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Jiang H, Liu W, Zhan SK, Pan YX, Bian LG, Sun B, Sun QF, Pan SJ. GSK621 Targets Glioma Cells via Activating AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Signalings. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161017. [PMID: 27532105 PMCID: PMC4988667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we studied the anti-glioma cell activity by a novel AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator GSK621. We showed that GSK621 was cytotoxic to human glioma cells (U87MG and U251MG lines), possibly via provoking caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death. Its cytotoxicity was alleviated by caspase inhibitors. GSK621 activated AMPK to inhibit mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and downregulate Tetraspanin 8 (Tspan8) in glioma cells. AMPK inhibition, through shRNA knockdown of AMPKα or introduction of a dominant negative (T172A) AMPKα, almost reversed GSK621-induced AMPK activation, mTOR inhibition and Tspan8 degradation. Consequently, GSK621’s cytotoxicity in glioma cells was also significantly attenuated by AMPKα knockdown or mutation. Further studies showed that GSK621, at a relatively low concentration, significantly potentiated temozolomide (TMZ)’s sensitivity and lethality against glioma cells. We summarized that GSK621 inhibits human glioma cells possibly via activating AMPK signaling. This novel AMPK activator could be a novel and promising anti-glioma cell agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Kun Zhan
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Xin Pan
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P.R. China
| | - Liu-Guan Bian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P.R. China
| | - Bomin Sun
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Fang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (Q-FS); (S-JP)
| | - Si-Jian Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (Q-FS); (S-JP)
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Minder P, Zajac E, Quigley JP, Deryugina EI. EGFR regulates the development and microarchitecture of intratumoral angiogenic vasculature capable of sustaining cancer cell intravasation. Neoplasia 2016; 17:634-49. [PMID: 26408256 PMCID: PMC4674488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many malignant characteristics of cancer cells are regulated through pathways induced by the tyrosine kinase activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Herein, we show that besides directly affecting the biology of cancer cells per se, EGFR also regulates the primary tumor microenvironment. Specifically, our findings demonstrate that both the expression and signaling activity of EGFR are required for the induction of a distinct intratumoral vasculature capable of sustaining tumor cell intravasation, a critical rate-limiting step in the metastatic cascade. An intravasation-sustaining mode of intratumoral angiogenic vessels depends on high levels of tumor cell EGFR and the interplay between EGFR-regulated production of interleukin 8 by tumor cells, interleukin-8–induced influx of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils delivering their unique matrix metalloproteinase-9, and neutrophil matrix metalloproteinase-9–dependent release of the vascular permeability and endothelial growth factor, VEGF. Our data indicate that through VEGF-mediated disruption of endothelial layer integrity and increase of intratumoral vasculature permeability, EGFR activity significantly facilitates active intravasation of cancer cells. Therefore, this study unraveled an important but overlooked function of EGFR in cancer, namely, its ability to create an intravasation-sustaining microenvironment within the developing primary tumor by orchestrating several interrelated processes required for the initial steps of cancer metastasis through vascular routes. Our findings also suggest that EGFR-targeted therapies might be more effective when implemented in cancer patients with early-staged primary tumors containing a VEGF-dependent angiogenic vasculature. Accordingly, early EGFR inhibition combined with various anti-VEGF approaches could synergistically suppress tumor cell intravasation through inhibiting the highly permeable angiogenic vasculature induced by EGFR-overexpressing aggressive cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Minder
- The Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ewa Zajac
- The Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - James P Quigley
- The Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Elena I Deryugina
- The Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.
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53
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MacDiarmid JA, Langova V, Bailey D, Pattison ST, Pattison SL, Christensen N, Armstrong LR, Brahmbhatt VN, Smolarczyk K, Harrison MT, Costa M, Mugridge NB, Sedliarou I, Grimes NA, Kiss DL, Stillman B, Hann CL, Gallia GL, Graham RM, Brahmbhatt H. Targeted Doxorubicin Delivery to Brain Tumors via Minicells: Proof of Principle Using Dogs with Spontaneously Occurring Tumors as a Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151832. [PMID: 27050167 PMCID: PMC4822833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytotoxic chemotherapy can be very effective for the treatment of cancer but toxicity on normal tissues often limits patient tolerance and often causes long-term adverse effects. The objective of this study was to assist in the preclinical development of using modified, non-living bacterially-derived minicells to deliver the potent chemotherapeutic doxorubicin via epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting. Specifically, this study sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of EGFR targeted, doxorubicin loaded minicells (designated EGFRminicellsDox) to deliver doxorubicin to spontaneous brain tumors in 17 companion dogs; a comparative oncology model of human brain cancers. Methodology/Principle Findings EGFRminicellsDox were administered weekly via intravenous injection to 17 dogs with late-stage brain cancers. Biodistribution was assessed using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Anti-tumor response was determined using MRI, and blood samples were subject to toxicology (hematology, biochemistry) and inflammatory marker analysis. Targeted, doxorubicin-loaded minicells rapidly localized to the core of brain tumors. Complete resolution or marked tumor regression (>90% reduction in tumor volume) were observed in 23.53% of the cohort, with lasting anti-tumor responses characterized by remission in three dogs for more than two years. The median overall survival was 264 days (range 49 to 973). No adverse clinical, hematological or biochemical effects were observed with repeated administration of EGFRminicellsDox (30 to 98 doses administered in 10 of the 17 dogs). Conclusions/Significance Targeted minicells loaded with doxorubicin were safely administered to dogs with late stage brain cancer and clinical activity was observed. These findings demonstrate the strong potential for clinical applications of targeted, doxorubicin-loaded minicells for the effective treatment of patients with brain cancer. On this basis, we have designed a Phase 1 clinical study of EGFR-targeted, doxorubicin-loaded minicells for effective treatment of human patients with recurrent glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veronika Langova
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dale Bailey
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Scott T. Pattison
- Cancer Therapeutics, EnGeneIC Pty Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stacey L. Pattison
- Cancer Therapeutics, EnGeneIC Pty Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Neil Christensen
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luke R. Armstrong
- Cancer Therapeutics, EnGeneIC Pty Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Marylia Costa
- Cancer Therapeutics, EnGeneIC Pty Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nancy B. Mugridge
- Cancer Therapeutics, EnGeneIC Pty Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ilya Sedliarou
- Cancer Therapeutics, EnGeneIC Pty Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Grimes
- Cancer Therapeutics, EnGeneIC Pty Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Debra L. Kiss
- Cancer Therapeutics, EnGeneIC Pty Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bruce Stillman
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Christine L. Hann
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gary L. Gallia
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Graham
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Himanshu Brahmbhatt
- Cancer Therapeutics, EnGeneIC Pty Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Mu K, Zhang S, Ai T, Jiang J, Yao Y, Jiang L, Zhou Q, Xiang H, Zhu Y, Yang X, Zhu W. Monoclonal antibody-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for imaging of epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted cells and gliomas. Mol Imaging 2016; 14. [PMID: 26044549 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2015.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to successfully synthesize epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (EGFRmAb-SPIONs) and explore their biocompatibility and potential applications as a targeted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent for the EGFR-specific detection of brain glioma in vivo. After conjugation of EGFRmAb with SPIONs, the magnetic characteristics of EGFRmAb-SPIONs were investigated. Thereafter, the targeting abilities of EGFRmAb-SPIONs with MRI were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed in EGFR-positive C6 glioma cells in vitro and in a Wistar rat model bearing C6 glioma in vivo. Furthermore, the preliminary biocompatibility and toxicity of EGFRmAb-SPIONs were evaluated in normal rats through hematology assays and histopathologic analyses. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Student t-test, with a significance level of p < .05. From the results of EGFRmAb-SPION characterizations, the average particle size was 10.21 nm and the hydrodynamic diameter was 161.5 ± 2.12 nm. The saturation magnetization was 55 emu/g·Fe, and T2 relaxivity was 92.73 s-1mM-1 in distilled water. The preferential accumulation of the EGFRmAb-SPIONs within glioma and subsequent MRI contrast enhancement were demonstrated both in vitro in C6 cells and in vivo in rats bearing C6 glioma. After intravenous administration of EGFRmAb-SPIONs, T2-weighted MRI of the rat model with brain glioma exhibited an apparent hypointense region within glioma from 2 to 48 hours. The maximal image contrast was reached at 24 hours, where the signal intensity decreased and the R2 value increased by 30% compared to baseline. However, T2-weighted imaging of the rat model administered with SPIONs showed no visible signal changes within the tumor over the same time period. Moreover, no evident toxicities in vitro and in vivo with EGFRmAb-SPIONs were clearly identified based on the laboratory examinations. EGFRmAb-SPIONs could potentially be employed as a targeted contrast agent in the molecule-specific diagnosis of brain glioma in MRI.
