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Yu S, Shi W, Yang B, Gao G, Chen H, Cao L, Yu Z, Wang J. Effects of repeated oral inoculation of artificially fed lambs with lyophilized rumen fluid on growth performance, rumen fermentation, microbial population and organ development. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Pregastric fermentation along with production practices that are dependent on high-energy diets means ruminants rely heavily on starch and protein assimilation for a substantial portion of their nutrient needs. While the majority of dietary starch may be fermented in the rumen, significant portions can flow to the small intestine. The initial phase of small intestinal digestion requires pancreatic α-amylase. Numerous nutritional factors have been shown to influence pancreatic α-amylase secretion with starch producing negative effects and casein, certain amino acids and dietary energy having positive effects. To date, manipulation of α-amylase secretion has not resulted in substantial changes in digestibility. The second phase of digestion involves the actions of the brush border enzymes sucrase-isomaltase and maltase-glucoamylase. Genetically, ruminants appear to possess these enzymes; however, the absence of measurable sucrase activity and limited adaptation with changes in diet suggests a reduced capacity for this phase of digestion. The final phase of carbohydrate assimilation is glucose transport. Ruminants possess Na+-dependent glucose transport that has been shown to be inducible. Because of the nature of pregastric fermentation, ruminants see a near constant flow of microbial protein to the small intestine. This results in a nutrient supply, which places a high priority on protein digestion and utilization. Comparatively, little research has been conducted describing protein assimilation. Enzymes and processes appear consistent with non-ruminants and are likely not limiting for efficient digestion of most feedstuffs. The mechanisms regulating the nutritional modulation of digestive function in the small intestine are complex and coordinated via the substrate, neural and hormonal effects in the small intestine, pancreas, peripheral tissues and the pituitary-hypothalamic axis. More research is needed in ruminants to help unravel the complexities by which small intestinal digestion is regulated with the aim of developing approaches to enhance and improve the efficiency of small intestinal digestion.
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Ren H, Bai H, Su X, Pang J, Li X, Wu S, Cao Y, Cai C, Yao J. Decreased amylolytic microbes of the hindgut and increased blood glucose implied improved starch utilization in the small intestine by feeding rumen-protected leucine in dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4218-4235. [PMID: 32113753 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Starch digestion in the small intestine in ruminants is relatively lower compared with that in monogastric animals, likely due to low pancreatic α-amylase secretion. Previous studies suggested that leucine could increase pancreatic α-amylase secretion in the small intestine of heifers cannulated with abomasal, duodenal, and ileal catheters. However, the surgical procedures probably have an effect on pancreatic function. Thus, we used rumen-protected leucine (RP-Leu) to explore its effect on small intestinal digestion of starch in calves without any surgery in 3 experiments. The first experiment was to explore whether RP-Leu could improve post-ruminal starch digestion in 5-mo-old calves (158 ± 19 kg body weight ± standard deviation). We found that RP-Leu did not affect rumen fermentation profile or whole-tract starch digestibility, but it increased blood glucose concentration and fecal pH and decreased fecal propionate molar proportion. Additionally, RP-Leu increased fibrolytic genera Ruminiclostridium and Pseudobutyrivibrio and decreased the amylolytic genus of Faecalibacterium. The second experiment compared RP-Leu and rumen-protected lysine (RP-Lys) for their effects on post-ruminal starch digestion in 6-mo-old calves (201 ± 24 kg body weight). The responses of blood glucose concentration, fecal pH, fecal propionate proportion, and starch digestibility to RP-Leu supplementation were similar to those observed in experiment 1. Cellulolytic family Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroidales BS11 gut group tended to be increased by RP-Leu. In contrast, RP-Lys showed no significant influence on the above measurements. The third experiment determined the interaction between RP-Leu and rumen-escape starch (RES) on the small intestinal digestion of starch in 8-mo-old calves (289 ± 26 kg body weight). An interaction between RP-Leu and RES levels was observed in fecal butyrate concentration and the relative abundance of family Bacteroidaceae, and genera Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 and Bacteroides. We found that RP-Leu tended to increase the abundance of fecal Firmicutes and decrease Spirochaetae. In conclusion, RP-Leu, but not RP-Lys, increased blood glucose concentration and decreased the amount of starch fermented in the hindgut in a RES dose-dependent manner, suggesting that RP-Leu might stimulate starch digestion in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Hanxun Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Jie Pang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Shengru Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Yangchun Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Chuanjiang Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P.R. China.
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Nutritional strategies for heifers under grazing system: productive and nutritional performance, metabolic profile and ovarian activity. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:1013-1022. [PMID: 31997067 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of nutritional strategies on productive and nutritional performance, metabolic profile, and ovarian activity in heifers under grazing in the tropics in Brazil. Forty Nellore heifers averaging 8.5 ± 0.06 months and 248.6 ± 3.3 kg body weight (BW) were distributed in a completely randomized 2 × 2 factorial design with four treatments and ten replicates. The evaluated strategies consisted of different amounts of energetic-protein supplement: (1) 4 g/kg of BW of supplement in the pre-weaning and post-weaning; (2) 4 g/kg of BW of supplement pre-weaning and 6 g/kg in the post-weaning; (3) 6 g/kg of BW of supplement in the pre-weaning and 4 g/kg of BW in the post-weaning and; (4) 6 g/kg of BW of supplement in the pre-weaning and post-weaning. Crude protein (CP) and organic matter (OM) intake were increased (P < 0.05) by increasing the amounts of supplement in the post-weaning. Additionally, increasing supplement amounts in the post-weaning increased the digestibility of OM and CP (P < 0.05). Means insulin and glucose concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) for heifers that received higher amounts of supplement in the post-weaning. Average daily gain and fat thickness in the rump were increased (P < 0.05) by increasing supplement amounts in the post-weaning. Amounts of supplement did not influence the body growth of heifers. However, follicular number, diameter, and progesterone concentration were greater (P < 0.05) for heifers that received higher amounts of supplement in the post-weaning. In summary, increasing supplement amounts in the post-weaning improve the performance, energy and metabolic status, and ovarian activity in beef heifers under grazing in the tropics. Due to higher intake of supplement, the heifers receiving 6 g/kg of BW post-weaning had greater responses, independently of the supplement amount received pre-weaning.
