51
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52
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Lalive PH, Molnarfi N, Benkhoucha M, Weber MS, Santiago-Raber ML. Antibody response in MOG35–55 induced EAE. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 240-241:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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53
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Lee JH, Noh J, Noh G, Choi WS, Lee SS. IL-10 is predominantly produced by CD19(low)CD5(+) regulatory B cell subpopulation: characterisation of CD19 (high) and CD19(low) subpopulations of CD5(+) B cells. Yonsei Med J 2011; 52:851-5. [PMID: 21786452 PMCID: PMC3159945 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2011.52.5.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-10 production by CD19(+)CD5(+) B cells was investigated, by determining the expression levels of CD19, a classical B cell marker. Peripheral mononuclear cells were stained with fluorescence-conjugated anti-CD5, anti-CD19, anti-IL-10, and Annexin V. Interestingly, IL-10-producing B cells were found to be localised within the CD19(low)CD5(+) B cell subset. Apoptotic changes were also observed mainly in CD19(low) cells among B cells. Thus, CD5(+) B cells should be classified as CD19(high) and CD19(low) cells, and the immunological significance of CD19 for the IL-10 production by CD5(+) B cells requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Joonyong Noh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Bioscience & Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geunwoong Noh
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Wahn Soo Choi
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Sang Sun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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54
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IL-10-producing regulatory B10 cells inhibit intestinal injury in a mouse model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:735-43. [PMID: 21281806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
B cells mediate multiple functions that influence immune and inflammatory responses. In mice, the addition of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to drinking water leads to immediate intestinal injury. Dextran sulfate sodium-induced intestinal injury serves as an experimental animal model for human ulcerative colitis. The contribution of B cells to DSS-induced intestinal injury is unclear. In this study, we show that DSS-induced intestinal injury was more severe in CD19-deficient (CD19(-/-)) mice than in wild-type mice. These inflammatory responses were negatively regulated by a unique IL-10-producing CD1d(hi)CD5(+) regulatory B cell subset (B10 cells) that was absent in CD19(-/-) mice and represented only 1% to 2% of splenic B220(+) cells in wild-type mice. Remarkably, adoptive transfer of these B10 cells from wild-type mice reduced inflammation in CD19(-/-) mice in an IL-10-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that IL-10 production from regulatory B10 cells regulates DSS-induced intestinal injury. These findings may provide new insights and therapeutic approaches for treating ulcerative colitis.
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55
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Bodhankar S, Wang C, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Estrogen-induced protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is abrogated in the absence of B cells. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1165-75. [PMID: 21413005 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increased remissions in multiple sclerosis (MS) during pregnancy suggest that elevated levels of sex steroids exert immunoregulatory activity. Estrogen (E2=17β-estradiol) protects against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), but the cellular basis for E2-induced protection remains unclear. Studies demonstrate that depletion of B cells prior to induction of EAE exacerbates disease severity, implicating regulatory B cells. We thus evaluated pathogenic and E2-induced protective mechanisms in B-cell-deficient (μMT(-/-)) mice. EAE-protective effects of E2 were abrogated in μMT(-/-) mice, with no reduction in disease severity, cellular infiltration or pro-inflammatory factors in the central nervous system compared to untreated controls. E2 treatment of WT mice selectively upregulated expression of PD-L1 on B cells and increased the percentage of IL-10-producing CD1d(high) CD5(+) regulatory B cells. Upregulation of PD-L1 was critical for E2-mediated protection since E2 did not inhibit EAE in PD-L1(-/-) mice. Direct treatment of B cells with E2 significantly reduced proliferation of MOG(35-55)-specific T cells that required estrogen receptor-α (ERα). These results demonstrate, for the first time, a requirement for B cells in E2-mediated protection against EAE involving direct E2 effects on regulatory B cells mediated through ERα and the PD-1/PD-L1 negative co-stimulatory pathway. E2-primed B cells may represent an important regulatory mechanism in MS and have strong implications for women receiving current MS therapies that cause B-cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Bodhankar
- Neuroimmunology Research, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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56
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Kala M, Miravalle A, Vollmer T. Recent insights into the mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 235:9-17. [PMID: 21402415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glatiramer acetate (GA, Copaxone®, co-polymer 1) is an immunomodulatory therapy approved in 1996 by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. GA has a good safety profile, moderate efficacy, and a unique mode of action. Recent evidence in an animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), suggests that GA effects on NK cells and B cells may contribute to therapeutic efficacy. We review the mechanism of action of GA, with particular focus on recent data suggesting a role for regulatory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinalini Kala
- Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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57
