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Glatthar R, Stojanovic A, Troxler T, Mattes H, Möbitz H, Beerli R, Blanz J, Gassmann E, Drückes P, Fendrich G, Gutmann S, Martiny-Baron G, Spence F, Hornfeld J, Peel JE, Sparrer H. Discovery of Imidazoquinolines as a Novel Class of Potent, Selective, and in Vivo Efficacious Cancer Osaka Thyroid (COT) Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7544-60. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Glatthar
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Analytical Sciences, §Center for Proteomic
Chemistry, ∥Preclinical Safety, and ⊥Autoimmunity
Transplantation Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aleksandar Stojanovic
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Analytical Sciences, §Center for Proteomic
Chemistry, ∥Preclinical Safety, and ⊥Autoimmunity
Transplantation Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Troxler
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Analytical Sciences, §Center for Proteomic
Chemistry, ∥Preclinical Safety, and ⊥Autoimmunity
Transplantation Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henri Mattes
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Analytical Sciences, §Center for Proteomic
Chemistry, ∥Preclinical Safety, and ⊥Autoimmunity
Transplantation Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Möbitz
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Analytical Sciences, §Center for Proteomic
Chemistry, ∥Preclinical Safety, and ⊥Autoimmunity
Transplantation Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rene Beerli
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Analytical Sciences, §Center for Proteomic
Chemistry, ∥Preclinical Safety, and ⊥Autoimmunity
Transplantation Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Blanz
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Analytical Sciences, §Center for Proteomic
Chemistry, ∥Preclinical Safety, and ⊥Autoimmunity
Transplantation Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Gassmann
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Analytical Sciences, §Center for Proteomic
Chemistry, ∥Preclinical Safety, and ⊥Autoimmunity
Transplantation Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Drückes
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Analytical Sciences, §Center for Proteomic
Chemistry, ∥Preclinical Safety, and ⊥Autoimmunity
Transplantation Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Fendrich
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Analytical Sciences, §Center for Proteomic
Chemistry, ∥Preclinical Safety, and ⊥Autoimmunity
Transplantation Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sascha Gutmann
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Analytical Sciences, §Center for Proteomic
Chemistry, ∥Preclinical Safety, and ⊥Autoimmunity
Transplantation Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Martiny-Baron
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Analytical Sciences, §Center for Proteomic
Chemistry, ∥Preclinical Safety, and ⊥Autoimmunity
Transplantation Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Spence
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Analytical Sciences, §Center for Proteomic
Chemistry, ∥Preclinical Safety, and ⊥Autoimmunity
Transplantation Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeff Hornfeld
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Analytical Sciences, §Center for Proteomic
Chemistry, ∥Preclinical Safety, and ⊥Autoimmunity
Transplantation Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Edmonson Peel
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Analytical Sciences, §Center for Proteomic
Chemistry, ∥Preclinical Safety, and ⊥Autoimmunity
Transplantation Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Sparrer
- Global Discovery Chemistry, ‡Analytical Sciences, §Center for Proteomic
Chemistry, ∥Preclinical Safety, and ⊥Autoimmunity
Transplantation Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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Argikar UA, Potter PM, Hutzler JM, Marathe PH. Challenges and Opportunities with Non-CYP Enzymes Aldehyde Oxidase, Carboxylesterase, and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase: Focus on Reaction Phenotyping and Prediction of Human Clearance. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:1391-1405. [PMID: 27495117 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, significant progress has been made in reducing metabolic instability due to cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation. High-throughput metabolic stability screening has enabled the advancement of compounds with little to no oxidative metabolism. Furthermore, high lipophilicity and low aqueous solubility of presently pursued chemotypes reduces the probability of renal excretion. As such, these low microsomal turnover compounds are often substrates for non-CYP-mediated metabolism. UGTs, esterases, and aldehyde oxidase are major enzymes involved in catalyzing such metabolism. Hepatocytes provide an excellent tool to identify such pathways including elucidation of major metabolites. To predict human PK parameters for P450-mediated metabolism, in vitro-in vivo extrapolation using hepatic microsomes, hepatocytes, and intestinal microsomes has been actively investigated. However, such methods have not been sufficiently evaluated for non-P450 enzymes. In addition to the involvement of the liver, extrahepatic enzymes (intestine, kidney, lung) are also likely to contribute to these pathways. While there has been considerable progress in predicting metabolic pathways and clearance primarily mediated by the liver, progress in characterizing extrahepatic metabolism and prediction of clearance has been slow. Well-characterized in vitro systems or in vivo animal models to assess drug-drug interaction potential and intersubject variability due to polymorphism are not available. Here we focus on the utility of appropriate in vitro studies to characterize non-CYP-mediated metabolism and to understand the enzymes involved followed by pharmacokinetic studies in the appropriately characterized surrogate species. The review will highlight progress made in establishing in vitro-in vivo correlation, predicting human clearance and avoiding costly clinical failures when non-CYP-mediated metabolic pathways are predominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra A Argikar
- Analytical Sciences and Imaging, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Philip M Potter
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - J Matthew Hutzler
- Q2 Solutions, Bioanalytical and ADME Labs, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Punit H Marathe
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
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Ezedom T, Asagba SO. Effect of a controlled food-chain mediated exposure to cadmium and arsenic on oxidative enzymes in the tissues of rats. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:708-715. [PMID: 28959596 PMCID: PMC5615934 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to investigate the effect of cadmium and arsenic through a controlled food chain on the activities of some oxidative enzymes (Sulphite oxidase SO, Aldehyde oxidase AO, Monoamine oxidase MO and Xanthine oxidase, XO) in the liver, kidney, testes, heart and brain of rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fish (the first trophic level) were exposed to both metals (singly and in mixture) using cadmium chloride (CdCl2) as the source of cadmium and arsenic trioxide (AS2O3) as the source of arsenic at a concentration of 0.4 mg of metals/100 ml of water for 1 month and then sacrificed. The contaminated fish were then used as a source of protein in compounding the experimental diet to which the rats (the second trophic level) were exposed to for a period of 1 and 3 months. The Cd- and As-load in the feed and tissues of rats as well as the activities of the oxidative enzymes were subsequently analyzed in the various tissues after both period of exposure. RESULTS Metal analysis on the tissues of rats showed that the metals accumulated more in the liver than in other organs after the 1 month exposure but accumulated more in the kidney after the 3 months exposure. The activities of the oxidative enzymes in the liver were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in all test groups after the 1 and 3 months exposure. However, after the 1 month exposure, the kidney, testes and heart showed an initial increase in the activities of these enzymes which were decreased after the 3 months exposure. In the brain, the activities of these enzymes were increased in both duration of study. CONCLUSION From the results obtained in the current study, it could be concluded that exposure to cadmium and arsenic through the food chain leads to accumulation of these metals in the tissues of experimental rats leading to the inhibition of oxidative enzymes, thus affecting several normal metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Ezedom
