeared in BRAFi-resistant tumors. Notably, MDSC restoration relied upon MAPK pathway reactivation and downstream production of the myeloid attractant CCL2 in BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells. Strikingly, although combination checkpoint blockade (anti-CTLA-4 + anti-PD-1) was ineffective against BRAFi-resistant melanomas, the addition of MDSC depletion/blockade (anti-Gr-1 + CCR2 antagonist) prevented outgrowth of BRAFi-resistant tumors. Our results illustrate how extrinsic pathways of immunosuppression elaborated by melanoma cells dominate the tumor microenvironment and highlight the need to target extrinsic as well as intrinsic mechanisms of drug resistance. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1599-610. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Steinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Tamer B Shabaneh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Viktor Martyanov
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Zhenghui Li
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Brian T Malik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Tamara A Wood
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Andrea Boni
- Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Aleksey Molodtsov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Christina V Angeles
- Department of Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Michael L Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
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29
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Clark CA, Gupta HB, Sareddy G, Pandeswara S, Lao S, Yuan B, Drerup JM, Padron A, Conejo-Garcia J, Murthy K, Liu Y, Turk MJ, Thedieck K, Hurez V, Li R, Vadlamudi R, Curiel TJ. Tumor-Intrinsic PD-L1 Signals Regulate Cell Growth, Pathogenesis, and Autophagy in Ovarian Cancer and Melanoma. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6964-6974. [PMID: 27671674 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PD-L1 antibodies produce efficacious clinical responses in diverse human cancers, but the basis for their effects remains unclear, leaving a gap in the understanding of how to rationally leverage therapeutic activity. PD-L1 is widely expressed in tumor cells, but its contributions to tumor pathogenicity are incompletely understood. In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that PD-L1 exerts tumor cell-intrinsic signals that are critical for pathogenesis. Using RNAi methodology, we attenuated PD-L1 in the murine ovarian cell line ID8agg and the melanoma cell line B16 (termed PD-L1lo cells), which express basal PD-L1. We observed that PD-L1lo cells proliferated more weakly than control cells in vitro As expected, PD-L1lo cells formed tumors in immunocompetent mice relatively more slowly, but unexpectedly, they also formed tumors more slowly in immunodeficient NSG mice. RNA sequencing analysis identified a number of genes involved in autophagy and mTOR signaling that were affected by PD-L1 expression. In support of a functional role, PD-L1 attenuation augmented autophagy and blunted the ability of autophagy inhibitors to limit proliferation in vitro and in vivo in NSG mice. PD-L1 attenuation also reduced mTORC1 activity and augmented the antiproliferative effects of the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. PD-L1lo cells were also relatively deficient in metastasis to the lung, and we found that anti-PD-L1 administration could block tumor cell growth and metastasis in NSG mice. This therapeutic effect was observed with B16 cells but not ID8agg cells, illustrating tumor- or compartmental-specific effects in the therapeutic setting. Overall, our findings extend understanding of PD-L1 functions, illustrate nonimmune effects of anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy, and suggest broader uses for PD-L1 as a biomarker for assessing cancer therapeutic responses. Cancer Res; 76(23); 6964-74. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis A Clark
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Harshita B Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Gangadhara Sareddy
- Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Srilakshmi Pandeswara
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Shunhua Lao
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Bin Yuan
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Justin M Drerup
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Alvaro Padron
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - José Conejo-Garcia
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kruthi Murthy
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Kathrin Thedieck
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands and Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Hurez
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Rong Li
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ratna Vadlamudi
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Tyler J Curiel
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas. .,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Cancer Therapy & Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
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30
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Shindiapina P, Whipple CA, Fisher JL, Hampton TH, Turk MJ, Mullins DW, Tomlinson CR, Fadul CE, Ernstoff MS. Genomic diversity in established melanoma cell lines and human melanoma tumors. J Clin Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.34.15_suppl.e13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chery A Whipple
- Giesel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Jan L Fisher
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Melanoma Program, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Thomas H Hampton