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55
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Sirkisoon SR, Carpenter RL, Rimkus T, Miller L, Metheny-Barlow L, Lo HW. EGFR and HER2 signaling in breast cancer brain metastasis. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2016; 8:245-63. [PMID: 26709660 DOI: 10.2741/e765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer occurs in approximately 1 in 8 women and 1 in 37 women with breast cancer succumbed to the disease. Over the past decades, new diagnostic tools and treatments have substantially improved the prognosis of women with local diseases. However, women with metastatic disease still have a dismal prognosis without effective treatments. Among different molecular subtypes of breast cancer, the HER2-enriched and basal-like subtypes typically have higher rates of metastasis to the brain. Basal-like metastatic breast tumors frequently express EGFR. Consequently, HER2- and EGFR-targeted therapies are being used in the clinic and/or evaluated in clinical trials for treating breast cancer patients with brain metastases. In this review, we will first provide an overview of the HER2 and EGFR signaling pathways. The roles that EGFR and HER2 play in breast cancer metastasis to the brain will then be discussed. Finally, we will summarize the preclinical and clinical effects of EGFR- and HER2-targeted therapies on breast cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherona R Sirkisoon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Richard L Carpenter
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Tadas Rimkus
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Lance Miller
- Department of Breast Cancer Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Linda Metheny-Barlow
- Department of Breast Cancer Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC27157
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC, 27157,
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56
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Wang H, Xu T, Jiang Y, Xu H, Yan Y, Fu D, Chen J. The challenges and the promise of molecular targeted therapy in malignant gliomas. Neoplasia 2015; 17:239-55. [PMID: 25810009 PMCID: PMC4372648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common malignant primary brain tumors and one of the most challenging forms of cancers to treat. Despite advances in conventional treatment, the outcome for patients remains almost universally fatal. This poor prognosis is due to therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence after surgical removal. However, over the past decade, molecular targeted therapy has held the promise of transforming the care of malignant glioma patients. Significant progress in understanding the molecular pathology of gliomagenesis and maintenance of the malignant phenotypes will open opportunities to rationally develop new molecular targeted therapy options. Recently, therapeutic strategies have focused on targeting pro-growth signaling mediated by receptor tyrosine kinase/RAS/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, proangiogenic pathways, and several other vital intracellular signaling networks, such as proteasome and histone deacetylase. However, several factors such as cross-talk between the altered pathways, intratumoral molecular heterogeneity, and therapeutic resistance of glioma stem cells (GSCs) have limited the activity of single agents. Efforts are ongoing to study in depth the complex molecular biology of glioma, develop novel regimens targeting GSCs, and identify biomarkers to stratify patients with the individualized molecular targeted therapy. Here, we review the molecular alterations relevant to the pathology of malignant glioma, review current advances in clinical targeted trials, and discuss the challenges, controversies, and future directions of molecular targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanchong Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Fu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Juxiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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57
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Caruso HG, Hurton LV, Najjar A, Rushworth D, Ang S, Olivares S, Mi T, Switzer K, Singh H, Huls H, Lee DA, Heimberger AB, Champlin RE, Cooper LJN. Tuning Sensitivity of CAR to EGFR Density Limits Recognition of Normal Tissue While Maintaining Potent Antitumor Activity. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3505-18. [PMID: 26330164 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many tumors overexpress tumor-associated antigens relative to normal tissue, such as EGFR. This limits targeting by human T cells modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) due to potential for deleterious recognition of normal cells. We sought to generate CAR(+) T cells capable of distinguishing malignant from normal cells based on the disparate density of EGFR expression by generating two CARs from monoclonal antibodies that differ in affinity. T cells with low-affinity nimotuzumab-CAR selectively targeted cells overexpressing EGFR, but exhibited diminished effector function as the density of EGFR decreased. In contrast, the activation of T cells bearing high-affinity cetuximab-CAR was not affected by the density of EGFR. In summary, we describe the generation of CARs able to tune T-cell activity to the level of EGFR expression in which a CAR with reduced affinity enabled T cells to distinguish malignant from nonmalignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary G Caruso
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Lenka V Hurton
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Amer Najjar
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David Rushworth
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Sonny Ang
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Simon Olivares
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tiejuan Mi
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kirsten Switzer
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Harjeet Singh
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Helen Huls
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dean A Lee
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard E Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Laurence J N Cooper
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas.
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58
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Dong F, Eibach M, Bartsch JW, Dolga AM, Schlomann U, Conrad C, Schieber S, Schilling O, Biniossek ML, Culmsee C, Strik H, Koller G, Carl B, Nimsky C. The metalloprotease-disintegrin ADAM8 contributes to temozolomide chemoresistance and enhanced invasiveness of human glioblastoma cells. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:1474-85. [PMID: 25825051 PMCID: PMC4648299 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite multimodal treatment, glioblastoma (GBM) therapy with temozolomide (TMZ) remains inefficient due to chemoresistance. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM), increased in GBM, could contribute to chemoresistance and TMZ-induced recurrence of glioblastoma. METHODS TMZ inducibility of metalloproteases was determined in GBM cell lines, primary GBM cells, and tissues from GBM and recurrent GBM. TMZ sensitivity and invasiveness of GBM cells were assessed in the presence of the metalloprotease inhibitors batimastat (BB-94) and marimastat (BB-2516). Metalloprotease-dependent effects of TMZ on mitochondria and pAkt/phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2) pathways were analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorting, morphometry, and immunoblotting. Invasiveness of GBM cells was determined by Matrigel invasion assays. Potential metalloprotease substrates were identified by proteomics and tested for invasion using blocking antibodies. RESULTS TMZ induces expression of MMP-1, -9, -14, and ADAM8 in GBM cells and in recurrent GBM tissues. BB-94, but not BB-2516 (ADAM8-sparing) increased TMZ sensitivity of TMZ-resistant and -nonresistant GBM cells with different O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase states, suggesting that ADAM8 mediates chemoresistance, which was confirmed by ADAM8 knockdown, ADAM8 overexpression, or pharmacological inhibition of ADAM8. Levels of pAkt and pERK1/2 were increased in GBM cells and correlated with ADAM8 expression, cell survival, and invasiveness. Soluble hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) R/c-met and CD44 were identified as metalloprotease substrates in TMZ-treated GBM cells. Blocking of HGF R/c-met prevented TMZ-induced invasiveness. CONCLUSIONS ADAM8 causes TMZ resistance in GBM cells by enhancing pAkt/PI3K, pERK1/2, and cleavage of CD44 and HGF R/c-met. Specific ADAM8 inhibition can optimize TMZ chemotherapy of GBM in order to prevent formation of recurrent GBM in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amalia M. Dolga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (F.D., M.E., J.W.B., U.S., C.Co., S.S., B.C., C.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China (F.D.); Philipps-University Marburg, Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Marburg, Germany (A.M.D., C.Cu.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S., M.L.B.); BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S.); Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (H.S.); Biomaterials, Biomimetics and Biophotonics Research Group, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom (G.K.)
| | - Uwe Schlomann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (F.D., M.E., J.W.B., U.S., C.Co., S.S., B.C., C.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China (F.D.); Philipps-University Marburg, Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Marburg, Germany (A.M.D., C.Cu.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S., M.L.B.); BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S.); Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (H.S.); Biomaterials, Biomimetics and Biophotonics Research Group, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom (G.K.)
| | - Catharina Conrad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (F.D., M.E., J.W.B., U.S., C.Co., S.S., B.C., C.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China (F.D.); Philipps-University Marburg, Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Marburg, Germany (A.M.D., C.Cu.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S., M.L.B.); BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S.); Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (H.S.); Biomaterials, Biomimetics and Biophotonics Research Group, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom (G.K.)
| | - Susanne Schieber
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (F.D., M.E., J.W.B., U.S., C.Co., S.S., B.C., C.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China (F.D.); Philipps-University Marburg, Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Marburg, Germany (A.M.D., C.Cu.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S., M.L.B.); BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S.); Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (H.S.); Biomaterials, Biomimetics and Biophotonics Research Group, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom (G.K.)
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (F.D., M.E., J.W.B., U.S., C.Co., S.S., B.C., C.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China (F.D.); Philipps-University Marburg, Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Marburg, Germany (A.M.D., C.Cu.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S., M.L.B.); BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S.); Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (H.S.); Biomaterials, Biomimetics and Biophotonics Research Group, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom (G.K.)
| | - Martin L. Biniossek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (F.D., M.E., J.W.B., U.S., C.Co., S.S., B.C., C.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China (F.D.); Philipps-University Marburg, Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Marburg, Germany (A.M.D., C.Cu.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S., M.L.B.); BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S.); Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (H.S.); Biomaterials, Biomimetics and Biophotonics Research Group, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom (G.K.)
| | - Carsten Culmsee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (F.D., M.E., J.W.B., U.S., C.Co., S.S., B.C., C.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China (F.D.); Philipps-University Marburg, Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Marburg, Germany (A.M.D., C.Cu.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S., M.L.B.); BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S.); Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (H.S.); Biomaterials, Biomimetics and Biophotonics Research Group, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom (G.K.)
| | - Herwig Strik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (F.D., M.E., J.W.B., U.S., C.Co., S.S., B.C., C.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China (F.D.); Philipps-University Marburg, Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Marburg, Germany (A.M.D., C.Cu.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S., M.L.B.); BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S.); Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (H.S.); Biomaterials, Biomimetics and Biophotonics Research Group, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom (G.K.)
| | - Garrit Koller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (F.D., M.E., J.W.B., U.S., C.Co., S.S., B.C., C.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China (F.D.); Philipps-University Marburg, Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Marburg, Germany (A.M.D., C.Cu.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S., M.L.B.); BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S.); Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (H.S.); Biomaterials, Biomimetics and Biophotonics Research Group, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom (G.K.)
| | - Barbara Carl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (F.D., M.E., J.W.B., U.S., C.Co., S.S., B.C., C.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China (F.D.); Philipps-University Marburg, Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Marburg, Germany (A.M.D., C.Cu.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S., M.L.B.); BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S.); Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (H.S.); Biomaterials, Biomimetics and Biophotonics Research Group, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom (G.K.)
| | - Christopher Nimsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (F.D., M.E., J.W.B., U.S., C.Co., S.S., B.C., C.N.); Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China (F.D.); Philipps-University Marburg, Institute for Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Marburg, Germany (A.M.D., C.Cu.); Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S., M.L.B.); BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany (O.S.); Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany (H.S.); Biomaterials, Biomimetics and Biophotonics Research Group, King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom (G.K.)