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55
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Johnson JA, Sutherland BD, McKinnon JJ, McAllister TA, Penner GB. Effect of feeding barley or corn silage with dry-rolled barley, corn, or a blend of barley and corn grain on rumen fermentation, total tract digestibility, and nitrogen balance for finishing beef heifers. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa002. [PMID: 31917428 PMCID: PMC6984997 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Five ruminally cannulated heifers were used in an incomplete 6 × 6 Latin square design to determine the effects of cereal silage (barley vs. corn), cereal grain (barley vs. corn vs. a 50:50 blend of barley and corn), and their interaction (S × G) on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation, total tract digestibility, nitrogen balance, and in situ degradation. Corn silage (CS) or barley silage (BS) was included at 8% of dietary dry matter (DM). Within each silage source, diets contained (DM basis) either dry-rolled barley (BG; 86%), dry-rolled corn (CG; 85%), or an equal blend of barley and corn (BLEND; 85%). Periods were 25 d, with 5 d of dietary transition, 13 d of dietary adaptation, and 7 d of data and sample collection. Samples collected included feed and refusals, total urine and feces, and ruminal fluid. All data were analyzed using the Mixed model of SAS with the fixed effects of silage, grain, and the S × G. Dry matter intake (P ≥ 0.19) and mean ruminal pH (P ≥ 0.096) were not affected by the silage, grain, or S × G. Total short-chain fatty acid concentrations were greater for BLEND than BG or CG (grain, P = 0.003) and for CS (silage, P = 0.009) relative to BS. The molar proportion of acetate was greater for BS-BG and BS-CG (S × G, P < 0.001), while molar proportion of propionate was greater for CS-BG (S × G, P < 0.001) relative to other silage and grain source combinations. Rumen ammonia-N concentration was greater for CG than BG, or BLEND (grain, P < 0.001), and greater for CS compared to BS (silage, P = 0.023). Apparent total tract digestibility of DM, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, starch, and gross energy were greatest for BG (grain, P ≤ 0.035). Digestible energy content (Mcal/kg) was greater for BG (grain, P = 0.029) than CG and BLEND. Total nitrogen retention (g/d and % of intake) was greatest for CS-BG (S × G, P ≤ 0.033) relative to all other treatments. In situ degradation rates of DM, crude protein, and starch were greater for BG than CG (P ≤ 0.004). The potentially degradable fraction of DM, crude protein, and starch was greater for CG (P ≤ 0.031), while the undegradable fraction was greater for BG (P ≤ 0.046). For silage sources, CS had greater 24 h in situ DM digestibility (P = 0.009) and starch digestibility (24, 48, and 72 h incubations, P ≤ 0.034) relative to BS. Results suggest that while feeding a combination of CS and BG promotes propionate production and greater N retention; few other additive effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Brittney D Sutherland
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John J McKinnon
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gregory B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Khattab MSA, Kholif AE, Abd El Tawab AM, Shaaban MM, Hadhoud FI, El-Fouly HA, Olafadehan OA. Effect of replacement of antibiotics with thyme and celery seed mixture on the feed intake and digestion, ruminal fermentation, blood chemistry, and milk lactation of lactating Barki ewes. Food Funct 2020; 11:6889-6898. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00807a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the effect of in-feed administration of dried thyme leaf and celery seed mixture (at 1 : 1 w/w) compared with salinomycin ionophore on milk production and milk nutritive value of Barki ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. E. Kholif
- Dairy Science Department
- National Research Centre
- Giza
- Egypt
| | | | - M. M. Shaaban
- Biological Applications Department
- Nuclear Research Center
- Atomic Energy Authority
- Cairo
- Egypt
| | - F. I. Hadhoud
- Dairy Science Department
- National Research Centre
- Giza
- Egypt
| | - H. A. El-Fouly
- Biological Applications Department
- Nuclear Research Center
- Atomic Energy Authority
- Cairo
- Egypt
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57
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Johnson JA, Sutherland BD, McKinnon JJ, McAllister TA, Penner GB. Use of barley or corn silage when fed with barley, corn, or a blend of barley and corn on growth performance, nutrient utilization, and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 4:129-140. [PMID: 32704973 PMCID: PMC6994044 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the source of silage, cereal grain, and their interaction on growth performance, digestibility, and carcass characteristics of finishing beef cattle. Using a completely randomized design within an 89-d finishing study, 288 steers were randomly assigned to 1 of 24 pens (12 steers/pen) with average steer body weight (BW) within a pen of 464 kg ± 1.7 kg (mean ± SD). Diets were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with corn silage (CS) or barley silage (BS) included at 8% (dry matter [DM] basis). Within each silage source, diets contained dry-rolled barley grain (BG; 86% of DM), dry-rolled corn grain (CG; 85% of DM), or an equal blend of BG and CG (BCG; 85% of DM). Total tract digestibility of nutrients was estimated from fecal samples using near-infrared spectroscopy. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit using the Mixed Model of SAS with the fixed effects of silage, grain, and the two-way interaction. Carcass and fecal kernel data were analyzed using GLIMMIX utilizing the same model. There were no interactions detected between silage and grain source. Feeding CG increased (P < 0.01) DM intake by 0.8 and 0.6 kg/d relative to BG and BCG, respectively. Gain-to-feed ratio was greater (P = 0.04) for BG (0.172 kg/kg) than CG (0.162 kg/kg) but did not differ from BCG (0.165 kg/kg). Furthermore, average daily gain (2.07 kg/d) and final body weight did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.25). Hot carcass weight (HCW) was 6.2 kg greater (372.2 vs. 366.0 kg; P < 0.01) and dressing percentage was 0.57 percentage units greater (59.53 vs. 58.96 %; P = 0.04) for steers fed CS than BS, respectively. There was no effect of dietary treatment on the severity of liver abscesses (P ≥ 0.20) with 72.0% of carcasses having clear livers, 24.4% with minor liver abscesses, and 3.6% with severe liver abscesses. Digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and starch were greater for BG (P < 0.01) than CG or BCG. As expected, grain source affected the appearance of grain kernels in the feces (P ≤ 0.04). Feeding CS silage increased the appearance of fractured corn kernels (P = 0.04), while feeding BS increased fiber appearance in the feces (P = 0.02). Current results indicate that when dry rolled, feeding BG resulted in improved performance and digestibility compared with CG and BCG. Even at low inclusion levels (8% of DM), CS resulted in improved carcass characteristics relative to BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Johnson
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Brittney D Sutherland
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John J McKinnon
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tim A McAllister
- Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gregory B Penner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Owens FN, Hicks RB. Can net energy values be determined from animal performance measurements? A review of factors affecting application of the California Net Energy System. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:929-944. [PMID: 32704857 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The California Net Energy System (CNES) can reliably project performance of feedlot cattle based on three factors: expected dry matter intake (DMI), some index of degree of maturity of cattle linked to body composition (fat and protein content), and an estimate of the net energy (NE) content of the diet. The CNES allowed feedlot managers to monitor growth and efficiency of individual pens of cattle. Through assigning distinct values for net energy for maintenance (NEm) vs. net energy for gain (NEg) of the metabolizable energy (ME) present in feeds, the CNES enables valid economic comparisons among feedstuffs, an appraisal not feasible based on total digestible nutrients or digestible energy (DE) values. Because NEm and NEg are linked mathematically to ME, the CNES also allows performance-adjusted ME (paME) value of diets to be calculated from observed DMI and growth or carcass measurements. Compared with other productivity measures (e.g., average daily gain and gain-to-feed ratio) that are confounded with and affected by DMI, the CNES logically separates production responses by cattle into two factors-DMI and ME of the diet. This enables research scientists or cattle producers to appraise responses within these two factors independently. In feeding studies, means of paME values were related closely to ME values of diets calculated from the ME of diet ingredients. But unlike ME values projected from diet analyses, paME estimates are affected by environmental conditions (e.g., season, weather, animal interactions, stress, nutritional history and deficiencies, associative effects of feeds, imprecise feed management, and animal healthfulness and disorders). These factors typically overestimate ME intake or increase energy requirements, both of which decrease energetic efficiency. By comparing paME with ME values calculated from diet composition, logical reasons behind performance responses to and quantitative benefits from feed additives, grain processing, hormone implants, and animal management can be appraised. Considering the evolution in cattle types, management and marketing conditions, and changes in diet ingredients and processing that have occurred during the past 50 yr, updating by a skilled committee to correct certain anomalies within the CNES as currently being applied seems appropriate. Developing simplified spreadsheets could help users evaluate their own dietary and management conditions and assure that the CNES continues to be widely applied by the feedlot industry within the United States and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert B Hicks