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Samuel O. Asagba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
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Fan PW, Zhang D, Halladay JS, Driscoll JP, Khojasteh SC. Going Beyond Common Drug Metabolizing Enzymes: Case Studies of Biotransformation Involving Aldehyde Oxidase, γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, Cathepsin B, Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase, and ADP-Ribosyltransferase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1253-61. [PMID: 27117704 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The significant roles that cytochrome P450 (P450) and UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) enzymes play in drug discovery cannot be ignored, and these enzyme systems are commonly examined during drug optimization using liver microsomes or hepatocytes. At the same time, other drug-metabolizing enzymes have a role in the metabolism of drugs and can lead to challenges in drug optimization that could be mitigated if the contributions of these enzymes were better understood. We present examples (mostly from Genentech) of five different non-P450 and non-UGT enzymes that contribute to the metabolic clearance or bioactivation of drugs and drug candidates. Aldehyde oxidase mediates a unique amide hydrolysis of GDC-0834 (N-[3-[6-[4-[(2R)-1,4-dimethyl-3-oxopiperazin-2-yl]anilino]-4-methyl-5-oxopyrazin-2-yl]-2-methylphenyl]-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide), leading to high clearance of the drug. Likewise, the rodent-specific ribose conjugation by ADP-ribosyltransferase leads to high clearance of an interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase inhibitor. Metabolic reactions by flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO) are easily mistaken for P450-mediated metabolism such as oxidative defluorination of 4-fluoro-N-methylaniline by FMO. Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase is involved in the initial hydrolysis of glutathione metabolites, leading to formation of proximate toxins and nephrotoxicity, as is observed with cisplatin in the clinic, or renal toxicity, as is observed with efavirenz in rodents. Finally, cathepsin B is a lysosomal enzyme that is highly expressed in human tumors and has been targeted to release potent cytotoxins, as in the case of brentuximab vedotin. These examples of non-P450- and non-UGT-mediated metabolism show that a more complete understanding of drug metabolizing enzymes allows for better insight into the fate of drugs and improved design strategies of molecules in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Fan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - Jason S Halladay
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - James P Driscoll
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco (P.W.F., D.Z., S.C.K.); Anacor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Palo Alto (J.S.H.); MyoKardia, Inc., South San Francisco (J.P.D.), California
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Ferreira Antunes M, Eggimann FK, Kittelmann M, Lütz S, Hanlon SP, Wirz B, Bachler T, Winkler M. Human xanthine oxidase recombinant in E. coli: A whole cell catalyst for preparative drug metabolite synthesis. J Biotechnol 2016; 235:3-10. [PMID: 27021957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), which is responsible for the final steps of the purine metabolism pathway and involved in oxidative drug metabolism, was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) Gold. Recombinant human (rh) XOR yielded higher productivity with the gene sequence optimized for expression in E.coli than with the native gene sequence. Induction of XOR expression with lactose or IPTG resulted in complete loss of activity whereas shake flasks cultures using media rather poor in nutrients resulted in functional XOR expression in the stationary phase. LB medium was used for a 25L fermentation in fed-batch mode, which led to a 5 fold increase of the enzyme productivity when compared to cultivation in shake flasks. Quinazoline was used as a substrate on the semi-preparative scale using an optimized whole cell biotransformation protocol, yielding 73mg of the isolated product, 4-quinazolinone, from 104mg of starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Ferreira Antunes
- Edifício da Unidade Piloto do IBET, Estação Agronómica Nacional, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Beat Wirz
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Bachler
- acib GmbH c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Margit Winkler
- acib GmbH c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Foti A, Hartmann T, Coelho C, Santos-Silva T, Romao MJ, Leimkuhler S. Optimization of the Expression of Human Aldehyde Oxidase for Investigations of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1277-85. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.068395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Turesky RJ, Konorev D, Fan X, Tang Y, Yao L, Ding X, Xie F, Zhu Y, Zhang QY. Effect of Cytochrome P450 Reductase Deficiency on 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole Metabolism and DNA Adduct Formation in Liver and Extrahepatic Tissues of Mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2400-10. [PMID: 26583703 PMCID: PMC4703101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC), a carcinogen formed during the combustion of tobacco and cooking of meat, undergoes cytochrome P450 (P450) metabolism to form the DNA adduct N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (dG-C8-AαC). We evaluated the roles of P450 expressed in the liver and intestine to bioactivate AαC by employing male B6 wild-type (WT) mice, liver-specific P450 reductase (Cpr)-null (LCN) mice, and intestinal epithelium-specific Cpr-null (IECN) mice. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for AαC, 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-3-yl sulfate (AαC-3-OSO3H), and N(2)-(β-1-glucosidurony1)-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC-N(2)-Glu) with animals dosed by gavage with AαC (13.6 mg/kg). The uptake of AαC was rapid with no difference in the plasma half-lives (t1/2) of AαC, AαC-3-OSO3H, and AαC-N(2)-Glu among mouse models. The maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) and the areas under concentration-time curve (AUC0-24h) of AαC and AαC-N(2)-Glu were 4-24-fold higher in LCN than in WT mice, but they were not different between WT and IECN mice. These findings are consistent with the ablation of hepatic P450 activity in LCN mice. However, the Cmax and AUC0-24h of AαC-3-OSO3H in plasma were not substantially different among the mouse models. Similar pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained with WT and LCN mice treated with a lower AαC dose (1.36 mg kg(-1)). dG-C8-AαC was detected at similar levels in the livers of all three mouse models at the high AαC dose; levels of dG-C8-AαC in colon, bladder, and lung were greater in LCN than in WT mice and were the same in colon of IECN and WT mice. At the low AαC dose, dG-C8-AαC occurred at ∼ 40% lower levels in liver of LCN mouse than in WT mouse liver, but adduct levels remained higher in extrahepatic tissues of LCN mice. Therefore, hepatic P450 plays an important role in detoxication of AαC, but other hepatic or extrahepatic enzymes contribute to the bioactivation of AαC. P450s expressed in the intestine do not appreciably contribute to bioactivation of AαC in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Turesky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dmitri Konorev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Yijin Tang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Lihua Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xinxin Ding