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Ramgolam VS, Sha Y, Marcus KL, Choudhary N, Troiani L, Chopra M, Markovic-Plese S. B Cells as a Therapeutic Target for IFN-β in Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4518-26. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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58
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Hartmann W, Marsland BJ, Otto B, Urny J, Fleischer B, Korten S. A novel and divergent role of granzyme A and B in resistance to helminth infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2472-81. [PMID: 21248253 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Granzyme (gzm) A and B, proteases of NK cells and T killer cells, mediate cell death, but also cleave extracellular matrices, inactivate intracellular pathogens, and induce cytokines. Moreover, macrophages, Th2 cells, regulatory T cells, mast cells, and B cells can express gzms. We recently reported gzm induction in human filarial infection. In this study, we show that in rodent filarial infection with Litomosoides sigmodontis, worm loads were significantly reduced in gzmA × B and gzmB knockout mice during the whole course of infection, but enhanced only early in gzmA knockout compared with wild-type mice. GzmA/B deficiency was associated with a defense-promoting Th2 cytokine and Ab shift, enhanced early inflammatory gene expression, and a trend of reduced alternatively activated macrophage induction, whereas gzmA deficiency was linked with reduced inflammation and a trend toward increased alternatively activated macrophages. This suggests a novel and divergent role for gzms in helminth infection, with gzmA contributing to resistance and gzmB promoting susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Hartmann
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
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59
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Berer K, Wekerle H, Krishnamoorthy G. B cells in spontaneous autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:1332-7. [PMID: 21146219 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
B cells and their secreted products participate in the intricate network of pathogenic and regulatory immune responses. In human autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and type 1 diabetes, a role for B cells and antibodies is well established. However, in multiple sclerosis (MS), despite the presence of autoantibodies, B cells were less considered as a major participant of autoimmune processes, until recently. Several lines of evidence now indicate a more active role for B cells in disease pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the diverse roles of B cells in autoimmune diseases with particular focus on multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as well as the recently generated spontaneous EAE mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Berer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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60
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A case for regulatory B cells in controlling the severity of autoimmune-mediated inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 230:1-9. [PMID: 21145597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered to be a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that results in the presence of inflammatory lesions/plaques associated with mononuclear cell infiltrates, demyelination and axonal damage within the central nervous system (CNS). To date, FDA approved therapies in MS are thought to largely function by modulation of the immune response. Since autoimmune responses require many arms of the immune system, the direct cellular mechanisms of action of MS therapeutics are not definitively known. The mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), has been instrumental in deciphering the mechanism of action of MS drugs. In addition, EAE has been widely used to study the contribution of individual components of the immune system in CNS autoimmunity. In this regard, the role of B cells in EAE has been studied in mice deficient in B cells due to genetic ablation and following depletion with a B cell-targeted monoclonal antibody (mAb) (anti-CD20). Both strategies have indicated that B cells regulate the extent of EAE clinical disease and in their absence disease is exacerbated. Thus a new population of "regulatory B cells" has emerged. One reoccurring component of regulatory B cell function is the production of IL-10, a pleiotropic cytokine with potent anti-inflammatory properties. B cell depletion has also indicated that B cells, in particular antibody production, play a pathogenic role in EAE. B cell depletion in MS using a mAb to CD20 (rituximab) has shown promising results. In this review, we will discuss the current thinking on the role of B cells in MS drawing from knowledge gained in EAE studies and clinical trials using therapeutics that target B cells.
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61
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Boster A, Ankeny DP, Racke MK. The Potential Role of B Cell-Targeted Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis. Drugs 2010; 70:2343-2356. [DOI: 10.2165/11585230-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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62
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Augmentation of regulatory B cell activity in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by glatiramer acetate. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 232:136-44. [PMID: 21111489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that B cells reduce CNS inflammation in mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, we demonstrate that adoptively transferred CD5/CD19+ B cells protect against EAE severity. Furthermore, we show that glatiramer acetate (GA), a therapeutic for relapsing multiple sclerosis treatment, amplifies this effect. Transfer of GA-conditioned B cells leads to increased production of immunoregulatory cytokines and reduced CNS inflammation, as well as decreased expression of the chemokine receptor, CXCR5, and elevated BDNF expression in the CNS. Thus B cells can protect against EAE, and GA augments this effect in maintaining immune homeostasis and controlling EAE disease progression.