- Area Extension Livestock Specialist, Oklahoma State University, Goodwell, OK
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Nichols K, Bannink A, Doelman J, Dijkstra J. Mammary gland metabolite utilization in response to exogenous glucose or long-chain fatty acids at low and high metabolizable protein levels. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7150-7167. [PMID: 31155242 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigated mammary gland metabolism in lactating dairy cattle in response to energy from glucogenic (glucose; GG) or lipogenic (palm olein; LG) substrates at low (LMP) and high (HMP) metabolizable protein levels. According to a 6 × 6 Latin square design, 6 rumen-fistulated second-lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (97 ± 13 d in milk) were abomasally infused with saline (LMP-C); isoenergetic infusions (digestible energy basis) of 1,319 g/d glucose (LMP-GG), 676 g/d palm olein (LMP-LG), or 844 g/d essential AA (EAA; HMP-C); or isoenergetic infusions of 1,319 g/d glucose + 844 g/d EAA (HMP-GG) or 676 g/d palm olein + 844 g/d EAA (HMP-LG). Each experimental period consisted of 5 d of continuous infusion followed by 2 d of rest. A total mixed ration (42% corn silage, 31% grass silage, and 27% concentrate on a dry matter basis) formulated to meet 100 and 83% of net energy and metabolizable protein requirements, respectively, was fed at 90% of ad libitum intake by individual cow. Arterial and venous blood samples were collected on d 5 of each period. Infusing GG or LG at the HMP level did not affect milk yield or composition differently than at the LMP level. Neither GG nor LG infusion stimulated milk protein or lactose yield, but fat yield tended to decrease with GG and tended to increase with LG. Infusion of GG increased arterial plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin and decreased concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids, long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), total AA, EAA, and group 2 AA. Infusion of LG increased arterial triacylglycerides (TAG) and LCFA but did not affect EAA concentrations. Compared with the LMP level, the HMP level increased arterial concentrations of BHB, urea, and all EAA groups and decreased the concentration of total non-EAA. Mammary plasma flow increased with GG and was not affected by LG or protein level. Uptake and clearance of total EAA and group 2 AA were affected or tended to be affected by GG × AA interactions, with their uptakes being lower and their clearances higher with GG, but only at the LMP level. Infusion of LG did not affect uptake or clearance of any AA group. The HMP level increased uptake and decreased clearance of all EAA groups and decreased non-EAA uptake. Infusion of GG tended to increase mammary glucose uptake, and tended to decrease BHB uptake only at the LMP level. Infusion of LG increased mammary uptake of TAG and LCFA and increased or tended to increase clearance of TAG and LCFA. We suspect GG increased mammary plasma flow to maintain intramammary energy and AA balance and stimulated lipogenesis in adipose, accounting for depressed arterial BHB and group 2 AA concentrations. Mammary glucose uptake did not cover estimated requirements for lactose and fat synthesis at the HMP level, except during HMP-GG infusion. Results of this study illustrate flexibility in mammary metabolite utilization when absorptive supply of glucogenic, lipogenic, and aminogenic substrate is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nichols
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - A Bannink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Doelman
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, PO Box 220, 5830 AE Boxmeer, the Netherlands
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Huang W, Wang L, Li S, Cao Z. Effect of reduced energy density of close-up diets on metabolites, lipolysis and gluconeogenesis in Holstein cows. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 32:648-656. [PMID: 30744350 PMCID: PMC6502716 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of reduced energy density of close-up diets on metabolites, lipolysis and gluconeogenesis in cows during the transition period. Methods Thirty-nine Holstein dry cows were blocked and assigned randomly to three groups, fed a high energy density diet (HD, 1.62 Mcal of net energy for lactation [NEL]/kg dry matter [DM]), a medium energy density diet (MD, 1.47 Mcal NEL/kg DM), or a low energy density diet (LD, 1.30 Mcal NEL/kg DM) prepartum; they were fed the same lactation diet to 28 days in milk (DIM). All the cows were housed in a free-stall barn and fed ad libitum. Results The reduced energy density diets decreased the blood insulin concentration and increased nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration in the prepartum period (p<0.05). They also increased the concentrations of glucose, insulin and glucagon, and decreased the concentrations of NEFA and β-hydroxybutyrate during the first 2 weeks of lactation (p<0.05). The plasma urea nitrogen concentration of both prepartum and postpartum was not affected by dietary energy density (p>0.05). The dietary energy density had no effect on mRNA abundance of insulin receptors, leptin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in adipose tissue, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α in liver during the transition period (p>0.05). The HD cows had higher mRNA abundance of hormone-sensitive lipase at 3 DIM compared with the MD cows and LD cows (p = 0.001). The mRNA abundance of hepatic pyruvate carboxykinase at 3 DIM tended to be increased by the reduced energy density of the close-up diets (p = 0.08). Conclusion The reduced energy density diet prepartum was effective in controlling adipose tissue mobilization and improving the capacity of hepatic gluconeogenesis postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Huang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Libin Wang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China.,State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Leucine regulates α-amylase and trypsin synthesis in dairy calf pancreatic tissue in vitro via the mammalian target of rapamycin signalling pathway. Animal 2019; 13:1899-1906. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118003683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Jose Neto A, Messana JD, Rossi LG, Carvalho IPC, Berchielli TT. Methane emissions from Nellore bulls on pasture fed two levels of starch-based supplement with or without a source of oil. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an16095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Methane emissions (CH4) from enteric fermentation represent an energy loss to the animal ranging from 2% to 12% of gross energy (GE) intake; therefore, the challenge is to develop diets and handling strategies to mitigate CH4 emissions. This study tested the hypothesis that fat supplementation as a source of energy could reduce CH4 emissions without decrease animal production, independently of the starch level utilised. Thus, the goal of this study was to assess the combined effects of high- or low-starch supplements with or without a source of oil (soybean grain) on intake, digestibility, performance, and CH4 emissions of finishing Nellore bulls [n = 44; initial bodyweight (BW) = 414 ± 12 kg; age of 20 months] grazing on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés during the dry season. No interactions between starch level and oil source (soybean grain) supplementation with respect to intake of dry matter (DM), forage DM, supplement DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), ether extract (EE), or GE were found. However, there was an effect of starch and oil source on intake of EE. There were no interactions between starch level and oil source supplementation with respect to digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, CP, EE, or digestibility energy. Irrespective of the starch level utilised, the addition of soybean grain (oil source) decreased the digestibility of NDF and increased the digestibility of EE. In relation to animal performance, there were no interactions between starch level and oil regarding initial BW, final BW, average daily gain (ADG), gain efficiency, hot carcass weight, dressing, carcass gain, fat depth, or longissimus muscle area. However, the addition of soybean grain (oil source) increased the fat depth independently of the starch level used. There was no interaction between starch-based supplementation level and oil source on CH4 emissions when expressed in g/day, g/kg DM intake, g/kg OM intake, g/kg NDF intake, % of GE intake, g/g EE intake, g/kg ADG, or g/kg of carcass gain. Therefore, the addition of soybean grain (oil source) in supplements, independent of starch level used, was associated with reduced CH4 emissions expressed in g/day. Additionally, soybean grain (oil source) decreased enteric CH4 emissions relative to GE and EE intake and ADG for animals fed high- or low-starch supplements. Soybean grain supplementation is effective at reducing enteric CH4 emissions from Nellore bulls grazing on tropical pasture.
