51
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Janetka JW, Almeida L, Ashwell S, Brassil PJ, Daly K, Deng C, Gero T, Glynn RE, Horn CL, Ioannidis S, Lyne P, Newcombe NJ, Oza VB, Pass M, Springer SK, Su M, Toader D, Vasbinder MM, Yu D, Yu Y, Zabludoff SD. Discovery of a novel class of 2-ureido thiophene carboxamide checkpoint kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:4242-8. [PMID: 18547806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase-1 (Chk1, CHEK1) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase that mediates the cellular response to DNA-damage. A novel class of 2-ureido thiophene carboxamide urea (TCU) Chk1 inhibitors is described. Inhibitors in this chemotype were optimized for cellular potency and selectivity over Cdk1.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Janetka
- AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
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52
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Lefoix M, Coudert G, Routier S, Pfeiffer B, Caignard DH, Hickman J, Pierré A, Golsteyn RM, Léonce S, Bossard C, Mérour JY. Novel 5-azaindolocarbazoles as cytotoxic agents and Chk1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5303-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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53
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Conchon E, Anizon F, Aboab B, Golsteyn RM, Léonce S, Pfeiffer B, Prudhomme M. Synthesis, checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitory properties and in vitro antiproliferative activities of new pyrrolocarbazoles. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:4419-30. [PMID: 18321713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the course of structure-activity relationship studies on granulatimide analogues, new pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazoles have been synthesized in which the imidazole heterocycle was replaced by a five-membered ring lactam system or a dimethylcyclopentanedione. Moreover, the synthesis of an original structure in which a sugar moiety is attached to the indole nitrogen and to a six-membered D ring via an oxygen is reported. The inhibitory activities of the newly synthesized compounds toward checkpoint kinase 1 and their in vitro antiproliferative activities toward three tumor cell lines: murine leukemia L1210, and human colon carcinoma HT29 and HCT116 are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Conchon
- Laboratoire SEESIB, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 6504 du CNRS, 63177 Aubière, France
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54
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Conchon E, Anizon F, Aboab B, Golsteyn RM, Léonce S, Pfeiffer B, Prudhomme M. Synthesis, in vitro antiproliferative activities, and Chk1 inhibitory properties of pyrrolo[3,4-a]carbazole-1,3-diones, pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-1,3-diones, and 2-aminopyridazino[3,4-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-1,3,4,7-tetraone. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:282-92. [PMID: 17502122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[3,4-a]carbazole-1,3-diones, pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-1,3-diones, and 2-aminopyridazino[3,4-a]pyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-1,3,4,7-tetraone is reported. Their inhibitory properties toward Checkpoint 1 kinase (Chk1) have been evaluated and their in vitro antiproliferative activities toward three tumor cell lines: murine leukemia L1210, human colon carcinoma HT29 and HCT116 have been determined. From the biological results, it appears that, in contrast with the upper E heterocycle, the lower D heterocycle is not absolutely required for Chk1 inhibition. The ATP binding pocket of Chk1 seems to be adaptable to substitution of the nitrogen of the imide E heterocycle with a hydroxymethyl group, allowing the fundamental hydrogen bond with the Glu(85) residue of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Conchon
- Laboratoire SEESIB, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 6504 du CNRS, 24, avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière, France
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55
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Beyond VEGF: targeting tumor growth and angiogenesis via alternative mechanisms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 610:43-53. [PMID: 18593014 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73898-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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56
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Vitale I, Galluzzi L, Vivet S, Nanty L, Dessen P, Senovilla L, Olaussen KA, Lazar V, Prudhomme M, Golsteyn RM, Castedo M, Kroemer G. Inhibition of Chk1 kills tetraploid tumor cells through a p53-dependent pathway. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1337. [PMID: 18159231 PMCID: PMC2131784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraploidy constitutes an adaptation to stress and an intermediate step between euploidy and aneuploidy in oncogenesis. Tetraploid cells are particularly resistant against genotoxic stress including radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Here, we designed a strategy to preferentially kill tetraploid tumor cells. Depletion of checkpoint kinase-1 (Chk1) by siRNAs, transfection with dominant-negative Chk1 mutants or pharmacological Chk1 inhibition killed tetraploid colon cancer cells yet had minor effects on their diploid counterparts. Chk1 inhibition abolished the spindle assembly checkpoint and caused premature and abnormal mitoses that led to p53 activation and cell death at a higher frequency in tetraploid than in diploid cells. Similarly, abolition of the spindle checkpoint by knockdown of Bub1, BubR1 or Mad2 induced p53-dependent apoptosis of tetraploid cells. Chk1 inhibition reversed the cisplatin resistance of tetraploid cells in vitro and in vivo, in xenografted human cancers. Chk1 inhibition activated p53-regulated transcripts including Puma/BBC3 in tetraploid but not in diploid tumor cells. Altogether, our results demonstrate that, in tetraploid tumor cells, the inhibition of Chk1 sequentially triggers aberrant mitosis, p53 activation and Puma/BBC3-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilio Vitale
- INSERM, U848, Cancer and Immunity, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy,Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud-11, Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- INSERM, U848, Cancer and Immunity, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy,Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud-11, Villejuif, France
| | - Sonia Vivet
- INSERM, U848, Cancer and Immunity, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy,Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud-11, Villejuif, France
| | - Lisa Nanty
- INSERM, U848, Cancer and Immunity, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy,Villejuif, France
| | - Philippe Dessen
- Institut Gustave Roussy,Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud-11, Villejuif, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FRE2939, Villejuif, France
- Unité de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Institut Gustave Roussy,Villejuif, France
| | - Laura Senovilla
- INSERM, U848, Cancer and Immunity, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy,Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud-11, Villejuif, France
| | - Ken A. Olaussen
- INSERM, U848, Cancer and Immunity, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy,Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud-11, Villejuif, France
| | - Vladimir Lazar
- Institut Gustave Roussy,Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud-11, Villejuif, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FRE2939, Villejuif, France
- Unité de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Institut Gustave Roussy,Villejuif, France
| | - Michelle Prudhomme
- Université Blaise Pascal, Synthèse et Etude de Systèmes à Intérêt Biologique, UMR 6504 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aubière, France
| | | | - Maria Castedo
- INSERM, U848, Cancer and Immunity, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy,Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud-11, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U848, Cancer and Immunity, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy,Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud-11, Villejuif, France
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57
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Tao ZF, Chen Z, Bui MH, Kovar P, Johnson E, Bouska J, Zhang H, Rosenberg S, Sowin T, Lin NH. Macrocyclic ureas as potent and selective Chk1 inhibitors: An improved synthesis, kinome profiling, structure–activity relationships, and preliminary pharmacokinetics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6593-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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58
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Arrington
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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59
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Tao ZF, Li G, Tong Y, Stewart KD, Chen Z, Bui MH, Merta P, Park C, Kovar P, Zhang H, Sham HL, Rosenberg SH, Sowin TJ, Lin NH. Discovery of 4′-(1,4-dihydro-indeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-3-yl)-benzonitriles and 4′-(1,4-dihydro-indeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-3-yl)-pyridine-2′-carbonitriles as potent checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5944-51. [PMID: 17827013 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An extensive structure-activity relationship study of the 3-position of a series of tricyclic pyrazole-based Chk1 inhibitors is described. As a result, 4'-(1,4-dihydro-indeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-3-yl)-benzonitriles (4) and 4'-(1,4-dihydro-indeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-3-yl)-pyridine-2'-carbonitriles (29) emerged as new lead series. Compared with the original lead compound 2, these new leads fully retain the biological activity in both enzymatic inhibition and cell-based assays. More importantly, the new leads 4 and 29 exhibit favorable physicochemical properties such as lower molecular weight, lower Clog P, and the absence of a hydroxyl group. Furthermore, structure-activity relationship studies were performed at the 6- and 7-positions of 4, which led to the identification of ideal Chk1 inhibitors 49, 50, 51, and 55. These compounds not only potently inhibit Chk1 in an enzymatic assay but also significantly potentiate the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents in cell-based assays while they show little single agent activity. A cell cycle analysis by FACS confirmed that these Chk1 inhibitors efficiently abrogate the G2/M and S checkpoints induced by DNA-damaging agent. The current work paved the way to the identification of several potent Chk1 inhibitors with good pharmacokinetics that are suitable for in vivo study with oral dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fu Tao
