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Ogden HB, Child RB, Fallowfield JL, Delves SK, Westwood CS, Layden JD. The Gastrointestinal Exertional Heat Stroke Paradigm: Pathophysiology, Assessment, Severity, Aetiology and Nutritional Countermeasures. Nutrients 2020; 12:E537. [PMID: 32093001 PMCID: PMC7071449 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a life-threatening medical condition involving thermoregulatory failure and is the most severe condition along a continuum of heat-related illnesses. Current EHS policy guidance principally advocates a thermoregulatory management approach, despite growing recognition that gastrointestinal (GI) microbial translocation contributes to disease pathophysiology. Contemporary research has focused to understand the relevance of GI barrier integrity and strategies to maintain it during periods of exertional-heat stress. GI barrier integrity can be assessed non-invasively using a variety of in vivo techniques, including active inert mixed-weight molecular probe recovery tests and passive biomarkers indicative of GI structural integrity loss or microbial translocation. Strenuous exercise is strongly characterised to disrupt GI barrier integrity, and aspects of this response correlate with the corresponding magnitude of thermal strain. The aetiology of GI barrier integrity loss following exertional-heat stress is poorly understood, though may directly relate to localised hyperthermia, splanchnic hypoperfusion-mediated ischemic injury, and neuroendocrine-immune alterations. Nutritional countermeasures to maintain GI barrier integrity following exertional-heat stress provide a promising approach to mitigate EHS. The focus of this review is to evaluate: (1) the GI paradigm of exertional heat stroke; (2) techniques to assess GI barrier integrity; (3) typical GI barrier integrity responses to exertional-heat stress; (4) the aetiology of GI barrier integrity loss following exertional-heat stress; and (5) nutritional countermeasures to maintain GI barrier integrity in response to exertional-heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry B. Ogden
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth PL6 8BH, UK; (C.S.W.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Robert B. Child
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2QU, UK;
| | | | - Simon K. Delves
- Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke PO12 2DW, UK; (J.L.F.); (S.K.D.)
| | - Caroline S. Westwood
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth PL6 8BH, UK; (C.S.W.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Joseph D. Layden
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth MARJON University, Derriford Rd, Plymouth PL6 8BH, UK; (C.S.W.); (J.D.L.)
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Kpodo KR, Duttlinger AW, Radcliffe JS, Johnson JS. Time course determination of the effects of rapid and gradual cooling after acute hyperthermia on body temperature and intestinal integrity in pigs. J Therm Biol 2019; 87:102481. [PMID: 32001015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid cooling after acute hyperthermia may cause a sustained increase in body temperature and exacerbate intestinal damage in pigs. Therefore, the study objective was to evaluate the temporal effects of rapid and gradual cooling on body temperature response and intestinal integrity after acute hyperthermia in pigs. In three repetitions, 54 pigs [83.3 ± 6.7 kg initial body weight (BW)], balanced by sex were exposed to thermoneutral conditions for 6 h (TN; n = 6 pigs/repetition; 21.1 ± 2.0°C), or heat stress conditions (HS; 39.3 ± 1.6°C) for 3 h, followed by a 3 h recovery period of gradual cooling [HSGC; n = 6 pigs/repetition; gradual decrease from HS to TN conditions] or rapid cooling [HSRC; n = 6 pigs/repetition; rapid TN exposure and cold water (4.0°C) dousing every 30 min for 1.5 h]. Feed was withheld throughout the entire 6 h period, but water was provided ad libitum. Gastrointestinal (TGI) and rectal (TR) temperatures were recorded every 15 min during the HS and recovery periods. Six pigs per repetition (n = 2/treatment) were euthanized and jejunal and ileal samples were collected for histology immediately after (d 0), 2 d after, and 4 d after the recovery period. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Overall, rapid cooling reduced TR and TGI (P < 0.01; 0.95°C and 0.74°C, respectively) compared to gradual cooling. Jejunal villus height was reduced overall (P = 0.02; 14.01%) in HSGC compared to HSRC and TN pigs. Jejunal villus height-to-crypt depth ratio was reduced overall (P = 0.05; 16.76%) in HSGC compared to TN pigs. Ileal villus height was reduced overall (P < 0.01; 16.95%) in HSGC compared to HSRC and TN pigs. No other intestinal morphology differences were detected. In summary, HSRC did not cause a sustained increase in body temperature and did not negatively impact biomarkers of intestinal integrity in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouassi R Kpodo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Alan W Duttlinger
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - John S Radcliffe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jay S Johnson
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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53
