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Billaud M, Johnstone SR, Isakson BE. Loss of Compliance in Small Arteries, but Not in Conduit Arteries, After 6 Weeks Exposure to High Fat Diet. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2012; 5:256-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s12265-012-9354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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52
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Heberlein KR, Han J, Straub AC, Best AK, Kaun C, Wojta J, Isakson BE. A novel mRNA binding protein complex promotes localized plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 accumulation at the myoendothelial junction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1271-9. [PMID: 22383705 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.246371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) has previously been shown to be key to the formation of myoendothelial junctions (MEJs) in normal and pathological states (eg, obesity). We therefore sought to identify the mechanism whereby PAI-1 could be selectively accumulated at the MEJ. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified PAI-1 protein enrichment at the MEJ in obese mice and in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) with a vascular cell coculture. However, PAI-1 mRNA was also found at the MEJ and transfection with a PAI-1-GFP with TNF-α did not demonstrate trafficking of the protein to the MEJ. We therefore hypothesized the PAI-1 mRNA was being locally translated and identified serpine binding protein-1, which stabilizes PAI-1 mRNA, as being enriched in obese mice and after treatment with TNF-α, whereas Staufen, which degrades PAI-1 mRNA, was absent in obese mice and after TNF-α application. We identified nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase as a serpine binding protein-1 binding partner with a functional τ-like microtubule binding domain. Application of peptides against the microtubule binding domain significantly decreased the number of MEJs and the amount of PAI-1 at the MEJ. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that PAI-1 can be locally translated at the MEJ as a result of a unique mRNA binding protein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Heberlein
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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53
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Greig FH, Kennedy S, Spickett CM. Physiological effects of oxidized phospholipids and their cellular signaling mechanisms in inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:266-80. [PMID: 22080084 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids, such as the products of the oxidation of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine by nonenzymatic radical attack, are known to be formed in a number of inflammatory diseases. Interest in the bioactivity and signaling functions of these compounds has increased enormously, with many studies using cultured immortalized and primary cells, tissues, and animals to understand their roles in disease pathology. Initially, oxidized phospholipids were viewed largely as culprits, in line with observations that they have proinflammatory effects, enhancing inflammatory cytokine production, cell adhesion and migration, proliferation, apoptosis, and necrosis, especially in vascular endothelial cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. However, evidence has emerged that these compounds also have protective effects in some situations and cell types; a notable example is their ability to interfere with signaling by certain Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induced by microbial products that normally leads to inflammation. They also have protective effects via the stimulation of small GTPases and induce up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes and cytoskeletal rearrangements that improve endothelial barrier function. Oxidized phospholipids interact with several cellular receptors, including scavenger receptors, platelet-activating factor receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and TLRs. The various and sometimes contradictory effects that have been observed for oxidized phospholipids depend on their concentration, their specific structure, and the cell type investigated. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which oxidized phospholipids exert their effects in various pathologies are similar. Although our understanding of the actions and mechanisms of these mediators has advanced substantially, many questions do remain about their precise interactions with components of cell signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona H Greig
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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54
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Leonarduzzi G, Gamba P, Gargiulo S, Biasi F, Poli G. Inflammation-related gene expression by lipid oxidation-derived products in the progression of atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:19-34. [PMID: 22037514 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vascular areas of atherosclerotic development persist in a state of inflammation, and any further inflammatory stimulus in the subintimal area elicits a proatherogenic response; this alters the behavior of the artery wall cells and recruits further inflammatory cells. In association with the inflammatory response, oxidative events are also involved in the development of atherosclerotic plaques. It is now unanimously recognized that lipid oxidation-derived products are key players in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Oxidized lipids, derived from oxidatively modified low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), which accumulate in the intima, strongly modulate inflammation-related gene expression, through involvement of various signaling pathways. In addition, considerable evidence supports a proatherogenic role of a large group of potent bioactive lipids called eicosanoids, which derive from oxidation of arachidonic acid, a component of membrane phospholipids. Of note, LDL lipid oxidation products might regulate eicosanoid production, modulating the enzymatic degradation of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases; these enzymes might also directly contribute to LDL oxidation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on signal transduction pathways and inflammatory gene expression, modulated by lipid oxidation-derived products, in the progression of atherosclerosis.