- Giesel Medical School at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Giesel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - David W. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Giesel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Craig R Tomlinson
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Camilo E. Fadul
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, University Of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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31
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Chabanet TB, Steinberg S, Zhang P, Turk MJ. Elucidating the oncogene-driven regulatory T cell responses during melanoma tumorigenesis. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.74.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical mediators of tumor immune suppression. While Tregs are found in established tumors, little is known about the kinetics and dynamics of Treg accumulation and the factors promoting it during oncogene-driven tumorigenesis. The present studies characterize Treg response kinetics and conversion dynamics during early tumor development in a model of autochthonous, tamoxifen-inducible BrafV600E Pten−/− melanoma. While microscopic skin dysplasia appeared 16 days following tumor induction, FoxP3+ Treg frequency and absolute numbers accumulated by day 26, coinciding with locally-invasive neoplasm development. BrafV600E inhibition with PLX4720 prevented Treg accumulation, suggesting that oncogenic Braf controls this process. Following adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells specific to TRP-1, antigen-specific FoxP3+ Tregs preferentially accumulated in tumor-induced skin and draining lymph nodes (dLNs), as compared to tumor-free counterparts. In contrast, depleting Tregs prior to transfer abrogated the TRP-1-specific Treg response, suggesting a predominant role for natural Tregs. Furthermore, we observed an increase in chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 (Ccl17) and Ccl2 prior to Treg influx to tumor-induced skin. Oncogenic Braf regulated expression of Ccl17 and Ccl2, both of which mediated Treg migration in vitro. We are currently investigating the putative role of Ccl17/2-Ccr4 chemotactic axis in Treg recruitment to sites of Braf-driven tumorigenesis in vivo.
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32
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Clancy-Thompson E, Perekslis TJ, Croteau W, Alexander MP, Chabanet TB, Turk MJ, Huang YH, Mullins DW. Melanoma Induces, and Adenosine Suppresses, CXCR3-Cognate Chemokine Production and T-cell Infiltration of Lungs Bearing Metastatic-like Disease. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:956-67. [PMID: 26048575 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite immunogenicity, melanoma-specific vaccines have demonstrated minimal clinical efficacy in patients with established disease but enhanced survival when administered in the adjuvant setting. Therefore, we hypothesized that organs bearing metastatic-like melanoma may differentially produce T-cell chemotactic proteins over the course of tumor development. Using an established model of metastatic-like melanoma in lungs, we assessed the production of specific cytokines and chemokines over a time course of tumor growth, and we correlated chemokine production with chemokine receptor-specific T-cell infiltration. We observed that the interferon (IFN)-inducible CXCR3-cognate chemokines (CXCL9 and CXCL10) were significantly increased in lungs bearing minimal metastatic lesions, but chemokine production was at or below basal levels in lungs with substantial disease. Chemokine production was correlated with infiltration of the organ compartment by adoptively transferred CD8(+) tumor antigen-specific T cells in a CXCR3- and host IFNγ-dependent manner. Adenosine signaling in the tumor microenvironment (TME) suppressed chemokine production and T-cell infiltration in the advanced metastatic lesions, and this suppression could be partially reversed by administration of the adenosine receptor antagonist aminophylline. Collectively, our data demonstrate that CXCR3-cognate ligand expression is required for efficient T-cell access of tumor-infiltrated lungs, and these ligands are expressed in a temporally restricted pattern that is governed, in part, by adenosine. Therefore, pharmacologic modulation of adenosine activity in the TME could impart therapeutic efficacy to immunogenic but clinically ineffective vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Clancy-Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire. Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Thomas J Perekslis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire. Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Walburga Croteau
- Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Matthew P Alexander
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire. Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Tamer B Chabanet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire. Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire. Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Yina H Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire. Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - David W Mullins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire. Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