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Effects of feeding frequency of an elevated plane of milk replacer and calf age on behavior, and glucose and insulin kinetics in male Holstein calves. Animal 2019; 13:1385-1393. [DOI: 10.1017/s175173111800294x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Russi JP, DiLorenzo N, Relling AE. Effects of rumen-protected carbohydrate supplementation on performance and blood metabolites in feedlot finishing steers during heat stress. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 3:513-521. [PMID: 32704822 PMCID: PMC7200539 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the inclusion of a rumen-protected carbohydrate (RPC) on growth performance and blood metabolites of finishing steers during the summer. A 62-d feedlot study was conducted using 135 Angus crossbred steers (body weight = 287 ± 13 kg). All animals were fed a basal diet (BD), then treatments were top-dressed. The treatments were the same composition and only varied in ruminal degradability. Treatments were 1) a BD with 1 kg/d of a control supplement (0RPC), 2) the BD plus 0.5 kg/d of the control supplement and 0.5 kg/d of RPC (0.5RCP), and 3) the BD with 1 kg/d of RPC supplement (1RPC). Temperature humidity index and cattle panting scores (CPS) were measured daily during the experiment. Growth performance, back-fat over the 12th rib (BF), LM area, blood glucose and plasma insulin, urea, and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were measured. Data were statistically analyzed (PROC Mixed, SAS) using treatment, time, and their interaction as a fixed variable and pen as a random variable. There were no differences (P > 0.10) between the three treatments on CPS, BF, and LM area on day 62. There was a trend (P = 0.06) for treatment effect for a greater body weight on the 0.5RPC, and a treatment effect for dry matter intake (P = 0.05). Treatment × day interactions were observed for average daily gain (ADG, P =0.04), suggesting a different response to treatments during the different sampling periods. There was a treatment effect for blood glucose concentration (P = 0.03), having the 0RPC the greatest concentration. Treatment × day interactions were found for plasma insulin concentration (P = 0.01). The results suggest that the response to RPC supplementation depends in part on environment. The use of 0.5 kg/d of RPC tends to improve overall body weight; however, the response to RPC on ADG and plasma insulin concentration depend on the time of sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas DiLorenzo
- University of Florida, North Florida Research and Education Center, Marianna, FL
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Smith SB, Blackmon TL, Sawyer JE, Miller RK, Baber JR, Morrill JC, Cabral AR, Wickersham TA. Glucose and acetate metabolism in bovine intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissues from steers infused with glucose, propionate, or acetate. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:921-929. [PMID: 29409001 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that abomasal infusion of glucose would promote de novo fatty acid biosynthesis from glucose in vitro in bovine intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) adipose tissues to a greater extent than ruminal infusion of acetate, propionate, or glucose. Angus crossbred steers (n = 24), 22 mo of age, were fitted with ruminal cannulas, and steers were adapted to another corn/sorghum finishing diet over a 2-wk period while recovering from the placement of the cannulas. After the adaptation period, the steers were fed the second finishing diet at 130% of their voluntary intake and were infused with isocaloric amounts (3.76 Mcal/d) of glucose, propionate, or acetate for 35 d. Glucose was infused either into the rumen or into the abomasum, whereas propionate and acetate were infused into the rumen. Acetate infusion decreased DM and DE intakes (P < 0.05). The 5th to 8th longissimus muscle section was removed immediately and transported to the laboratory within 10 min post-exsanguination in 38 °C, oxygenated Krebs Henseleit buffer containing 5 mM glucose and 5 mM acetate. Intramuscular and s.c. adipose tissues were dissected from the muscle and incubated in vitro in 5 mM glucose plus 5 mM acetate (containing [U-14C]glucose or [1-14C]acetate). Lipid content was lower (P = 0.04) in i.m. adipose tissue of the acetate-infused steers than in the other treatment groups, and i.m. adipocytes from acetate-infused steers were smaller (P = 0.01) than those from propionate-infused steers. The rate of incorporation of acetate into glyceride-fatty acids (GFA) in i.m. and s.c. adipose tissues was greater (P < 0.03) in steers receiving ruminal or abomasal infusions of glucose than in adipose tissues from steers infused with acetate. The greatest rates of GFA synthesis were observed in s.c. adipose tissue from steers infused ruminally with propionate or abomasally infused with glucose (P < 0.001). In i.m. and s.c. adipose tissues, the proportion of acetyl units from acetate incorporated into GFA was greater in steers receiving glucose infusion in the rumen or abomasum than in steers receiving acetate or propionate infusion (P < 0.05). Contrary to our hypothesis, abomasal glucose infusion did not promote greater fatty acid biosynthesis from glucose in i.m. adipose tissue than ruminal glucose infusion. However, glucose infusion caused the greatest production of acetyl units from acetate in i.m. and s.c. adipose tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - T L Blackmon
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - J E Sawyer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - R K Miller
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - J R Baber
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - J C Morrill
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - A R Cabral
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - T A Wickersham
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Miorin RL, Holtshausen L, Baron V, Beauchemin KA. In situ rumen degradation of kernels from short-season corn silage hybrids as affected by processing . Transl Anim Sci 2018; 2:428-438. [PMID: 32704725 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this in situ study was to evaluate the rumen degradability of kernels from short-season corn hybrids grown for silage in Western Canada (Lacombe, AB) and determine whether decreasing kernel particle size would enhance ruminal degradability in a similar manner for all hybrids. The study was a completely randomized design with 3 beef cows (replicates) and a 6 (hybrid) × 3 (particle size) factorial arrangement of treatments. Kernels were processed to generate three different particle sizes: large (2.3 mm), medium (1.4 mm), and small (0.7 mm). Processed samples were incubated in the rumen for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h using the in situ method and degradation kinetics of DM and starch were determined. Effective rumen degradability (ED) was estimated using a passage rate of 0.04 (ED4), 0.06 (ED6), and 0.08/h (ED8). Hybrids exhibited a range in whole plant DM content (23.7 to 25.0%), starch content (15.9 to 28.1% DM), kernel hardness (21.9 to 34.4 s/20 g) and density (3.57 to 4.18 g/mL), and prolamin content (8.24 to 11.34 g/100 g starch). Differences in digestion kinetics among hybrids were generally more pronounced for starch than DM. The hybrids differed in starch degradability (P < 0.05), with earlier maturing hybrids having lower A fraction, lower k d, and lower ED, with hybrid effects on ED being accentuated with faster passage rate. Kernel DM content (r = -0.85, -0.87), hardness (r = -0.89, -0.86), and density (r = -0.84, -0.85) were negatively correlated with ED4 and ED8 of starch, respectively, due mainly to decreased k d of fraction B. Reducing the particle size of kernels increased ED of starch due to increased A fraction and k d of the B fraction. A tendency (P = 0.09) for hybrid × processing effects for ED6 and ED8 indicated that processing had greater effects on increasing ED of starch for earlier maturing hybrids. We conclude that short-season hybrids that mature early may have lower ED of DM and starch and would benefit from prolonged ensilage time. Kernel processing during silage making is recommended for short-season corn hybrids as a means of enhancing rumen availability of starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan L Miorin
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.,Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Lucia Holtshausen
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Vern Baron
- Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - Karen A Beauchemin
