51
|
Pashazadeh Kan F, Raoofi S, Rafiei S, Khani S, Hosseinifard H, Tajik F, Raoofi N, Ahmadi S, Aghalou S, Torabi F, Dehnad A, Rezaei S, Hosseinipalangi Z, Ghashghaee A. A systematic review of the prevalence of anxiety among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Affect Disord 2021; 293:391-398. [PMID: 34246947 PMCID: PMC8712560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has had an adverse effect on the mental health of population worldwide. This study was conducted to systematically review the existing literature to identify the individuals at higher risk of anxiety with a view to provide targeted mental health services during this outbreak. METHODS In this study, the studies focusing on anxiety prevalence among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic were searched in the PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar from the beginning of Covid-19 pandemic to February 2021. RESULTS 103 studies constituting 140732 people included in the review. The findings showed that anxiety prevalence was 27.3% (95% CI, 23.7%; 31.2%) among general population while the prevalence in COVID-19 patients was 39.6% (95% CI, 30.1%; 50.1%). Anxiety was significantly higher among females and older adults (p≤0.05). In addition Europe revealed the highest prevalence of anxiety 54.6% (95% CI, 42.5%; 66.2%) followed by America 31.5% (95% CI, 19%; 47.5%) and Asia 28.3% (95% CI, 20.3%; 38%). In the general population the highest prevalence of anxiety was in Africa 61.8% (95% CI, 57%-66.4%) followed by America 34.9% (95% CI, 27.7%-42.9%), Europe 30.7% (95% CI, 22.8%-40%) and Asia 24.5% (95% CI, 20.7%-28.9%). CONCLUSION During the COVID-19 crisis, through identifying those who are more likely to be suffered from mental disorders at different layers of populations, it would be possible to apply appropriate supportive interventions with a view to provide targeted mental health services during the outbreak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan
- Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Raoofi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health Management and Information Sciences Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Rafiei
- Social determinants of health research center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Saghar Khani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinifard
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tajik
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Raoofi
- Kermanshah Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Saba Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Aghalou
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Torabi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health Management and Information Sciences Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Dehnad
- School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Center for Educational Research in Medical Sciences (CERMS), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepide Rezaei
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Health Management and Information Sciences Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hosseinipalangi
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghashghaee
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Milasauskiene E, Burkauskas J, Podlipskyte A, Király O, Demetrovics Z, Ambrasas L, Steibliene V. Compulsive Internet Use Scale: Psychometric Properties and Associations With Sleeping Patterns, Mental Health, and Well-Being in Lithuanian Medical Students During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:685137. [PMID: 34512443 PMCID: PMC8428172 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The increase in problematic Internet use (PIU) among medical students and resident doctors during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be leading to significant impairments in everyday functioning, including sleeping patterns, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and overall well-being. The Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS) has been developed to assess the severity of PIU, however, it has not been elucidated whether this scale is also applicable to medical students and resident doctors. The first aim of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Lithuanian version of the CIUS. The second aim was to examine associations between subjectively reported mental health symptoms and PIU during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A total of 524 medical students and resident doctors (78.60% women, mean age 24 [SD 3] years old) participated in an online survey between December 2020 and February 2021. Participants completed the CIUS, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 (GAD-7), and the WHO-Five Well-Being Index questionnaire (WHO-5). Results: The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) suggested brief versions (CIUS-5, CIUS-7, and CIUS-9) rather than the original (CIUS-14) version of the CIUS questionnaire as reliable and structurally stable instruments that can be used to measure compulsive Internet use severity in the sample of medical students and resident doctors. The most prevalent online behaviors were social media use (90.1%), online shopping (15.6%), and online gaming/gambling (11.3%). Students with higher CIUS scores reported significantly lower academic achievements during the 6 months (r = 0.12-0.13; p < 0.006), as well as more severe depressive and anxiety symptoms, worsened sleep quality, and lower sense of well-being (r = 0.21-0.41; p's < 0.001). Both, during workdays (d = 0.87) and weekend (d = 0.33), students spent more time online than resident doctors (p's < 0.001). Conclusion: The brief, 5-, 7-, and 9-item versions of the Lithuanian CIUS are reliable and valid self-report screening instruments for evaluating the severity of PIU symptoms among the medical student population. Symptoms of PIU during the COVID-19 period were associated with worsened self-reported mental health and everyday functioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Egle Milasauskiene
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Julius Burkauskas
- Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania
| | - Aurelija Podlipskyte
- Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | - Laurynas Ambrasas
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vesta Steibliene
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Palanga, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The paper aims to provide an overview of the psychological and behavioural impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on variations in behavioural response in different geographical areas due to the existence of different social-cultural contexts. RECENT FINDINGS Whilst anxiety, depression and economic stressors are common findings worldwide, specific behavioural responses are heavily influenced by government stances, misinformation, conspiratorialism and competing demands of resource scarcity. This has led to very different understandings of the pandemic even in geographically close areas, and more so when comparing disparate regions such as Africa, South America and Europe. The paper also comments on the absence of robust evidence regarding increases of suicidality and violence on a global level, whilst noting evidence certainly exists in specific regions. SUMMARY The psychological and behavioural impact of COVID is heavily influenced by the local lens. Beyond a very broad brush approaches, expected behaviours from one area cannot easily be extrapolated to others. Where possible, clinicians should be guided by local data, ideally placing expectations of responses in a cultural context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kendrick
- Department of Psychiatry, Bunbury Hospital, Western Australian Country Health Service, Upper South West Mental Health Team, Bunbury
| | - Mohan Isaac
- University of Western Australia, Department of Psychiatry, Fremantle Hospital, South Metropolitan Health Service, Fremantle