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63
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Brunn A, Utermöhlen O, Sánchez-Ruiz M, Montesinos-Rongen M, Blau T, Schlüter D, Deckert M. Dual role of B cells with accelerated onset but reduced disease activity in P0₁₀₆₋₁₂₅-induced experimental autoimmune neuritis of IgH ⁰(/)⁰ mice. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 120:667-81. [PMID: 20640902 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of B cells in autoimmune-mediated diseases of the peripheral nervous system was studied in experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) in B cell deficient IgH⁰(/)⁰ C57BL/6J mice having been immunized with P0₁₀₆₋₁₂₅ peptide. Compared to coisogenic IgH(+/+) mice, onset of EAN was accelerated [100% disease incidence at day 9 post immunization (p.i.) vs. day 15 p.i.]. At day 9 p.i., numbers of P0₁₀₆₋₁₂₅-specific interferon (IFN)-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells were increased, while IL-10 mRNA and production were decreased in IgH⁰(/)⁰ mice. Beyond day 9 p.i., declining disease activity and a significant reduction of maximal disease activity were correlated with significantly reduced numbers of IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells in IgH(0/0) mice as compared with IgH(+/+) mice. Correspondingly, neuropathology demonstrated only mild axonal damage, while demyelination and dying back axonopathy with spinal cord motor neuron apoptosis were absent. Thus, depending on the stage of EAN, B cells play a dual, i.e. suppressive and enhancing, role during induction and at height of EAN, respectively. The combined interaction of B cells as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells is required for the development of EAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brunn
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Germany.
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64
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Matsushita T, Horikawa M, Iwata Y, Tedder TF. Regulatory B cells (B10 cells) and regulatory T cells have independent roles in controlling experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis initiation and late-phase immunopathogenesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 185:2240-52. [PMID: 20624940 PMCID: PMC3717968 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T lymphocyte-mediated autoimmune disease of the CNS. Significant roles for B cells and a rare IL-10-producing CD1d(high)CD5(+) regulatory B cell subset (B10 cells) have been identified during the initiation and progression of EAE. Whether and how the regulatory functions of B10 cells and FoxP3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs) overlap or influence EAE immunopathogenesis independently has remained unanswered. This study demonstrates that the number of endogenous or adoptively transferred B10 cells directly influenced EAE pathogenesis through their production of IL-10. B10 cell numbers expanded quickly within the spleen, but not CNS following myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(35-55) immunization, which paralleled B10 cell regulation of disease initiation. The adoptive transfer of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(33-35)-sensitized B10 cells into wild-type mice reduced EAE initiation dramatically. However, B10 cells did not suppress ongoing EAE disease. Rather, Treg numbers expanded significantly within the CNS during disease progression, which paralleled their negative regulation of late-phase disease. Likewise, the preferential depletion of B10 cells in vivo during disease initiation enhanced EAE pathogenesis, whereas Treg depletion enhanced late-phase disease. B10 cells did not regulate T cell proliferation during in vitro assays, but significantly altered CD4(+) T cell IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production. Furthermore, B10 cells downregulated the ability of dendritic cells to act as APCs and thereby indirectly modulated T cell proliferation. Thus, B10 cells predominantly control disease initiation, whereas Tregs reciprocally inhibit late-phase disease, with overlapping B10 cell and Treg functions shaping the normal course of EAE immunopathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antigens, CD19/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2/immunology
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsushita
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Mayuka Horikawa
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Yohei Iwata
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Thomas F. Tedder
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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65
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Li X, Braun J, Wei B. Regulatory B cells in autoimmune diseases and mucosal immune homeostasis. Autoimmunity 2010; 44:58-68. [PMID: 20701454 DOI: 10.3109/08916931003782189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes contribute to physiological immunity through organogenesis of secondary lymphoid organs, presentation of antigen to T cells, production of antibodies, and secretion of cytokines. Their role in several autoimmune diseases, mainly as producers of pathogenic antibodies, is also well known. However, certain subsets of B cells are emerging as the important regulatory cell populations in both mouse and human. The regulatory functions of B cells have been demonstrated in a variety of mouse models of autoimmune diseases including collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), experiment autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID), diabetes, contact hypersensitivity (CHS), and intestinal mucosal inflammation. Accumulating evidence from both mouse and human studies confirms the existence of regulatory B cells, and is beginning to define their mechanisms of action. In this article, we first review the history of B cells with regulatory function in autoimmune diseases, and summarize the current understanding about the characterizations of such B-cell subsets. We then discuss the possible regulatory mechanisms of B cells, and specifically define the role of regulatory B cells in immune homeostasis in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, California, CA 90095, USA
