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Cannabinoid receptor 2 protects against acute experimental sepsis in mice. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:741303. [PMID: 23781122 PMCID: PMC3679685 DOI: 10.1155/2013/741303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The systemic inflammatory response syndrome can be self-limited or can progress to severe sepsis and septic shock. Despite significant advances in the understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of septic shock, it is still one of the most frequent and serious problems confronting clinicians in the treatments. And the effects of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) on the sepsis still remain undefined. The present study was aimed to explore the role and mechanism of CB2R in acute sepsis model of mice. Here, we found that mice were more vulnerable for lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced death and inflammation after CB2R deletion (CB2R−/−). CB2R agonist, GW405833, could significantly extend the survival rate and decrease serum proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-treated mice. GW405833 dose-dependently inhibits proinflammatory cytokines release in splenocytes and peritoneal macrophages as well as splenocytes proliferation, and these effects were partly abolished in CB2R−/− splenocytes but completely abolished in CB2R−/− peritoneal macrophages. Further studies showed that GW405833 inhibits LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and STAT3 and blocks IκBα degradation and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation in macrophages. All data together showed that CB2R provides a protection and is a potential therapeutic target for the sepsis.
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Lee BC, Lee J. Cellular and molecular players in adipose tissue inflammation in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:446-62. [PMID: 23707515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence showing that inflammation is an important pathogenic mediator of the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance. It is now generally accepted that tissue-resident immune cells play a major role in the regulation of this obesity-induced inflammation. The roles that adipose tissue (AT)-resident immune cells play have been particularly extensively studied. AT contains most types of immune cells and obesity increases their numbers and activation levels, particularly in AT macrophages (ATMs). Other pro-inflammatory cells found in AT include neutrophils, Th1 CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, B cells, DCs, and mast cells. However, AT also contains anti-inflammatory cells that counter the pro-inflammatory immune cells that are responsible for the obesity-induced inflammation in this tissue. These anti-inflammatory cells include regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs), Th2 CD4 T cells, and eosinophils. Hence, AT inflammation is shaped by the regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory immune cell homeostasis, and obesity skews this balance towards a more pro-inflammatory status. Recent genetic studies revealed several molecules that participate in the development of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. In this review, the cellular and molecular players that participate in the regulation of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance are discussed, with particular attention being placed on the roles of the cellular players in these pathogeneses. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Cheol Lee
- The Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongsoon Lee
- The Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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van den Brand BT, Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, Vermeij EA, Bennink MB, Arntz OJ, Rothlin CV, van den Berg WB, van de Loo FAJ. Therapeutic efficacy of Tyro3, Axl, and Mer tyrosine kinase agonists in collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [PMID: 23203851 DOI: 10.1002/art.37786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperactivation of innate immunity by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can contribute to the development of autoinflammatory or autoimmune diseases. This study evaluated the activation of Tyro3, Axl, Mer (TAM) receptors, physiologic negative regulators of TLRs, by their agonists, growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS-6) and protein S, in the prevention of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS Adenoviruses overexpressing GAS-6 and protein S were injected intravenously or intraarticularly into mice during CIA. Splenic T helper cell subsets from intravenously injected mice were studied by flow cytometry, and the knee joints of mice injected intravenously and intraarticularly were assessed histologically. Synovium from mice injected intraarticularly was evaluated for cytokine and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) expression. RESULTS Protein S significantly reduced ankle joint swelling when overexpressed systemically. Further analysis of knee joints revealed a moderate reduction in pathologic changes in the joint and a significant reduction in the number of splenic Th1 cells when protein S was overexpressed systemically. Local overexpression of GAS-6 decreased joint inflammation and joint pathology. Protein S treatment showed a similar trend of protection. Consistently, GAS-6 and protein S reduced cytokine production in the synovium. Moreover, levels of messenger RNA for interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-23 were reduced by GAS-6 and protein S treatment, with a corresponding decrease in the production of interferon-γ and IL-17. TAM ligand overexpression was associated with an increase in SOCS-3 levels, which likely contributed to the amelioration of arthritis. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence that TAM receptor stimulation by GAS-6 and protein S can be used to ameliorate arthritis when applied systemically or locally. TAM receptor stimulation limits proinflammatory signaling and adaptive immunity. This pathway provides a novel strategy by which to combat rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T van den Brand
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lee J. Adipose tissue macrophages in the development of obesity-induced inflammation, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:208-22. [PMID: 23397293 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It has been increasingly accepted that chronic subacute inflammation plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in animals and humans. Particularly supporting this is that suppression of systemic inflammation in type 2 diabetes improves glycemic control; this also points to a new potential therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Recent studies strongly suggest that obesity-induced inflammation is mainly mediated by tissue resident immune cells, with particular attention being focused on adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs). This review delineates the current progress made in understanding obesity-induced inflammation and the roles ATMs play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsoon Lee