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Mullins D, Perekslis T, Croteau W, Turk MJ, Huang Y, Clancy-Thompson E. Melanoma induces, and adenosine suppresses, CXCR3-cognate chemokine production and T cell infiltration of lungs bearing metastatic-like disease (TUM7P.1017). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.142.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Melanoma-specific vaccines have minimal efficacy in patients with established disease but enhance survival when administered in the adjuvant setting. Therefore, we hypothesized that organs bearing metastatic-like melanoma may differentially produce T cell chemotactic proteins over the course of tumor development. Using an established model of metastatic-like melanoma in lungs, we assessed the production of specific cytokines and chemokines over a time-course of tumor growth, and we correlated chemokine production with chemokine receptor-specific T cell infiltration. CXCR3-cognate chemokines (CXCL9 and CXCL10) were significantly increased in lungs bearing minimal metastatic lesions, but chemokine was at or below basal levels in lungs with substantial disease. Chemokine production correlated with infiltration of the organ compartment by transferred CD8+ tumor antigen-specific T cells in a CXCR3- and host IFN-γ-dependent manner. Adenosine signaling suppressed chemokine production and T cell infiltration in the advanced metastatic lesions, and suppression could be partially reversed by the adenosine receptor antagonist aminophylline. Our data demonstrate that CXCR3-cognate ligand expression is required for efficient T cell access of tumor-infiltrated lungs, and ligands are expressed in a temporally-restricted pattern that is governed, in part, by adenosine. Modulation of adenosine activity may impart therapeutic efficacy to immunogenic but clinically ineffective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mullins
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Thomas Perekslis
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | | | - Mary Jo Turk
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
| | - Yina Huang
- 2Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH
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Abstract
As BRAFV600E-inhibitors become standard treatment for many metastatic melanoma patients, research has begun to elucidate their impact on the tumor immune landscape. Here, we highlight our recent studies demonstrating the ability of melanoma cell-intrinsic BRAFV600E-inhibition to selectively reduce intratumoral immunosuppressive cell populations and enhance antitumor CD8+ T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Steinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center ; Lebanon, NH USA
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center ; Lebanon, NH USA ; The Norris-Cotton Cancer Center; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center ; Lebanon, NH USA
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Steinberg SM, Zhang P, Malik BT, Boni A, Shabaneh TB, Byrne KT, Mullins DW, Brinckerhoff CE, Ernstoff MS, Bosenberg MW, Turk MJ. BRAF inhibition alleviates immune suppression in murine autochthonous melanoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:1044-50. [PMID: 25183499 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that BRAF inhibitors, in addition to their acute tumor growth-inhibitory effects, can also promote immune responses to melanoma. The present study aimed to define the immunologic basis of BRAF-inhibitor therapy using the Braf/Pten model of inducible, autochthonous melanoma on a pure C57BL/6 background. In the tumor microenvironment, BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 functioned by on-target mechanisms to selectively decrease both the proportions and absolute numbers of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) and CD11b(+)Gr1(+) myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), while preserving numbers of CD8(+) effector T cells. In PLX4720-treated mice, the intratumoral Treg populations decreased significantly, demonstrating enhanced apopotosis. CD11b(+) myeloid cells from PLX4720-treated tumors also exhibited decreased immunosuppressive function on a per-cell basis. In accordance with a reversion of tumor immune suppression, tumors that had been treated with PLX4720 grew with reduced kinetics after treatment was discontinued, and this growth delay was dependent on CD8 T cells. These findings demonstrate that BRAF inhibition selectively reverses two major mechanisms of immunosuppression in melanoma and liberates host-adaptive antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Steinberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Brian T Malik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Andrea Boni
- Department of Pathology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Tamer B Shabaneh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Katelyn T Byrne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - David W Mullins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire. Norris-Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Constance E Brinckerhoff
- Norris-Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire. Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Marc S Ernstoff
- Norris-Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire. Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Marcus W Bosenberg
- Department of Dermatology and Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire. Norris-Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.
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Jenkins MH, Steinberg SM, Alexander MP, Fisher JL, Ernstoff MS, Turk MJ, Mullins DW, Brinckerhoff CE. Multiple murine BRaf(V600E) melanoma cell lines with sensitivity to PLX4032. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:495-501. [PMID: 24460976 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly H Jenkins