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55
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Alexander MR, Owens GK. Epigenetic control of smooth muscle cell differentiation and phenotypic switching in vascular development and disease. Annu Rev Physiol 2011; 74:13-40. [PMID: 22017177 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) in adult animals is a highly specialized cell whose principal function is contraction. However, this cell displays remarkable plasticity and can undergo profound changes in phenotype during repair of vascular injury, during remodeling in response to altered blood flow, or in various disease states. There has been extensive progress in recent years in our understanding of the complex mechanisms that control SMC differentiation and phenotypic plasticity, including the demonstration that epigenetic mechanisms play a critical role. In addition, recent evidence indicates that SMC phenotypic switching in adult animals involves the reactivation of embryonic stem cell pluripotency genes and that mesenchymal stem cells may be derived from SMC and/or pericytes. This review summarizes the current state of our knowledge in this field and identifies some of the key unresolved challenges and questions that we feel require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Alexander
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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56
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Overgaard CE, Daugherty BL, Mitchell LA, Koval M. Claudins: control of barrier function and regulation in response to oxidant stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1179-93. [PMID: 21275791 PMCID: PMC3144428 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Claudins are a family of nearly two dozen transmembrane proteins that are a key part of the tight junction barrier that regulates solute movement across polarized epithelia. Claudin family members interact with each other, as well as with other transmembrane tight junction proteins (such as occludin) and cytosolic scaffolding proteins (such as zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)). Although the interplay between all of these different classes of proteins is critical for tight junction formation and function, claudin family proteins are directly responsible for forming the equivalent of paracellular ion selective channels (or pores) with specific permeability and thus are essential for barrier function. In this review, we summarize current progress in identifying structural elements of claudins that regulate their transport, assembly, and function. The effects of oxidant stress on claudins are also examined, with particular emphasis on lung epithelial barrier function and oxidant stress induced by chronic alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Overgaard
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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57
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Looft-Wilson RC, Billaud M, Johnstone SR, Straub AC, Isakson BE. Interaction between nitric oxide signaling and gap junctions: effects on vascular function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1818:1895-902. [PMID: 21835160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide signaling, through eNOS (or possibly nNOS), and gap junction communication are essential for normal vascular function. While each component controls specific aspects of vascular function, there is substantial evidence for cross-talk between nitric oxide signaling and the gap junction proteins (connexins), and more recently, protein-protein association between eNOS and connexins. This review will examine the evidence for interaction between these pathways in normal and diseased arteries, highlight the questions that remain about the mechanisms of their interaction, and explore the possible interaction between nitric oxide signaling and the newly discovered pannexin channels. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Communicating junctions, composition, structure and characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Looft-Wilson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA
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58
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Márquez-Rosado L, Solan JL, Dunn CA, Norris RP, Lampe PD. Connexin43 phosphorylation in brain, cardiac, endothelial and epithelial tissues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1818:1985-92. [PMID: 21819962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions, composed of proteins from the connexin family, allow for intercellular communication between cells in essentially all tissues. There are 21 connexin genes in the human genome and different tissues express different connexin genes. Most connexins are known to be phosphoproteins. Phosphorylation can regulate connexin assembly into gap junctions, gap junction turnover and channel gating. Given the importance of gap junctions in development, proliferation and carcinogenesis, regulation of gap junction phosphorylation in response to wounding, hypoxia and other tissue insults is proving to be critical for cellular response and return to homeostasis. Connexin43 (Cx43) is the most widely and highly expressed gap junction protein, both in cell culture models and in humans, thus more research has been done on it and more reagents to it are available. In particular, antibodies that can report Cx43 phosphorylation status have been created allowing temporal examination of specific phosphorylation events in vivo. This review is focused on the use of these antibodies in tissue in situ, predominantly looking at Cx43 phosphorylation in brain, heart, endothelium and epithelium with reference to other connexins where data is available. These data allow us to begin to correlate specific phosphorylation events with changes in cell and tissue function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Communicating junctions, composition, structure and characteristics.