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66
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Johnson BA, Kahler DJ, Baban B, Chandler PR, Kang B, Shimoda M, Koni PA, Pihkala J, Vilagos B, Busslinger M, Munn DH, Mellor AL. B-lymphoid cells with attributes of dendritic cells regulate T cells via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10644-8. [PMID: 20498068 PMCID: PMC2890795 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914347107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A discrete population of splenocytes with attributes of dendritic cells (DCs) and coexpressing the B-cell marker CD19 is uniquely competent to express the T-cell regulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in mice treated with TLR9 ligands (CpGs). Here we show that IDO-competent cells express the B-lineage commitment factor Pax5 and surface immunoglobulins. CD19 ablation abrogated IDO-dependent T-cell suppression by DCs, even though cells with phenotypic attributes matching IDO-competent cells developed normally and expressed IDO in response to interferon gamma. Consequently, DCs and regulatory T cells (Tregs) did not acquire T-cell regulatory functions after TLR9 ligation, providing an alternative perspective on the known T-cell regulatory defects of CD19-deficient mice. DCs from B-cell-deficient mice expressed IDO and mediated T-cell suppression after TLR9 ligation, indicating that B-cell attributes were not essential for B-lymphoid IDO-competent cells to regulate T cells. Thus, IDO-competent cells constitute a distinctive B-lymphoid cell type with quintessential T-cell regulatory attributes and phenotypic features of both B cells and DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Babak Baban
- Immunotherapy and Cancer Centers, Departments of
- Pathology and
| | | | - Baolin Kang
- Immunotherapy and Cancer Centers, Departments of
| | - Michiko Shimoda
- Immunotherapy and Cancer Centers, Departments of
- Pathology and
| | | | - Jeanene Pihkala
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Bojan Vilagos
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; and
| | | | - David H. Munn
- Immunotherapy and Cancer Centers, Departments of
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912
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67
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Watanabe R, Ishiura N, Nakashima H, Kuwano Y, Okochi H, Tamaki K, Sato S, Tedder TF, Fujimoto M. Regulatory B cells (B10 cells) have a suppressive role in murine lupus: CD19 and B10 cell deficiency exacerbates systemic autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4801-9. [PMID: 20368271 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B cells play critical roles in the pathogenesis of lupus. To examine the influence of B cells on disease pathogenesis in a murine lupus model, New Zealand Black and New Zealand White F(1) hybrid (NZB/W) mice were generated that were deficient for CD19 (CD19(-/-) NZB/W mice), a B cell-specific cell surface molecule that is essential for optimal B cell signal transduction. The emergence of anti-nuclear Abs was significantly delayed in CD19(-/-) NZB/W mice compared with wild type NZB/W mice. However, the pathologic manifestations of nephritis appeared significantly earlier, and survival was significantly reduced in CD19(-/-) NZB/W mice compared with wild type mice. These results demonstrate both disease-promoting and protective roles for B cells in lupus pathogenesis. Recent studies have identified a potent regulatory B cell subset (B10 cells) within the rare CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cell subset of the spleen that regulates acute inflammation and autoimmunity through the production of IL-10. In wild type NZB/W mice, the CD1d(hi)CD5(+)B220(+) B cell subset that includes B10 cells was increased by 2.5-fold during the disease course, whereas CD19(-/-) NZB/W mice lacked this CD1d(hi)CD5(+) regulatory B cell subset. However, the transfer of splenic CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells from wild type NZB/W mice into CD19(-/-) NZB/W recipients significantly prolonged their survival. Furthermore, regulatory T cells were significantly decreased in CD19(-/-) NZB/W mice, but the transfer of wild type CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells induced T regulatory cell expansion in CD19(-/-) NZB/W mice. These results demonstrate an important protective role for regulatory B10 cells in this systemic autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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68
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DiLillo DJ, Matsushita T, Tedder TF. B10 cells and regulatory B cells balance immune responses during inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1183:38-57. [PMID: 20146707 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability of B cells to negatively regulate cellular immune responses and inflammation has only recently been described. Hallmark papers from a number of distinguished laboratories have identified phenotypically diverse B-cell subsets with regulatory functions during distinct autoimmune diseases, including IL-10-producing B cells, CD5+ B-1a cells, CD1d+ marginal zone B cells, and transitional-2-marginal zone precursor B cells. Most recently, a numerically rare and phenotypically unique CD1dhiCD5+CD19hi subset of regulatory B cells has been identified in the spleens of both normal and autoimmune mice. CD1dhiCD5+ B cells with the capacity to produce IL-10 have been named B10 cells as they produce IL-10 exclusively and are the predominant B-cell source of IL-10. Remarkably, B10 cells are potent negative regulators of inflammation and autoimmunity in mouse models of disease in vivo. Herein, our current understanding of B10-cell development and function is reviewed in the context of previous studies that have identified and characterized regulatory B cells, emerging evidence for B10-cell regulation of tumor immunity, and the likelihood that B10 cells exist in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J DiLillo