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Shu CJ, Benoist C, Mathis D. The immune system's involvement in obesity-driven type 2 diabetes. Semin Immunol 2013; 24:436-42. [PMID: 23333525 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is now a worldwide epidemic, strongly correlated with an elevated incidence of obesity. Obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation is a major cause of the decreased insulin sensitivity seen in type 2 diabetes. Recent studies have shed light on the cross-talk between the immune system and organismal metabolism. This review discusses the connection between inflammation in adipose tissue and systemic insulin resistance, focusing on the roles of innate and adaptive immune cell subsets in the pathogenesis of this metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Jenny Shu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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56
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SOCS and diabetes-ups and downs of a turbulent relationship. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 31:181-95. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Grothusen C, Schuett H, Hillmer A, Lumpe S, Grote K, Ballmaier M, Bleich A, Glage S, Tietge UJF, Luchtefeld M, Schieffer B. Role of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 in murine atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51608. [PMID: 23300554 PMCID: PMC3531439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background While the impact of inflammation as the substantial driving force of atherosclerosis has been investigated in detail throughout the years, the influence of negative regulators of pro-atherogenic pathways on plaque development has remained largely unknown. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 potently restricts transduction of various inflammatory signals and, thereby modulates T-cell development, macrophage activation and dendritic cell maturation. Its role in atherogenesis, however has not been elucidated so far. Methods and Results Loss of SOCS-1 in the low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient murine model of atherosclerosis resulted in a complex, systemic and ultimately lethal inflammation with increased generation of Ly-6Chi monocytes and activated macrophages. Even short-term exposure of these mice to high-cholesterol dieting caused enhanced atherosclerotic plaque development with accumulation of M1 macrophages, Ly-6C positive cells and neutrophils. Conclusion Our data not only imply that SOCS-1 is athero-protective but also emphasize the fundamental, regulatory importance of SOCS-1 in inflammation-prone organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Grothusen
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Harald Schuett
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Hillmer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Lumpe
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Grote
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Ballmaier
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andre Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Glage
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Uwe J. F. Tietge
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maren Luchtefeld
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schieffer
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Enos RT, Davis JM, Velázquez KT, McClellan JL, Day SD, Carnevale KA, Murphy EA. Influence of dietary saturated fat content on adiposity, macrophage behavior, inflammation, and metabolism: composition matters. J Lipid Res 2012; 54:152-63. [PMID: 23103474 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m030700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of three high-fat diets (HFD), differing in the percentage of total calories from saturated fat (SF) (6%, 12%, and 24%) but identical in total fat (40%), on body composition, macrophage behavior, inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction in mice. Diets were administered for 16 weeks. Body composition and metabolism [glucose, insulin, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC)] were examined monthly. Adipose tissue (AT) expression of marker genes for M1 and M2 macrophages and inflammatory mediators [Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4, MCP-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1, IFN-γ] was measured along with activation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NFκB), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38- mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). AT macrophage infiltration was examined using immunohistochemistry. Circulating MCP-1, IL-6, adiponectin, and leptin were also measured. SF content, independent of total fat, can profoundly affect adiposity, macrophage behavior, inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction. In general, the 12%-SF diet, most closely mimicking the standard American diet, led to the greatest adiposity, macrophage infiltration, and insulin resistance (IR), whereas the 6%-SF and 24%-SF diets produced lower levels of these variables, with the 24%-SF diet resulting in the least degree of IR and the highest TC/HDL-C ratio. Macrophage behavior, inflammation, and IR following HFD are heavily influenced by dietary SF content; however, these responses are not necessarily proportional to the SF percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reilly T Enos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Łabuzek K, Suchy D, Gabryel B, Pierzchała O, Okopień B. Role of the SOCS in monocytes/macrophages-related pathologies. Are we getting closer to a new pharmacological target? Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:1038-54. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lee HJ, Kim KW. Anti-inflammatory effects of arbutin in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:817-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Yoshimura A, Suzuki M, Sakaguchi R, Hanada T, Yasukawa H. SOCS, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:20. [PMID: 22566904 PMCID: PMC3342034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play essential roles in innate and adaptive immunity. However, excess cytokines or dysregulation of cytokine signaling will cause a variety of diseases, including allergies, autoimmune diseases, inflammation, and cancer. Most cytokines utilize the so-called Janus kinase–signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway. This pathway is negatively regulated by various mechanisms including suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins. SOCS proteins bind to JAK or cytokine receptors, thereby suppressing further signaling events. Especially, suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) and SOCS3 are strong inhibitors of JAKs, because these two contain kinase inhibitory region at the N-terminus. Studies using conditional knockout mice have shown that SOCS proteins are key physiological as well as pathological regulators of immune homeostasis. Recent studies have also demonstrated that SOCS1 and SOCS3 are important regulators of helper T cell differentiation and functions. This review focuses on the roles of SOCS1 and SOCS3 in T cell mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi Tokyo, Japan