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Lee J, Narang S, Martinez JJ, Rao G, Rao A. Associating spatial diversity features of radiologically defined tumor habitats with epidermal growth factor receptor driver status and 12-month survival in glioblastoma: methods and preliminary investigation. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2015; 2:041006. [PMID: 26835490 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.2.4.041006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the spatial diversity of tumor habitats, regions with distinctly different intensity characteristics of a tumor, using various measurements of habitat diversity within tumor regions. These features were then used for investigating the association with a 12-month survival status in glioblastoma (GBM) patients and for the identification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-driven tumors. T1 postcontrast and T2 fluid attenuated inversion recovery images from 65 GBM patients were analyzed in this study. A total of 36 spatial diversity features were obtained based on pixel abundances within regions of interest. Performance in both the classification tasks was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. For association with 12-month overall survival, area under the ROC curve was 0.74 with confidence intervals [0.630 to 0.858]. The sensitivity and specificity at the optimal operating point ([Formula: see text]) on the ROC were 0.59 and 0.75, respectively. For the identification of EGFR-driven tumors, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.85 with confidence intervals [0.750 to 0.945]. The sensitivity and specificity at the optimal operating point ([Formula: see text]) on the ROC were 0.76 and 0.83, respectively. Our findings suggest that these spatial habitat diversity features are associated with these clinical characteristics and could be a useful prognostic tool for magnetic resonance imaging studies of patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonsang Lee
- University of Texas , MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Shivali Narang
- University of Texas , MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Juan J Martinez
- University of Texas , MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Ganesh Rao
- University of Texas , MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Neurosurgery, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Arvind Rao
- University of Texas , MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Kim SS, Harford JB, Pirollo KF, Chang EH. Effective treatment of glioblastoma requires crossing the blood-brain barrier and targeting tumors including cancer stem cells: The promise of nanomedicine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:485-9. [PMID: 26116770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and lethal type of brain tumor. Both therapeutic resistance and restricted permeation of drugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) play a major role in the poor prognosis of GBM patients. Accumulated evidence suggests that in many human cancers, including GBM, therapeutic resistance can be attributed to a small fraction of cancer cells known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs have been shown to have stem cell-like properties that enable them to evade traditional cytotoxic therapies, and so new CSC-directed anti-cancer therapies are needed. Nanoparticles have been designed to selectively deliver payloads to relevant target cells in the body, and there is considerable interest in the use of nanoparticles for CSC-directed anti-cancer therapies. Recent advances in the field of nanomedicine offer new possibilities for overcoming CSC-mediated therapeutic resistance and thus significantly improving management of GBM. In this review, we will examine the current nanomedicine approaches for targeting CSCs and their therapeutic implications. The inhibitory effect of various nanoparticle-based drug delivery system towards CSCs in GBM tumors is the primary focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Soo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Kathleen F Pirollo
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Esther H Chang
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Ilkhanizadeh S, Lau J, Huang M, Foster DJ, Wong R, Frantz A, Wang S, Weiss WA, Persson AI. Glial progenitors as targets for transformation in glioma. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:1-65. [PMID: 24889528 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor and arises throughout the central nervous system. Recent focus on stem-like glioma cells has implicated neural stem cells (NSCs), a minor precursor population restricted to germinal zones, as a potential source of gliomas. In this review, we focus on the relationship between oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), the largest population of cycling glial progenitors in the postnatal brain, and gliomagenesis. OPCs can give rise to gliomas, with signaling pathways associated with NSCs also playing key roles during OPC lineage development. Gliomas can also undergo a switch from progenitor- to stem-like phenotype after therapy, consistent with an OPC-origin even for stem-like gliomas. Future in-depth studies of OPC biology may shed light on the etiology of OPC-derived gliomas and reveal new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Ilkhanizadeh
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jasmine Lau
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miller Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Foster
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robyn Wong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aaron Frantz
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anders I Persson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Messaoudi K, Clavreul A, Lagarce F. Toward an effective strategy in glioblastoma treatment. Part I: resistance mechanisms and strategies to overcome resistance of glioblastoma to temozolomide. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:899-905. [PMID: 25744176 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a devastating disease and the most lethal of adult brain tumors. Treatment is based on surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy by oral temozolomide (TMZ), which is the most potent chemotherapy agent for the treatment of GBM. Despite TMZ efficiency, the prognosis of these tumors remains poor. This is because of inherent or acquired resistance of glioma tumor cells to TMZ. This resistance is caused by DNA repair enzyme activity, overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), galectin-1, murine double minute 2 (Mdm2), p53 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mutations. Many strategies to overcome this resistance have been developed. In this review, we will describe the main mechanisms of GBM resistance to TMZ and different strategies developed to reverse the phenotype of these tumor cells. Finally, we will discuss the drawbacks and limitations of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Messaoudi
- LUNAM Université, Angers, France; Inserm U1066, Micro et Nanomedecines Biomimétiques, IBS, Angers Cedex 9, France
| | - Anne Clavreul
- LUNAM Université, Angers, France; Inserm U1066, Micro et Nanomedecines Biomimétiques, IBS, Angers Cedex 9, France
| | - Frédéric Lagarce
- LUNAM Université, Angers, France; Inserm U1066, Micro et Nanomedecines Biomimétiques, IBS, Angers Cedex 9, France; Service Pharmacie, CHU Angers, France.
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Meng J, Liu Y, Gao S, Lin S, Gu X, Pomper MG, Wang PC, Shan L. A bivalent recombinant immunotoxin with high potency against tumors with EGFR and EGFRvIII expression. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:1764-74. [PMID: 26467217 PMCID: PMC4847807 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1095403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
EGFR and EGFRvIII are overexpressed in various types of cancer, serving as optimal targets for cancer therapy. Capitalizing on the high specificity of humanized antibody 806 (mAb806) to the EGFR and EGFRvIII overexpressed in cancer, we designed and generated a bivalent recombinant immunotoxin (RIT, DT390-BiscFv806) by fusing the mAb806-derived bivalent single-chain variable fragment with a diphtheria toxin fragment, DT390. In vitro, DT390-BiscFv806 efficiently internalized into the cells and exhibited high cytotoxicity against the U87 glioblastoma cells and the EGFRvIII-transfected U87 (U87-EGFRvIII) cells with a half maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) of 1.47 nM and 2.26 × 10(-4) nM, respectively. Notably, DT390-BiscFv806 was 4 orders of magnitude more potent against the U87-EGFRvIII cells than against the parent U87 cells. The cytotoxicity against a group of 6 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines were further analyzed, showing an IC50 ranging from 0.24 nM to 156 nM, depending on the expression level of EGFR/EGFRvIII. In animals, the U87-EGFRvIII tumor xenografts grew extremely faster than the parental U87, and systemic administration of DT390-BiscFv806 significantly inhibited the growth of established U87-EGFRvIII and U87 tumor xenografts, showing a growth inhibition rate of 76.3% (59.82-96.2%) and 59.4% (31.5-76.0%), respectively. In pathology, the RIT-treated tumors exhibited a low mitotic activity and a large number of degenerative tumor cells, compared with the control tumors. The results indicate that DT390-BiscFv806 is promising for treatment of various types of cancer, especially for those with high EGFR expression or with EGFR and EGFRvIII co-expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Meng
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory; Department of Radiology; Howard University; Washington, DC USA
| | | | | | - Stephen Lin
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory; Department of Radiology; Howard University; Washington, DC USA
| | - Xinbin Gu
- College of Dentistry; Howard University; Washington, DC USA
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Department of Radiology; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Paul C Wang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory; Department of Radiology; Howard University; Washington, DC USA
- Department of Physics; Fu Jen Catholic University; New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Liang Shan
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory; Department of Radiology; Howard University; Washington, DC USA
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Kiesgen S, Arndt MAE, Körber C, Arnold U, Weber T, Halama N, Keller A, Bötticher B, Schlegelmilch A, Liebers N, Cremer M, Herold-Mende C, Dyckhoff G, Federspil PA, Jensen AD, Jäger D, Kontermann RE, Mier W, Krauss J. An EGF receptor targeting Ranpirnase-diabody fusion protein mediates potent antitumour activity in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2014; 357:364-373. [PMID: 25434798 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic ribonucleases such as the leopard frog derivative Ranpirnase (Onconase(®)) have emerged as a valuable new class of cancer therapeutics. Clinical trials employing single agent Ranpirnase in cancer patients have demonstrated significant clinical activity and surprisingly low immunogenicity. However, dose-limiting toxicity due to unspecific uptake of the RNase into non-cancerous cells is reached at relatively low concentrations of > 1 mg/m(2). We have in the present study generated a dimeric anti-EGFR Ranpirnase-diabody fusion protein capable to deliver two Ranpirnase moieties per molecule to EGFR-positive tumour cells. We show that this compound mediated far superior efficacy for killing EGFR-positive tumour cells than a monomeric counterpart. Most importantly, cell killing was restricted to EGFR-positive target cells and no dose-limiting toxicity of Ranpirnase-diabody was observed in mice. These data indicate that by targeted delivery of Ranpirnase non-selective toxicity can be abolished and suggests Ranpirnase-diabody as a promising new drug for therapeutic interventions in EGFR-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kiesgen
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Michaela A E Arndt
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Immunotherapy Program, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Christoph Körber
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Ulrich Arnold
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Tobias Weber
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Niels Halama
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Armin Keller
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Benedikt Bötticher
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Anne Schlegelmilch
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Nora Liebers
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Martin Cremer
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Molecular Cell Biology Group, ENT Department, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Gerhard Dyckhoff
- Molecular Cell Biology Group, ENT Department, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Philippe A Federspil
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Alexandra D Jensen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Roland E Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jürgen Krauss