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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69
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Yates MA, Li Y, Chlebeck P, Proctor T, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Progesterone treatment reduces disease severity and increases IL-10 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 220:136-9. [PMID: 20153059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian hormones, including progesterone, are known to have immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects which may alter the disease course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In the current study, we examined the treatment potential of progesterone beginning at the onset of EAE symptoms. Progesterone treated animals showed reduced peak disease scores and cumulative disease indices, and decreased inflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-2 and IL-17). In addition, increased production of IL-10 was accompanied by increased numbers of CD19+ cells and an increase in CD8+ cells. Decreased chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in the spinal cord also contributed to decreased lesions in the spinal cord.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Biomarkers/blood
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chemokines/drug effects
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/blood
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Female
- Immunologic Factors/pharmacology
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-10/blood
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/blood
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/blood
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Multiple Sclerosis/blood
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Progesterone/pharmacology
- Progesterone/therapeutic use
- Progestins/pharmacology
- Progestins/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Chemokine/drug effects
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Yates
- Neuroimmunology Research, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States
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70
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Ochoa-Repáraz J, Mielcarz DW, Haque-Begum S, Kasper LH. Induction of a regulatory B cell population in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by alteration of the gut commensal microflora. Gut Microbes 2010; 1:103-108. [PMID: 21326918 PMCID: PMC3023588 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.1.2.11515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that alteration of the gut commensal microbiota with antibiotics can modify the susceptibility to autoimmune demyelinating processes of the central nervous system. Treatment of mice with a broad spectrum of antibiotics not only induced significant changes in the regulatory T cell populations of the gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) and peripheral lymphoid organs but reduced the susceptibility to EAE, the most widely used animal model for human multiple sclerosis. Here, we show further that oral antibiotic treatment of EAE mice induced a CD5(+)B cell subpopulation that conferred protection against the disease. Protection was associated with an enhanced frequency of CD5(+)B cells in distal lymphoid sites such as cervical LN. In vitro stimulation with LPS increased the production of IL-10 by splenic CD5(+)B cells. Adoptive transfer of CD5(+)B cells from antibiotic treated mice reduced significantly the severity of EAE by shifting the immune responses from Th1/Th17 towards anti-inflammatory Th2-type responses. Our results demonstrate that this specific B cell population appears to be involved in the immune regulation of autoimmunity, in particular this experimental demyelinating disease of the central nervous system by gut commensal microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel W Mielcarz
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology; Dartmouth Medical School; Lebanon, NH USA
| | | | - Lloyd H Kasper
- Department of Medicine; Dartmouth Medical School; Lebanon, NH USA
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71
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Kala M, Rhodes SN, Piao WH, Shi FD, Campagnolo DI, Vollmer TL. B cells from glatiramer acetate-treated mice suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Exp Neurol 2009; 221:136-45. [PMID: 19879259 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) thought to be primarily mediated by T cells. However, emerging evidence supports an important role for B cells in the pathogenesis and inhibition of MS. Glatiramer acetate (GA), a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for the treatment of MS, has a good safety profile. But GA's mechanism of action in MS is still elusive. In this study, we showed that B cells from GA-treated mice increased production of IL-10 and reduced expression of co-stimulatory molecules viz.: CD80 and CD86. B cells from GA-treated mice also diminished proliferation of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG(35-55)) specific T cells. Purified B cells transferred from GA-treated mice suppressed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in recipient mice compared with B cells transferred from mice treated with PBS or ovalbumin. The treatment effect of GA in EAE was abrogated in B cell-deficient mice. Transfer of B cells from GA-treated mice inhibited the proliferation of autoreactive T cells as well as the development of Th1 and Th17 cells but promoted IL-10 production in recipient mice. The number of peripheral CD11b(+) macrophages in recipient mice also decreased after transfer of B cells from GA-treated mice; however, the number of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells remained unaltered. These results suggest that B cells are important to the protective effects of GA in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinalini Kala
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA.