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute , Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Fang Xie
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Yi Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12201, United States
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Isobe T, Ohta M, Kaneko Y, Kawai H. Species differences in metabolism of ripasudil (K-115) are attributed to aldehyde oxidase. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:579-590. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1096981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Yu H, Tang H, Li Y, Xu P. Molybdenum-containing nicotine hydroxylase genes in a nicotine degradation pathway that is a variant of the pyridine and pyrrolidine pathways. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:8330-8. [PMID: 26407884 PMCID: PMC4644640 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02253-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochrobactrum sp. strain SJY1 utilizes nicotine as a sole source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy via a variant of the pyridine and pyrrolidine pathways (the VPP pathway). Several strains and genes involved in the VPP pathway have recently been reported; however, the first catalyzing step for enzymatic turnover of nicotine is still unclear. In this study, a nicotine hydroxylase for the initial hydroxylation step of nicotine degradation was identified and characterized. The nicotine hydroxylase (VppA), which converts nicotine to 6-hydroxynicotine in the strain SJY1, is encoded by two open reading frames (vppAS and vppAL [subunits S and L, respectively]). The vppA genes were heterologously expressed in the non-nicotine-degrading strains Escherichia coli DH5α and Pseudomonas putida KT2440; only the Pseudomonas strain acquired the ability to degrade nicotine. The small subunit of VppA contained a [2Fe-2S] cluster-binding domain, and the large subunit of VppA contained a molybdenum cofactor-binding domain; however, an FAD-binding domain was not found in VppA. Resting cells cultivated in a molybdenum-deficient medium had low nicotine transformation activity, and excess molybdenum was detected in the purified VppA by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analysis. Thus, it is demonstrated that VppA is a two-component molybdenum-containing hydroxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Stavrinou P, Mavrogiorgou MC, Polyzoidis K, Kreft-Kerekes V, Timmer M, Marselos M, Pappas P. Expression Profile of Genes Related to Drug Metabolism in Human Brain Tumors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143285. [PMID: 26580399 PMCID: PMC4651330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenous and exogenous compounds as well as carcinogens are metabolized and detoxified by phase I and II enzymes, the activity of which could be crucial to the inactivation and hence susceptibility to carcinogenic factors. The expression of these enzymes in human brain tumor tissue has not been investigated sufficiently. We studied the association between tumor pathology and the expression profile of seven phase I and II drug metabolizing genes (CYP1A1, CYP1B1, ALDH3A1, AOX1, GSTP1, GSTT1 and GSTM3) and some of their proteins. METHODS Using qRT-PCR and western blotting analysis the gene and protein expression in a cohort of 77 tumors were investigated. The major tumor subtypes were meningioma, astrocytoma and brain metastases, -the later all adenocarcinomas from a lung primary. RESULTS Meningeal tumors showed higher expression levels for AOX1, CYP1B1, GSTM3 and GSTP1. For AOX1, GSTM and GSTP1 this could be verified on a protein level as well. A negative correlation between the WHO degree of malignancy and the strength of expression was identified on both transcriptional and translational level for AOX1, GSTM3 and GSTP1, although the results could have been biased by the prevalence of meningiomas and glioblastomas in the inevitably bipolar distribution of the WHO grades. A correlation between the gene expression and the protein product was observed for AOX1, GSTP1 and GSTM3 in astrocytomas. CONCLUSIONS The various CNS tumors show different patterns of drug metabolizing gene expression. Our results suggest that the most important factor governing the expression of these enzymes is the histological subtype and to a far lesser extent the degree of malignancy itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Stavrinou
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Marco Timmer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marios Marselos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Periklis Pappas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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Shintani Y, Maruoka S, Gon Y, Koyama D, Yoshida A, Kozu Y, Kuroda K, Takeshita I, Tsuboi E, Soda K, Hashimoto S. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates airway epithelial barrier integrity. Allergol Int 2015; 64 Suppl:S54-63. [PMID: 26344081 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled corticosteroids enhance airway epithelial barrier integrity. However, the mechanism by which they accomplish this is unclear. Therefore, we investigated steroid-inducible genes and signaling pathways that were involved in enhancing airway epithelial barrier integrity. METHODS A human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE cells) was cultured with 10(-6) M dexamethasone (DEX) for 3 days to enhance epithelial barrier integrity. After measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and paracellular permeability, we extracted total RNA from 16HBE cells and performed microarray and pathway analysis. After we identified candidate genes and a canonical pathway, we measured TER and immunostained for tight junction (TJ) and adherent junction (AJ) proteins in cells that had been transfected with specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for these genes. RESULTS We identified a nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated oxidative stress response pathway which was primarily involved in the steroid-induced enhancement of airway epithelial barrier integrity. Transfecting cells with Nrf2 specific siRNA reduced the steroid-induced enhancement of airway epithelial barrier integrity and the accumulation of TJ and AJ proteins at sites of cell-cell contact. Moreover, based on pathway analysis, aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1) was identified as a downstream enzyme of Nrf2. Transfecting cells with AOX1-specific siRNA also reduced the steroid-induced enhancement of airway epithelial barrier integrity. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the Nrf2/AOX1 pathway was important for enhancing airway epithelial barrier integrity. Because the airway epithelium of asthmatics is susceptible to reduced barrier integrity, this pathway might be a new therapeutic target for asthma.