- Department of Medicine, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Byrne KT, Zhang P, Steinberg SM, Turk MJ. Autoimmune vitiligo does not require the ongoing priming of naive CD8 T cells for disease progression or associated protection against melanoma. J Immunol 2014; 192:1433-9. [PMID: 24403535 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a CD8 T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that has been shown to promote the longevity of memory T cell responses to melanoma. However, mechanisms whereby melanocyte/melanoma Ag-specific T cell responses are perpetuated in the context of vitiligo are not well understood. These studies investigate the possible phenomenon of naive T cell priming in hosts with melanoma-initiated, self-perpetuating, autoimmune vitiligo. Using naive pmel (gp10025-33-specific) transgenic CD8 T cells, we demonstrate that autoimmune melanocyte destruction induces naive T cell proliferation in skin-draining lymph nodes, in an Ag-dependent fashion. These pmel T cells upregulate expression of CD44, P-selectin ligand, and granzyme B. However, they do not downregulate CD62L, nor do they acquire the ability to produce IFN-γ, indicating a lack of functional priming. Accordingly, adult thymectomized mice exhibit no reduction in the severity or kinetics of depigmentation or long-lived protection against melanoma, indicating that the continual priming of naive T cells is not required for vitiligo or its associated antitumor immunity. Despite this, depletion of CD4 T cells during the course of vitiligo rescues the priming of naive pmel T cells that are capable of producing IFN-γ and persisting as memory, suggesting an ongoing and dominant mechanism of suppression by regulatory T cells. This work reveals the complex regulation of self-reactive CD8 T cells in vitiligo and demonstrates the overall poorly immunogenic nature of this autoimmune disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn T Byrne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755
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38
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Toraya-Brown S, Sheen MR, Baird JR, Barry S, Demidenko E, Turk MJ, Hoopes PJ, Conejo-Garcia JR, Fiering S. Phagocytes mediate targeting of iron oxide nanoparticles to tumors for cancer therapy. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:159-71. [PMID: 22935885 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20180a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has great potential to produce novel therapeutic strategies that target malignant cells through the ability of nanoparticles to get access to and be ingested by living cells. However its specificity for accumulation in tumors, which is the key factor that determines its efficacy, has always been a challenge. Here we tested a novel strategy to target and treat ovarian cancer, a representative peritoneal cancer, using iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and an alternating magnetic field (AMF). Peritoneal tumors in general are directly accessible to nanoparticles administered intraperitoneally (IP), as opposed to the more commonly attempted intravenous (IV) administration. In addition, tumor-associated immunosuppressive phagocytes, a predominant cell population in the tumor microenvironment of almost all solid tumors, and cells that are critical for tumor progression, are constantly recruited to the tumor, and therefore could possibly function to bring nanoparticles to tumors. Here we demonstrate that tumor-associated peritoneal phagocytes ingest and carry IONPs specifically to tumors and that these specifically delivered nanoparticles can damage tumor cells after IONP-mediated hyperthermia generated by AMF. This illustrates therapeutic possibilities of intraperitoneal (IP) injection of nanoparticles and subsequent ingestion by tumor-associated phagocytes, to directly impact tumors or stimulate antitumor immune responses. This approach could use IONPs combined with AMF as done here, or other nanoparticles with cytotoxic potential. Overall, the data presented here support IP injection of nanoparticles to utilize peritoneal phagocytes as a delivery vehicle in association with IONP-mediated hyperthermia as therapeutic strategies for ovarian and other peritoneal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiko Toraya-Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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39
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Steinberg S, Malik B, Zhang P, Bosenberg M, Turk MJ. Characterizing the effects of the BrafV600E inhibitor vemurafenib on CD8 T cell responses to Braf-mutated murine melanoma (P2046). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.132.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Vemurafenib, a small molecule inhibitor of the BrafV600E mutation present in 60% of patient melanomas, has lead to promising results in the clinic. Unlike broad spectrum MEK pathway inhibitors, which have significant off-target effects, specific inhibition of BrafV600E does not impair host immunity, raising the interesting idea that vemurafenib may in fact enhance the host immune response to Braf-mutation bearing melanomas. To test this hypothesis, we have utilized the Tyr-CreERT BrafCA Ptenlox/lox (Braf/Pten) mice, an inducible model of BrafV600E-mutated melanoma. These mice provide an immune competent system in which to characterize the effects of BrafV600E-inhibition on the host immune response to melanoma. Our work demonstrates that treating Braf/Pten tumor-bearing mice with vemurafenib completely arrests the growth of established tumors, and significantly enhances the proportion of CD8 T cells infiltrating dermal melanomas. BrafV600E-inhibition also significantly decreases the proportion of immunosuppressive Treg cells infiltrating the tumor, resulting in a more favorable ratio of CD8 effectors to Tregs than in untreated tumors. Furthermore, CD8 T cell depletion studies have confirmed that these CD8 T cells provide potent long-term tumor control even after BrafV600E-inhibition is discontinued. This work serves as a proof-of-principle that vemurafenib, and possibly other targeted molecular therapies, can enhance endogenous anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Steinberg