- Cancer Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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60
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Tong Y, Przytulinska M, Tao ZF, Bouska J, Stewart KD, Park C, Li G, Claiborne A, Kovar P, Chen Z, Merta PJ, Bui MH, Olson A, Osterling D, Zhang H, Sham HL, Rosenberg SH, Sowin TJ, Lin NH. Cyanopyridyl containing 1,4-dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles as potent checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors: Improving oral biovailability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5665-70. [PMID: 17768051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1,4-dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazole compounds with a cyanopyridine moiety at the 3-position of the tricyclic pyrazole core was explored as potent CHK-1 inhibitors. The impact of substitutions at the 6 and/or 7-position of the core on pharmacokinetic properties was studied in detail. Compounds carrying a side chain with an ether linker at the 7-position and a terminal morpholino group, such as 29 and 30, exhibited much-improved oral biovailability in mice as compared to earlier generation inhibitors. These compounds also possessed desirable cellular activity in potentiating doxorubicin and will serve as valuable tool compounds for in vivo evaluation of CHK-1 inhibitors to sensitize DNA-damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsong Tong
- Cancer Research, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, R47S, AP10, Abbott Laboratories, 100 Abbott Park, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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61
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Schmit TL, Ahmad N. Regulation of mitosis via mitotic kinases: new opportunities for cancer management. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:1920-31. [PMID: 17620424 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitosis, a critical and highly orchestrated event in the cell cycle, decides how cells divide and transmit genetic information from one cell generation to the next. Errors in the choreography of these events may lead to uncontrolled proliferation, aneuploidy, and genetic instability culminating in cancer development. Considering the central role of phosphorylation in mitotic checkpoints, spindle function, and chromosome segregation, it is not surprising that several mitotic kinases have been implicated in tumorigenesis. These kinases play pivotal roles throughout cellular division. From DNA damage and spindle assembly checkpoints before entering mitosis, to kinetochore and centrosome maturation and separation, to regulating the timing of entrance and exit of mitosis, mitotic kinases are essential for cellular integrity. Therefore, targeting the mitotic kinases that control the fidelity of chromosome transmission seems to be a promising avenue in the management of cancer. This review provides an insight into the mechanism of mitotic signaling, especially the role of critical mitotic kinases. We have also discussed the possibilities of the use of mitotic kinases in crafting novel strategies in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis L Schmit
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Medical Science Center, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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62
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Garbaccio RM, Huang S, Tasber ES, Fraley ME, Yan Y, Munshi S, Ikuta M, Kuo L, Kreatsoulas C, Stirdivant S, Drakas B, Rickert K, Walsh ES, Hamilton KA, Buser CA, Hardwick J, Mao X, Beck SC, Abrams MT, Tao W, Lobell R, Sepp-Lorenzino L, Hartman GD. Synthesis and evaluation of substituted benzoisoquinolinones as potent inhibitors of Chk1 kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6280-5. [PMID: 17900896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
From HTS lead 1, a novel benzoisoquinolinone class of ATP-competitive Chk1 inhibitors was devised and synthesized via a photochemical route. Using X-ray crystallography as a guide, potency was rapidly enhanced through the installation of a tethered basic amine designed to interact with an acidic residue (Glu91) in the enzyme pocket. Further SAR was explored at the solvent front and near to the H1 pocket and resulted in the discovery of low MW, sub-nanomolar inhibitors of Chk1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Garbaccio
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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63