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Osborn O, Olefsky JM. The cellular and signaling networks linking the immune system and metabolism in disease. Nat Med 2012; 18:363-74. [PMID: 22395709 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1112] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is now recognized that obesity is driving the type 2 diabetes epidemic in Western countries. Obesity-associated chronic tissue inflammation is a key contributing factor to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and a number of studies have clearly demonstrated that the immune system and metabolism are highly integrated. Recent advances in deciphering the various cellular and signaling networks that participate in linking the immune and metabolic systems together have contributed to understanding of the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases and may also inform new therapeutic strategies based on immunomodulation. Here we discuss how these various networks underlie the etiology of the inflammatory component of insulin resistance, with a particular focus on the central roles of macrophages in adipose tissue and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Osborn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Tanti JF, Ceppo F, Jager J, Berthou F. Implication of inflammatory signaling pathways in obesity-induced insulin resistance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:181. [PMID: 23316186 PMCID: PMC3539134 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by the development of a low-grade chronic inflammatory state in different metabolic tissues including adipose tissue and liver. This inflammation develops in response to an excess of nutrient flux and is now recognized as an important link between obesity and insulin resistance. Several dietary factors like saturated fatty acids and glucose as well as changes in gut microbiota have been proposed as triggers of this metabolic inflammation through the activation of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLR), inflammasome, and nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD). The consequences are the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the recruitment of immune cells such as macrophages and T lymphocytes in metabolic tissues. Inflammatory cytokines activate several kinases like IKKβ, mTOR/S6 kinase, and MAP kinases as well as SOCS proteins that interfere with insulin signaling and action in adipocytes and hepatocytes. In this review, we summarize recent studies demonstrating that PRRs and stress kinases are important integrators of metabolic and inflammatory stress signals in metabolic tissues leading to peripheral and central insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. We discuss recent data obtained with genetically modified mice and pharmacological approaches suggesting that these inflammatory pathways are potential novel pharmacological targets for the management of obesity-associated insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Tanti
- INSERM U1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team “Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes”Nice, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-AntipolisNice, France
- *Correspondence: Jean-François Tanti, INSERM U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Bâtiment Archimed, 151, route de St. Antoine de Ginestière, BP 2 3194, 06204, Nice Cedex 3, France. e-mail:
| | - Franck Ceppo
- INSERM U1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team “Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes”Nice, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-AntipolisNice, France
| | - Jennifer Jager
- INSERM U1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team “Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes”Nice, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-AntipolisNice, France
| | - Flavien Berthou
- INSERM U1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team “Molecular and Cellular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes”Nice, France
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-AntipolisNice, France
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Galic S, Fullerton MD, Schertzer JD, Sikkema S, Marcinko K, Walkley CR, Izon D, Honeyman J, Chen ZP, van Denderen BJ, Kemp BE, Steinberg GR. Hematopoietic AMPK β1 reduces mouse adipose tissue macrophage inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4903-15. [PMID: 22080866 DOI: 10.1172/jci58577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals who are obese are frequently insulin resistant, putting them at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and its associated adverse health conditions. The accumulation in adipose tissue of macrophages in an inflammatory state is a hallmark of obesity-induced insulin resistance. Here, we reveal a role for AMPK β1 in protecting macrophages from inflammation under high lipid exposure. Genetic deletion of the AMPK β1 subunit in mice (referred to herein as β1(-/-) mice) reduced macrophage AMPK activity, acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation, and mitochondrial content, resulting in reduced rates of fatty acid oxidation. β1(-/-) macrophages displayed increased levels of diacylglycerol and markers of inflammation, effects that were reproduced in WT macrophages by inhibiting fatty acid oxidation and, conversely, prevented by pharmacological activation of AMPK β1-containing complexes. The effect of AMPK β1 loss in macrophages was tested in vivo by transplantation of bone marrow from WT or β1(-/-) mice into WT recipients. When challenged with a high-fat diet, mice that received β1(-/-) bone marrow displayed enhanced adipose tissue macrophage inflammation and liver insulin resistance compared with animals that received WT bone marrow. Thus, activation of AMPK β1 and increasing fatty acid oxidation in macrophages may represent a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Galic
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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Fukaya T, Suzuki M, Sakaguchi R, Yasukawa H, Yoshimura A. Role of SOCS proteins in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Inflamm Regen 2011. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.31.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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