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Shamim T. The psychosomatic disorders pertaining to dental practice with revised working type classification. Korean J Pain 2013; 27:16-22. [PMID: 24478896 PMCID: PMC3903795 DOI: 10.3344/kjp.2014.27.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosomatic disorders are defined as disorders characterized by physiological changes that originate partially from emotional factors. This article aims to discuss the psychosomatic disorders of the oral cavity with a revised working type classification. The author has added one more subset to the existing classification, i.e., disorders caused by altered perception of dentofacial form and function, which include body dysmorphic disorder. The author has also inserted delusional halitosis under the miscellaneous disorders classification of psychosomatic disorders and revised the already existing classification proposed for the psychosomatic disorders pertaining to dental practice. After the inclusion of the subset (disorders caused by altered perception of dentofacial form and function), the terminology "psychosomatic disorders of the oral cavity" is modified to "psychosomatic disorders pertaining to dental practice".
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorakkal Shamim
- Department of Dentistry, Government Taluk Head Quarters Hospital, Malappuram, India
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Abstract
The endocrine system plays a major role in human survival. Endocrine glands secrete chemical messengers or hormones that affect every tissue of the body, including the periodontium, during the life of the individual. As the endocrine system influences a broad assortment of biological activities necessary for life, a general understanding of the principal components and functions of this system is essential. A fundamental assessment of hormone structure, mechanism of action and hormone transport, as well as influence on homeostasis is reviewed. A concise evaluation of the functions of the central endocrine glands, the functions of the major peripheral endocrine glands (other than gonadal tissues) and the known relationships of these hormones to the periodontium is examined.
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Gruber R, Leimer M, Fischer M, Agis H. Beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists reduce proliferation but not protein synthesis of periodontal fibroblasts stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1812-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Guzman YA, Sakellari D, Arsenakis M, Floudas CA. Proteomics for the discovery of biomarkers and diagnosis of periodontitis: a critical review. Expert Rev Proteomics 2013; 11:31-41. [PMID: 24308552 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2014.864953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common chronic and destructive disease whose pathogenetic mechanisms remain unclear. Due to their sensitivity and global scale, proteomics studies offer the opportunity to uncover critical host and pathogen activity indicators and can elucidate clinically applicable biomarkers for improved diagnosis and treatment of the disease. This review summarizes the literature of proteomics studies on periodontitis and comprehensively discusses commonly found candidate biomarkers. Key considerations in the design of an experimental proteomics platform are also outlined. The applicability of protein biomarkers across the progression of periodontitis and unexplored areas of research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis A Guzman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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55
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Stress evaluation in adult patients with atopic dermatitis using salivary cortisol. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:138027. [PMID: 23971022 PMCID: PMC3736503 DOI: 10.1155/2013/138027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The symptoms of atopic dermatitis (AD) are often aggravated by stress, and AD can also lead to psychological stress due to social isolation and discrimination. The salivary cortisol level reflects psychological stress, and it is a good index to assess chronic stress. In this study, we measured the salivary cortisol levels in patients with AD (n = 30) and compared them with those of healthy control subjects (n = 42). AD patients were also evaluated for general disease severity using the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index. The serum levels of TARC, total IgE, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and peripheral blood eosinophil counts were measured by laboratory tests. The Skindex-16 was used as a skin disease-specific, quality of life measure, instrument. The results showed that the saliva cortisol level was significantly higher in AD patients compared to healthy subjects (P < 0.01). The salivary cortisol level was significantly correlated with the SCORAD index (r = 0.42, P < 0.05) while the serum TARC and LDH levels were positively correlated with the SCORAD index. However, no statistically significant correlations were observed between the salivary cortisol level and Skindex-16. These results suggest that the saliva cortisol level is therefore a useful biomarker to evaluate the stress in AD patients.
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56
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Salivary cortisol as a biomarker to explore the role of maternal stress in early childhood caries. Int J Dent 2013; 2013:565102. [PMID: 23781246 PMCID: PMC3679687 DOI: 10.1155/2013/565102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To compare salivary cortisol levels of children with ECC and their mothers with those of caries free children from a similar sociodemographic cohort. Design. Sixty-four college-educated, working mothers from middle income families with no history of anxiety disorders and their first born children aged between 48 and 71 months were included in the study. Salivary cortisol levels were analyzed using electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunoassay. Statistical Analyses. Significance of difference between the cortisol levels of children with ECC and control children and of their mothers was analyzed using the Student's t- test. The intraclass correlation coefficient was used to measure the significance of correlation of cortisol levels between the mother and the child with logistic regression to explore possible associations. Results. Mothers of children with ECC had significantly higher levels of salivary cortisol (P < 0.05) than mothers of caries free children. The salivary cortisol levels of children with ECC were significantly higher than caries free children (P < 0.0001). A significant correlation existed between the salivary cortisol level of the mother and that of the child (P < 0.0001). Conclusion. While salivary cortisol levels of the child seem to have a direct impact on the incidence of ECC, maternal stress seems to have an indirect effect.