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72
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Matsushita T, Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, Fujimoto M, Tedder TF. Regulatory B cells inhibit EAE initiation in mice while other B cells promote disease progression. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3420-30. [PMID: 18802481 DOI: 10.1172/jci36030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
EAE is a mouse T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the CNS used to model the human condition MS. The contributions of B cells to EAE initiation and progression are unclear. In this study, we have shown that EAE disease initiation and progression are differentially influenced by the depletion of B cells from mice with otherwise intact immune systems. CD20 antibody-mediated B cell depletion before EAE induction substantially exacerbated disease symptoms and increased encephalitogenic T cell influx into the CNS. Increased symptom severity resulted from the depletion of a rare IL-10-producing CD1dhiCD5+ regulatory B cell subset (B10 cells), since the adoptive transfer of splenic B10 cells before EAE induction normalized EAE in B cell-depleted mice. While transfer of regulatory B10 cells was maximally effective during early EAE initiation, they had no obvious role during disease progression. Rather, B cell depletion during EAE disease progression dramatically suppressed symptoms. Specifically, B cells were required for the generation of CD4+ T cells specific for CNS autoantigen and the entry of encephalitogenic T cells into the CNS during disease progression. These results demonstrate reciprocal regulatory roles for B cells during EAE immunopathogenesis. The therapeutic effect of B cell depletion for the treatment of autoimmunity may therefore depend on the relative contributions and the timing of these opposing B cell activities during the course of disease initiation and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Matsushita
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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73
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system with no clear etiology. Until recently, most studies have emphasized the role of T cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Data suggesting that B cells play a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis have been accumulating for the past five decades, demonstrating that the cerebrospinal fluid and central nervous system tissues of multiple sclerosis patients contain B cells, plasma cells, antibodies, and immunoglobulins. Data suggest that B cells are involved in antigen capture and presentation to T cells, cytokine production, antibody secretion, demyelination, tissue damage, and remyelination in multiple sclerosis. These advances in the understanding of B-cell and antibody roles in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis provide a strong rationale for B-cell-targeted therapies.