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Huarcaya-Victoria J, Elera-Fitzcarrald C, Crisol-Deza D, Villanueva-Zúñiga L, Pacherres A, Torres A, Huertas G, Calderón D, Noriega-Baella C, Astonitas E, Salvador-Carrillo J. Factors associated with mental health in Peruvian medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multicentre quantitative study. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2021; 52:S0034-7450(21)00108-6. [PMID: 34275600 PMCID: PMC9186139 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the mental health status and associated factors of Peruvian medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Descriptive, multicentre, correlational study that used the "Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)", the "Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)" and the "Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R)" questionnaires to evaluate mental health problems. RESULTS A total of 1,238 students from 8 Peruvian medical schools participated in the study. Of these, 68.5% were women, and the mean age was 21.4 years. Depressive symptoms were found in 74% of the participants, anxiety symptoms in 57% and distress symptoms in 65%. The variables associated with the development of symptoms of moderate-severe depression, anxiety and distress were: not having family economic stability, being in the first years of medical training, being female, and fearing that their medical training would be delayed and impaired. CONCLUSIONS In a sample of medical students surveyed during the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health problems were common. The factors associated with mental health reported in this study could be useful in identifying vulnerable medical students who require timely psychosocial support and/or psychiatric care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Huarcaya-Victoria
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Diego Crisol-Deza
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Perú; Red de Eficacia Clínica y Sanitaria, REDECS, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Andrés Pacherres
- Centro de Investigación en Educación Médica, Faculta de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú
| | - Allison Torres
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Grace Huertas
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego, Trujillo, Perú
| | | | | | - Erik Astonitas
- Facultad de Medicina San Fernando, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú
| | - José Salvador-Carrillo
- Escuela Profesional de Medicina Humana, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Filial Chincha, Perú; Instituto de Investigación de Interculturalidad, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Perú
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Ardekani A, Hosseini SA, Tabari P, Rahimian Z, Feili A, Amini M, Mani A. Student support systems for undergraduate medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic narrative review of the literature. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:352. [PMID: 34158036 PMCID: PMC8218568 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has boosted medical students' vulnerability to various problems. Given the stressful nature of medical disciplines, considerable attention must be paid to student support systems during pandemics. This study aimed to review the current literature regarding medical student support systems systematically. METHODS We performed a systematic review of six databases and grey literature sources in addition to a hand search in the references of the articles on April 5, 2021. We included all studies about support for undergraduate medical students delivered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In conducting this review, we used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. RESULTS A total of 3646 articles were retrieved from the databases, and 16 additional papers were extracted from other sources. After removing duplicates, we screened 2434 titles and abstracts according to our criteria. Among them, 32 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Ultimately, 10 studies were included for review. We identified two major themes: (a) academic support and (b) mental health support. All of the included studies utilized online methods whether for transitioning from previous support systems or developing novel approaches. Students and faculty members seemed to be receptive to these new systems. Despite indicating outstanding program outcomes, most studies merely described the positive effects of the program rather than providing a precise evaluation. CONCLUSION There are several methods of supporting medical students who are experiencing unprecedented changes in their educational trajectory. Due to substantial differences in undergraduate medical education in different regions of the world, cultural and contextual-oriented support is indispensable for developing a safe learning environment. Future research should investigate the question of the extent to which online support can supersede in-person strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ardekani
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Hosseini
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parinaz Tabari
- Clinical Education Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Rahimian
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afrooz Feili
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mitra Amini
- Clinical Education Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Arash Mani
- Research Center for Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Wang J, Liu W, Zhang Y, Xie S, Yang B. Perceived Stress Among Chinese Medical Students Engaging in Online Learning in Light of COVID-19. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:549-562. [PMID: 34017205 PMCID: PMC8131094 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s308497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose After a year of the COVID-19 pandemic, countries have repeatedly imposed strict quarantine regimes as the virus mutates and becomes more contagious. Medical undergraduate education has been disrupted and transformed into prolonged home isolation and online learning. Although studies have reported that the COVID-19 pandemic tends to increase perceived stress (PS) and affect the mental health of medical students, the influencing factors are unclear. Therefore, based on the stress process model, this study will comprehensively evaluate the distribution of stressors of medical students and explore the personal and environmental predictors of PS during the epidemic. Participants and Methods An online survey was conducted among medical students (n=369) from three medical universities in western China who engaged in online learning. A stress process conceptual framework was formed to explore the influencing factors of PS. The survey items contained four sections: (a) the potential stressors derived from academic, psychosocial and health-related demands; coping resources such as (b) online learning environment support and (c) personal resilience, including online learning behavior and individual characteristics; and (d) PS, perception of imbalanced demands and coping resources. Results The mean PS score was 17.39 (SD=4.58), and over four-fifths (82.3%) of the students had moderate to high levels of stress. The average item scores of academic, psychosocial and health-related stressors were 2.72 (SD=0.55), 2.31 (SD=0.55) and 2.07 (SD=0.50), respectively. Gender, grade, psychosocial stressors, health-related stressors, specific online learning behavior (persistence, attitude and flexibility), and the online learning environment (teaching, social and cognitive presence) were predictors of PS. Conclusion Our results specify that a reduction in psychological and health-related stressor stimulation, specific online learning behavior promotion, and well-established online learning environment support could be considered essential for alleviating the negative impacts of COVID-19 on the psychosocial health of medical undergraduates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weichu Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunmei Zhang
- School of Nursing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Xie
- School of Nursing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Nursing, Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|