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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Hamm R, Zeino M, Frewert S, Efferth T. Up-regulation of cholesterol associated genes as novel resistance mechanism in glioblastoma cells in response to archazolid B. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 281:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Iida M, Brand TM, Starr MM, Huppert EJ, Luthar N, Bahrar H, Coan JP, Pearson HE, Salgia R, Wheeler DL. Overcoming acquired resistance to cetuximab by dual targeting HER family receptors with antibody-based therapy. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:242. [PMID: 25344208 PMCID: PMC4283113 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cetuximab, an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody, is used to treat several cancers. However, many patients who initially respond to cetuximab acquire resistance. To examine mechanisms of acquired resistance, we developed a series of cetuximab-resistant (CtxR) clones derived from the cetuximab sensitive (CtxS) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line H226. Previous studies characterizing this model revealed that: 1) EGFR was robustly overexpressed in CtxR clones due to decreased EGFR ubiquitination and degradation and 2) CtxR clones expressed increased HER2 and HER3 activation resulting in constitutive activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling axis. These findings suggest that dual targeting HER family receptors would be highly beneficial in the CtxR setting. Results Since HER3 has been implicated in resistance to EGFR inhibitors, the efficacy of dually targeting both EGFR and HER3 in CtxR models was evaluated. First, EGFR and HER3 expression were knocked down with siRNAs. Compared to the CtxS parental cell line (HP), all CtxR clones exhibited robust decreases in cell proliferation upon dual knockdown. Analysis of CtxR clones indicated that neuregulin-1 was highly overexpressed compared to HP cells. Incubation of HP cells with neuregulin-1 rendered them resistant to cetuximab. Next, dual treatment of CtxR clones with cetuximab and the HER3 neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) U3-1287 led to potent anti-proliferative effects. Blockade of EGFR with cetuximab resulted in inactivation of MAPK, while blockade of HER3 with U3-1287 resulted in the inactivation of AKT. Treatment with both mAbs resulted in knockdown of both signaling pathways simultaneously. HER2 was also strongly inactivated upon dual mAb therapy, suggesting that this treatment regimen can diminish signaling from three HER family receptors. De novo CtxR H226 mouse xenografts were established to determine if dual therapy could overcome acquired resistance to cetuximab in vivo. Tumors that had acquired resistance to cetuximab were significantly growth delayed upon dual treatment of U3-1287 and cetuximab compared to those continued on cetuximab only. Combinatorial-treated xenograft tumors expressed decreased Ki67 and increased cleaved caspase-3 levels compared to tumors treated with either monotherapy. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that dually targeting HER family receptors with antibody-based therapies can overcome acquired resistance to cetuximab.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Deric L Wheeler
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Ave,, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Keunen O, Taxt T, Grüner R, Lund-Johansen M, Tonn JC, Pavlin T, Bjerkvig R, Niclou SP, Thorsen F. Multimodal imaging of gliomas in the context of evolving cellular and molecular therapies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 76:98-115. [PMID: 25078721 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The vast majority of malignant gliomas relapse after surgery and standard radio-chemotherapy. Novel molecular and cellular therapies are thus being developed, targeting specific aspects of tumor growth. While histopathology remains the gold standard for tumor classification, neuroimaging has over the years taken a central role in the diagnosis and treatment follow up of brain tumors. It is used to detect and localize lesions, define the target area for biopsies, plan surgical and radiation interventions and assess tumor progression and treatment outcome. In recent years the application of novel drugs including anti-angiogenic agents that affect the tumor vasculature, has drastically modulated the outcome of brain tumor imaging. To properly evaluate the effects of emerging experimental therapies and successfully support treatment decisions, neuroimaging will have to evolve. Multi-modal imaging systems with existing and new contrast agents, molecular tracers, technological advances and advanced data analysis can all contribute to the establishment of disease relevant biomarkers that will improve disease management and patient care. In this review, we address the challenges of glioma imaging in the context of novel molecular and cellular therapies, and take a prospective look at emerging experimental and pre-clinical imaging techniques that bear the promise of meeting these challenges.
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Sabancι PA, Ergüven M, Yazιhan N, Aktaş E, Aras Y, Civelek E, Aydoseli A, Imer M, Gürtekin M, Bilir A. Sorafenib and lithium chloride combination treatment shows promising synergistic effects in human glioblastoma multiforme cells in vitro but midkine is not implicated. Neurol Res 2014; 36:189-97. [PMID: 24512012 DOI: 10.1179/1743132813y.0000000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to test the effects of the new combination treatment modality, sorafenib (SOR) and lithium chloride (LiCl) and to assess whether midkine (MK) protein has a role in any potential effects. METHODS Monolayer and spheroid cultures of T98G human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells were treated with LiCl and SOR (inhibition concentration 50 value = 100 μM), or their combination, or were left untreated (control). Cell proliferation and apoptotic indices, the mechanism of action, and the levels of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins were evaluated in monolayer cultures and ultrastructure was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in spheroid cultures after for 72 hours. RESULTS All drug applications decreased cell numbers and increased the apoptotic index. The combination shows a synergistic effect. In the combination group, the decrease in cell numbers and the increase in the apoptotic index were significantly greater than with the individual drugs (P < 0.01). The combination treatment led to the greatest decreases in MRP-1 and p170 levels; but the greatest decreases in p-STAT-3, p-ERK (P < 0.05), p-AKT, p-GSK-3-beta (P < 0.01), EGFR (P < 0.01), NF-kappa-β levels were with SOR alone, followed by the combination. The decreases in MK levels in the SOR and combination groups were similar (P = 0.06). Severe ultrastructural damage was more frequently observed in the combination group compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the possibility that the addition of LiCl to SOR could improve the prognosis in at least some patients who need both cancer and psychotherapy and indicate the need for further studies.
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A pilot study on EGFR-targeted molecular imaging of PET/CT With 11C-PD153035 in human gliomas. Clin Nucl Med 2014; 39:e20-6. [PMID: 24335566 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0b013e3182a23b73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
11C-PD153035, a potent and specific ATP-competitive tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) of the EGF receptor, has been developed for PET imaging of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in lung cancer. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship of the accumulation of 11C-PD153035 and the EGFR expression level in human gliomas and to explore whether 11C-PD153035 can be used in the molecular imaging of glioma with EGFR overexpression. Eleven patients with histopathologically proven gliomas underwent 11C-PD153035 PET/CT examination before surgery. Combining MRI with the 11C-PD153035 PET/CT image, 2 specimens from different C-PD153035 uptake regions of each tumor and adjacent normal brain tissue were selected as the biopsy targets through the stereotactic technique. The radioactivity concentrations were analyzed as the mathematical maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) in region of interest (ROI). The EGFR expression in the biopsied tissues was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining (IHC) and western blotting. The SUVmax/WM (11C-PD153035 uptake in the white matter of the contralateral normal hemisphere) ratio was used to indicate the EGFR expression level in the ROI in PET/CT, and it was correlated with the EGFR expression detected by IHC and western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that 6 of the 8 patients with glioblastoma (GBM) were obviously visualized by 11C-PD153035 PET/CT, whereas 2 patients with GBM, 1 with anaplastic astrocytoma, and 2 with oligodendroglioma did not show significant 11C-PD153035 uptake. There were positive correlations between the SUVmax/WM and the results of IHC (r = 0.955, P < 0.01) and western blotting(r = 0.889, P < 0.010). Our preliminary findings suggest that 11C-PD153035 PET/CT is a promising method for the EGFR-targeted molecular imaging of human GBM, which may be translated into the clinic to select the appropriate population of patients for EGFR-targeted therapy and to assess the early targeted therapeutic response of malignant gliomas.
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Activation of EGFR signaling from pilocytic astrocytomas to glioblastomas. Int J Biol Markers 2014; 29:e69-77. [PMID: 24170555 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION EGFR analyses allow for better correlation between genotype and phenotype in astrocytomas and represent an attractive therapeutic target. Most studies emphasize analyses of EGFR in glioblastomas (GBMs) but do not analyze all grades of astrocytomas (from pilocytic to GBM). The purpose of our study was to evaluate the status of EGFR (expression, deletion, and amplification) and EGFR protein expression in all grades of astrocytomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed a total of 145 surgical tumor specimens that included: 22 pilocytic astrocytomas, 22 grade II astrocytomas, 17 grade III astrocytomas and 84 GBMs. The specimens were compared to 17 non-neoplastic brain tissues obtained from epilepsy surgery. EGFR expression, EGFR amplification and EGFRvIII analyses were performed by quantitative real-time PCR, and protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS EGFR relative overexpression and EGFR amplification were observed, respectively, in 50% and 20% of astrocytomas, while EGFRvIII was only found in GBMs (34.5%, p=0.005). Amongst EGFR-amplified GBM cases, 59% also presented EGFRvIII (p<0.001). Cytoplasmic accumulation of EGFR protein was detected in 75% of astrocytomas, and 21% of the astrocytomas showed nuclear localization (p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS EGFR alterations were found in all grades of astrocytomas, from pilocytic to GBMs, while EGFRvIII was exclusively found in GBMs. These findings provide important information on the mechanisms involved in the progression of astrocytomas for determining whether EGFR status can be used for effective and specific therapy.
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Morales M, Ávila J, González-Fernández R, Boronat L, Soriano ML, Martín-Vasallo P. Differential transcriptome profile of peripheral white cells to identify biomarkers involved in oxaliplatin induced neuropathy. J Pers Med 2014; 4:282-96. [PMID: 25563226 PMCID: PMC4263976 DOI: 10.3390/jpm4020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticancer chemotherapy (CT) produces non-desirable effects on normal healthy cells and tissues. Oxaliplatin is widely used in the treatment of colorectal cancer and responsible for the development of sensory neuropathy in varying degrees, from complete tolerance to chronic neuropathic symptoms. We studied the differential gene expression of peripheral leukocytes in patients receiving oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy to find genes and pathways involved in oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Circulating white cells were obtained prior and after three cycles of FOLFOX or CAPOX chemotherapy from two groups of patients: with or without neuropathy. RNA was purified, and transcriptomes were analyzed. Differential transcriptomics revealed a total of 502 genes, which were significantly up- or down-regulated as a result of chemotherapy treatment. Nine of those genes were expressed in only one of two situations: CSHL1, GH1, KCMF1, IL36G and EFCAB8 turned off after CT, and CSRP2, IQGAP1, GNRH2, SMIM1 and C5orf17 turned on after CT. These genes are likely to be associated with the onset of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. The quantification of their expression in peripheral white cells may help to predict non-desirable side effects and, consequently, allow a better, more personalized chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Morales
- Service of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38010 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Julio Ávila
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Rebeca González-Fernández
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
| | - Laia Boronat
- Service of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38010 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - María Luisa Soriano
- Service of Oncology, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 38010 Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Pablo Martín-Vasallo
- Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Laguna, Av. Astrofísico Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Spain.