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Wen X, Wu W, Fang W, Tang S, Xin H, Xie J, Zhang H. Effects of long-term heat exposure on cholesterol metabolism and immune responses in growing pigs. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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54
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Horst EA, Mayorga EJ, Al-Qaisi M, Abeyta MA, Goetz BM, Ramirez Ramirez HA, Kleinschmit DH, Baumgard LH. Effects of dietary zinc source on the metabolic and immunological response to lipopolysaccharide in lactating Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11681-11700. [PMID: 31606208 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of replacing 40 mg/kg of Zn from Zn sulfate (control; CON) with Zn AA complex (AvZn) on metabolism and immunological responses following an intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in lactating cows. Cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: (1) pair-fed (PF) control (PF-CON; 5 mL of saline; n = 5), (2) PF AvZn (PF-AvZn; 5 mL of saline; n = 5), (3) LPS euglycemic clamp control (LPS-CON; 0.375 μg of LPS/kg of BW; n = 5), and (4) LPS euglycemic clamp AvZn (LPS-AvZn; 0.375 μg of LPS/kg of BW; n = 5). Cows were enrolled in 3 experimental periods (P). During period 1 (3 d), cows received their respective dietary treatments and baseline data were obtained. During period 2 (P2; 2 d), a 12-h LPS euglycemic clamp was conducted or cows were PF to their respective dietary counterparts. During period 3 (P3; 3 d), cows received their dietary treatment and consumed feed ad libitum. Mild hyperthermia (1°C) was observed in LPS cows at 3 h postbolus. Throughout P2, the rectal temperature of LPS-AvZn cows was decreased (0.3°C) relative to LPS-CON cows. Administrating LPS decreased dry matter intake (47%) during P2, and by experimental design the pattern was similar in PF cohorts. During P3, dry matter intake from LPS cows remained decreased (15%) relative to PF cows. Milk yield from LPS cows decreased (54%) during P2 relative to PF cows, but it was similar during P3. During P2, somatic cell count increased 3-fold in LPS cows relative to PF controls. Dietary AvZn tended to decrease somatic cell count (70%) during P3 relative to LPS-CON cows. Insulin increased 7-fold in LPS cows at 12 h postbolus and remained increased (4-fold) for the duration of P2. Circulating glucagon from LPS cows increased (65%) during P2, and supplementing AvZn blunted the increase (30% relative to LPS-CON). During P2, circulating cortisol increased 7-fold post-LPS infusion relative to PF cows, and supplementing AvZn decreased cortisol (58%) from 6 to 48 h postbolus relative to LPS-CON cows. Administrating LPS increased circulating LPS-binding protein and serum amyloid A (3- and 9-fold, respectively) relative to PF cows. Compared with LPS-CON, LPS-AvZn cows had increased circulating serum amyloid A (38%) 24 h postbolus. The 12-h total glucose deficit was 36 and 1,606 g for the PF and LPS treatments, respectively, but was not influenced by Zn source. In summary, replacing a portion of the Zn sulfate with Zn AA complex appeared to reduce the inflammatory response but had no effect on the glucose deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - E J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M A Abeyta
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - B M Goetz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | | | | | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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Hejna M, Moscatelli A, Onelli E, Baldi A, Pilu S, Rossi L. Evaluation of concentration of heavy metals in animal rearing system. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1642806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hejna
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie per la salute, la produzione animale e la sicurezza alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Onelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonella Baldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie per la salute, la produzione animale e la sicurezza alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pilu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali – Produzione, Territorio, Agroenergia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luciana Rossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie per la salute, la produzione animale e la sicurezza alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Espinosa C, Fry R, Usry J, Stein H. Effects of copper hydroxychloride and choice white grease on growth performance and blood characteristics of weanling pigs kept at normal ambient temperature or under heat stress. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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57
