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Mount AS, Wheeler AP, Paradkar RP, Snider D. Hemocyte-Mediated Shell Mineralization in the Eastern Oyster. Science 2004; 304:297-300. [PMID: 15073378 DOI: 10.1126/science.1090506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The growth of molluscan shell crystals is usually thought to be initiated from solution by extracellular organic matrix. We report a class of granulocytic hemocytes that may be directly involved in shell crystal production for oysters. On the basis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray microanalysis, these granulocytes contain calcium carbonate crystals, and they increase in abundance relative to other hemocytes following experimentally induced shell regeneration. Hemocytes are observed at the mineralization front using vital fluorescent staining and SEM. Some cells are observed releasing crystals that are subsequently remodeled, thereby at least augmenting matrix-mediated crystal-forming processes in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Mount
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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Bleher R, Machado J. Paracellular pathway in the shell epithelium ofAnodonta cygnea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 301:419-27. [PMID: 15114649 DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.20065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural study of cell-cell connections in the outer mantle epithelium (OME) on high-pressure-frozen specimens revealed zonula adherens, septate junctions and gap junctions in Anodonta cygnea. In order to evaluate the permeability of the paracellular pathway, the OME was incubated under gradients of lanthanum and calcium. After lanthanum incubation (4 mM) from the basal side, the septate junctions were penetrated completely by this tracer. When applied from the apical side, lanthanum deposits were located similarly over the entire length of the septate junctions up to the first dilatations of the intercellular space. Calcium deposits were also present in paracellular areas only when OME had been incubated simultaneously with calcium (6 mM) and lanthanum (4 mM) gradients. Lanthanum and calcium deposits were detected with ESI (Electron Spectroscopic Imaging) and identified with EELS (Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy). On the other hand, electrophysiological observations showed a 48% reduction of conductance when the OME was bathed on both sides with solutions containing lanthanum (4 mM) and calcium (6 mM), compared to bathing with lanthanum-free solution (control). The conductance reduction was 52% when calcium was removed from the control solution. Supported by morphological and physiological evidence, it appears that, under in vivo conditions, calcium ions may diffuse paracellularly from the haemolymph towards the extrapallial fluid and vice-versa across the septate junctions in the OME of A. cygnea. Permeability of the septate junctions depended proportionally on the calcium concentration in fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Bleher
- Electron Microscopy Section, University of Ulm, Germany
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Hattan SJ, Laue TM, Chasteen ND. Purification and characterization of a novel calcium-binding protein from the extrapallial fluid of the mollusc, Mytilus edulis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:4461-8. [PMID: 11084027 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006803200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the bivalve mollusc Mytilus edulis shell thickening occurs from the extrapallial (EP) fluid wherein secreted shell matrix macromolecules are thought to self-assemble into a framework that regulates the growth of CaCO(3) crystals, which eventually constitute approximately 95% of the mature shell. Herein is the initial report on the purification and characterization of a novel EP fluid glycoprotein, which is likely a building block of the shell-soluble organic matrix. This primary EP fluid protein comprises 56% of the total protein in the fluid and is shown to be a dimer of 28,340 Da monomers estimated to be 14.3% by weight carbohydrate. The protein is acidic (pI = 4.43) and rich in histidine content (11.14%) as well as in Asx and Glx residues (25.15% total). The N terminus exhibits an unusual repeat sequence of histidine and aspartate residues that occur in pairs: NPVDDHHDDHHDAPIVEHHD approximately. Ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrate that the protein binds calcium and in so doing assembles into a series of higher order protomers, which appear to have extended structures. Circular dichroism shows that the protein-calcium binding/protomer formation is coupled to a significant rearrangement in the protein's secondary structure in which there is a major reduction in beta-sheet with an associated increase in alpha-helical content of the protein. A model for shell organic matrix self-assembly is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hattan
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