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH
| | - Brian Malik
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH
| | | | - Mary Jo Turk
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH
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40
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Black CC, Turk MJ, Dragnev K, Rigas JR. Adenocarcinoma contains more immune tolerance regulatory t-cell lymphocytes (versus squamous carcinoma) in non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung 2013; 191:265-70. [PMID: 23494387 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-013-9455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) are known to have host-immune dampening effects in many tumors and to be associated with increased tumor recurrence. Pharmacologic therapies have been developed to target these cells and hence strengthen the host's immune system. The FoxP3 gene is a marker of Tregs and can be visualized with immunohistochemistry (IHC). We investigated the presence and pattern of Tregs in non-small-cell lung tumors to determine possible therapeutic targets in lung cancer. METHODS We selected archival samples of primary lung carcinoma and benign inflamed lung from 32 surgical resections. We created a tissue array containing duplicate cores from the N1 and N2 nodal stations from 16 of the cases along with paired benign lung and tumor. We used whole-slide analysis for the other 16 cases. We used FoxP3 IHC to visualize Tregs in all lymphoid tissue present and to assess the quantity and pattern within the tissues. RESULTS All lymphoid tissue contains Tregs, but adenocarcinoma had significantly higher levels than both inflammatory lung controls and squamous carcinomas (p ≤ 0.008). Benign N1 lymph nodes (from patients with lung cancer) showed higher numbers of Tregs for adenocarcinoma versus squamous carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that Tregs are present in all lung tissues examined, but with significant enrichment in adenocarcinoma. This may lead to a more permissive microenvironment for adenocarcinoma and may explain aggressive patterns of tumor spread for this histology. Lung cancer patients with adenocarcinoma histology may benefit most from Treg-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice C Black
- Department of Pathology, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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41
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Baird JR, Byrne KT, Lizotte PH, Toraya-Brown S, Scarlett UK, Alexander MP, Sheen MR, Fox BA, Bzik DJ, Bosenberg M, Mullins DW, Turk MJ, Fiering S. Immune-mediated regression of established B16F10 melanoma by intratumoral injection of attenuated Toxoplasma gondii protects against rechallenge. J Immunol 2012; 190:469-78. [PMID: 23225891 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immune recognition of tumors can limit cancer development, but antitumor immune responses are often blocked by tumor-mediated immunosuppression. Because microbes or microbial constituents are powerful adjuvants to stimulate immune responses, we evaluated whether intratumoral administration of a highly immunogenic but attenuated parasite could induce rejection of an established poorly immunogenic tumor. We treated intradermal B16F10 murine melanoma by intratumoral injection of an attenuated strain of Toxoplasma gondii (cps) that cannot replicate in vivo and therefore is not infective. The cps treatment stimulated a strong CD8(+) T cell-mediated antitumor immune response in vivo that regressed established primary melanoma. The cps monotherapy rapidly modified the tumor microenvironment, halting tumor growth, and subsequently, as tumor-reactive T cells expanded, the tumors disappeared and rarely returned. The treatment required live cps that could invade cells and also required CD8(+) T cells and NK cells, but did not require CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that IL-12, IFN-γ, and the CXCR3-stimulating cytokines are required for full treatment efficacy. The treatment developed systemic antitumor immune activity as well as antitumor immune memory and therefore might have an impact against human metastatic disease. The approach is not specific for either B16F10 or melanoma. Direct intratumoral injection of cps has efficacy against an inducible genetic melanoma model and transplantable lung and ovarian tumors, demonstrating potential for broad clinical use. The combination of efficacy, systemic antitumor immune response, and complete attenuation with no observed host toxicity demonstrates the potential value of this novel cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Baird
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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42