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Structural insights into xenobiotic and inhibitor binding to human aldehyde oxidase. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:779-83. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Schulze F, Gramoun A, Crowe LA, Dienelt A, Akcan T, Hofmann H, Vallée JP, Duda GN, Ode A. Accumulation of amino-polyvinyl alcohol-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in bone marrow: implications for local stromal cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: First, it will be investigated if amino-polyvinyl alcohol-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (A-PVA-SPIONs) are suitable for MRI contrast enhancement in bone marrow. Second, the impact of A-PVA-SPION exposure in vivo on the viability and key functions of local bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) will be investigated. Material & methods: Animals were systemically injected with A-PVA-SPIONs, followed by a 7-day survival time. Accumulation of A-PVA-SPIONs was confirmed by MRI, histology and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. BMSCs were isolated from bone marrow for in vitro assessment of their viability and regenerative key functions. Results: In this study, A-PVA-SPIONs were found to accumulate in bone marrow and increase the BMSCs’ metabolic activity and migration rate. Conclusion: A-PVA-SPIONs appear suitable for contrast enhancement in bone marrow while our data suggest an influence on the BMSCs biology that necessitates future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schulze
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Azza Gramoun
- Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Oral & Dental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lindsey A Crowe
- Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anke Dienelt
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tugba Akcan
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinrich Hofmann
- Laboratory of Powder Technology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Paul Vallée
- Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals & University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Ode
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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64
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Sodhi JK, Wong S, Kirkpatrick DS, Liu L, Khojasteh SC, Hop CECA, Barr JT, Jones JP, Halladay JS. A novel reaction mediated by human aldehyde oxidase: amide hydrolysis of GDC-0834. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:908-15. [PMID: 25845827 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
GDC-0834, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor investigated as a potential treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, was previously reported to be extensively metabolized by amide hydrolysis such that no measurable levels of this compound were detected in human circulation after oral administration. In vitro studies in human liver cytosol determined that GDC-0834 (R)-N-(3-(6-(4-(1,4-dimethyl-3-oxopiperazin-2-yl)phenylamino)-4-methyl-5-oxo- 4,5-dihydropyrazin-2-yl)-2-methylphenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b] thiophene-2-carboxamide) was rapidly hydrolyzed with a CLint of 0.511 ml/min per milligram of protein. Aldehyde oxidase (AO) and carboxylesterase (CES) were putatively identified as the enzymes responsible after cytosolic fractionation and mass spectrometry-proteomics analysis of the enzymatically active fractions. Results were confirmed by a series of kinetic experiments with inhibitors of AO, CES, and xanthine oxidase (XO), which implicated AO and CES, but not XO, as mediating GDC-0834 amide hydrolysis. Further supporting the interaction between GDC-0834 and AO, GDC-0834 was shown to be a potent reversible inhibitor of six known AO substrates with IC50 values ranging from 0.86 to 1.87 μM. Additionally, in silico modeling studies suggest that GDC-0834 is capable of binding in the active site of AO with the amide bond of GDC-0834 near the molybdenum cofactor (MoCo), orientated in such a way to enable potential nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl of the amide bond by the hydroxyl of MoCo. Together, the in vitro and in silico results suggest the involvement of AO in the amide hydrolysis of GDC-0834.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasleen K Sodhi
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Susan Wong
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Donald S Kirkpatrick
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Lichuan Liu
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - John T Barr
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Jeffrey P Jones
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
| | - Jason S Halladay
- Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (J.K.S., S.W., S.C.K., C.E.C.A.H., J.S.H.), Clinical Pharmacology (L.L.), and Protein Chemistry (D.S.K.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington (J.T.B., J.P.J.)
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65
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Lolkema MP, Bohets HH, Arkenau HT, Lampo A, Barale E, de Jonge MJA, van Doorn L, Hellemans P, de Bono JS, Eskens FALM. The c-Met Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor JNJ-38877605 Causes Renal Toxicity through Species-Specific Insoluble Metabolite Formation. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2297-2304. [PMID: 25745036 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met plays an important role in tumorigenesis and is a novel target for anticancer treatment. This phase I, first-in-human trial, explored safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and initial antitumor activity of JNJ-38877605, a potent and selective c-Met inhibitor. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed a phase I dose-escalation study according to the standard 3+3 design. RESULTS Even at subtherapeutic doses, mild though recurrent renal toxicity was observed in virtually all patients. Renal toxicity had not been observed in preclinical studies in rats and dogs. Additional preclinical studies pointed toward the rabbit as a suitable toxicology model, as the formation of the M10 metabolite of JNJ-38877605 specifically occurred in rabbits and humans. Additional toxicology studies in rabbits clearly demonstrated that JNJ-38877605 induced species-specific renal toxicity. Histopathological evaluation in rabbits revealed renal crystal formation with degenerative and inflammatory changes. Identification of the components of these renal crystals revealed M1/3 and M5/6 metabolites. Accordingly, it was found that humans and rabbits showed significantly increased systemic exposure to these metabolites relative to other species. These main culprit insoluble metabolites were generated by aldehyde oxidase activity. Alternative dosing schedules of JNJ-3877605 and concomitant probenecid administration in rabbits failed to prevent renal toxicity at dose levels that could be pharmacologically active. CONCLUSIONS Combined clinical and correlative preclinical studies suggest that renal toxicity of JNJ-38877605 is caused by the formation of species-specific insoluble metabolites. These observations preclude further clinical development of JNJ-38877605.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn P Lolkema
- Phase I Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey & London, United Kingdom.,Dept. of medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ann Lampo
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Erio Barale
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Maja J A de Jonge
- Dept. of medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leni van Doorn
- Dept. of medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johann S de Bono
- Phase I Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey & London, United Kingdom
| | - Ferry A L M Eskens
- Dept. of medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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66
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Stein BW, Kirk ML. Electronic structure contributions to reactivity in xanthine oxidase family enzymes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015; 20:183-94. [PMID: 25425163 PMCID: PMC4867223 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We review the xanthine oxidase (XO) family of pyranopterin molybdenum enzymes with a specific emphasis on electronic structure contributions to reactivity. In addition to xanthine and aldehyde oxidoreductases, which catalyze the two-electron oxidation of aromatic heterocycles and aldehyde substrates, this mini-review highlights recent work on the closely related carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) that catalyzes the oxidation of CO using a unique Mo-Cu heterobimetallic active site. A primary focus of this mini-review relates to how spectroscopy and computational methods have been used to develop an understanding of critical relationships between geometric structure, electronic structure, and catalytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. Stein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 300 Terrace St. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Martin L. Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 300 Terrace St. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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67
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Dalvie
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, LaJolla Laboratories San Diego
| | - Michael Zientek
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, LaJolla Laboratories San Diego
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68
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Sanoh S, Tayama Y, Sugihara K, Kitamura S, Ohta S. Significance of aldehyde oxidase during drug development: Effects on drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and efficacy. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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69
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Conversion of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quinolone Signal and Related Alkylhydroxyquinolines by Rhodococcus sp. Strain BG43. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7266-74. [PMID: 25239889 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02342-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A bacterial strain, which based on the sequences of its 16S rRNA, gyrB, catA, and qsdA genes, was identified as a Rhodococcus sp. closely related to Rhodococcus erythropolis, was isolated from soil by enrichment on the Pseudomonas quinolone signal [PQS; 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolone], a quorum sensing signal employed by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The isolate, termed Rhodococcus sp. strain BG43, cometabolically degraded PQS and its biosynthetic precursor 2-heptyl-4(1H)-quinolone (HHQ) to anthranilic acid. HHQ degradation was accompanied by transient formation of PQS, and HHQ hydroxylation by cell extracts required NADH, indicating that strain BG43 has a HHQ monooxygenase isofunctional to the biosynthetic enzyme PqsH of P. aeruginosa. The enzymes catalyzing HHQ hydroxylation and PQS degradation were inducible by PQS, suggesting a specific pathway. Remarkably, Rhodococcus sp. BG43 is also capable of transforming 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide to PQS. It thus converts an antibacterial secondary metabolite of P. aeruginosa to a quorum sensing signal molecule.