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Glutamate as chemotactic fuel for diffuse glioma cells: are they glutamate suckers? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:66-74. [PMID: 24747768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas comprise a group of primary brain tumors that originate from glial (precursor) cells and present as a variety of malignancy grades which have in common that they grow by diffuse infiltration. This phenotype complicates treatment enormously as it precludes curative surgery and radiotherapy. Furthermore, diffusely infiltrating glioma cells often hide behind a functional blood-brain barrier, hampering delivery of systemically administered therapeutic and diagnostic compounds to the tumor cells. The present review addresses the biological mechanisms that underlie the diffuse infiltrative phenotype, knowledge of which may improve treatment strategies for this disastrous tumor type. The invasive phenotype is specific for glioma: most other brain tumor types, both primary and metastatic, grow as delineated lesions. Differences between the genetic make-up of glioma and that of other tumor types may therefore help to unravel molecular pathways, involved in diffuse infiltrative growth. One such difference concerns mutations in the NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1 and IDH2) genes, which occur in >80% of cases of low grade glioma and secondary glioblastoma. In this review we present a novel hypothesis which links IDH1 and IDH2 mutations to glutamate metabolism, possibly explaining the specific biological behavior of diffuse glioma.
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Zhang KL, Zhou X, Han L, Chen LY, Chen LC, Shi ZD, Yang M, Ren Y, Yang JX, Frank TS, Zhang CB, Zhang JX, Pu PY, Zhang JN, Jiang T, Wagner EJ, Li M, Kang CS. MicroRNA-566 activates EGFR signaling and its inhibition sensitizes glioblastoma cells to nimotuzumab. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:63. [PMID: 24650032 PMCID: PMC3999939 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is amplified in 40% of human glioblastomas. However, most glioblastoma patients respond poorly to anti-EGFR therapy. MicroRNAs can function as either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, and have been shown to play an important role in cancer cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis. Whether microRNAs can impact the therapeutic effects of EGFR inhibitors in glioblastoma is unknown. Methods miR-566 expression levels were detected in glioma cell lines, using real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Luciferase reporter assays and Western blots were used to validate VHL as a direct target gene of miR-566. Cell proliferation, invasion, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were also examined to confirm whether miR-566 inhibition could sensitize anti-EGFR therapy. Results In this study, we demonstrated that miR-566 is up-regulated in human glioma cell lines and inhibition of miR-566 decreased the activity of the EGFR pathway. Lentiviral mediated inhibition of miR-566 in glioblastoma cell lines significantly inhibited cell proliferation and invasion and led to cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. In addition, we identified von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) as a novel functional target of miR-566. VHL regulates the formation of the β-catenin/hypoxia-inducible factors-1α complex under miR-566 regulation. Conclusions miR-566 activated EGFR signaling and its inhibition sensitized glioblastoma cells to anti-EGFR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric J Wagner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute; Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin 300052, China.
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Host matrix modulation by tumor exosomes promotes motility and invasiveness. Neoplasia 2014; 15:875-87. [PMID: 23908589 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are important intercellular communicators, where tumor exosomes (TEX) severely influence hematopoiesis and premetastatic organ cells. With the extracellular matrix (ECM) being an essential constituent of non-transformed tissues and tumors, we asked whether exosomes from a metastatic rat tumor also affect the organization of the ECM and whether this has consequences on host and tumor cell motility. TEX bind to individual components of the ECM, the preferential partner depending on the exosomes' adhesion molecule profile such that high CD44 expression is accompanied by hyaluronic acid binding and high α6β4 expression by laminin (LN) 332 binding, which findings were confirmed by antibody blocking. TEX can bind to the tumor matrix already during exosome delivery but also come in contact with distinct organ matrices. Being rich in proteases, TEX modulate the ECM as demonstrated for degradation of collagens, LNs, and fibronectin. Matrix degradation by TEX has severe consequences on tumor and host cell adhesion, motility, and invasiveness. By ECM degradation, TEX also promote host cell proliferation and apoptosis resistance. Taken together, the host tissue ECM modulation by TEX is an important factor in the cross talk between a tumor and the host including premetastatic niche preparation and the recruitment of hematopoietic cells. Reorganization of the ECM by exosomes likely also contributes to organogenesis, physiological and pathologic angiogenesis, wound healing, and clotting after vessel disruption.
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Choi EJ, Cho BJ, Lee DJ, Hwang YH, Chun SH, Kim HH, Kim IA. Enhanced cytotoxic effect of radiation and temozolomide in malignant glioma cells: targeting PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling, HSP90 and histone deacetylases. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:17. [PMID: 24418474 PMCID: PMC3910677 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite aggressive treatment with radiation therapy and concurrent adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ), glioblastoma multiform (GBM) still has a dismal prognosis. We aimed to identify strategies to improve the therapeutic outcome of combined radiotherapy and TMZ in GBM by targeting pro-survival signaling from the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Methods Glioma cell lines U251, T98G were used. Colony formation, DNA damage repair, mode of cell death, invasion, migration and vasculogenic mimicry as well as protein expression were determined. Results U251 cells showing a low level of methyl guanine transferase (MGMT) were highly responsive to the radiosensitizing effect of TMZ compared to T98G cells having a high level of MGMT. Treatment with a dual inhibitor of Class I PI3K/mTOR, PI103; a HSP90 inhibitor, 17-DMAG; or a HDAC inhibitor, LBH589, further increased the cytotoxic effect of radiation therapy plus TMZ in U251 cells than in T98G cells. However, treatment with a mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, did not discernibly potentiate the radiosensitizing effect of TMZ in either cell line. The mechanism of enhanced radiosensitizing effects of TMZ was multifactorial, involving impaired DNA damage repair, induction of autophagy or apoptosis, and reversion of EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition). Conclusions Our results suggest possible strategies for counteracting the pro-survival signaling from EGFR to improve the therapeutic outcome of combined radiotherapy and TMZ for high-grade gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - In Ah Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 166 Gumiro, Bundanggu, Seongnamsi Kyeonggido, South Korea.
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Linhares P, Martinho O, Carvalho B, Castro L, Lopes JM, Vaz R, Reis RM. Analysis of a synchronous gliosarcoma and meningioma with long survival: A case report and review of the literature. Surg Neurol Int 2014; 4:151. [PMID: 24381794 PMCID: PMC3872647 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.122229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The simultaneous occurrence of multiple intracranial neoplasms has been reported, especially in genetic familial syndromes and after cranial irradiation. In the absence of these etiologic factors, some reports showed simultaneous occurrence of glioblastoma and meningioma but the association between gliosarcoma and meningioma is unknown. Case Description: We report a case of a 51-year-old woman with synchronous gliosarcoma and meningioma in whom extensive immunohistochemical characterization and molecular profile was performed. The gliosarcoma recurred 21 months after the first resection, reaching 3 years of overall survival. A molecular characterization of all three lesions was performed. None of the lesions showed the presence of mutations in TP53 and BRAF genes. MGMT analysis showed the presence of loss of expression associated with promoter hypermethylation in both gliosarcoma lesions. EGFR overexpression and gene amplification was found only in the recurrent gliosarcoma. Conclusion: The immunohistochemistry and molecular data of this unique case, suggest the distinct clonal origin of meningioma and gliosarcoma lesions, and the association of MGMT methylation with the presumable favorable prognosis observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Linhares
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal ; Medical Faculty of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Olga Martinho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bruno Carvalho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal ; Medical Faculty of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lígia Castro
- Department of Pathology, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- Department of Pathology, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal ; Medical Faculty of Porto University, Porto, Portugal ; Medical Faculty of Porto University, IPATIMUP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Vaz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital S. João, Porto, Portugal ; Medical Faculty of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal ; Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, S. Paulo, Brazil ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Gao Q, Lei T, Ye F. Therapeutic targeting of EGFR-activated metabolic pathways in glioblastoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1023-40. [PMID: 23731170 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.806484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The highly divergent histological heterogeneities, aggressive invasion and extremely poor response to treatment make glioblastoma (GBM) one of the most lethal and difficult cancers in humans. Among key elements driving its behavior is epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), however, neither traditional therapy including neurosurgery, radiation, temozolomide, nor targeted EGFR therapeutics in clinic has generated promising results to date. Strategies are now focusing on blocking the downstream EGFR-activated metabolic pathways and the key phosphorylated kinases. AREAS COVERED Here, we review two major EGFR-activated downstream metabolic pathways including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MAPK pathways and their key phosphorylated kinase alterations in GBMs. This review also discusses potential pharmacological progress from bench work to clinical trials in order to evaluate specific inhibitors as well as therapeutics targeting PI3K and RAS signaling pathways. EXPERT OPINION Several factors impede clinical progress in targeting GBM, including the high rates of acquired resistance, heterogeneity within and across the tumors, complexity of signaling pathways and difficulty in traversing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Substantial insight into genetic and molecular pathways and strategies to better tap the potential of these agents include rational combinatorial regimens and molecular phenotype-based patient enrichment, each of which will undoubtedly generate new therapeutic approaches to combat these devastating disabilities in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglei Gao
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Cancer Biology Research Center, wuhan, China
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Pozo N, Zahonero C, Fernández P, Liñares JM, Ayuso A, Hagiwara M, Pérez A, Ricoy JR, Hernández-Laín A, Sepúlveda JM, Sánchez-Gómez P. Inhibition of DYRK1A destabilizes EGFR and reduces EGFR-dependent glioblastoma growth. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2475-87. [PMID: 23635774 PMCID: PMC3668845 DOI: 10.1172/jci63623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are very aggressive tumors that are resistant to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy. New molecular therapeutic strategies are required to effectively eliminate the subpopulation of GBM tumor-initiating cells that are responsible for relapse. Since EGFR is altered in 50% of GBMs, it represents one of the most promising targets; however, EGFR kinase inhibitors have produced poor results in clinical assays, with no clear explanation for the observed resistance. We uncovered a fundamental role for the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase, DYRK1A, in regulating EGFR in GBMs. We found that DYRK1A was highly expressed in these tumors and that its expression was correlated with that of EGFR. Moreover, DYRK1A inhibition promoted EGFR degradation in primary GBM cell lines and neural progenitor cells, sharply reducing the self-renewal capacity of normal and tumorigenic cells. Most importantly, our data suggest that a subset of GBMs depends on high surface EGFR levels, as DYRK1A inhibition compromised their survival and produced a profound decrease in tumor burden. We propose that the recovery of EGFR stability is a key oncogenic event in a large proportion of gliomas and that pharmacological inhibition of DYRK1A could represent a promising therapeutic intervention for EGFR-dependent GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad Pozo
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Zahonero
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Liñares
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Ayuso
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Pérez
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose R. Ricoy
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelio Hernández-Laín
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M. Sepúlveda
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Sánchez-Gómez
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III-UFIEC, Madrid, Spain.