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Verlinden L, Vanden Bempt I, Eelen G, Drijkoningen M, Verlinden I, Marchal K, De Wolf-Peeters C, Christiaens MR, Michiels L, Bouillon R, Verstuyf A. The E2F-regulated gene Chk1 is highly expressed in triple-negative estrogen receptor /progesterone receptor /HER-2 breast carcinomas. Cancer Res 2007; 67:6574-81. [PMID: 17638866 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) and Claspin, two DNA-damage checkpoint proteins, were down-regulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), a known inhibitor of cell proliferation. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the transcriptional regulation of Chk1 and Claspin and to study their expression levels in human breast cancer tissue. Transient transfection experiments in MCF-7 breast cancer cells showed that promoter activities of Chk1 and Claspin were regulated by the E2F family of transcription factors. Subsequently, transcript levels of Chk1, Claspin, and E2F1 were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis in 103 primary invasive breast carcinomas and were compared with several clinicopathologic variables in breast cancer. A strong correlation was found between Chk1 and Claspin transcript levels. Transcript levels of Chk1, Claspin, and E2F1 were highest in histologic grade 3 tumors and in tumors in which the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) was lost. Moreover, Chk1 expression was significantly elevated in grade 3 breast carcinomas showing a triple-negative ER-/PR-/HER-2- phenotype compared with other grade 3 tumors. Further research is warranted to validate the use of Chk1 inhibitors in triple-negative breast carcinomas for which treatment strategies are limited at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Verlinden
- Laboratorium voor Experimentele Geneeskunde en Endocrinologie and CMPG/ESAT, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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64
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Brnardic EJ, Garbaccio RM, Fraley ME, Tasber ES, Steen JT, Arrington KL, Dudkin VY, Hartman GD, Stirdivant SM, Drakas BA, Rickert K, Walsh ES, Hamilton K, Buser CA, Hardwick J, Tao W, Beck SC, Mao X, Lobell RB, Sepp-Lorenzino L, Yan Y, Ikuta M, Munshi SK, Kuo LC, Kreatsoulas C. Optimization of a pyrazoloquinolinone class of Chk1 kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:5989-94. [PMID: 17804227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of 2,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-4-ones as inhibitors of Chk1 kinase is described. Introduction of a fused ring at the C7/C8 positions of the pyrazoloquinolinone provided an increase in potency while guidance from overlapping inhibitor bound Chk1 X-ray crystal structures contributed to the discovery of a potent and solubilizing propyl amine moiety in compound 52 (Chk1 IC(50)=3.1 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Brnardic
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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65
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Thati B, Noble A, Creaven BS, Walsh M, Kavanagh K, Egan DA. Apoptotic cell death: A possible key event in mediating the in vitro anti-proliferative effect of a novel copper(II) complex, [Cu(4-Mecdoa)(phen)2] (phen=phenanthroline, 4-Mecdoa=4-methylcoumarin-6,7-dioxactetate), in human malignant cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 569:16-28. [PMID: 17585902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The central objective of the current study was to investigate the potential in vitro anti-proliferative effect of the parent ligand, 4-methylcoumarin-6,7-dioxyacyeic acid (4-MecdoaH(2)), and its copper (II) complex, bis(phenanthroline4-methylcoumarin-6,7-dioxacetatocopper(II) ([Cu(4-Mecdoa)(phen)(2)]) using four human model cell lines. In addition, selected mechanistic studies were carried out using the most sensitive of the four cell lines. Results obtained show that the complex could alter proliferation of both human neoplastic renal (A-498) and hepatic (HepG2) cells. Furthermore, non-neoplastic hepatic (CHANG) cells appeared to be less sensitive. However, this effect was not duplicated with non-neoplastic renal (HK-2) cells, a profile shared by cisplatin. The observed anti-proliferative effect appeared to be dose-and time-dependent, and could be attributed to the complex, rather than any of the free components i.e. the 1,10-phenanthroline or coumarin ligand, or the simple metal salt. Furthermore, the complex was shown to decrease DNA synthesis, but did not intercalate with it. Based on IC(50) values, [Cu(4-Mecdoa)(phen)(2)] was shown to be almost 12 times more potent than cisplatin. Moreover, there was no evidence that P-glycoprotein-mediated multi-drug resistance was likely to decrease anti-proliferative activity. Cytological stains, analysis of genomic DNA, and biochemical assays [caspase-3 and -9 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase protein], showed that cell death could switch between apoptosis and necrosis, and this effect appeared to be concentration-dependent. Additionally, flow cytometric analysis showed that the complex functioned through an alteration in cell cycle progression. Taken together, [Cu(4-Mecdoa)(phen)(2)] has been shown to be a more potent anti-proliferative agent than either the ligand or cisplatin, and is capable of altering key biochemical events leading to the execution of apoptotic and/or necrotic cell death, suggesting that it is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Thati
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Institute of Technology, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
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66
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Tong Y, Claiborne A, Pyzytulinska M, Tao ZF, Stewart KD, Kovar P, Chen Z, Credo RB, Guan R, Merta PJ, Zhang H, Bouska J, Everitt EA, Murry BP, Hickman D, Stratton TJ, Wu J, Rosenberg SH, Sham HL, Sowin TJ, Lin NH. 1,4-Dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles as potent checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors: Extended exploration on phenyl ring substitutions and preliminary ADME/PK studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3618-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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67