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70
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Knake C, Stamp L, Bahn A. Molecular mechanism of an adverse drug–drug interaction of allopurinol and furosemide in gout treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:157-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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71
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Wu Y, Liu ZY, Cao Y, Chen XJ, Zeng JG, Sun ZL. Reductive metabolism of the sanguinarine iminium bond by rat liver preparations. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 65:1391-400. [PMID: 24399736 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sanguinarine (SA) is a quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloid that is mainly present in the Papaveraceae family. SA has been extensively studied because of its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antihypertensive, antiproliferative and antiplatelet activities. Metabolic studies demonstrated that SA bioavailability is apparently low, and the main pathway of SA metabolism is iminium bond reduction resulting in dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) formation. Nevertheless, the metabolic enzymes involved in SA reduction are still not known in detail. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the rat liver microsomes and cytosol-induced SA iminium bond reduction, and to examine the effects of cytosol reductase inhibitors on the reductive activity. METHODS DHSA formation was quantified by HPLC. The possible enzymes responsible for DHSA formation were examined using selective individual metabolic enzyme inhibitors. RESULTS When SA was incubated with liver microsomes and cytosol in the absence of NAD(P)H, DHSA, the iminium bond reductive metabolite was formed. The reductase activity of the liver microsomes and cytosol was also enhanced significantly in the presence of NADH. The amount of DHSA formed in the liver cytosol was 4.6-fold higher than in the liver microsomes in the presence of NADH. The reductase activity in the liver cytosol was inhibited by the addition of flavin mononucleotide and/or riboflavin. Inhibition studies indicated that menadione, dicoumarol, quercetin and 7-hydroxycoumarin inhibited rat liver cytosol-mediated DHSA formation in the absence of NADH. However, only menadione and quercetin inhibited rat liver cytosol-mediated DHSA formation in the presence of NADH. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the SA iminium bond reduction proceeds via two routes in the liver cytosol. One route is direct non-enzymatic reduction by NAD(P)H, and the other is enzymatic reduction by possible carbonyl and/or quinone reductases in the liver cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Drug, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
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72
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Kamli MR, Kim J, Pokharel S, Jan AT, Lee EJ, Choi I. Expressional studies of the aldehyde oxidase (AOX1) gene during myogenic differentiation in C2C12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1291-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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73
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Hutzler JM, Cerny MA, Yang YS, Asher C, Wong D, Frederick K, Gilpin K. Cynomolgus Monkey as a Surrogate for Human Aldehyde Oxidase Metabolism of the EGFR Inhibitor BIBX1382. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1751-60. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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74
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Inoue K, Mizuo H, Kawaguchi S, Fukuda K, Kusano K, Yoshimura T. Oxidative metabolic pathway of lenvatinib mediated by aldehyde oxidase. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1326-33. [PMID: 24914245 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lenvatinib is a multityrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, and is being developed as an anticancer drug. P450s are involved in one of the elimination pathways of lenvatinib, and mono-oxidized metabolites, such as N-oxide (M3) and desmethylated metabolite (M2), form in rats, dogs, monkeys, and humans. Meanwhile, two other oxidative metabolites are produced only in monkey and human liver S9 fractions, and their structures have been identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry as a quinolinone form of lenvatinib (M3') and a quinolinone form of desmethylated lenvatinib (M2'). The formation of M3' from lenvatinib occurred independently of NADPH and was effectively inhibited by typical inhibitors of aldehyde oxidase, indicating the involvement of aldehyde oxidase, but not P450s, in this pathway. M2' was a dioxidized metabolite arising from a combination of mono-oxidation and desmethylation and could only be produced from M2 in a NADPH-independent manner; M2' could not be generated from M3 or M3'. These results suggested that M2' is formed from lenvatinib by a unique two-step pathway through M2. Although both lenvatinib and M2 were substrates for aldehyde oxidase, an enzyme kinetic study indicated that M2 was a much more favorable substrate than lenvatinib. No inhibitory activities of lenvatinib, M2', or M3' and no significant inhibitory activities of M2 or M3 on aldehyde oxidase were observed, suggesting a low possibility of drug-drug interactions in combination therapy with substrates of aldehyde oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Inoue
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Mizuo
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shinki Kawaguchi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Fukuda
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazutomi Kusano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yoshimura
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Japan
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75
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Hutzler JM, Yang YS, Brown C, Heyward S, Moeller T. Aldehyde Oxidase Activity in Donor-Matched Fresh and Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes and Assessment of Variability in 75 Donors. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1090-7. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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76
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa B. Maia
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - José J. G. Moura
- REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento
de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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77
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Rodrigues D, Kittelmann M, Eggimann F, Bachler T, Abad S, Camattari A, Glieder A, Winkler M, Lütz S. Production of Recombinant Human Aldehyde Oxidase in Escherichia coli
and Optimization of Its Application for the Preparative Synthesis of Oxidized Drug Metabolites. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201301094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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78
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Yoshihara S. [A memoir of my researches on xenobiotic metabolism for 48 years--researches on Kanemi Yusho and endocrine disrupting chemicals]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 133:747-72. [PMID: 23811764 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.13-00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The author started a research on xenobiotic metabolism at Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University in 1965. In 1968, an epidemic of a "strange disease", called Yusho, occurred in western Japan. The epidemic was soon identified to be a food poisoning caused by the ingestion of commercial Kanemi rice bran oil which had been accidentally contaminated with large amounts of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their related compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs.) At first, in this review, our toxicological studies on Yusho during the early thirty years were briefly described. Next, the studies on aldehyde oxidase, a molybdenum hydroxylase, which is involved in the lactam formation reaction such as 1-phenyl-2-(2-oxopyrrolidine)pentane(oxoprolintane) from 1-phenyl-2-pyrrolidinopentane(prolintane) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(MPTP) lactam from 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridinium ion (MPDP⁺) were also presented. Finally, we investigated how the xenobiotic metabolism of endocrine disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) and some isoflavones affects their estrogenic activities. In this study, we demonstrated that BPA is converted to 4-methyl-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-ene (MBP), an active metabolite as estrogen, by rat liver S9. In the cases of isoflavones, although genistein was inactivated, biochanin A, 4'-methoxy analogue of genistein, was activated to genistein by O-demethylation with rat liver S9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin'ichi Yoshihara
- Laboratory of Xenobiotic Metabolism and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan.