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Guo Y, Pino-Lagos K, Ahonen CA, Bennett KA, Wang J, Napoli JL, Blomhoff R, Sockanathan S, Chandraratna RA, Dmitrovsky E, Turk MJ, Noelle RJ. A retinoic acid--rich tumor microenvironment provides clonal survival cues for tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5230-9. [PMID: 22902413 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While vitamin A has been implicated in host resistance to infectious disease, little is known about the role of vitamin A and its active metabolite, retinoic acid (RA) in host defenses against cancer. Here, we show that local RA production within the tumor microenvironment (TME) is increased up to 5-fold as compared with naïve surrounding tissue, with a commensurate increase in RA signaling to regionally infiltrating tumor-reactive T cells. Conditional disruption of RA signaling in CD8(+) T cells using a dominant negative retinoic acid receptor α (dnRARα) established that RA signaling is required for tumor-specific CD8(+) T-cell expansion/accumulation and protective antitumor immunity. In vivo analysis of antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses revealed that early T-cell expansion was RA-independent; however, late T-cell expansion and clonal accumulation was suppressed strongly in the absence of RA signaling. Our findings indicate that RA function is essential for the survival of tumor-reactive CD8(+) T cells within the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA
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43
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Fiering S, Baird J, Byrne K, Lizotte P, Mullins D, Turk MJ. Immune-mediated cure of established B16F10 melanoma with a nonvirulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii (162.12). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.162.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Immune recognition and elimination of tumors protects us from cancer. Tumors frequently manifest immunosuppressive mechanisms to avoid anti-tumor immunity and thereby become clinical challenges. The immune system is quite sensitive to microbial pathogens and microbes or microbial extracts are very effective adjuvants to stimulate an immune response. Here we present the results of treatment of established cutaneous B16F10 murine melanoma by intratumoral injection of a fully attenuated uracil auxotroph strain of Toxoplasma gondii (ΔCPS) that cannot replicate in vivo. ΔCPS exposure breaks immunosuppression and stimulates a strong Th1 antitumor immune response in vivo that cures established primary melanoma and develops immune memory that confers protection against subsequent rechallenges. This treatment modifies the tumor microenvironment, increases MHC Class I expression on tumor cells and reverses immunosuppression, permitting a tumor-antigen specific CD8 T cell response to eliminate the tumor. The approach has efficacy against multiple tumor types and has potential for clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Fiering
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
- 2Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Med. Sch., Lebanon, NH
| | - Jay Baird
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
| | - Katelyn Byrne
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
| | - Patrick Lizotte
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
| | - David Mullins
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
- 2Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Med. Sch., Lebanon, NH
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
- 2Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Med. Sch., Lebanon, NH
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44
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Byrne K, Steinberg S, Zhang P, Turk MJ. Ongoing priming of naïve melanoma/melanocyte specific CD8 T cells occurs in hosts with vitiligo (P225) (162.6). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.162.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Vitiligo, the autoimmune destruction of melanocytes, correlates with improved survival in melanoma patients although it is often disregarded as a side effect of robust anti-tumor T cell responses. We have shown that antigen provided by vitiligo is required for long-lived CD8 T cell memory against melanoma-expressed self-antigens. However, the possibility that autoimmune melanocyte destruction itself may prime CD8 T cells able to cross-react against melanoma has not been investigated. Previously, we reported vitiligo development in 60% of mice depleted of regulatory CD4 T cells while bearing established B16 melanoma tumors. To probe the immunogenicity of vitiligo, we transferred naïve melanocyte-antigen specific pmel CD8 T cells in to actively depigmenting hosts. We find that CD8 T cell activation and proliferation occurs in an antigen-specific manner only in hosts with vitiligo. Furthermore, although the pmel cells do not produce IFN-γ, the cells produce Granzyme B and express LAMP-1 and P selectin ligand. Interestingly, although vitiligo-primed CD8 T cells appear strongly activated, the cells do not form robust memory populations in the presence of CD4 T regulatory cells. Ongoing studies aim to investigate the anti-melanoma capabilities of vitiligo-primed CD8 T cells. These studies will further enhance our understanding of the direct relationship between tumor immunity and autoimmunity, and the contributions of these cells in protecting against recurrent tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Byrne
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Med. Sch., Lebanon, NH
| | | | - Peisheng Zhang
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Med. Sch., Lebanon, NH
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Med. Sch., Lebanon, NH
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45
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Abstract
Melanoma-associated vitiligo is the best-studied example of the linkage between tumor immunity and autoimmunity. Although vitiligo is an independent positive prognostic factor for melanoma patients, the autoimmune destruction of melanocytes was long thought to be merely a side effect of robust anti-tumor immunity. However, new data reveal a key role for vitiligo in supporting T cell responses to melanoma. This research perspective reviews the history of melanoma-associated vitiligo in patients, the experimental studies that form the basis for understanding this relationship, and the unique characteristics of melanoma-specific CD8 T cells found in hosts with vitiligo. We also discuss the implications of our recent findings for the interpretation of patient responses, and the design of next-generation cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn T Byrne