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74
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Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, Haas KM, Poe JC, Fujimoto M, Tedder TF. A regulatory B cell subset with a unique CD1dhiCD5+ phenotype controls T cell-dependent inflammatory responses. Immunity 2008; 28:639-50. [PMID: 18482568 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 970] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
B cells mediate multiple functions that influence immune and inflammatory responses. In this study, T cell-mediated inflammation was exaggerated in CD19-deficient (Cd19(-/-)) mice and wild-type mice depleted of CD20(+) B cells, whereas inflammation was substantially reduced in mice with hyperactive B cells as a result of CD19 overexpression (hCD19Tg). These inflammatory responses were negatively regulated by a unique CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cell subset that was absent in Cd19(-/-) mice, represented only 1%-2% of spleen B220(+) cells in wild-type mice, but was expanded to approximately 10% of spleen B220(+) cells in hCD19Tg mice. Adoptive transfer of these CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells normalized inflammation in wild-type mice depleted of CD20(+) B cells and in Cd19(-/-) mice. Remarkably, IL-10 production was restricted to this CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cell subset, with IL-10 production diminished in Cd19(-/-) mice, yet increased in hCD19Tg mice. Thereby, CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B cells represent a unique subset of potent regulatory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yanaba
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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75
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Fillatreau S, Gray D, Anderton SM. Not always the bad guys: B cells as regulators of autoimmune pathology. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:391-7. [PMID: 18437156 DOI: 10.1038/nri2315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
When B cells react aggressively against self, the potential for pathology is extreme. It is therefore not surprising that B-cell depletion is seen as an attractive therapy in autoimmune diseases. However, B cells can also be essential for restraining unwanted autoaggressive T-cell responses. Recent advances have pointed to interleukin-10 (IL-10) production as a key component in B-cell-mediated immune regulation. In this Opinion article, we develop a hypothesis that triggering of Toll-like receptors controls the propensity of B cells for IL-10 production and immune suppression. According to this model, B cells can translate exposure to certain microbial infections into protection from chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fillatreau
- Simon Fillatreau is at the Immune regulation group, Deutsches Rheuma-ForschungsZentrum, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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76
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Yoshizaki A, Iwata Y, Komura K, Ogawa F, Hara T, Muroi E, Takenaka M, Shimizu K, Hasegawa M, Fujimoto M, Tedder TF, Sato S. CD19 regulates skin and lung fibrosis via Toll-like receptor signaling in a model of bleomycin-induced scleroderma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1650-63. [PMID: 18467694 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mice subcutaneously injected with bleomycin, in an experimental model of human systemic sclerosis, develop cutaneous and lung fibrosis with autoantibody production. CD19 is a general "rheostat" that defines signaling thresholds critical for humoral immune responses, autoimmunity, and cytokine production. To determine the role of CD19 in the bleomycin-induced systemic sclerosis model, we investigated the development of fibrosis and autoimmunity in CD19-deficient mice. Bleomycin-treated wild-type mice exhibited dermal and lung fibrosis, hyper-gamma-globulinemia, autoantibody production, and enhanced serum and skin expression of various cytokines, including fibrogenic interleukin-4, interleukin-6, and transforming growth factor-beta1, all of which were inhibited by CD19 deficiency. Bleomycin treatment enhanced hyaluronan production in the skin, lung, and sera. Addition of hyaluronan, an endogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4, stimulated B cells to produce various cytokines, primarily through TLR4; CD19 deficiency suppressed this stimulation. These results suggest that bleomycin induces fibrosis by enhancing hyaluronan production, which activates B cells to produce fibrogenic cytokines mainly via TLR4 and induce autoantibody production, and that CD19 deficiency suppresses fibrosis and autoantibody production by inhibiting TLR4 signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Yoshizaki
- Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
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77
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Abstract
Acquired forms of prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are believed to occur following peripheral exposure. Prions initially accumulate in the lymphoid system before spreading to the nervous system, but the underlying mechanisms for prion transfer between the two systems are still elusive. Here we show that ablation of the B-cell-specific transmembrane protein CD19, a coreceptor of the complement system, results in an acceleration of prion neuroinvasion. This appears to be due to an alteration of the follicular dendritic cell (FDC) network within the lymphoid tissue, thereby reducing the distance between FDCs and adjacent nerve fibers that mediate prion neuroinvasion.