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Eguia-del Valle A, Martínez-Conde-Llamosas R, López-Vicente J, Uribarri-Etxebarria A, Aguirre-Urizar JM. Salivary cortisol determination in patients from the Basque Country with recurrent aphthous stomatitis. A pilot study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2013; 18:e207-11. [PMID: 23385495 PMCID: PMC3613871 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.18110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stress and anxiety are controversial factors involved in the complex pathogenesis of Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS). The determination of salivary cortisol is a useful, simple and safe test to detect states of high stress or anxiety. The aim of this study is to check for changes in salivary cortisol levels in patients with RAS during periods of active disease. STUDY DESIGN A measurement of cortisol employing Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) was carried out in samples of unstimulated saliva from 20 patients with active lesions of RAS and 10 healthy individuals used as controls. RESULTS Increased levels of salivary cortisol were detected in 3 cases, all of them within the group of patients with RAS. In none of the control group patients the level of salivary cortisol was increased. The mean level of salivary cortisol was 0.64 mg / dl (range 0.2 to 1.62) for patients with RAS and 0.57 mg / dl (range 0.25 to 1.09) for controls. CONCLUSION Salivary cortisol levels are not statistically higher in patients with active lesions of RAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Eguia-del Valle
- Oral Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, UFI 11/25, University of Basque Country / EHU.
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Disentangling sources of individual differences in diurnal salivary α-amylase: reliability, stability and sensitivity to context. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:367-75. [PMID: 22819683 PMCID: PMC6988629 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we employ a longitudinal design and a generalizability framework to examine the sources of variance in the diurnal rhythm of salivary α-amylase (sAA). The sample consisted of 122 first-year law students (55% male, mean age=23.9 years), who collected five saliva samples on each of three consecutive days at each of five data collection waves. In total, over 6900 saliva samples were collected, which allowed us to examine the properties of diurnal variation in sAA in great detail. Systematic individual differences accounted for 15-29% of the variability in the awakening response and diurnal slope, and for 61-65% of the variation in overall daily levels (i.e., diurnal mean, area under the curve with respect to ground [AUCg]). Although less than 1% of the variation was due to differences between waves and between days, the generalizability analyses revealed that between 16% and 17% of the variance in the diurnal mean, slope and AUCg is due to person by wave interactions, indicating that individuals vary in their biological sensitivity to environmental influences. In sum, this study documents sufficient stability and variation in diurnal sAA to warrant future studies on the origins and consequences of alterations in the diurnal rhythm of sAA worthwhile, and proposes guidelines on obtaining reliable measures.
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Molony RD, Rice JM, Yuk JS, Shetty V, Dey D, Lawrence DA, Lynes MA. Mining the salivary proteome with grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance imaging and surface plasmon coupled emission microarrays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 18:Unit 18.16.1-19. [PMID: 22896008 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx1816s53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological indicators have numerous and widespread utility in personalized medicine, but the measurement of these indicators also poses many technological and practical challenges. Blood/plasma has typically been used as the sample source with which to measure these indicators, but the invasiveness associated with sample procurement has led to increased interest in saliva as an attractive alternative. However, there are unique issues associated with the measurement of saliva biomarkers. These issues are compounded by the imperfect correlation between saliva and plasma with respect to biomarker profiles. In this manuscript, we address the technical challenges associated with saliva biomarker quantification. We describe a high-content microarray assay that employs both grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance imaging and surface plasmon-coupled emission modalities in a highly sensitive assay with a large dynamic range. This powerful approach provides the tools to map the proteome of saliva, which in turn should greatly enhance the utility of salivary biomarker profiles in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Molony
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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60
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Rai B, Kaur J. Periodontal status, salivary immunoglobulin, and microbial counts after short exposure to an isolated environment. J Oral Sci 2013; 55:139-43. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.55.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Preeja C, Ambili R, Nisha KJ, Seba A, Archana V. Unveiling the role of stress in periodontal etiopathogenesis: an evidence-based review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 4:78-83. [PMID: 23073923 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a multifactorial disease affecting the supporting tissues of the teeth, resulting in progressive attachment loss and bone loss. Periodontal disease is influenced by various systemic, environmental, and psychologic factors that have the potential to alter periodontal tissues and host immune response, resulting in more severe periodontal destruction. Several studies have documented the relationship between psychosocial stress and chronic forms of periodontal disease. Stress impairs periodontal health through changes in behavior and complex interactions among the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. The influence of stress on periodontal disease is affected by the emotional coping skills of the individual. Psychologic stress and depression may also influence the outcome of periodontal therapy. Stressful life events and coping skills are factors to consider in the risk of periodontal disease destruction and the potential for successful periodontal therapy. Therefore psychosocial stress is considered as an important risk factor for periodontal disease, and emotional stress in periodontitis patients should be diagnosed and treatment should be administered for the proper management and successful outcome of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Preeja
- Department of Periodontics, PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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62