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59
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Kar S, Tillu VA, Meena SC, Pande AH. Closely related oxidized phospholipids differentially modulate the physicochemical properties of lipid particles. Chem Phys Lipids 2011; 164:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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60
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Straub AC, Billaud M, Johnstone SR, Best AK, Yemen S, Dwyer ST, Looft-Wilson R, Lysiak JJ, Gaston B, Palmer L, Isakson BE. Compartmentalized connexin 43 s-nitrosylation/denitrosylation regulates heterocellular communication in the vessel wall. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 31:399-407. [PMID: 21071693 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.215939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether S-nitrosylation of connexins (Cxs) modulates gap junction communication between endothelium and smooth muscle. METHODS AND RESULTS Heterocellular communication is essential for endothelium control of smooth muscle constriction; however, the exact mechanism governing this action remains unknown. Cxs and NO have been implicated in regulating heterocellular communication in the vessel wall. The myoendothelial junction serves as a conduit to facilitate gap junction communication between endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells within the resistance vasculature. By using isolated vessels and a vascular cell coculture, we found that Cx43 is constitutively S-nitrosylated on cysteine 271 because of active endothelial NO synthase compartmentalized at the myoendothelial junction. Conversely, we found that stimulation of smooth muscle cells with the constrictor phenylephrine caused Cx43 to become denitrosylated because of compartmentalized S-nitrosoglutathione reductase, which attenuated channel permeability. We measured S-nitrosoglutathione breakdown and NO(x) concentrations at the myoendothelial junction and found S-nitrosoglutathione reductase activity to precede NO release. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence for compartmentalized S-nitrosylation/denitrosylation in the regulation of smooth muscle cell to endothelial cell communication.
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MESH Headings
- Alcohol Dehydrogenase
- Animals
- Cell Communication/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Connexin 43/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Gap Junctions/metabolism
- Glutathione Reductase/genetics
- Glutathione Reductase/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Animal
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/metabolism
- Phenylephrine/pharmacology
- S-Nitrosoglutathione/metabolism
- Vascular Resistance/physiology
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstriction/physiology
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Straub
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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61
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Johnstone SR, Best AK, Wright CS, Isakson BE, Errington RJ, Martin PE. Enhanced connexin 43 expression delays intra-mitotic duration and cell cycle traverse independently of gap junction channel function. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:772-82. [PMID: 20512937 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs) and gap junction (GJ)-mediated communication have been linked with the regulation of cell cycle traverse. However, it is not clear whether Cx expression or GJ channel function are the key mediators in this process or at what stage this regulation may occur. We therefore tested the hypothesis that enhanced Cx expression could alter the rate of cell cycle traverse independently of GJ channel function. Sodium butyrate (NaBu) or anti-arrhythmic peptide (AAP10) were used to enhance Cx expression in HeLa cells stably expressing Cx43 (HeLa-43) and primary cultures of human fibroblasts (HFF) that predominantly express Cx43. To reduce GJ-mediated communication, 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) was used. In HeLa-43 and HFF cells, NaBu and AAP10 enhanced Cx43 expression and increased channel function, while GA reduced GJ-mediated communication but did not significantly alter Cx43 expression levels. Timelapse microscopy and flow cytometry of HeLa-WT (wild-type, Cx deficient) and HeLa-43 cells dissected cell cycle traverse and enabled measurements of intra-mitotic time and determined levels of G1 arrest. Enhanced Cx43 expression increased mitotic durations corresponding with a G1 delay in cell cycle, which was linked to an increase in expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21(waf1/cip1) in both HeLa-43 and HFF cells. Reductions in Cx43 channel function did not abrogate these responses, indicating that GJ channel function was not a critical factor in reducing cell proliferation in either cell type. We conclude that enhanced Cx43 expression and not GJ-mediated communication, is involved in regulating cell cycle traverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Johnstone
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Rd, Glasgow, Scotland G4 0BA, UK
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62