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad CEU-San
Pablo, Madrid, Spain. Brain Tumor Laboratory, Centro Integral
Oncológico Clara Campal, Hospital de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Unidad Multidisciplinar de
Neurooncología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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Talasila KM, Soentgerath A, Euskirchen P, Rosland GV, Wang J, Huszthy PC, Prestegarden L, Skaftnesmo KO, Sakariassen PØ, Eskilsson E, Stieber D, Keunen O, Brekka N, Moen I, Nigro JM, Vintermyr OK, Lund-Johansen M, Niclou S, Mørk SJ, Enger PØ, Bjerkvig R, Miletic H. EGFR wild-type amplification and activation promote invasion and development of glioblastoma independent of angiogenesis. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:683-98. [PMID: 23429996 PMCID: PMC3631314 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is regarded as a hallmark of cancer progression and it has been postulated that solid tumor growth depends on angiogenesis. At present, however, it is clear that tumor cell invasion can occur without angiogenesis, a phenomenon that is particularly evident by the infiltrative growth of malignant brain tumors, such as glioblastomas (GBMs). In these tumors, amplification or overexpression of wild-type (wt) or truncated and constitutively activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are regarded as important events in GBM development, where the complex downstream signaling events have been implicated in tumor cell invasion, angiogenesis and proliferation. Here, we show that amplification and in particular activation of wild-type EGFR represents an underlying mechanism for non-angiogenic, invasive tumor growth. Using a clinically relevant human GBM xenograft model, we show that tumor cells with EGFR gene amplification and activation diffusely infiltrate normal brain tissue independent of angiogenesis and that transient inhibition of EGFR activity by cetuximab inhibits the invasive tumor growth. Moreover, stable, long-term expression of a dominant-negative EGFR leads to a mesenchymal to epithelial-like transition and induction of angiogenic tumor growth. Analysis of human GBM biopsies confirmed that EGFR activation correlated with invasive/non-angiogenic tumor growth. In conclusion, our results indicate that activation of wild-type EGFR promotes invasion and glioblastoma development independent of angiogenesis, whereas loss of its activity results in angiogenic tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M. Talasila
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anke Soentgerath
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Cologne Merheim, 51109 Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Euskirchen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Gro V. Rosland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Peter C. Huszthy
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Prestegarden
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Dermatology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kai Ove Skaftnesmo
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Eskil Eskilsson
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniel Stieber
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, CRP-Santé, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Olivier Keunen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, CRP-Santé, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Narve Brekka
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Moen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Janice M. Nigro
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Olav K. Vintermyr
- Department of Pathology, The Gade Institute, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Morten Lund-Johansen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Institute of Surgical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Simone Niclou
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, CRP-Santé, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Sverre J. Mørk
- Department of Pathology, The Gade Institute, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Øyvind Enger
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, CRP-Santé, 1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Pathology, The Gade Institute, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei 65, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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Abstract
Glioma is a heterogeneous disease process with differential histology and treatment response. It was previously thought that the histological features of glial tumors indicated their cell of origin. However, the discovery of continuous neuro-gliogenesis in the normal adult brain and the identification of brain tumor stem cells within glioma have led to the hypothesis that these brain tumors originate from multipotent neural stem or progenitor cells, which primarily divide asymmetrically during the postnatal period. Asymmetric cell division allows these cell types to concurrently self-renew whilst also producing cells for the differentiation pathway. It has recently been shown that increased symmetrical cell division, favoring the self-renewal pathway, leads to oligodendroglioma formation from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In contrast, there is some evidence that asymmetric cell division maintenance in tumor stem-like cells within astrocytoma may lead to acquisition of treatment resistance. Therefore cell division mode in normal brain stem and progenitor cells may play a role in setting tumorigenic potential and the type of tumor formed. Moreover, heterogeneous tumor cell populations and their respective cell division mode may confer differential sensitivity to therapy. This review aims to shed light on the controllers of cell division mode which may be therapeutically targeted to prevent glioma formation and improve treatment response.
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81
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Husain H, Psyrri A, Markovic A, Rampias T, Pectasides E, Wang H, Slebos R, Yarbrough WG, Burtness B, Chung CH. Nuclear epidermal growth factor receptor and p16 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2012; 122:2762-8. [PMID: 23086695 DOI: 10.1002/lary.23647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and p16 (a surrogate marker of human papillomavirus [HPV] infection) expression are strong prognostic factors in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). STUDY DESIGN We examined expression levels of total and nuclear EGFR as well as p16 status based on evidence that nuclear EGFR may have a role in DNA damage repair. METHODS An HPV-negative (SQ20B) and an HPV-positive (UMSCC47) HNSCC cell line were examined for EGFR and γH2AX expression. A tissue microarray containing 123 cores obtained from 101 HNSCC tumors was analyzed for EGFR expression by automated quantitative analysis and p16 expression by immunohistochemical staining, and these results were correlated with available clinical data. RESULTS SQ20B had higher EGFR expression than UMSCC47. Nuclear localization of EGFR on activation with transforming growth factor-α was observed in SQ20B, but not in UMSCC47. SQ20B also had increased γH2AX foci compared to UMSCC47, suggesting that SQ20B has more DNA damage compared to UMSCC47. Total and nuclear EGFR was reliably obtained from 80 of 101 patients. p16 levels were determined in 87 of 101 patients. p16 levels were strongly associated with the oropharyngeal subsite and poorly differentiated histology. Expression of total and nuclear EGFR was higher in p16-negative tumors compared to p16-positive tumors (Wilcoxon rank test, P = .038 and P = .014, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Further studies are required to determine a mechanistic link between these two prognostic factors and the significance of EGFR localization to nucleus in DNA damage repair pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatim Husain
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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82
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Lu Y, Chopp M, Zheng X, Katakowski M, Buller B, Jiang F. MiR-145 reduces ADAM17 expression and inhibits in vitro migration and invasion of glioma cells. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:67-72. [PMID: 23076445 PMCID: PMC3540808 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are important regulators of gene expression and have been suggested to play a key role in tumorigenesis. In this study, we show that miR-145 is significantly downregulated in glioma cell lines compared to normal brain tissue and negatively regulates tumorigenesis. Restoration of miR-145 in glioma cells significantly reduced in vitro proliferation, migration and invasion. Also, overexpression of miR-145 reduced ADAM17 and EGFR expression. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that the miR-145-mediated suppression of cell proliferation, migration and invasion is, at least in part, due to silencing of ADAM17 and EGFR gene expression. Using luciferase reporters carrying the 3′-untranslated region of ADAM17 combined with western blotting, we identified ADAM17 as a direct target of miR-145. Collectively, these results suggest that as a tumor suppressor, miR-145 inhibits not only tumor proliferation, but also cell migration and invasion, and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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83
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EGFR and c-Met Cross Talk in Glioblastoma and Its Regulation by Human Cord Blood Stem Cells. Transl Oncol 2012; 5:379-92. [PMID: 23066446 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and their ligands control critical biologic processes, such as cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Aberrant expression of these receptor kinases in tumor cells alters multiple downstream signaling cascades that ultimately drive the malignant phenotype by enhancing tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. As observed in human glioblastoma (hGBM) and other cancers, this dysregulation of RTK networks correlates with poor patient survival. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and c-Met, two well-known receptor kinases, are coexpressed in multiple cancers including hGBM, corroborating that their downstream signaling pathways enhance a malignant phenotype. The integration of c-Met and EGFR signaling in cancer cells indicates that treatment regimens designed to target both receptor pathways simultaneously could prove effective, though resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors continues to be a substantial obstacle. In the present study, we analyzed the antitumor efficacy of EGFR inhibitors erlotinib and gefitinib and c-Met inhibitor PHA-665752, along with their respective small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) alone or in combination with human umbilical cord blood stem cells (hUCBSCs), in glioma cell lines and in animal xenograft models. We also measured the effect of dual inhibition of EGFR/c-Met pathways on invasion and wound healing. Combination treatments of hUCBSC with tyrosine kinase inhibitors significantly inhibited invasion and wound healing in U251 and 5310 cell lines, thereby indicating the role of hUCBSC in inhibition of RTK-driven cell behavior. Further, the EGFR and c-Met localization in glioma cells and hGBM clinical specimens indicated that a possible cross talk exists between EGFR and c-Met signaling pathway.