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O'Hara F, Burns AC, Collins MR, Dalvie D, Ornelas MA, Vaz ADN, Fujiwara Y, Baran PS. A simple litmus test for aldehyde oxidase metabolism of heteroarenes. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1616-20. [PMID: 24472070 PMCID: PMC3983350 DOI: 10.1021/jm4017976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
bioavailability of aromatic azaheterocyclic drugs can be affected
by the activity of aldehyde oxidase (AO). Susceptibility to AO metabolism
is difficult to predict computationally and can be complicated in
vivo by differences between species. Here we report the use of bis(((difluoromethyl)sulfinyl)oxy)zinc
(DFMS) as a source of CF2H radical for a rapid and inexpensive
chemical “litmus test” for the early identification
of heteroaromatic drug candidates that have a high probability of
metabolism by AO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionn O'Hara
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Barr JT, Choughule K, Jones JP. Enzyme kinetics, inhibition, and regioselectivity of aldehyde oxidase. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1113:167-186. [PMID: 24523113 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-758-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aldehyde oxidase (AO) enzyme family plays an increasing role in drug development. However, a number of compounds that are AO substrates have failed in the clinic because the clearance or toxicity is underestimated by preclinical species. Human AO is much more active than rodent AO, and dogs do not have functional AO. While AOs normally make non-reactive metabolites such as lactams, the metabolic products often have much lower solubility that can lead to renal failure. While an endogenous substrate for the oxidation reaction is not known, electron acceptors for the reductive part of the reaction include oxygen and nitrites. Reduction of oxygen leads to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) superoxide radical anion, and hydrogen peroxide. Reduction of nitrite leads to the formation of nitric oxide with potential pharmacological implications. To date, no clinically important drug-drug interactions (DDIs) have been observed for AOs. However, the inhibition kinetics are complex, and multiple probe substrates should be used when assessing the potential for DDIs. Finally, AO appears to be amenable to computational predictions of both regioselectivity and rates of reaction, which holds promise for virtual screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Barr
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Mahro M, Brás NF, Cerqueira NMFSA, Teutloff C, Coelho C, Romão MJ, Leimkühler S. Identification of crucial amino acids in mouse aldehyde oxidase 3 that determine substrate specificity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82285. [PMID: 24358164 PMCID: PMC3864932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to elucidate factors that determine substrate specificity and activity of mammalian molybdo-flavoproteins we performed site directed mutagenesis of mouse aldehyde oxidase 3 (mAOX3). The sequence alignment of different aldehyde oxidase (AOX) isoforms identified variations in the active site of mAOX3 in comparison to other AOX proteins and xanthine oxidoreductases (XOR). Based on the structural alignment of mAOX3 and bovine XOR, differences in amino acid residues involved in substrate binding in XORs in comparison to AOXs were identified. We exchanged several residues in the active site to the ones found in other AOX homologues in mouse or to residues present in bovine XOR in order to examine their influence on substrate selectivity and catalytic activity. Additionally we analyzed the influence of the [2Fe-2S] domains of mAOX3 on its kinetic properties and cofactor saturation. We applied UV-VIS and EPR monitored redox-titrations to determine the redox potentials of wild type mAOX3 and mAOX3 variants containing the iron-sulfur centers of mAOX1. In addition, a combination of molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations (MD) was used to investigate factors that modulate the substrate specificity and activity of wild type and AOX variants. The successful conversion of an AOX enzyme to an XOR enzyme was achieved exchanging eight residues in the active site of mAOX3. It was observed that the absence of the K889H exchange substantially decreased the activity of the enzyme towards all substrates analyzed, revealing that this residue has an important role in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mahro
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Natércia F. Brás
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Quimica, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Christian Teutloff
- Institute for Experimentalphysics, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Catarina Coelho
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria João Romão
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Silke Leimkühler
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Kitamura S, Sugihara K. Current status of prediction of drug disposition and toxicity in humans using chimeric mice with humanized liver. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:123-34. [PMID: 24329499 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.868062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
1. Human-chimeric mice with humanized liver have been constructed by transplantation of human hepatocytes into several types of mice having genetic modifications that injure endogenous liver cells. Here, we focus on liver urokinase-type plasminogen activator-transgenic severe combined immunodeficiency (uPA/SCID) mice, which are the most widely used human-chimeric mice. Studies so far indicate that drug metabolism, drug transport, pharmacological effects and toxicological action in these mice are broadly similar to those in humans. 2. Expression of various drug-metabolizing enzymes is known to be different between humans and rodents. However, the expression pattern of cytochrome P450, aldehyde oxidase and phase II enzymes in the liver of human-chimeric mice resembles that in humans, not that in the host mice. 3. Metabolism of various drugs, including S-warfarin, zaleplon, ibuprofen, naproxen, coumarin, troglitazone and midazolam, in human-chimeric mice is mediated by human drug-metabolizing enzymes, not by host mouse enzymes, and thus resembles that in humans. 4. Pharmacological and toxicological effects of various drugs in human-chimeric mice are also similar to those in humans. 5. The current consensus is that chimeric mice with humanized liver are useful to predict drug metabolism catalyzed by cytochrome P450, aldehyde oxidase and phase II enzymes in humans in vivo and in vitro. Some remaining issues are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Kitamura