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Gomes EPP, Aguiar JCA, Fonseca-Silva T, Dias LC, Moura-Boas KP, Roy A, Velloso NA, Rodrigues-Neto JF, De-Paula AMB, Guimarães ALS. Diazepam reverses the alveolar bone loss and hippocampal interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6 enhanced by conditioned fear stress in ligature-induced periodontal disease in rats. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:151-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2012.01515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. P. P. Gomes
- Department of Dentistry; Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros; Montes Claros; MG; Brazil
| | - J. C. A. Aguiar
- Department of Dentistry; Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros; Montes Claros; MG; Brazil
| | - T. Fonseca-Silva
- Department of Dentistry; Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros; Montes Claros; MG; Brazil
| | - L. C. Dias
- Department of Dentistry; Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros; Montes Claros; MG; Brazil
| | - K. P. Moura-Boas
- Faculdades Integradas Pitágoras; School of Psychology; Montes Claros; MG; Brazil
| | - A. Roy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario; ON; Canada
| | - N. A. Velloso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculdades Santo Agostinho; Montes Claros; MG; Brazil
| | - J. F. Rodrigues-Neto
- Departament of Medicine; Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros; Montes Claros; MG; Brazil
| | - A. M. B. De-Paula
- Department of Dentistry; Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros; Montes Claros; MG; Brazil
| | - A. L. S. Guimarães
- Department of Dentistry; Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros; Montes Claros; MG; Brazil
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63
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Akcali A, Huck O, Tenenbaum H, Davideau JL, Buduneli N. Periodontal diseases and stress: a brief review. J Oral Rehabil 2012; 40:60-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2012.02341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Akcali
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; Ege University; Izmir; Turkey
| | - O. Huck
- Department of Periodontology; Dental Faculty; University of Strasbourg; Strasbourg; France
| | - H. Tenenbaum
- Department of Periodontology; Dental Faculty; University of Strasbourg; Strasbourg; France
| | - J. L. Davideau
- Department of Periodontology; Dental Faculty; University of Strasbourg; Strasbourg; France
| | - N. Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology; School of Dentistry; Ege University; Izmir; Turkey
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Haririan H, Bertl K, Laky M, Rausch WD, Böttcher M, Matejka M, Andrukhov O, Rausch-Fan X. Salivary and serum chromogranin A and α-amylase in periodontal health and disease. J Periodontol 2012; 83:1314-21. [PMID: 22264209 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.110604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary stress-related biomarkers in connection with periodontal disease have not been extensively studied. In addition to cortisol as a well-known marker of stress loading, chromogranin A (CgA) and α-amylase (AA) are supposed to link the activity of the neuroendocrine system to local and systemic immune functions and to be related to periodontitis. This study aims to determine CgA and AA in saliva and serum in periodontal health and disease to assess their potential relationship to periodontitis. METHODS Patients with aggressive (AgP) (n = 24) and chronic periodontitis (CP) (n = 34) as well as healthy control (CO) (n = 30) individuals participated in this study. CgA and AA were determined in saliva and serum with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an adapted clinical amylase test; salivary cortisol was determined using mass spectrometry. Clinical parameters of periodontal disease were evaluated, and their possible correlations with stress-related biomarkers were assessed. RESULTS Significantly higher CgA levels were found in the saliva of patients with AgP compared with those in patients with CP and CO individuals (P <0.001). Salivary cortisol levels were higher in the AgP group compared with those in patients with CP (P <0.05). No differences in serum CgA levels and salivary and serum AA activities were found among all groups. A positive correlation was revealed between salivary AA activity or salivary CgA levels and the extent of periodontitis (P <0.05). CONCLUSION The results suggest an association of CgA and cortisol levels as well as AA activity in saliva with periodontitis, especially a significant relationship of salivary CgA and cortisol to AgP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hady Haririan
- Department of Periodontology, Bernhard Gottlieb School of Dentistry, Medical University, Vienna, Austria
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65
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Bertl K, Haririan H, Laky M, Matejka M, Andrukhov O, Rausch-Fan X. Smoking influences salivary histamine levels in periodontal disease. Oral Dis 2012; 18:410-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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66
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Occlusal disharmony increases amyloid-β in the rat hippocampus. Neuromolecular Med 2011; 13:197-203. [PMID: 21751079 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-011-8151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β plays a causative role in Alzheimer's disease. Occlusal disharmony causes chronic psychological stress, and psychological stress increases amyloid-β accumulation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether occlusal disharmony-induced psychological stress affects the accumulation of amyloid-β and its related gene expressions in the rat hippocampus. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats (n = 18) were divided into three groups of six rats each: (1) a control group that received no treatment for 8 weeks; (2) an occlusal disharmony group that underwent cutoff maxillary molar cusps for 8 weeks; and (3) a recovered group that underwent cutoff maxillary molar cusps for 4 weeks followed by recovery for 4 weeks. Occlusal disharmony increased plasma corticosterone levels in a time-dependent manner. Levels of amyloid-β 40 and 42, glucocorticoid receptor (Gr) protein, and cleaved caspase 3 (Casp3) as well as gene expressions of amyloid precursor protein, beta-secretase, Casp3, and Gr in the hippocampus in the occlusal disharmony group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.016). These findings were significantly improved by recovery of occlusion (P < 0.016). These results indicate that psychological stress induced by occlusal disharmony reversibly induces amyloid-β 40 and 42 in the rat hippocampus through the glucocorticoid signal.
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