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Del Bianco Benedeti P, Silva BDC, Pacheco MVC, Serão NVL, Carvalho Filho I, Lopes MM, Marcondes MI, Mantovani HC, Valadares Filho SDC, Detmann E, Duarte MDS. Effects of grain processing methods on the expression of genes involved in volatile fatty acid transport and pH regulation, and keratinization in rumen epithelium of beef cattle. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198963. [PMID: 29902237 PMCID: PMC6002044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of corn and sorghum with different processing methods on the expression of genes involved in volatile fatty acids transport and pH regulation, and ruminal keratinization in rumen epithelium of finishing bulls. For Exp. 1, five rumen cannulated Nellore bulls were used in a 5x5 Latin square arrangement, with 14 d for adaptation and 9 d for sample collection. Treatments were: dry ground corn, dry ground sorghum, reconstituted corn, reconstituted sorghum, and control (forage-based diet). Samples of rumen epithelium from ventral sac were excised, rinsed, snap-frozen and stored at -80°C until total RNA isolation and quantitative real-time PCR analysis. In the Exp. 2, 24 Nellore bulls were assigned to a completely randomized design lasting 168 d. Experimental treatments were similar to those at Exp. 1, but without the control treatment. After the experimental period, bulls were slaughtered and rumen epithelium samples were rapidly excised for further histological analysis. Rumen epithelial tissue from animals fed reconstituted corn had lower expression of downregulated-in-adenoma (P = 0.03) and Na+/H+ exchanger 2 (trend; P = 0.09). The expression of Na+/ H+ exchanger 1 (P = 0.10) and putative anion transporter (P = 0.06) tended to be lower in rumen epithelium of bulls fed reconstituted grains. Ruminal concentration of valerate was greater for animals fed reconstituted grain (P = 0.01). Likewise, animals fed reconstituted corn tended to have greater butyrate ruminal concentration (P = 0.08). Keratinized layer thickness did not differ among treatments (P > 0.10). Therefore, reconstituted grains (especially corn) decrease the mRNA expression of genes involved in volatile fatty acids transport and pH control in the rumen epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Del Bianco Benedeti
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- * E-mail: (PDBB); (MSD)
| | - Breno de Castro Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ivan Carvalho Filho
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Mescouto Lopes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Edenio Detmann
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcio de Souza Duarte
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail: (PDBB); (MSD)
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Cao Y, Yang X, Guo L, Zheng C, Wang D, Cai C, Liu S, Yao J. Effects of dietary leucine and phenylalanine on pancreas development, enzyme activity, and relative gene expression in milk-fed Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4235-4244. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Fassah DM, Jeong JY, Baik M. Hepatic transcriptional changes in critical genes for gluconeogenesis following castration of bulls. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 31:537-547. [PMID: 29502393 PMCID: PMC5838326 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to understand transcriptional changes in the genes involved in gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways following castration of bulls. Methods Twenty Korean bulls were weaned at average 3 months of age, and castrated at 6 months. Liver tissues were collected from bulls (n = 10) and steers (n = 10) of Korean cattle, and hepatic gene expression levels were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. We examined hepatic transcription levels of genes encoding enzymes for irreversible reactions in both gluconeogenesis and glycolysis as well as genes encoding enzymes for the utilization of several glucogenic substrates. Correlations between hepatic gene expression and carcass characteristics were performed to understand their associations. Results Castration increased the mRNA (3.6 fold; p<0.01) and protein levels (1.4 fold; p< 0.05) of pyruvate carboxylase and mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase genes (1.7 fold; p<0.05). Hepatic mRNA levels of genes encoding the glycolysis enzymes were not changed by castration. Castration increased mRNA levels of both lactate dehydrogenase A (1.5 fold; p<0.05) and lactate dehydrogenase B (2.2 fold; p<0.01) genes for lactate utilization. Castration increased mRNA levels of glycerol kinase (2.7 fold; p<0.05) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (1.5 fold; p<0.05) genes for glycerol utilization. Castration also increased mRNA levels of propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta (mitochondrial) (3.5 fold; p<0.01) and acyl-CoA synthetase short chain family member 3 (1.3 fold; p = 0.06) genes for propionate incorporation. Conclusion Castration increases transcription levels of critical genes coding for enzymes involved in irreversible gluconeogenesis reactions from pyruvate to glucose and enzymes responsible for incorporation of glucogenic substrates including lactate, glycerol, and propionate. Hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression levels were associated with intramuscular fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilla Mareistia Fassah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Young Jeong
- Animal Nutrition & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Myunggi Baik
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
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Grain grinding size of cereals in complete pelleted diets for growing lambs: Effects on ruminal microbiota and fermentation. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Akbarian-Tefaghi M, Ghasemi E, Khorvash M. Performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites of dairy calves fed starter mixtures supplemented with herbal plants, essential oils or monensin. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:630-638. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Akbarian-Tefaghi
- Department of Animal Science; College of Agriculture; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
| | - E. Ghasemi
- Department of Animal Science; College of Agriculture; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
| | - M. Khorvash
- Department of Animal Science; College of Agriculture; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
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Segers JR, Loor JJ, Moisá SJ, Gonzalez D, Shike DW. Effects of protein and fat concentration in coproduct-based growing calf diets on adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression, blood metabolites, and carcass composition. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:2767-2781. [PMID: 28727056 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crossbred calves ( = 30; age = 95 ± 1.7 d; BW = 179 ± 18 kg) were fed 1 of 5 growing diets: 1) corn-based control, 2) low-fat, low-protein coproduct blend, 3) high-fat, low-protein coproduct blend, 4) low-fat, high-protein coproduct blend, and 5) high-fat, high-protein coproduct blend for 112 d (growing phase) followed by a common corn-based finishing diet (additional 112 d; finishing phase). Calves were biopsied at 0, 112, and 224 d for transcriptional analysis via real-time quantitative PCR of 14 genes associated with adipogenesis and lipogenesis within the muscle. Serum was collected at d 0, 112, and 224 and analyzed for leptin, IGF-1, and GH concentration. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) to ascertain the effects of 2 protein levels, 2 fat levels, time, and any interactions. Increased protein and decreased fat in the growing diet resulted in a carryover effect that increased ( 0.01) gene expression of PPARγ, insulin-induced gene 1, thyroid hormone responsive SPOT14 protein, ATP citrate lyase, adiponectin, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase homologue 2, fatty acid binding protein 4, fatty acid synthase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase as well as serum leptin concentrations between d 112 and 224. Expression of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 was increased ( 0.01) at d 112 in steers fed high-protein, high-fat diets compared to those fed high-protein, low-fat diets. A fat × day interaction ( 0.01) occurred for the expression of adiponectin receptor 2 and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha, resulting in a carryover effect wherein low-fat diets fed during the growing phase increased expression of both genes at the end of the finishing phase (d 224). After slaughter, cattle fed the control during the growing phase tended ( 0.09) to have greater marbling scores, whereas other carcass parameters were not different ( ≥ 0.13). These data indicate that feeding differing levels of dietary fat and protein during the growing phase does affect i.m. adipogenesis at the transcriptional level, but differences in gene expression were not sufficient to affect carcass quality among cattle fed coproducts.
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de. Barros ACB, Neiva JNM, Restle J, Missio RL, Miotto FRC, Elejalde DAG, Maciel RP. Production responses in young bulls fed glycerin as a replacement for concentrates in feedlot diets. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an16288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the productive performance, blood parameters, and carcass characteristics of young crossbreed dairy bulls kept in feedlots and fed with diets containing 0, 60, 120, and 240 g/kg of crude glycerin, replacing a mixture of ground pearl millet grain (50%) and babassu mesocarp bran (50%). Twenty-four bulls with an average age of 24 months and an average initial weight of 390 ± 31.5 kg were used. The experimental design was completely randomised with six replications. Dry matter and digestible energy intake were not influenced by diets. Feed conversion linearly decreased with increasing glycerin levels. The increase in the levels of glycerin resulted in a linear increase in blood glucose and in average daily weight gain. Carcass weight was not affected, but trimming fat increased and carcass yield decreased linearly, with increasing glycerin levels. The addition of crude glycerin at levels up to 240 g/kg of dry matter to diets containing babassu mesocarp bran and ground pearl millet grain increased the performance of young feedlot bulls, and improved feed efficiency and carcass subcutaneous fat thickness.