- Department of Environmental Science, Nihon Pharmaceutical University , Saitama , Japan and
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Xu L, Woodward C, Dai J, Prakash C. Metabolism and Excretion of 6-Chloro-9-(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-ylmethyl)-9H-purin-2-ylamine, an HSP90 Inhibitor, in Rats and Dogs and Assessment of Its Metabolic Profile in Plasma of Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:2133-47. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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84
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Chen C, Cheng G, Hao H, Dai M, Wang X, Huang L, Liu Z, Yuan Z. Mechanism of porcine liver xanthine oxidoreductase mediated N-oxide reduction of cyadox as revealed by docking and mutagenesis studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73912. [PMID: 24040113 PMCID: PMC3767608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a cytoplasmic molybdenum-containing oxidoreductase, catalyzing both endogenous purines and exogenous compounds. It is suggested that XOR in porcine hepatocytes catalyzes the N-oxide reduction of quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides (QdNOs). To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying this metabolism, the cDNA of porcine XOR was cloned and heterologously expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells. The bovine XOR, showing sequence identity of 91% to porcine XOR, was employed as template for homology modeling. By docking cyadox, a representative compound of QdNOs, into porcine XOR model, eight amino acid residues, Gly47, Asn352, Ser360, Arg427, Asp430, Asp431, Ser1227 and Lys1230, were located at distances of less than 4Å to cyadox. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed to analyze their catalytic functions. Compared with wild type porcine XOR, G47A, S360P, D431A, S1227A, and K1230A displayed altered kinetic parameters in cyadox reduction, similarly to that in xanthine oxidation, indicating these mutations influenced electron-donating process of xanthine before subsequent electron transfer to cyadox to fulfill the N-oxide reduction. Differently, R427E and D430H, both located in the 424-434 loop, exhibited a much lower K(m) and a decreased V(max) respectively in cyadox reduction. Arg427 may be related to the substrate binding of porcine XOR to cyadox, and Asp430 is suggested to be involved in the transfer of electron to cyadox. This study initially reveals the possible catalytic mechanism of porcine XOR in cyadox metabolism, providing with novel insights into the structure-function relationship of XOR in the reduction of exogenous di-N-oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chigang Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Choughule KV, Barr JT, Jones JP. Evaluation of rhesus monkey and guinea pig hepatic cytosol fractions as models for human aldehyde oxidase. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1852-8. [PMID: 23918666 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldehyde oxidase (AOX) is a cytosolic enzyme expressed across a wide range of species, including guinea pig and rhesus monkey. These species are believed to be the best preclinical models for studying human AOX-mediated metabolism. We compared AOX activity in rhesus monkeys, guinea pigs, and humans using phthalazine and N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]acridone-4-carboxamide (DACA) as substrates and raloxifene as an inhibitor. Michaelis-Menten kinetics was observed for phthalazine oxidation in rhesus monkey, guinea pig, and human liver cytosol, whereas substrate inhibition was seen with DACA oxidase activity in all three livers. Raloxifene inhibited phthalazine and DACA oxidase activity uncompetitively in guinea pig, whereas mixed-mode inhibition was seen in rhesus monkey. Our analysis of the primary sequence alignment of rhesus monkey, guinea pig, and human aldehyde oxidase isoform 1 (AOX1) along with homology modeling has led to the identification of several amino acid residue differences within the active site and substrate entrance channel of AOX1. We speculate that some of these residues might be responsible for the differences observed in activity. Overall, our data indicate that rhesus monkeys and guinea pigs would overestimate intrinsic clearance in humans and would be unsuitable to use as animal models. Our study also showed that AOX metabolism in species is substrate-dependent and no single animal model can be reliably used to predict every drug response in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika V Choughule
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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Tanoue C, Sugihara K, Uramaru N, Tayama Y, Watanabe Y, Horie T, Ohta S, Kitamura S. Prediction of human metabolism of the sedative-hypnotic zaleplon using chimeric mice transplanted with human hepatocytes. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:956-62. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.788232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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87
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Swenson TL, Casida JE. Aldehyde Oxidase Importance In Vivo in Xenobiotic Metabolism: Imidacloprid Nitroreduction in Mice. Toxicol Sci 2013; 133:22-8. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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88
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Jones JP, Korzekwa KR. Predicting intrinsic clearance for drugs and drug candidates metabolized by aldehyde oxidase. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1262-8. [PMID: 23363487 DOI: 10.1021/mp300568r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism by aldehyde oxidase (AO) has been responsible for a number of drug failures in clinical trials. The main reason is the clearance values for drugs metabolized by AO are underestimated by allometric scaling from preclinical species. Furthermore, in vitro human data also underestimates clearance. We have developed the first in silico models to predict both in vitro and in vivo human intrinsic clearance for 8 drugs with just two chemical descriptors. These models explain a large amount of the variance in the data using two computational estimates of the electronic and steric features of the reaction. The in vivo computational models for human metabolism are better than in vitro preclinical animal testing at predicting human intrinsic clearance. Thus, it appears that AO is amenable to computational prediction of rates, which may be used to guide drug discovery, and predict pharmacokinetics for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, USA.