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84
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Cataltepe O, Arikan MC, Ghelfi E, Karaaslan C, Ozsurekci Y, Dresser K, Li Y, Smith TW, Cataltepe S. Fatty acid binding protein 4 is expressed in distinct endothelial and non-endothelial cell populations in glioblastoma. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:400-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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85
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Kang KB, Zhu C, Wong YL, Gao Q, Ty A, Wong MC. Gefitinib radiosensitizes stem-like glioma cells: inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor-Akt-DNA-PK signaling, accompanied by inhibition of DNA double-strand break repair. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 83:e43-52. [PMID: 22516386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared radiosensitivity of brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) with matched nonstem glioma cells, and determined whether gefitinib enhanced BTSC radiosensitivity by inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-Akt-DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) signaling, followed by enhanced DNA double-stand breaks (DSBs) and inhibition of DSB repair. METHODS AND MATERIALS Radiosensitivity of stem-like gliomaspheres and nonstem glioma cells (obtained at patient neurosurgical resection) were evaluated by clonogenic assays, γ-H(2)AX immunostaining and cell cycle distribution. Survival of irradiated and nonirradiated NOD-SCID mice intracranially implanted with stem-like gliomaspheres were monitored. Glioma cells treated with gefitinib, irradiation, or both were assayed for clonogenic survival, γ-H(2)AX immunostaining, DNA-PKcs expression, and phosphorylation of EGFR and Akt. RESULTS Stem-like gliomaspheres displayed BTSC characteristics of self-renewal; differentiation into lineages of neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes; and initiation of glioma growth in NOD-SCID mice. Irradiation dose-dependently reduced clonogenic survival, induced G(2)/M arrest and increased γ-H(2)AX immunostaining of nonstem glioma cells, but not stem-like gliomaspheres. There was no difference in survival of irradiated and nonirradiated mice implanted with stem-like gliomaspheres. The addition of gefitinib significantly inhibited clonogenic survival, increased γ-H(2)AX immunostaining, and reduced DNA-PKcs expression of irradiated stem-like gliomaspheres, without affecting irradiated-nonstem glioma cells. Gefitinib alone, and when combined with irradiation, inhibited phosphorylation of EGFR (Y1068 and Y1045) and Akt (S473) in stem-like gliomaspheres. In nonstem glioma cells, gefitinib alone inhibited EGFR Y1068 phosphorylation, with further inhibition by combined gefitinib and irradiation. CONCLUSIONS Stem-like gliomaspheres are resistant to irradiation-induced cytotoxicity, G(2)/M arrest, and DNA DSBs, compared with nonstem glioma cells. Gefitinib differentially enhances radiosensitivity of stem-like gliomaspheres by reducing EGFR-Akt activation and DNA-PKcs expression, accompanied by enhanced irradiation-induced DNA DSBs and inhibition of DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khong Bee Kang
- Brain Tumour Research Laboratory, Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
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86
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Han W, Carpenter RL, Cao X, Lo HW. STAT1 gene expression is enhanced by nuclear EGFR and HER2 via cooperation with STAT3. Mol Carcinog 2012; 52:959-69. [PMID: 22693070 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Both EGFR and HER2 are important mediators of tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Despite their best-characterized roles as plasma membrane-bound receptors, both receptors undergo nuclear translocation though the impact of this process remains unclear. In this study, we provide evidence showing that EGFR upregulates expression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), a transcription factor responding to inflammatory signals and regulating genes involved in inflammatory response. EGFR regulation of STAT1 expression is primarily attributed to the nuclear activity of EGFR. The oncogenic transcription factor STAT3 binds to the STAT1 promoter and synergizes with nuclear EGFR to significantly enhance STAT1 gene expression. Structural characterization of the human STAT1 gene promoter indicates the presence of four functional STAT3-binding sites in the promoter and their importance in STAT1 co-regulation by EGFR and STAT3. The constitutively activated EGFR variant, EGFRvIII, also cooperates with STAT3 to activate the STAT1 gene promoter through the identified STAT3-binding sites within the promoter. Using human breast cancer cell lines, we further found a positive association between levels of STAT1, EGFR, and p-STAT3. Furthermore, we found that STAT1 expression is transcriptionally upregulated by HER2 and heregulin stimulation in breast cancer cells, and the level is further augmented by activated STAT3. In summary, we report in this study that STAT1 expression is upregulated by nuclear EGFR, EGFRvIII and HER2, and that STAT3 synergizes with the three receptors to further enhance STAT1 expression. These novel findings establish a novel link between the mitogenic ErbB signaling pathway and the inflammatory pathway mediated by STAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woody Han
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, 27710
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87
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Giordano CR, Mueller KL, Terlecky LJ, Krentz KA, Bollig-Fischer A, Terlecky SR, Boerner JL. A targeted enzyme approach to sensitization of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant breast cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:2014-21. [PMID: 22687878 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gefitinib is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) of potential use in patients with breast cancer. Unfortunately, in clinical studies, gefitinib is often ineffective indicating that resistance to EGFR inhibitors may be a common occurrence in cancer of the breast. EGFR has been shown to be overexpressed in breast cancer, and in particular remains hyperphosphorylated in cell lines such as MDA-MB-468 that are resistant to EGFR inhibitors. Here, we investigate the cause of this sustained phosphorylation and the molecular basis for the ineffectiveness of gefitinib. We show that reactive oxygen species (ROS), known to damage cellular macromolecules and to modulate signaling cascades in a variety of human diseases including cancers, appear to play a critical role in mediating EGFR TKI-resistance. Furthermore, elimination of these ROS through use of a cell-penetrating catalase derivative sensitizes the cells to gefitinib. These results suggest a new approach for the treatment of TKI-resistant breast cancer patients specifically, the targeting of ROS and attendant downstream oxidative stress and their effects on signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney R Giordano
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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88
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Abstract
The era of targeted therapy for glioblastoma has arrived, but results have been modest thus far. This review highlights the challenges inherent to treating glioblastoma with targeted therapy and delves into the complex signaling networks that form the molecular basis of novel therapies. Past failures, current challenges, and future possibilities are discussed in the context of the classic "oncogenic" signaling network, as well as the "nononcogenic" stress response network.
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89
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YU YANG, FENG JIANGUO, ZONG XIANGYUN, YANG HONGJIAN, ZOU DEHONG, HE XIANGMING. Knockdown of vascular endothelial cell growth factor expression sensitizes U251 glioma cells to liposomal paclitaxel and radiation treatment in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2012; 3:181-186. [PMID: 22969865 PMCID: PMC3438837 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive malignancy of the human brain, accounting for 40% of all primary malignant brain tumors. However, there is no effective treatment for this disease. This study was designed to develop anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a novel adjuvant therapy for glioblastoma. A VEGF shRNA vector was constructed to silence VEGF expression in U251 glioma cells and these cells were treated with various concentrations of liposomal paclitaxel, 6 Gy radiation or liposomal paclitaxel plus radiation. The data demonstrated that the VEGF shRNA vector significantly knocked down VEGF expression, which synergistically sensitized U251 glioma cells to liposomal paclitaxel, radiation or liposomal paclitaxel plus radiation treatment in terms of cell viability, apoptosis, colony formation and morphological changes. Future studies are required to evaluate these effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - XIANGYUN ZONG
- Correspondence to: Dr Xiangyun Zong, Department of Surgical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial Cancer Hospital, 38 Guangji Road, Hangzhou 310022, P.R. China, E-mail:
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90
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Han W, Lo HW. Landscape of EGFR signaling network in human cancers: biology and therapeutic response in relation to receptor subcellular locations. Cancer Lett 2012; 318:124-34. [PMID: 22261334 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway is one of the most dysregulated molecular pathways in human cancers. Despite its well-established importance in tumor growth, progression and drug-resistant phenotype over the past several decades, targeted therapy designed to circumvent EGFR has yielded only modest clinical success in cancer patients, except those with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) carrying EGFR activation mutations. However, almost all of these NSCLC patients eventually developed resistance to small molecule EGFR kinase inhibitors. These disappointing outcomes are, in part, due to the high complexity and the interactive nature of the EGFR signaling network. More recent compelling evidence further indicates that EGFR functionality can be dependent on its subcellular location. In this regard, EGFR undergoes translocation into different organelles where it elicits distinctly different functions than its best known activity as a plasma membrane-bound receptor tyrosine kinase. EGFR can be shuttled into the cell nucleus and mitochondrion upon ligand binding, radiation, EGFR-targeted therapy and other stimuli. Nuclear EGFR behaves as transcriptional regulator, tyrosine kinase, and mediator of other physiological processes. The role of mitochondrial EGFR remains poorly understood but it appears to regulate apoptosis and autophagy. While studies using patient tumors have shown nuclear EGFR to be an indicator for poor clinical outcomes in cancer patients, the impact of mitochondrial EGFR on tumor behavior and patient prognosis remains to be defined. Most recently, several lines of evidence suggest that mislocated EGFR may regulate tumor response to therapy and that plasma membrane-bound EGFR elicits survival signals independent of its kinase activity. In light of these recent progresses and discoveries, we will outline in this minireview an emerging line of research that uncovers and functionally characterizes several novel modes of EGFR signaling that take center stage in the cell nucleus, mitochondrion and other subcellular compartments. We will also discuss the clinical implications of these findings in the rationale design for therapeutic strategy that overcomes tumor drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woody Han
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, United States
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91
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Huang WC, Chen YJ, Hung MC. Implication of nuclear EGFR in the development of resistance to anticancer therapies. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomed.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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92
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Kesari S. Understanding Glioblastoma Tumor Biology: The Potential to Improve Current Diagnosis and Treatments. Semin Oncol 2011; 38 Suppl 4:S2-10. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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93
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Crosstalk between the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor and EGF receptor variant III supports survival and growth of glioblastoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:15984-9. [PMID: 21896743 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113416108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A truncated and constitutively active form of the EGF receptor, variant III (EGFRvIII), is a major determinant of tumor growth and progression in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Extensive bidirectional crosstalk occurs in the cell-signaling pathways downstream of the EGFR and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR); however, crosstalk between EGFRvIII and uPAR has not been examined. Here, we show that uPAR does not regulate ERK activation in EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells; however, in GBM cells isolated from four separate xenografts in which EGFRvIII expression was down-regulated in vivo, uPAR assumed a major role in sustaining ERK activation. Phosphorylation of Tyr-845 in the EGFR, which is mediated by Src family kinases, depended on uPAR in EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells. Activation of the mitogenic and prosurvival transcription factor, STAT5b, downstream of EGFRvIII, also required uPAR. The EGFR-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors, erlotinib and gefitinib, blocked not only EGFRvIII signaling to ERK but also uPAR-dependent STAT5b activation. uPAR gene silencing in EGFRvIII-expressing GBM cells and in cells from tumors that escaped dependency on EGFRvIII decreased cell survival and proliferation. Xenografts of EGFRvIII-expressing cancer cell lines and a human GBM, which was propagated as a xenograft, were robustly immunopositive for uPAR and phospho-Tyr-845 by immunohistochemistry. A human GBM in which the EGFR gene was amplified without truncation was immunonegative for both uPAR and phospho-Tyr-845. These studies identify distinct cell-signaling activities for uPAR in GBM cells that express EGFRvIII and in cells released from dormancy when EGFRvIII is neutralized. uPAR and its crosstalk pathways with EGFRvIII emerge as logical targets for therapeutics development in GBM.