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Dias ALG, Freitas JA, Micai B, Azevedo RA, Greco LF, Santos JEP. Effects of supplementing yeast culture to diets differing in starch content on performance and feeding behavior of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:186-200. [PMID: 29103717 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to evaluate the effects of a culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (YC) on lactation performance of cows fed diets differing in starch content. Fifty-six Holstein cows at 42 d postpartum were blocked by parity and milk production and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments, low starch (23% diet DM) and no YC (LS-control), low starch and 15 g/d of YC (LS-YC), high starch (29% diet DM) and no YC (HS-control), and high starch and 15 g/d of YC (HS-YC). The experiment lasted 14 wk. Blood was sampled twice weekly during the first 5 wk in the experiment. Feeding behavior was evaluated in 2 consecutive days when cows were 33 d in the experiment. On d 92 in the experiment, cows were challenged with 3 kg of corn grain DM immediately before the morning feeding. Blood was sampled in the first 12 h after the challenge. Rumen fluid was collected 5 h after the challenge, and pH, ammonia N, short-chain fatty acids, and lactate concentrations were quantified. Lactation performance was measured daily before and after the challenge. Supplementation with YC increased yields of 3.5% fat-corrected milk and energy-corrected milk by 2.2 and 2.0 kg/d, and the increments were observed in both low- and high-starch diets. Feeding HS tended to decrease milk fat content (LS = 3.88 vs. HS = 3.73%), but increased concentration (LS = 2.87 vs. HS = 3.00%) and yield (LS = 1.11 vs. HS = 1.20 kg/d) of milk true protein. Feeding YC increased yields of fat and true protein in milk by 100 and 60 g/d. Energy balance, body weight, and feed efficiency did not differ with treatments. Feeding HS reduced eating time (LS = 177 vs. HS = 159 min/12 h) and intermeal interval (LS = 103 vs. HS = 82 min), but tended to increase eating rate (LS = 139 vs. HS = 150 g/min). Interactions were detected between level of starch and YC for ruminating time, meal duration, and meal size because within LS, feeding YC increased ruminating time 23 min/12 h, but reduced meal duration 6 min/meal and meal size 0.7 kg/meal. Concentrations of glucose in plasma increased (LS = 62.1 vs. HS = 63.8 mg/dL), whereas those of urea N decreased (LS = 10.1 vs. HS = 9.4 mg/dL) with feeding HS compared with LS in the first 5 wk in the experiment, and the same responses were observed after the challenge with corn grain. After the challenge, rumen pH was less and short-chain fatty acid concentrations were greater in cows fed HS compared with those fed LS; however, supplementing YC to high-starch diets increased rumen pH (HS-control = 5.72 vs. HS-YC = 6.12) and reduced concentrations of lactate in rumen fluid (HS-control = 7.72 vs. HS-YC = 1.33 mM) and haptoglobin in plasma 28%. Feeding YC improved lactation performance irrespective of the level of dietary starch and reduced the risk of subacute rumen acidosis induced by a grain challenge when cows were fed a high-starch ration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L G Dias
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Department of Animal Sciences, State University of Maringá, PR, Brazil, 87020-900
| | - J A Freitas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - B Micai
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - R A Azevedo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - L F Greco
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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da Silva AG, Paulino MF, Detmann E, Fernandes HJ, da Silva Amorim L, Ortega REM, de Carvalho VV, da Costa Lima JA, de Moura FH, Monteiro MB, Bitencourt JA. Energetic-protein supplementation in the last 60 days of gestation improves performance of beef cows grazing tropical pastures. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:78. [PMID: 29026540 PMCID: PMC5625619 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutrition is one of the most important factors that affect animal performance, and it therefore also impacts on financial results in beef systems. In this way, finding the best strategy for feeding supplements is of paramount importance. Aiming to evaluate the effect of supplement feeding strategies for beef cows in the last third of gestation, two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, 35 pregnant Nellore cows were assigned to a completely randomized design with four treatments: control, which received no supplement; supplementation for the last 30 d of gestation (30-d; 3.0 kg/d); supplementation for the last 60 d of gestation (60-d; 1.5 kg/d); or supplementation for the last 90 d of gestation (90-d; 1.0 kg/d). All supplemented treatments received the same total amount of supplement throughout the experiment: 90 kg (20% of crude protein). A second experiment (Experiment 2) was delineated to evaluate the effects of the amounts offered in Experiment 1 on intake and metabolism. Four multiparous pregnant Nellore cows were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design, with periods of 15 d each. RESULTS There was a linear effect of the number of days of supplementation on calving body weight (BW; P < 0.05) and a quadratic effect on BW change from parturition to d 31 post-calving (P < 0.05), with cows on the 60-d strategy losing less BW post-calving. No difference was found in offspring birth BW (P > 0.10). A significant linear effect on interval from parturition to conception (P < 0.05) was observed, with the highest calving to conception interval being observed in the 90-d strategy. The level of supplementation did not affect forage intake or neutral detergent fiber digestibility (P > 0.10). Nitrogen excreted through urine tended to increase linearly with the level of supplementation (P < 0.10). CONCLUSION Providing 1.5 kg of supplement during the last 60 d of gestation improves cow performance after calving, reducing the magnitude of BW lost, and reduces the number of days from calving to re-conception in the following breeding season compared to the usually recommended period of supplementation of 90 d pre-partum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Gomes da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570–000 Brazil
- Present Address: Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso, do Sul 79074–460 Brazil
| | | | - Edenio Detmann
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570–000 Brazil
| | | | - Lincoln da Silva Amorim
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570–000 Brazil
- Biotran - Biotecnologia e Treinamento em Reprodução Animal, Alfenas, Minas Gerais 37130–000 Brazil
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Berry ED, Wells JE, Varel VH, Hales KE, Kalchayanand N. Persistence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Total Escherichia coli in Feces and Feedlot Surface Manure from Cattle Fed Diets with and without Corn or Sorghum Wet Distillers Grains with Solubles. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1317-1327. [PMID: 28708031 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Feeding corn wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) to cattle can increase the load of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in feces and on hides, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. The objective of these experiments was to examine a role for the persistence of E. coli O157:H7 in the feces and feedlot pen surfaces of cattle fed WDGS. In the first study, feces from steers fed 0, 20, 40, or 60% corn WDGS were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7. The E. coli O157:H7 numbers in feces from cattle fed 0% corn WDGS rapidly decreased (P < 0.05), from 6.28 to 2.48 log CFU/g of feces by day 14. In contrast, the E. coli O157:H7 numbers in feces from cattle fed 20, 40, and 60% corn WDGS were 4.21, 5.59, and 6.13 log CFU/g of feces, respectively, on day 14. A second study evaluated the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in feces from cattle fed 0 and 40% corn WDGS. Feces were collected before and 28 days after the dietary corn was switched from high-moisture corn to dry-rolled corn. Within dietary corn source, the pathogen persisted at higher concentrations (P < 0.05) in 40% corn WDGS feces at day 7 than in 0% WDGS. For 40% corn WDGS feces, E. coli O157:H7 persisted at higher concentrations (P < 0.05) at day 7 in feces from cattle fed high-moisture corn (5.36 log CFU/g) than from those fed dry-rolled corn (4.27 log CFU/g). The percentage of WDGS had no effect on the E. coli O157:H7 counts in feces from cattle fed steam-flaked corn-based diets containing 0, 15, and 30% sorghum WDGS. Greater persistence of E. coli O157:H7 on the pen surfaces of animals fed corn WDGS was not demonstrated, although these pens had a higher prevalence of the pathogen in the feedlot surface manure after the cattle were removed. Both or either the greater persistence and higher numbers of E. coli O157:H7 in the environment of cattle fed WDGS may play a part in the increased prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle by increasing the transmission risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine D Berry
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - James E Wells
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Vincent H Varel
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Kristin E Hales
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
| | - Norasak Kalchayanand
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, P.O. Box 166, Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA
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77
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Mills J, France J, Ellis J, Crompton L, Bannink A, Hanigan M, Dijkstra J. A mechanistic model of small intestinal starch digestion and glucose uptake in the cow. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4650-4670. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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78
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Dhital S, Warren FJ, Butterworth PJ, Ellis PR, Gidley MJ. Mechanisms of starch digestion by α-amylase-Structural basis for kinetic properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:875-892. [PMID: 25751598 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.922043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of the mechanisms determining the rate and extent of starch digestion by α-amylase are reviewed in the light of current widely-used classifications for (a) the proportions of rapidly-digestible (RDS), slowly-digestible (SDS), and resistant starch (RS) based on in vitro digestibility, and (b) the types of resistant starch (RS 1,2,3,4…) based on physical and/or chemical form. Based on methodological advances and new mechanistic insights, it is proposed that both classification systems should be modified. Kinetic analysis of digestion profiles provides a robust set of parameters that should replace the classification of starch as a combination of RDS, SDS, and RS from a single enzyme digestion experiment. This should involve determination of the minimum number of kinetic processes needed to describe the full digestion profile, together with the proportion of starch involved in each process, and the kinetic properties of each process. The current classification of resistant starch types as RS1,2,3,4 should be replaced by one which recognizes the essential kinetic nature of RS (enzyme digestion rate vs. small intestinal passage rate), and that there are two fundamental origins for resistance based on (i) rate-determining access/binding of enzyme to substrate and (ii) rate-determining conversion of substrate to product once bound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Dhital