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Moura G, Vilarinho L, Santos AC, Machado J. Organic compounds in the extrapalial fluid and haemolymph of Anodonta cygnea (L.) with emphasis on the seasonal biomineralization process. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 125:293-306. [PMID: 10818264 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(99)00192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bivalve mollusks, such as the freshwater mussel Anodonta cygnea, show seasonal changes in calcification. This cycle of calcification must either be a cause or a consequence for seasonal fluctuations in the organic composition of the animal's fluids, haemolymph and extrapallial fluid, the liquid media for biomineralization. We monitored the fluids of A. cygnea, throughout a 1-year cycle, for the presence of organic constituents, known to be important for biomineralization, such as proteins, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and hexosamines. Proteins were subjected to further study, namely through the total amino acid determination and fraction separation by agarose gel electrophoresis. GAG levels were fairly constant throughout the year, with a maximum concentration in July and a minimum in January, a feature also detected for glucosamine, although with higher fluctuations. Proteins showed highly increased concentrations during June and July, both in total amounts and individual fractions. All fractions showed similar trends throughout the year, with lowest general levels in October, the starting month of a period when some fractions were not detectable at all. All fractions ended this low period in May, when a sometimes-important increase could be detected. As to the total amino acid composition of the fluids, the general trend followed that of proteins, except for ornithine (Orn), a non-proteic amino acid. The overall fluctuations detected in the biological fluids of A. cygnea suggest that the main variation related to the calcification cycle must be quantitative, since no different compounds appear in specific periods, to achieve also specific results.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Moura
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
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Shen X, Belcher AM, Hansma PK, Stucky GD, Morse DE. Molecular cloning and characterization of lustrin A, a matrix protein from shell and pearl nacre of Haliotis rufescens. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:32472-81. [PMID: 9405458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.51.32472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A specialized extracellular matrix of proteins and polysaccharides controls the morphology and packing of calcium carbonate crystals and becomes occluded within the mineralized composite during formation of the molluscan shell and pearl. We have cloned and characterized the cDNA coding for Lustrin A, a newly described matrix protein from the nacreous layer of the shell and pearl produced by the abalone, Haliotis rufescens, a marine gastropod mollusc. The full-length cDNA is 4,439 base pairs (bp) long and contains an open reading frame coding for 1,428 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence reveals a highly modular structure with a high proportion of Ser (16%), Pro (14%), Gly (13%), and Cys (9%). The protein contains ten highly conserved cysteine-rich domains interspersed by eight proline-rich domains; a glycine- and serine-rich domain lies between the two cysteine-rich domains nearest the C terminus, and these are followed by a basic domain and a C-terminal domain that is highly similar to known protease inhibitors. The glycine- and serine-rich domain and at least one of the proline-rich domains show sequence similarity to proteins of two extracellular matrix superfamilies (one of which also is involved in the mineralized matrixes of bone, dentin, and avian eggshell). The arrangement of alternating cysteine-rich domains and proline-rich domains is strikingly similar to that found in frustulins, the proteins that are integral to the silicified cell wall of diatoms. Its modular structure suggests that Lustrin A is a multifunctional protein, whereas the occurrence of related sequences suggest it is a member of a multiprotein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Shen
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Kim YS, Jo YY, Chang IM, Toida T, Park Y, Linhardt RJ. A new glycosaminoglycan from the giant African snail Achatina fulica. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:11750-5. [PMID: 8662607 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.20.11750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A new glycosaminoglycan has been isolated from the giant African snail Achatina fulica. This polysaccharide had a molecular weight of 29,000, calculated based on the viscometry, and a uniform repeating disaccharide structure of -->4)-2-acetyl,2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranose (1-->4)-2-sulfo-alpha-L-idopyranosyluronic acid (1-->. This polysaccharide represents a new, previously undescribed glycosaminoglycan. It is related to the heparin and heparan sulfate families of glycosaminoglycans but is distinctly different from all known members of these classes of glycosaminoglycans. The structure of this polysaccharide, with adjacent N-acetylglucosamine and 2-sulfo-iduronic acid residues, also poses interesting questions about how it is made in light of our current understanding of the biosynthesis of heparin and heparan sulfate. This glycosaminoglycan represents 3-5% of the dry weight of this snail's soft body tissues, suggesting important biological roles for the survival of this organism, and may offer new means to control this pest. Snail glycosaminoglycan tightly binds divalent cations, such as copper(II), suggesting a primary role in metal uptake in the snail. Finally, this new polysaccharide might be applied, like the Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide, to the study of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis and to the semisynthesis of new glycosaminoglycan analogs having important biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