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Beranova L, Cwiklik L, Jurkiewicz P, Hof M, Jungwirth P. Oxidation changes physical properties of phospholipid bilayers: fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular simulations. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:6140-4. [PMID: 20387820 DOI: 10.1021/la100657a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Physical properties of oxidized phospholipid (OxPL) membranes consisting of binary mixtures of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and 10 mol % of one of two OxPLs, 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaryl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PGPC) or 1-palmitoyl-2-(5'-oxo-valeroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POVPC), were investigated experimentally and computationally. Fluorescence solvent relaxation (SR) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy z-scan (FCS z-scan) show increased headgroup hydration and mobility, and faster lateral diffusion in POPC membrane upon addition of OxPLs. The magnitudes of both effects are distinct for each of the two OxPLs. Molecular dynamics simulations corroborate the experimental findings, providing at the same time a detailed molecular interpretation in terms of changes in bilayer structure and phospholipid orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Beranova
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Dolejskova 3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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63
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Heberlein KR, Straub AC, Best AK, Greyson MA, Looft-Wilson RC, Sharma PR, Meher A, Leitinger N, Isakson BE. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 regulates myoendothelial junction formation. Circ Res 2010; 106:1092-102. [PMID: 20133900 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.215723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a biomarker for several vascular disease states; however, its target of action within the vessel wall is undefined. OBJECTIVE Determine the ability of PAI-1 to regulate myoendothelial junction (MEJ) formation. METHODS AND RESULTS MEJs are found throughout the vasculature linking endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells. Using a vascular cell coculture we isolated MEJ fractions and performed two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis. Mass spectrometry identified PAI-1 as being enriched within MEJ fractions, which we confirmed in vivo. In the vascular cell coculture, recombinant PAI-1 added to the EC monolayer significantly increased MEJs. Conversely, addition of a PAI-1 monoclonal antibody to the EC monolayer reduced the number of MEJs. This was also observed in vivo where mice fed a high fat diet had increased PAI-1 and MEJs and the number of MEJs in coronary arterioles of PAI-1(-/-) mice was significantly reduced when compared to C57Bl/6 mice. The presence of MEJs in PAI-1(-/-) coronary arterioles was restored when their hearts were transplanted into and exposed to the circulation of C57Bl/6 mice. Application of biotin-conjugated PAI-1 to the EC monolayer in vitro confirmed the ability of luminal PAI-1 to translocate to the MEJ. Functionally, phenylephrine-induced heterocellular calcium communication in the vascular cell coculture was temporally enhanced when recombinant PAI-1 was present, and prolonged when PAI-1 was absent. CONCLUSION Our data implicate circulating PAI-1 as a key regulator of MEJ formation and a potential target for pharmacological intervention in diseases with vascular abnormalities (eg, diabetes mellitus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Heberlein
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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Johnstone S, Isakson B, Locke D. Biological and biophysical properties of vascular connexin channels. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 278:69-118. [PMID: 19815177 PMCID: PMC2878191 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(09)78002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular channels formed by connexin proteins play a pivotal role in the direct movement of ions and larger cytoplasmic solutes between vascular endothelial cells, between vascular smooth muscle cells, and between endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Multiple genetic and epigenetic factors modulate connexin expression levels and/or channel function, including cell-type-independent and cell-type-specific transcription factors, posttranslational modifications, and localized membrane targeting. Additionally, differences in protein-protein interactions, including those between connexins, significantly contribute to both vascular homeostasis and disease progression. The biophysical properties of the connexin channels identified in the vasculature, those formed by Cx37, Cx40, Cx43 and/or Cx45 proteins, are discussed in this chapter in the physiological and pathophysiological context of vessel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Johnstone
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 29908
| | - Brant Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 29908
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 29908
| | - Darren Locke
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103
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