- a ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls , Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia
| | - Frederick J Warren
- b Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences , Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia
| | - Peter J Butterworth
- c King's College London , Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group , London , UK
| | - Peter R Ellis
- c King's College London , Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, Biopolymers Group , London , UK
| | - Michael J Gidley
- a ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls , Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , St Lucia , Australia
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79
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Tanca A, Fraumene C, Manghina V, Palomba A, Abbondio M, Deligios M, Pagnozzi D, Addis MF, Uzzau S. Diversity and functions of the sheep faecal microbiota: a multi-omic characterization. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:541-554. [PMID: 28165194 PMCID: PMC5404191 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is currently known on the microbial populations colonizing the sheep large intestine, despite their expected key role in host metabolism, physiology and immunity. This study reports the first characterization of the sheep faecal microbiota composition and functions, obtained through the application of a multi-omic strategy. An optimized protocol was first devised for DNA extraction and amplification from sheep stool samples. Then, 16S rDNA sequencing, shotgun metagenomics and shotgun metaproteomics were applied to unravel taxonomy, genetic potential and actively expressed functions and pathways respectively. Under a taxonomic perspective, the sheep faecal microbiota appeared globally comparable to that of other ruminants, with Firmicutes being the main phylum. In functional terms, we detected 2097 gene and 441 protein families, finding that the sheep faecal microbiota was primarily involved in catabolism. We investigated carbohydrate transport and degradation activities and identified phylum-specific pathways, such as methanogenesis for Euryarchaeota and acetogenesis for Firmicutes. Furthermore, our approach enabled the identification of proteins expressed by the eukaryotic component of the microbiota. Taken together, these findings unveil structure and role of the distal gut microbiota in sheep, and open the way to further studies aimed at elucidating its connections with management and dietary variables in sheep farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tanca
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy
| | - Cristina Fraumene
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy
| | - Valeria Manghina
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Palomba
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marcello Abbondio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Massimo Deligios
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniela Pagnozzi
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy
| | - Maria Filippa Addis
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy
| | - Sergio Uzzau
- Porto Conte Ricerche, Science and Technology Park of Sardinia, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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80
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Influence of barley grain particle size and treatment with citric acid on digestibility, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in Holstein calves. Animal 2017; 11:1295-1302. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116002810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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81
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Malecky M, Ghadbeigi M, Aliarabi H, Bahari A, Zaboli K. Effect of replacing alfalfa with processed potato vines on growth performance, ruminal and total tract digestibility and blood metabolites in fattening lambs. Small Rumin Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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82
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Blom EJ, Anderson DE, Brake DW. Increases in duodenal glutamic acid supply linearly increase small intestinal starch digestion but not nitrogen balance in cattle1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:5332-5340. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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83
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Arcari M, Martins C, Tomazi T, Gonçalves J, Santos M. Effect of substituting dry corn with rehydrated ensiled corn on dairy cow milk yield and nutrient digestibility. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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84
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Combination of legume-based herbage and total mixed ration (TMR) maintains intake and nutrient utilization of TMR and improves nitrogen utilization of herbage in heifers. Animal 2016; 11:616-624. [PMID: 27724994 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116001956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Diets combining herbage and total mixed rations (TMR) are increasingly used in temperate regions for feeding ruminants, but little information is available regarding the effects on nutrient intake and digestion of this feeding management in beef cattle. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of combining TMR (10% CP and 13% ADF), and legume-based herbage (14% CP and 27% ADF) on intake, nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation, microbial N flow and glucose and nitrogen metabolism in heifers. The experiment was a 3×3 Latin square design replicated three times; each period lasted 18 days (10 adaptation days and 8 measurement days). Nine cross-bred (Aberdeen Angus×Hereford) heifers (214±18 kg) fitted with permanent rumen catheters and housed in individual metabolic cages were assigned to one of three treatments: 24 h access to TMR ( T ), 24 h access to herbage ( H ) or combined diets with 18 h access to TMR and 6 h access to herbage ( T+H ). Data were evaluated using a mixed model. Animals fed T+H (TMR 71% and herbage 29%) diets tended to have a higher dry matter intake as a proportion of their BW than animals fed T. The T+H diet did not change ruminal fermentation (pH, N-NH3 and volatile fatty acids) or the N metabolism relative to the T diet, but increased the glucagon concentration and altered glucose metabolism. Conversely, animals fed T+H had increased purine derivatives excretion, increased N use efficiency for microbial protein synthesis and decreased plasma urea and urinary N excretion relative to animals fed H diet. The use of combined diets led to consumption of nutrients similar to a TMR diet, without reducing nutrient use and could improve N utilization compared with the herbage-only diet.
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85
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Puhakka L, Jaakkola S, Simpura I, Kokkonen T, Vanhatalo A. Effects of replacing rapeseed meal with fava bean at 2 concentrate crude protein levels on feed intake, nutrient digestion, and milk production in cows fed grass silage–based diets. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7993-8006. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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86
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Mathematical linkage of total-tract digestion of starch and neutral detergent fiber to their fecal concentrations and the effect of site of starch digestion on extent of digestion and energetic efficiency of cattle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.15232/pas.2016-01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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87
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Moya D, He ML, Jin L, Wang Y, Penner GB, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, McAllister TA. Effect of grain type and processing index on growth performance, carcass quality, feeding behavior, and stress response of feedlot steers. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:3091-100. [PMID: 26115295 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred sixty crossbred steers (538 ± 36 kg BW) were used in an 84-d experiment with a randomized block design to study the effects of wheat or barley grain processed to 2 different indices on growth performance, feeding behavior, carcass characteristics, stress, and temperament of finishing beef cattle. Treatments were a wheat-based diet (88.4% of diet DM; WH) and a barley-based diet (89% of diet DM; BA), processed to an index of either 75% (HI) or 85% (LO) of their original volume weight. Cattle were allocated to 16 feedlot pens (10 animals per pen, 4 pens per treatment), 8 of which were equipped with the GrowSafe system for monitoring feeding behavior. Flight speed, hair, and saliva samples were collected on d 1, 28, 56, and 84 to determine temperament, acute, and chronic stress. All steers were slaughtered at the end of the experiment, and carcass quality was evaluated. Cattle fed WH had a lower (P < 0.05) meal length and frequency of visits per meal and tended (P = 0.10) to have a lower DMI, meal size, and feeding time than those fed BA. The LO processing index increased (P = 0.05) DMI and reduced (P < 0.05) the G:F and the percentage of saleable meat of the carcass compared to HI. There was a trend (P = 0.09) for a grain × processing index interaction, where cattle fed BA-LO had a lower incidence of severe liver abscesses compared with cattle fed other treatments. Cattle fed WH had greater hair cortisol concentrations (P = 0.01) and flight speed (P < 0.01) than those fed BA. There was a trend (P = 0.07) for a grain × processing index interaction, where heifers fed WH-LO had a lower salivary cortisol than those fed other treatments. Results suggest that a LO processing index had a negative effect on feed efficiency and carcass performance and that the WH diet caused a range of effects on feed intake and behavior indicative of steers with greater excitability and chronic stress.