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78
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Hoehlig K, Lampropoulou V, Roch T, Neves P, Calderon-Gomez E, Anderton SM, Steinhoff U, Fillatreau S. Immune regulation by B cells and antibodies a view towards the clinic. Adv Immunol 2008; 98:1-38. [PMID: 18772002 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)00401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
B lymphocytes contribute to immunity in multiple ways, including production of antibodies, presentation of antigen to T cells, organogenesis of secondary lymphoid organs, and secretion of cytokines. Recent clinical trials have shown that depleting B cells can be highly beneficial for patients with autoimmune diseases, implicating B cells and antibodies as key drivers of pathology. However, it should be kept in mind that B cell responses and antibodies also have important regulatory roles in limiting autoimmune pathology. Here, we analyze clinical examples illustrating the potential of antibodies as treatment for immune-mediated disorders and discuss the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we examine the regulatory functions of activated B cells, their involvement in the termination of some experimental autoimmune diseases, and their use in cell-based therapy for such pathologies. These suppressive functions of B cells and antibodies do not only open new ways for harnessing autoimmune illnesses, but they also should be taken into account when designing new strategies for vaccination against microbes and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hoehlig
- Laboratory of immune regulation, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
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79
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Watanabe R, Fujimoto M, Ishiura N, Kuwano Y, Nakashima H, Yazawa N, Okochi H, Sato S, Tedder TF, Tamaki K. CD19 expression in B cells is important for suppression of contact hypersensitivity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:560-70. [PMID: 17556590 PMCID: PMC1934538 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.061279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is a cutaneous immune reaction mediated mainly by antigen-specific effector T cells and is regarded as a model for Th1/Tc1-mediated inflammation. However, recent reports have suggested pivotal roles of B cells in CHS. CD19 serves as a positive B-cell response regulator that defines signaling thresholds critical for B-cell responses. In the current study, we assessed the role of the B-cell-specific surface molecule CD19 on the development of CHS by examining CD19-deficient mice. Although CD19-deficient mice are hyposensitive to a variety of transmembrane signals, CD19 loss resulted in increased and prolonged reaction of CHS, suggesting an inhibitory role of CD19 expression in CHS. Sensitized lymph nodes and elicited ear lesions from CD19-deficient mice exhibited Th1/Tc1-shifted cytokine profile with increased interferon-gamma expression and decreased interleukin-10 expression. Adoptive transfer experiments revealed that CD19 expression in recipient mice was required for optimal suppression of CHS response, indicating its role in the elicitation phase. Furthermore, spleen B cells, especially marginal zone B cells, from wild-type mice were able to normalize exaggerated CHS reactions in CD19-deficient mice. Thus, CD19 expression in B cells is critical for termination of CHS responses, possibly through the function of regulatory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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80
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Fujimoto M, Sato S. B cell signaling and autoimmune diseases: CD19/CD22 loop as a B cell signaling device to regulate the balance of autoimmunity. J Dermatol Sci 2007; 46:1-9. [PMID: 17223015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, including connective tissue diseases and bullous diseases, may be life-threatening. Recent clinical and experimental approaches have demonstrated that B cells play critical roles in the manifestation of autoimmune disease not only by well-established autoantibody-mediated mechanisms but also by a variety of other functions. These B cell functions are under the regulation of B cell antigen receptor (BCR)-induced signals and by specialized cell surface coreceptors, or "response regulators", which inform B cells of their microenvironment. These response regulators include CD19 and CD22. CD19 and CD22 do not merely regulate BCR signals independently, but they have their own regulatory network. CD19 regulates CD22 phosphorylation by augmenting Lyn kinase activity, while CD22 inhibits CD19 phosphorylation via SHP-1. Importantly, this "CD19/CD22 loop" is significantly related to an autoimmune phenotype in mice. Thus, the CD19/CD22 loop may be a potential therapeutic target in autoimmune disease for modulating B cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
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81
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Nikbin B, Bonab MM, Khosravi F, Talebian F. Role of B Cells in Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2007; 79:13-42. [PMID: 17531836 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(07)79002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the current limited understanding of the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), genetic susceptibility and environmental influences are known driving factors. MS is considered a T-cell-mediated disease given the prevalence of T cells in plaques. Plaque formation is characteristic of this disease attributable to immune mechanisms, triggered by an autoimmune attack aimed at antigens in the myelin sheath or oligodendrocyte proteins. The attack consists of the following: The role of the B cells is twofold: first, as autoreactive B cells they produce autoantibodies, secrete cytokines, clonally replicate memory B cells, and long-living plasma cells which serve to advance the diseased state by their constant production of autoantibodies. Second, as antigen-presenting cells they activate the autoreactive T cells. For this reason, the stipulation that T cell is the cornerstone of MS must be reevaluated. Various studies on pathogenesis of MS have indicated that B cells, as the humoral component of the adaptive immune system, are active participants in pathogenesis and lesion maintenance throughout the disease process. The active role of B cells and autoantibodies makes them an encouraging therapeutic target. Advances in the understanding of B-cell development and activity would allow for an enhanced strategy in the design of autoimmune treatment. For this reason, further investigation is necessary to determine whether depletion of B cells or antibodies may restore immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Nikbin
- Department of Immunology, Immunogenetic Research Center, College of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155, Iran
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