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Mayorga EJ, Kvidera SK, Seibert JT, Horst EA, Abuajamieh M, Al-Qaisi M, Lei S, Ross JW, Johnson CD, Kremer B, Ochoa L, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH. Effects of dietary chromium propionate on growth performance, metabolism, and immune biomarkers in heat-stressed finishing pigs1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1185-1197. [PMID: 30590717 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Study objectives were to determine the effects of chromium (Cr) propionate (Cr propionate 0.04%; 0.5 g/kg of feed to deliver 200 parts per billion Cr/d; KemTRACE Cr, Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA) on growth performance, metabolism, and health biomarkers in heat-stressed and nutrient-restricted pigs. Crossbred barrows (n = 96; 105 ± 1 kg BW) were enlisted in an experiment conducted in two replicates, blocked by initial BW, and randomly assigned to one of six dietary-environmental treatments: (i) thermoneutral (TN) and fed ad libitum a control diet (TNCtl), (ii) TN and fed ad libitum a Cr supplemented diet (TNCr), (iii) TN and pair-fed a control diet (PFCtl), (iv) TN and pair-fed a Cr supplemented diet (PFCr), (v) heat stress (HS) and ad libitum fed a control diet (HSCtl), or (vi) HS and ad libitum fed a Cr supplemented diet (HSCr). The study consisted of three experimental periods (P). During P0 (5 d), all pigs were housed in TN conditions (21.3 ± 0.1 °C, 56.8 ± 0.3% relative humidity [RH]) and fed the control diet ad libitum. During P1 (5 d), pigs were fed their respective dietary treatments ad libitum and kept in TN conditions. During P2 (35 d), HSCtl and HSCr-treated pigs were fed ad libitum and exposed to progressive cyclical HS conditions (27 to 31 °C, 50 ± 0.3% RH), while TNCtl, TNCr, PFCtl, and PFCr pigs remained in TN conditions and were fed ad libitum or pair-fed to their respective HSCtl and HSCr counterparts to eliminate the confounding effects of dissimilar feed intake. Overall, HS pigs had increased (P < 0.01) rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate (0.3 °C, 3.8 °C, and 32 breaths per minute, respectively) relative to TN pigs. Overall, HS decreased ADFI and ADG (20 and 21%, respectively; P < 0.01) compared with TN controls. Final BW tended to be increased in HSCr (2.7 kg, P = 0.06) compared with HSCtl pigs. Similarly, ADG tended to be increased during P2 in HSCr relative to HSCtl-treatment (0.77 vs. 0.72 kg/d; P = 0.10). There were no effects of Cr on most production parameters, but ADFI tended to be increased in Cr relative to Ctl-fed pigs (3.19 vs. 3.09 kg/d; P = 0.08). No effects of Cr supplementation were detected on circulating glucose, insulin, NEFA, cholesterol, triglycerides, or lipopolysaccharide binding protein. However, blood neutrophils were increased in HSCr (37%; P < 0.01) relative to HSCtl pigs. In summary, these results suggest Cr supplementation may benefit growth performance during HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Sara K Kvidera
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Jacob T Seibert
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Erin A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | | | - Samantha Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Ames, IA
| | - Colin D Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Ames, IA
| | | | | | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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58
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Abuajamieh M, Kvidera SK, Mayorga EJ, Kaiser A, Lei S, Seibert JT, Horst EA, Sanz Fernandez MV, Ross JW, Selsby JT, Keating AF, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH. The effect of recovery from heat stress on circulating bioenergetics and inflammatory biomarkers. J Anim Sci 2019; 96:4599-4610. [PMID: 30476152 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) jeopardizes animal productivity and health. The intestinal barrier is sensitive to HS and heat-induced hyperpermeability plays a key role in its pathophysiology. However, the biology of recovery following HS is less understood. Thus, study objectives were to determine the temporal pattern of metabolic, inflammatory, and intestinal histological parameters during HS recovery. Female pigs (n = 32; 19.5 ± 0.5 kg BW) were sacrificed following exposure to 1 of 4 environmental treatments: 1) constant thermoneutral (TN) conditions (TNC; 24.2 ± 0.5°C), 2) no TN recovery post HS (0D), 3) 3 d of TN recovery post HS (3D), and 4) 7 d of TN recovery post HS (7D). The HS protocol was cyclical (33.6 ± 1.8 to 37.4 ± 2.1°C) and lasted for 3 d for all HS treatments. During the 3 d of HS, rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rates were increased (1.3°C, 4.8°C, and 77 breaths/min, respectively; P < 0.01) and ADFI was decreased (27%; P < 0.01) compared to TNC pigs. Skin temperature tended to be decreased 0.6°C in 3D pigs during days 1-3 of recovery (P = 0.06) and was decreased 1.6 and 0.7°C during days 1-3 and 4-7 of recovery, respectively, in 7D pigs (P ≤ 0.03) compared to TNC. Relative to TNC pigs, ADFI remained 14% decreased during days 1-3 of recovery in both 3D and 7D pigs, and 17% decreased during days 4-7 in 7D pigs (P ≤ 0.01). Plasma glucose was decreased (10%; P = 0.03) for 0D and 3D relative to TNC pigs. Circulating lipopolysaccharide-binding protein was increased in 3D and 7D vs. TNC pigs (110 and 147%, respectively; P = 0.01) and tended to increase linearly with increasing recovery time (P = 0.08). Circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha was decreased (15%) in 0D pigs and increased linearly with advancing recovery time (P < 0.01). Jejunum and ileum villus height were reduced 17 and 11% in 0D vs. TNC pigs and increased linearly with progressive recovery time (P < 0.01). Jejunum and ileum mucosal surface areas were reduced 17 and 9% in 0D pigs and remained decreased in the jejunum while the ileum recovered to TNC levels by day 3 of recovery. Relative to TNC pigs, goblet cell area was similar in jejunum and colon of 0D pigs but was reduced in the ileum of 0D pigs and in jejunum, ileum, and colon of 3D and 7D relative to TNC pigs (P < 0.01). In summary, HS has deleterious effects on intestinal morphology that seem to improve with recovery time. In contrast, feed consumption remained suppressed and inflammatory biomarkers indicative of leaky gut increased following the heat load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohannad Abuajamieh