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Littlewood D, Young R. The effect of air-gaping behaviour on extrapallial fluid pH in the tropical oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(94)90264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bielefeld U, Zierold K, Körtje KH, Becker W. Calcium localization in the shell-forming tissue of the freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata: a comparative study of various methods for localizing calcium. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1992; 24:927-38. [PMID: 1283386 DOI: 10.1007/bf01046498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The routes calcium might take across the mantle to the shell have been investigated with various electron-microscopical techniques in the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Planorbidae, Basommatophora). In chemically-fixed tissue, calcium was precipitated with a tannic acid-antimonate technique in predominantly the intercellular spaces of the outer mantle epithelium and the interstitium below it. Some vacuoles of the outer mantle epithelium and one type of mucus cell in the inner mantle epithelium also contained precipitate. The presence of calcium in the precipitates was proved by electron energy loss spectroscopy combined with electron spectroscopic imaging. Incubation with lead acetate and uranyl acetate revealed binding-sites for calcium in the intercellular spaces of the epithelia interstitium and the mucus cells of the inner mantle epithelium. Precipitates were also seen after all incubations in the calcium spherites of the connective tissue. The concentrations of calcium and other elements were analysed in freeze-dried ultrathin sections of cryofixed mantle tissue by means of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Only in mitochondria of the musculature could high amounts of calcium and phosphorous be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bielefeld
- Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Hamburg, Germany
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61
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Maggio K, Keicher E, Hernandez-Nicaise ML, Gillot I, Nicaise G. Quenching of a proton gradient and concomitant increase of intragranular calcium in interstitial cells of Mytilus retractor muscle. Cell Tissue Res 1990. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00327756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Morrison J, Brand U. An evaluation of diagenesis and chemostratigraphy of upper cretaceous molluscs from the Canadian Interior Seaway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-9622(88)90027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wheeler A, Rusenko KW, George JW, Sikes C. Evaluation of calcium binding by molluscan shell organic matrix and its relevance to biomineralization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(87)90418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Famme P. Effect of shell valve closure by the mussel Mytilus edulis L. on the rate of oxygen consumption in declining oxygen tension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(80)90423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Misogianes MJ, Chasteen ND. A chemical and spectral characterization of the extrapallial fluid of Mytilus edulis. Anal Biochem 1979; 100:324-34. [PMID: 230749 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Dogterom AA, van Loenhout H, van der Schors RC. The effect of the growth hormone of Lymnaea stagnalis on shell calcification. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1979; 39:63-8. [PMID: 488694 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(79)90192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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69
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Wilbur K, Simkiss K. Chapter 2.3 Carbonate Turnover and Deposition by Metazoa. STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1116(08)71055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Mutvei H. The nacreous layer in Mytilus, Nucula, and Unio (Bivalvia). Crystalline composition and nucleation of nacreous tablets. CALCIFIED TISSUE RESEARCH 1977; 24:11-8. [PMID: 413612 DOI: 10.1007/bf02223291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Etching with the glutaraldehyde-acetic acid solution reveals that the nacreous tablets in Mytilus, Nucula, and Unio are composed of four crystal individuals which occur in two structurally different pairs and which are probably cyclically twinned. In Mytilus, one pair consists of horizontal lamellae, whereas the other pair lacks the lamellae. The lamellar pair of crystals is considerably less soluble in the etching solution than the non-lamellar pair. In the less-soluble crystal pair of Nucula and Unio, the lamellar structure is absent. In all three genera, the nucleation of new nacreous tablets invariably takes place on the top surface of the less-soluble crystal individuals. The stack-like growth of the nacreous tablets in the marginal region of the shell in Nucula is probably related to the exceptionally large-sized, less-soluble crystal individuals in the nacreous tablets of this region.
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Geraerts WP. The role of the lateral lobes in the control of growth and reproduction in the hermaphrodite freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1976; 29:97-108. [PMID: 945783 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(76)90011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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72
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de Zwaan A, Wijsman TC. Anaerobic metabolism in Bivalvia (Mollusca). Characteristics of anaerobic metabolism. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 54:313-24. [PMID: 6196 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(76)90247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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73
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BURTON R. CALCIUM METABOLISM AND ACID–BASE BALANCE IN HELIX POMATIA. ZOOLOGY 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-018767-9.50006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Fyhn HJ, Costlow JD. Anaerobic sampling of body fluids in bivalve molluscs. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1975; 52:265-8. [PMID: 240577 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9629(75)80084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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