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Abstract
Progression through the cell cycle is monitored by surveillance mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints. Our knowledge of the biochemical nature of checkpoint regulation during an unperturbed cell cycle and following DNA damage has expanded tremendously over the past decade. We now know that dysfunction in cell cycle checkpoints leads to genomic instability and contributes to tumor progression, and most agents used for cancer therapy, such as cytotoxic chemotherapy and ionizing radiation, also activate cell cycle checkpoints. Understanding how checkpoints are regulated is therefore important from the points of view of both tumorigenesis and cancer treatment. In this review, we present an overview of the molecular hierarchy of the checkpoint signaling network and the emerging role of checkpoint targets, especially checkpoint kinase 1, in cancer therapy. Further, we discuss the results of recent clinical trials involving the nonspecific checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitor, UCN-01, and the challenges we face with this new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archie N Tse
- Authors' Affiliations: Gastrointestinal Oncology Service and Melanoma and Sarcoma Service, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York
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68
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Ish T, Sootome H, King AJ, Suda M, Noro N, Yamashita K, Noumi T, Ishii T. A robust, target-driven, cell-based assay for checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 12:809-17. [PMID: 17517898 DOI: 10.1177/1087057107303323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), a serine/threonine kinase, plays an important role in DNA damage checkpoint control and is an attractive target for cancer treatment. To develop a Chk1-specific cell-based assay, stable clones were established in which Chk1 kinase domain fused at its N-terminus with p53 through 4 tandem repeats of Gly-Gly-Gly-Gly-Ser was expressed in an inducible manner. Chk1 kinase specificity of the phosphorylation of fused p53 was confirmed by the experiments with a kinase-inactive Chk1. Only in the presence of an inducer molecule was phosphorylation of p53 at Ser-15 in the stable clones induced. Furthermore, its assay performance proved acceptable for high-throughput screening applications, judging from the Z' factor values (> 0.77). Finally, the cell-based assay thus established yielded structure-activity relationship data for a small set of test inhibitors of Chk1 within cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the established cell-based assay provides a novel and highly sensitive cellular platform for Chk1 inhibitor discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Ish
- GlaxoSmithKline K.K., Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki, Japan.
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69
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Tao ZF, Li G, Tong Y, Chen Z, Merta P, Kovar P, Zhang H, Rosenberg SH, Sham HL, Sowin TJ, Lin NH. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4'-(6,7-disubstituted-2,4-dihydro-indeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-3-yl)-biphenyl-4-ol as potent Chk1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4308-15. [PMID: 17544271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new series of potent tricyclic pyrazole-based Chk1 inhibitors are described. Analogues disubstituted on the 6- and 7-positions show improved Chk1 inhibition potency compared with analogues with a single substituent on either the 6- or 7-position. Based on the lead compound 4'-(6,7-dimethoxy-2,4-dihydro-indeno[1,2-c]pyrazol-3-yl)-biphenyl-4-ol (2), detailed SAR studies on the 6- and 7-positions were performed. 3'-morpholin-4'-yl-propoxy, pyridin-4'-ylmethoxy, pyridin-3'-ylmethoxy, 2'-(5''-ethyl-pyridin-2''-yl)-ethoxy, pyridin-2'-ylethoxy, (6'-methyl-pyridin-2'-yl)-propoxyethoxy, 2',3'-dihydroxyl-1'-yl-propoxy, and tetrahydro-furan-3'-yloxy have been identified as the best groups on the 6-position when the 7-position is substituted with methoxyl group. Pyridin-2'-ylmethoxy and pyridin-3'-ylmethoxy have been identified as the best substituents at the 7-position while the 6-position bearing methoxyl group. These compounds significantly potentiate the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging antitumor agents in a cell-based assay and efficiently abrogate the doxorubicin-induced G2/M and the camptothecin-induced S checkpoints, suggesting that their potent biological activities are mechanism-based through Chk1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fu Tao
- Cancer Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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70