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94
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Wang Y, Wang X, Zhang J, Sun G, Luo H, Kang C, Pu P, Jiang T, Liu N, You Y. MicroRNAs involved in the EGFR/PTEN/AKT pathway in gliomas. J Neurooncol 2011; 106:217-24. [PMID: 21842313 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common type of malignant primary brain tumor. Despite advances in surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, the prognosis of patients with gliomas has not significantly improved. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, 21-25 nucleotides long, negatively regulate the expression of target genes by interacting with specific sites in mRNAs, and play a critical role in the development of gliomas. The EGFR/PTEN/AKT pathway is a promising target for anti-glioma therapy. Recent studies have showed that regulation of the EGFR/PTEN/AKT pathway by miRNAs plays a major role in glioma progression, indicating a novel way to investigate the tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and therapy of gliomas. Here, we focus on recent findings of miRNAs with respect to the EGFR/PTEN/AKT pathway in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300, Guangzhou Road, 210029 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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95
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Abstract
GBM (glioblastoma multiforme) is a highly aggressive brain tumour with very poor prognosis despite multi-modalities of treatment. Furthermore, recent failure of targeted therapy for these tumours highlights the need of appropriate rodent models for preclinical studies. In this review, we highlight the most commonly used rodent models (U251, U86, GL261, C6, 9L and CNS-1) with a focus on the pathological and genetic similarities to the human disease. We end with a comprehensive review of the CNS-1 rodent model.
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96
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Zhu H, Lo HW. The Human Glioma-Associated Oncogene Homolog 1 (GLI1) Family of Transcription Factors in Gene Regulation and Diseases. Curr Genomics 2011; 11:238-45. [PMID: 21119888 PMCID: PMC2930663 DOI: 10.2174/138920210791233108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is critically important for embryogenesis and other cellular processes in which GLI transcription factors mediate the terminal effects of the pathway. GLI1, in particular, plays a significant role in human cancers. Consequently, GLI1 and its upstream positive regulator Smoothened (SMO) are important targets of anti-cancer therapy and several SMO-targeted small molecule inhibitors are being evaluated clinically. Emerging exciting evidence reveals a high level of complexity that lies within the GLI1-mediated pathway. For example, a recent study provided evidence linking the polymorphic GLI1 variants Q1100/E1100 to chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Two recent reports uncovered the existence of two novel human GLI1 isoforms that differ structurally and functionally from the wild-type GLI1 identified over two decades ago. Interestingly, although both are products of alternative splicing, GLI1∆N and tGLI1 (truncated GLI1) isoforms are predominantly expressed in normal and malignant tissues, respectively. In addition to these important discoveries, gene expression profiling studies have identified a number of novel wild-type GLI1 and tGLI1 target genes, linking wild-type GLI1 to tumor progression and therapeutic resistance, and tGLI1 to tumor invasion and migration. In light of these new insights, this review will provide a comprehensive overview on GLI1 polymorphisms and the three members of the GLI1 family of proteins, and their impacts on human diseases, including, cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine
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97
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Lo HW. Targeting Ras-RAF-ERK and its interactive pathways as a novel therapy for malignant gliomas. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2011; 10:840-8. [PMID: 20718706 DOI: 10.2174/156800910793357970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common and the deadliest brain malignancies in adults. Despite the lack of a complete understanding of the biology of these tumors, significant advances have been made in the past decades. One of the key discoveries made in the area of malignant gliomas is that these tumors can be induced and maintained by aberrant signaling networks. In this context, the Ras pathway has been extensively exploited, from both basic and translational perspectives. Although somatic oncogenic mutations of Ras genes are frequent in several cancer types, early investigations on gliomas revealed disappointing facts that the Ras mutations are nearly absent in malignant gliomas and that the BRAF mutations are present in a very small percentage of gliomas. Therefore, the observed deregulation of the Ras-RAF-ERK signaling pathway in gliomas is attributed to its upstream positive regulators, including, EGFR and PDGFR known to be highly active in the majority of malignant gliomas. In contrast to the initial negative results on the somatic mutations of H-Ras, K-Ras and BRAF, recent breakthrough studies on pediatric low-grade astrocytomas uncovered genetic alterations of the BRAF gene involving copy number gains and rearrangements. The 7q34 rearrangements result in a novel in-frame KIAA1549:BRAF fusion gene that possesses constitutive BRAF kinase activity resembling oncogenic BRAF (V600E). In light of the earlier findings and recent breakthroughs, this review summarizes our current understanding of the Ras-RAF-ERK signaling pathway in gliomas and the outcome of preclinical and clinical studies that evaluated the efficacy of Ras-targeted therapy in malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Lo
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center and Duke Brain Tumor Center, 103 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
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Cao X, Zhu H, Ali-Osman F, Lo HW. EGFR and EGFRvIII undergo stress- and EGFR kinase inhibitor-induced mitochondrial translocalization: a potential mechanism of EGFR-driven antagonism of apoptosis. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:26. [PMID: 21388543 PMCID: PMC3063231 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays an essential role in normal development, tumorigenesis and malignant biology of human cancers, and is known to undergo intracellular trafficking to subcellular organelles. Although several studies have shown that EGFR translocates into the mitochondria in cancer cells, it remains unclear whether mitochondrially localized EGFR has an impact on the cells and whether EGFRvIII, a constitutively activated variant of EGFR, undergoes mitochondrial transport similar to EGFR. RESULTS We report that both receptors translocate into the mitochondria of human glioblastoma and breast cancer cells, following treatments with the apoptosis inducers, staurosporine and anisomycin, and with an EGFR kinase inhibitor. Using mutant EGFR/EGFRvIII receptors engineered to undergo enriched intracellular trafficking into the mitochondria, we showed that glioblastoma cells expressing the mitochondrially enriched EGFRvIII were more resistant to staurosporine- and anisomycin-induced growth suppression and apoptosis and were highly resistant to EGFR kinase inhibitor-mediated growth inhibition. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that apoptosis inducers and EGFR-targeted inhibitors enhance mitochondrial translocalization of both EGFR and EGFRvIII and that mitochondrial accumulation of these receptors contributes to tumor drug resistance. The findings also provide evidence for a potential link between the mitochondrial EGFR pathway and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Cao
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, 433A MSRB I, 103 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Roesler R, Brunetto AT, Abujamra AL, de Farias CB, Brunetto AL, Schwartsmann G. Current and emerging molecular targets in glioma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 10:1735-51. [PMID: 21080801 DOI: 10.1586/era.10.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common and lethal neurological cancers. Despite research efforts, the prognosis for patients with malignant gliomas remains poor. Advances in the understanding of cellular and molecular alterations in gliomas have led to the emergence of experimental molecularly targeted therapies. This article summarizes recent progress in the development of targeted therapies for glioma, focusing on emerging molecular targets, including neuropeptide and neurotrophin pathways, glutamate receptors, epigenetic mechanisms and glioma stem cell targets. Recent clinical trials of small molecules and antibodies targeted at growth factor pathways and intracellular signaling cascades are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Roesler
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Lo HW. Nuclear mode of the EGFR signaling network: biology, prognostic value, and therapeutic implications. DISCOVERY MEDICINE 2010; 10:44-51. [PMID: 20670598 PMCID: PMC3637667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) belongs to a large family of receptor tyrosine kinases that mediates many important physiological processes in both normal and cancerous cells. EGFR is best known for its classical role as a plasma membrane-bound receptor that, upon binding to its ligands, recruits and phosphorylates downstream molecules which subsequently regulate protein functions, protein-protein interactions, and gene expression. Built upon this traditional view of the EGFR pathway, a number of therapeutic agents have been developed aiming to target EGFR by blocking ligand-mediated receptor activation or by inhibiting its kinase activity. Unfortunately, most of these interventions have yielded disappointing clinical results in the majority of cancer types evaluated, with the exception of non-small cell lung cancer that carries specific EGFR mutants. Given the notion that these EGFR mutations are absent or very rare in other cancer types, extensive investigations have been directed at other potential mechanisms. Some of these efforts have led to rationales for EGFR-based combination regimens; however, they also demonstrated limited clinical benefits. In this review, we will focus on an emerging line of research that examines a novel mode of EGFR signaling that takes place in the cell nucleus. Specifically, we will outline the findings from a number of reports that have together established nuclear EGFR to be a functionally diversified molecule that regulates the biology of normal and malignantly transformed cells. In light of the fact that the impact of nuclear EGFR on anti-cancer therapy has recently developed into an area of intensive investigations, this review will also summarize the results of these investigations that suggest a potential role the nuclear EGFR may play in tumor response to radiation, chemotherapy, and EGFR-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Lo
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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