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89
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Tanoue C, Sugihara K, Uramaru N, Watanabe Y, Tayama Y, Ohta S, Kitamura S. Strain Difference of Oxidative Metabolism of the Sedative-hypnotic Zaleplon by Aldehyde Oxidase and Cytochrome P450 In Vivo and In Vitro in Rats. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 28:269-73. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-12-nt-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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90
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Hutzler JM, Obach RS, Dalvie D, Zientek MA. Strategies for a comprehensive understanding of metabolism by aldehyde oxidase. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 9:153-68. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.738668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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91
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Dalvie D, Xiang C, Kang P, Zhou S. Interspecies variation in the metabolism of zoniporide by aldehyde oxidase. Xenobiotica 2012; 43:399-408. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.727499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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92
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Barr JT, Jones JP. Evidence for substrate-dependent inhibition profiles for human liver aldehyde oxidase. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:24-9. [PMID: 22996261 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.048546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to provide a reasonable assessment of how probe substrate selection may impact the results of in vitro aldehyde oxidase (AO) inhibition experiments. Here, we used a previously studied set of seven known AO inhibitors to probe the inhibition profile of a pharmacologically relevant substrate N-[(2-dimethylamino)ethyl]acridine-4-carboxamide (DACA). DACA oxidation in human liver cytosol was characterized with a measured V(max) of 2.3 ± 0.08 nmol product · min(-1) · mg(-1) and a K(m) of 6.3 ± 0.8 µM. The K(ii) and K(is) values describing the inhibition of DACA oxidation by the panel of seven inhibitors were tabulated and compared with previous findings with phthalazine as the substrate. In every case, the inhibition profile shifted to a much less uncompetitive mode of inhibition for DACA relative to phthalazine. With the exception of one inhibitor, raloxifene, this change in inhibition profile seems to be a result of a decrease in the uncompetitive mode of inhibition (an affected K(ii) value), whereas the competitive mode (K(is)) seems to be relatively consistent between substrates. Raloxifene was found to inhibit competitively when using DACA as a probe, and a previous report showed that raloxifene inhibited uncompetitively with other substrates. The relevance of these data to the mechanistic understanding of aldehyde oxidase inhibition and potential implications on drug-drug interactions is discussed. Overall, it appears that the choice in substrate may be critical when conducting mechanistic inhibition or in vitro drug-drug interactions prediction studies with AO.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Barr
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4630, USA
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93
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Maeda K, Ohno T, Igarashi S, Yoshimura T, Yamashiro K, Sakai M. Aldehyde oxidase 1 gene is regulated by Nrf2 pathway. Gene 2012; 505:374-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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94
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Bell LC, Wang J. Probe ADME and test hypotheses: a PATH beyond clearance in vitro-in vivo correlations in early drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:1131-55. [PMID: 22681474 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.695346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In vitro cytochrome P450 (CYP450) metabolic profiling is pursued extensively to optimize drug properties. Still, the in vivo clearance of half of all new chemical entities (NCEs) remains poorly predicted by CYP450 metabolism, based on Novartis rat pharmacokinetic data. The conventional route to illuminating key drivers of in vivo clearance beyond hepatic metabolism is, frequently, the process of elimination, a time-consuming and sometimes resource-intensive practice. A more nimble and efficient diagnosis of drug clearance is imperative to support today's chemistry optimization. AREAS COVERED This article reviews in vitro-in vivo clearance correlation (IVIVC) analysis of drugs and NCEs including in silico advances, in vitro opportunities for clearance characterization and guidance for proper interpretation of clearance data. Potential mechanisms for under- and overestimation of in vivo clearance obtained from in vitro approaches are reviewed. The article offers insight into a practical PATH (Probe ADME and Test Hypotheses) for discovery data analysis that can enrich IVIVC development and guide more efficient use of the ADME-PK toolbox. EXPERT OPINION In vitro hepatic CYP450 stability measurements remain the most practical way to triage for high metabolic liabilities. Clearance is a complex process involving multiple mechanisms and many factors tend to be overlooked in routine correlation analyses. Equilibrium protein binding, intrinsic permeability and ionization may yield insight into distribution-limited clearance. In addition, hydrophobic character and transporter interaction can be valuable in diagnosing dominant clearance pathways. An integrated ADME approach to clearance interrogation is expected to help refine the in vitro-in silico strategies that guide medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Bell
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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95
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Remarkably fast and selective aromatization of Hantzsch esters with MoOCl4 and MoCl5: A chemical model for possible biologically relevant properties of molybdenum-containing enzymes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3676-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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96
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Arora VK, Philip T, Huang S, Shu YZ. A Novel Ring Oxidation of 4- or 5-Substituted 2H-Oxazole to Corresponding 2-Oxazolone Catalyzed by Cytosolic Aldehyde Oxidase. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1668-76. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.044545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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97
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Dalvie D, Sun H, Xiang C, Hu Q, Jiang Y, Kang P. Effect of Structural Variation on Aldehyde Oxidase-Catalyzed Oxidation of Zoniporide. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1575-87. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.045823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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98
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Kundu TK, Velayutham M, Zweier JL. Aldehyde oxidase functions as a superoxide generating NADH oxidase: an important redox regulated pathway of cellular oxygen radical formation. Biochemistry 2012; 51:2930-9. [PMID: 22404107 DOI: 10.1021/bi3000879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme aldehyde oxidase (AO) is a member of the molybdenum hydroxylase family that includes xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR); however, its physiological substrates and functions remain unclear. Moreover, little is known about its role in cellular redox stress. Utilizing electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping, we measured the role of AO in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the oxidation of NADH and the effects of inhibitors of AO on NADH-mediated superoxide (O(2)(•−)) generation. NADH was found to be a good substrate for AO with apparent K(m) and V(max) values of 29 μM and 12 nmol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. From O(2)(•−) generation measurements by cytochrome c reduction the apparent K(m) and V(max) values of NADH for AO were 11 μM and 15 nmol min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. With NADH oxidation by AO, ≥65% of the total electron flux led to O(2)(•−) generation. Diphenyleneiodonium completely inhibited AO-mediated O(2)(•−) production, confirming that this occurs at the FAD site. Inhibitors of this NADH-derived O(2)(•−) generation were studied with amidone the most potent exerting complete inhibition at 100 μM concentration, while 150 μM menadione, raloxifene, or β-estradiol led to 81%, 46%, or 26% inhibition, respectively. From the kinetic data, and the levels of AO and NADH, O(2)(•−) production was estimated to be ~89 and ~4 nM/s in liver and heart, respectively, much higher than that estimated for XOR under similar conditions. Owing to the ubiquitous distribution of NADH, aldehydes, and other endogenous AO substrates, AO is predicted to have an important role in cellular redox stress and related disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K Kundu
- Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, the Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Li Y, Xu J, Lai WG, Whitcher-Johnstone A, Tweedie DJ. Metabolic Switching of BILR 355 in the Presence of Ritonavir. II. Uncovering Novel Contributions by Gut Bacteria and Aldehyde Oxidase. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1130-7. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.044362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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100
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Garattini E, Terao M. The role of aldehyde oxidase in drug metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:487-503. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.663352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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