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Thati B, Noble A, Creaven BS, Walsh M, Kavanagh K, Egan DA. An in vitro investigation of the induction of apoptosis and modulation of cell cycle events in human cancer cells by bisphenanthroline-coumarin-6,7-dioxacetatocopper(II) complex. Chem Biol Interact 2007; 168:143-58. [PMID: 17512508 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The central objective of the current study was to investigate the potential in vitro anti-proliferative properties of the parent ligand, coumarin-dioxy-acetic acid (cdoaH(2)), and its copper complex, copper-coumarin-dioxyacetic acetate-phenathroline ([Cu(cdoa)(phen)(2)]) using four human-derived model cell lines, two neoplastic and two non-neoplastic. In addition, selected mechanistic studies were carried out using one of the neoplastic-derived model cell lines, Hep-G2. Results obtained show that the complex, rather than the ligand, could alter the proliferation of both human neoplastic renal (A-498) and hepatic (Hep-G2) cells. Furthermore, hepatic non-neoplastic cells (Chang) appeared to be less sensitive. However, this effect was not mirrored in non-neoplastic renal (HK-2) cells, a profile shared with cisplatin. The observed anti-proliferative effect appeared to be concentration- and time-dependant, and could be attributed to the complex, rather than any of the component parts, i.e. 1,10-phenanthroline, the coumarin ligand, or the simple metal salt. Furthermore, the complex was shown to decrease DNA synthesis, but did not intercalate with it. Based on IC(50) values, [Cu(cdoa)(phen)(2)] was shown to be almost six times more potent than cisplatin. Moreover, there was no evidence to show that P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated multi-drug resistance (MDR) was likely to play a role in decreasing the anti-proliferative activity of the complex. Cytological stains, analysis of genomic DNA, and biochemical assays [caspase-3 and -9 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase protein], suggested that cell death could switch between apoptosis and necrosis, and this effect appeared to be concentration-dependent. Additionally, flow cytometric analysis showed that the complex functioned through an alteration in cell cycle progression. Taken together, [Cu(cdoa)(phen)(2)] has been shown to be a more potent anti-proliferative agent than either the ligand or cisplatin, and is capable of altering key biochemical events leading to the execution of apoptotic and/or necrotic cell death, suggesting that it is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Thati
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Institute of Technology, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
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71
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Tong Y, Claiborne A, Stewart KD, Park C, Kovar P, Chen Z, Credo RB, Gu WZ, Gwaltney SL, Judge RA, Zhang H, Rosenberg SH, Sham HL, Sowin TJ, Lin NH. Discovery of 1,4-dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazoles as a novel class of potent and selective checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2759-67. [PMID: 17287122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new class of checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK-1) inhibitors bearing a 1,4-dihydroindeno[1,2-c]pyrazole core was developed after initial hits from high throughput screening. The efficient hit-to-lead process was facilitated by X-ray crystallography and led to potent inhibitors (<10nM) against CHK-1. X-ray co-crystal structures of bound inhibitors demonstrated that two sub-series of this class of compounds, exemplified by 21 and 41, exhibit distinctive hydrogen bonding patterns in the specificity pocket of the active site. Two compounds, 41 and 43, were capable of potentiating doxorubicin and camptothecin, both DNA-damaging agents, in cell proliferation assays (MTS and soft agar assays) and abrogating G2/M checkpoint in a mechanism-based FACS assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsong Tong
- Cancer Research, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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72
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Hénon H, Messaoudi S, Anizon F, Aboab B, Kucharczyk N, Léonce S, Golsteyn RM, Pfeiffer B, Prudhomme M. Bis-imide granulatimide analogues as potent Checkpoint 1 kinase inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 554:106-12. [PMID: 17134696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Granulatimide and isogranulatimide, natural products isolated from an ascidian, were found to be abrogators of the cell cycle G2-M phase checkpoint by inhibition of Checkpoint 1 kinase (Chk1). In the course of structure-activity relationship studies on granulatimide analogues, we have synthesized a series of bis-imides, in which the imidazole moiety was replaced by an imide heterocycle. Various modifications have been introduced on one or both imide heterocycles, on the benzene ring, and on the indole nitrogen. Moreover, aza bis-imide analogues were synthesized in which the indole moiety was replaced by a 7-azaindole. Compared to those of granulatimide and isogranulatimide, the Chk1 inhibitory activities of some of the bis-imide carbazoles were stronger. In particular, 1,3,4,6-tetrahydro-10-hydroxy-7H-dipyrrolo[3,4-a:3,4-c]carbazole-1,3,4,6-tetraone 11 exhibited an IC(50) value on purified full length Chk1 of 2 nM, which makes it a more potent Chk1 inhibitor than granulatimide and isogranulatimide. To get an insight into the selectivity of this new family of compounds, the inhibitory activities of 1,3,4,6-tetrahydro-7H-dipyrrolo[3,4-a:3,4-c]carbazole-1,3,4,6-tetraone A have been evaluated on a panel of 15 kinases, the strongest inhibitory potency was found for Chk1. The inhibitory activities of compounds A, 5 and 11 toward Src tyrosine kinase and the cytotoxicity of various tumor cell lines were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hénon
- Laboratoire SEESIB, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 6504 du CNRS, 63177 Aubière, France
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