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88
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Nutritional regulation of the anabolic fate of amino acids within the liver in mammals: concepts arising from in vivo studies. Nutr Res Rev 2016; 28:22-41. [PMID: 26156215 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422415000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
At the crossroad between nutrient supply and requirements, the liver plays a central role in partitioning nitrogenous nutrients among tissues. The present review examines the utilisation of amino acids (AA) within the liver in various physiopathological states in mammals and how the fates of AA are regulated. AA uptake by the liver is generally driven by the net portal appearance of AA. This coordination is lost when demands by peripheral tissues is important (rapid growth or lactation), or when certain metabolic pathways within the liver become a priority (synthesis of acute-phase proteins). Data obtained in various species have shown that oxidation of AA and export protein synthesis usually responds to nutrient supply. Gluconeogenesis from AA is less dependent on hepatic delivery and the nature of nutrients supplied, and hormones like insulin are involved in the regulatory processes. Gluconeogenesis is regulated by nutritional factors very differently between mammals (glucose absorbed from the diet is important in single-stomached animals, while in carnivores, glucose from endogenous origin is key). The underlying mechanisms explaining how the liver adapts its AA utilisation to the body requirements are complex. The highly adaptable hepatic metabolism must be capable to deal with the various nutritional/physiological challenges that mammals have to face to maintain homeostasis. Whereas the liver responds generally to nutritional parameters in various physiological states occurring throughout life, other complex signalling pathways at systemic and tissue level (hormones, cytokines, nutrients, etc.) are involved additionally in specific physiological/nutritional states to prioritise certain metabolic pathways (pathological states or when nutritional requirements are uncovered).
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89
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Schwandt EF, Wagner JJ, Engle TE, Bartle SJ, Thomson DU, Reinhardt CD. The effects of dry-rolled corn particle size on performance, carcass traits, and starch digestibility in feedlot finishing diets containing wet distiller's grains12. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:1194-202. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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90
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Zhang Q, Koser SL, Bequette BJ, Donkin SS. Effect of propionate on mRNA expression of key genes for gluconeogenesis in liver of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:8698-709. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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91
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Boerman J, Potts S, VandeHaar M, Lock A. Effects of partly replacing dietary starch with fiber and fat on milk production and energy partitioning. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7264-76. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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92
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Khazanehei H, Li S, Khafipour E, Plaizier JC. Effects of dry period management and parity on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and liver triacylglyceride in dairy cows. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2014-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Khazanehei, H., Li, S., Khafipour, E. and Plaizier, J. C. 2015. Effects of dry period management and parity on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, and liver triacylglyceride in dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 445–453. The effects of dry period management on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and liver triacylglyceride (TAG) were determined in 11 second-parity (PAR 2) and 15 third-parity and older (PAR 3+) cows. Cows were paired and randomly assigned to two treatments: (1) a short 40-d dry period (SHORT) with only a close-up diet [1.43 Mcal kg–1 dry matter (DM)], or (2) a conventional 60-d dry period (CONV) with 39 d far-off diet (1.28 Mcal kg–1 DM) and 21 d close-up diet (1.43 Mcal kg–1 DM) in a randomized block design. Concentrations of total volatile fatty acids, ammonia, and lactate in rumen fluid, and also concentrations of lactate, beta hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), urea and insulin in plasma were not affected by treatment. Across the 3 wk after calving, cows on the SHORT treatment had higher blood non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and glucose, and at 1 wk after calving, these cows had a higher liver TAG than cows on the CONV treatment. Also, during this time, PAR 3+ cows had higher serum NEFA compared with PAR 2 cows. Results suggest that the SHORT treatment resulted in more lipolysis, TAG accumulation in the liver and glucose sparing in early lactation compared with the CONV treatment, and that this effect was greater in PAR 3+ cows than in PAR 2 cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Khazanehei
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - S. Li
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - E. Khafipour
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - J. C. Plaizier
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
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93
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Bessa RJB, Alves SP, Santos-Silva J. Constraints and potentials for the nutritional modulation of the fatty acid composition of ruminant meat. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui J. B. Bessa
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária (FMV); Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa); Lisboa Portugal
| | - Susana P. Alves
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária (FMV); Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa); Lisboa Portugal
| | - José Santos-Silva
- Unidade Estratégica de Investigação e Serviços em Produção e Saúde Animal; Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (UEISPA-INIAV); Lisboa Portugal
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94
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Wang LF, Yang GQ, Yang S, Yang GY, Li M, Zhu HS, Wang YY, Han LQ, Liu RY, Jia SD, Song F. Alteration of factors associated with hepatic gluconeogenesis in response to acute lipopolysaccharide in dairy goat1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:2767-77. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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95
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Gimeno A, Alami AA, Toral P, Frutos P, Abecia L, Fondevila M, Castrillo C. Effect of grinding or pelleting high grain maize- or barley-based concentrates on rumen environment and microbiota of beef cattle. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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96
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Improvement of starch digestion using α-amylase entrapped in pectin-polyvinyl alcohol blend. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:145903. [PMID: 25949991 PMCID: PMC4407515 DOI: 10.1155/2015/145903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and pectin blends were used to entrap α-amylase (Termamyl) using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker. The effect of glutaraldehyde concentration (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25%) on the activity of the immobilized enzyme and rate of enzyme released was tested during a 24 h period. Characteristics of the material, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile strength (TS), elongation, and rate of dissolution in water (pH 5.7), ruminal buffering solution (pH 7.0), and reactor containing 0.1 mol L−1 sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), were also analyzed. SEM results showed that the surfaces of the pectin/PVA/amylase films were highly irregular and rough. TS values increased as a function of glutaraldehyde concentration, whereas percentage of elongation (%E) decreased. Pectin/PVA/amylase films presented similar values of solubility in the tested solvents. The material obtained with 0.25% glutaraldehyde performed best with repeated use (active for 24 h), in a phosphate buffer reactor. By contrast, the material obtained with 1.25% glutaraldehyde presented higher performance during in vitro testing using an artificial rumen. The results suggest that pectin/PVA/amylase is a highly promising material for biotechnological applications.
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97
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Furness JB, Cottrell JJ, Bravo DM. COMPARATIVE GUT PHYSIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Comparative physiology of digestion1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:485-91. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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98
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Segers JR, Faulkner DB, Retallick KM, Shike DW. Effects of protein and fat concentration in coproduct-based growing calf diets on performance and carcass composition. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:5603-11. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Segers
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - D. B. Faulkner
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - K. M. Retallick
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - D. W. Shike
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
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99
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Carmo CA, Batistel F, de Souza J, Martinez JC, Correa P, Pedroso AM, Santos FAP. Starch levels on performance, milk composition and energy balance of lactating dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 47:179-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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100
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Pezhveh N, Ghorbani G, Rezamand P, Khorvash M. Effects of different physical forms of wheat grain in corn-based starter on performance of young Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:6382-90. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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