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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46
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Steinberg S, Zhang P, Byrne K, Bosenberg M, Turk MJ. CD8 T cell responses to Braf-mutated melanoma upon regulatory T cell depletion (46.37). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.46.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A model for studying Braf-mutated melanoma in immunocompetent mice has recently been generated, in which melanocyte-specific induction of Cre recombinase leads to expression of mutant BrafV600E and deletion of the tumor suppressor Pten. Using these Braf/Pten mice on a C57BL/6 background, we are able to characterize the melanoma-antigen specific CD8 T cell responses by adoptively transferring CD8 T cells from Pmel-1 transgenic mice, whose T cell receptors are specific for the melanoma differentiation antigen gp100. As previous work in our lab has demonstrated the ability of CD4 cell depletion to eliminate regulatory T cells and drive priming of CD8 T cells in mice bearing B16 melanomas, we characterized the effects of Treg depletion in mice with Braf/Pten tumors. In these studies, we have shown that CD4 depletion enhances the frequency of melanoma antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the tumor draining lymph node and systemically. We have also found that while untreated Braf/Pten tumors have a low frequency of infiltrating CD8 T cells, Treg depletion allows for robust infiltration of CD8 T cells into the tumor. These studies provide evidence that while poorly immunogenic, autochthonous Braf-mutated tumors can prime CD8 T cells responses in the absence of regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Steinberg
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
| | - Katelyn Byrne
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- 2Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- 3Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH
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47
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Côté AL, Byrne KT, Steinberg SM, Zhang P, Turk MJ. Protective CD8 memory T cell responses to mouse melanoma are generated in the absence of CD4 T cell help. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26491. [PMID: 22046294 PMCID: PMC3202545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously demonstrated that temporary depletion of CD4 T cells in mice with progressive B16 melanoma, followed by surgical tumor excision, induces protective memory CD8 T cell responses to melanoma/melanocyte antigens. We also showed that persistence of these CD8 T cells is supported, in an antigen-dependent fashion, by concurrent autoimmune melanocyte destruction. Herein we explore the requirement of CD4 T cell help in priming and maintaining this protective CD8 T cell response to melanoma. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To induce melanoma/melanocyte antigen-specific CD8 T cells, B16 tumor bearing mice were depleted of regulatory T cells (T(reg)) by either temporary, or long-term continuous treatment with anti-CD4 (mAb clone GK1.5). Total depletion of CD4 T cells led to significant priming of IFN-γ-producing CD8 T cell responses to TRP-2 and gp100. Surprisingly, treatment with anti-CD25 (mAb clone PC61), to specifically deplete T(reg) cells while leaving help intact, was ineffective at priming CD8 T cells. Thirty to sixty days after primary tumors were surgically excised, mice completely lacking CD4 T cell help developed autoimmune vitiligo, and maintained antigen-specific memory CD8 T cell responses that were highly effective at producing cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2). Mice lacking total CD4 T cell help also mounted protection against re-challenge with B16 melanoma sixty days after primary tumor excision. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE This work establishes that CD4 T cell help is dispensable for the generation of protective memory T cell responses to melanoma. Our findings support further use of CD4 T cell depletion therapy for inducing long-lived immunity to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik L. Côté
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Katelyn T. Byrne
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Shannon M. Steinberg
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Peisheng Zhang
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Mary Jo Turk
- Dartmouth Medical School and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Byrne KT, Côté AL, Zhang P, Steinberg SM, Guo Y, Allie R, Zhang W, Ernstoff MS, Usherwood EJ, Turk MJ. Autoimmune melanocyte destruction is required for robust CD8+ memory T cell responses to mouse melanoma. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:1797-809. [PMID: 21540555 DOI: 10.1172/jci44849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A link between autoimmunity and improved antitumor immunity has long been recognized, although the exact mechanistic relationship between these two phenomena remains unclear. In the present study we have found that vitiligo, the autoimmune destruction of melanocytes, generates self antigen required for mounting persistent and protective memory CD8+ T cell responses to melanoma. Vitiligo developed in approximately 60% of mice that were depleted of regulatory CD4+ T cells and then subjected to surgical excision of large established B16 melanomas. Mice with vitiligo generated 10-fold larger populations of CD8+ memory T cells specific for shared melanoma/melanocyte antigens. CD8+ T cells in mice with vitiligo acquired phenotypic and functional characteristics of effector memory, suggesting that they were supported by ongoing antigen stimulation. Such responses were not generated in melanocyte-deficient mice, indicating a requirement for melanocyte destruction in maintaining CD8+ T cell immunity to melanoma. Vitiligo-associated memory CD8+ T cells provided durable tumor protection, were capable of mounting a rapid recall response to melanoma, and did not demonstrate phenotypic or functional signs of exhaustion even after many months of exposure to antigen. This work establishes melanocyte destruction as a key determinant of lasting melanoma-reactive immune responses, thus illustrating that immune-mediated destruction of normal tissues can perpetuate adaptive immune responses to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn T Byrne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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Côté AL, Zhang P, O'Sullivan JA, Jacobs VL, Clemis CR, Sakaguchi S, Guevara-Patiño JA, Turk MJ. Stimulation of the glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related receptor on CD8 T cells induces protective and high-avidity T cell responses to tumor-specific antigens. J Immunol 2010; 186:275-83. [PMID: 21106849 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with a stimulatory Ab to glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related receptor (GITR) has previously been shown to elicit protective T cell responses against poorly immunogenic tumors. However, the role of GITR stimulation on CD8 T cells and the nature of tumor rejection Ags have yet to be determined. In this study, we show that a stimulatory mAb to GITR (clone DTA-1) acts directly on CD8 T cells, but not on CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells, in B16 tumor-bearing mice to induce concomitant immunity against secondary B16 tumors, as well as protective memory following surgical excision of the primary tumor. Melanoma growth itself induced GITR expression on tumor-specific CD8 T cells, providing a mechanism whereby these cells may respond to stimulatory anti-GITR. Unexpectedly, in contrast to T(reg) cell depletion therapy with anti-CD4, GITR stimulation induced very weak CD8 T cell responses to melanocyte differentiation Ags expressed by the tumor, and did not induce autoimmune vitiligo. Accordingly, GITR-stimulated hosts that were primed with B16 melanoma rejected B16, but not the unrelated JBRH melanoma, indicating that tumor rejection Ags are tumor-specific rather than shared. In support of this, we show that GITR stimulation induces CD8 T cell responses to a tumor-specific Ag, and that these responses are of higher functional avidity compared with those induced by T(reg) cell depletion. We conclude that stimulation of GITR on effector CD8 T cells results in high-avidity T cell responses to tumor-specific Ags, thereby inducing potent antitumor immunity in the absence of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik L Côté
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Gunturu KS, Meehan KR, Mackenzie TA, Crocenzi TS, McDermott D, Usherwood EJ, Margolin KA, Crosby NA, Atkins MB, Turk MJ, Ahonen C, Fuse S, Clark JI, Fisher JL, Noelle RJ, Ernstoff MS. Cytokine working group study of lymphodepleting chemotherapy, interleukin-2, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with metastatic melanoma: clinical outcomes and peripheral-blood cell recovery. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:1196-202. [PMID: 20124177 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.24.8153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Recovery of lymphocyte populations after lymphocyte depletion is implicated in therapeutic immune pathways in animal models and in patients with cancer. We sought to evaluate the effects of chemotherapy-induced lymphodepletion followed by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy on clinical response and the recovery of lymphocyte subcompartments in patients with metastatic melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a two-stage phase II trial design. Patients with measurable metastatic melanoma were treated with intravenous cyclophosphamide (60 mg/kg, days 1 and 2) and fludarabine (25 mg/m(2), day 3 through 7) followed by two 5-day courses of intravenous high-dose bolus IL-2 (600,000 U/kg; days 8 through 12 and 21 through 25). GM-CSF (250 microg/m(2)/d beginning day 8) was given until granulocyte recovery. Lymphocyte recovery profiles were determined by flow cytometric phenotyping at regular intervals, and clinical outcome was assessed by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). RESULTS The trial was stopped at the end of stage 1 with four of 18 objective responses noted. Twelve patients had detailed lymphocyte subcompartments evaluated. After lymphodepletion, we observed an induction of regulatory cells (CD4+ T regulatory cells; CD8+ T suppressor cells) and of T memory cells (CD8+ T central memory cells; T effector memory RA+ cells). Expansion of circulating melanoma-specific CD8(+) cells was observed in one of four HLA-A2-positive patients. CONCLUSION Chemotherapy-induced lymphodepletion modulates the homeostatic repopulation of the lymphocyte compartment and influences recovering lymphocyte subpopulations. Clinical activity seems similar to standard high-dose aldesleukin alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna S Gunturu
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Dr, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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