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Animal Production, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sara K Kvidera
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Micronutrients USA LLC, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Edith J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Adrianne Kaiser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Samantha Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Jacob T Seibert
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Erin A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Maria V Sanz Fernandez
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Department of Animal Reproduction, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal & Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA
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Mayorga EJ, Kvidera SK, Horst EA, Al-Qaisi M, Dickson MJ, Seibert JT, Lei S, Keating AF, Ross JW, Rhoads RP, Rambo ZJ, Wilson ME, Baumgard LH. Effects of zinc amino acid complex on biomarkers of gut integrity and metabolism during and following heat stress or feed restriction in pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:4173-4185. [PMID: 30256966 PMCID: PMC6162568 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Study objectives were to determine the effects of zinc (Zn) amino acid complex (Availa Zn, Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN) on metabolism, biomarkers of leaky gut, and inflammation during and following heat stress (HS) and nutrient restriction. Crossbred gilts (n = 50; 50 ± 2 kg BW) were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned to one of five treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) and ad libitum fed a control diet (TNCtl), 2) TN and pair-fed a control diet (PFCtl), 3) TN and pair-fed a Zn-supplemented diet (PFZn), 4) HS and ad libitum fed a control diet (HSCtl), and 5) HS and ad libitum fed a Zn-supplemented diet (HSZn). The study consisted of 3 experimental periods (P): during P1 (7 d), all pigs were fed their respective diets ad libitum and housed in TN conditions (20.84 ± 0.03 °C, 47.11 ± 0.42% relative humidity). During P2 (7 d), HSCtl and HSZn pigs were exposed to progressive cyclical HS conditions (27 to 30 °C, 41.9 ± 0.5% relative humidity), while TNCtl, PFCtl, and PFZn pigs remained in TN conditions and were fed ad libitum or pair-fed to their respective HSCtl and HSZn counterparts. During P3 (5 d; "recovery phase"), all pigs were housed in TN conditions and fed ad libitum. Pigs exposed to HS had overall increased rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate (0.33 °C, 3.76 °C, and 27 bpm, respectively; P < 0.01). Relative to TN controls, HS decreased ADFI and ADG (28 and 35%, respectively; P < 0.05), but these variables were unaffected by dietary treatment. Additionally, circulating insulin did not differ between HS and TN pigs (P = 0.41), but was decreased in PF relative to TN pigs (P < 0.01). During recovery, no differences were observed in rectal temperature or respiration rate across treatments, but HSZn pigs had decreased skin temperature relative to TN, PF, and HSCtl pigs (P < 0.01). During P3, no Zn effects were observed in production parameters; however, PF pigs had increased ADFI and ADG relative to TN and HS treatments (P < 0.01). During P3, circulating insulin was increased in pigs that were HS relative to TN and PF pigs (75%, P < 0.05). Interestingly, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) levels were decreased during P3 (P = 0.04) in Zn relative to Ctl-fed pigs. Circulating lipopolysaccharide-binding protein was not different among periods (P > 0.10). In summary, Zn reduced TNFα (regardless of HS), and the stimulatory effect of HS on insulin secretion is amplified during HS recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Sara K Kvidera
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Erin A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | | | - Jacob T Seibert
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Samantha Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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60
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Leite FL, Vasquez E, Vannucci FA, Gebhart CJ, Rendahl A, Torrison J, Mueller A, Winkelman NL, Rambo ZJ, Isaacson RE. The effects of zinc amino acid complex supplementation on the porcine host response to Lawsonia intracellularis infection. Vet Res 2018; 49:88. [PMID: 30201036 PMCID: PMC6131730 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is among the most important enteric pathogens of swine and antibiotic alternatives are needed to help mitigate the negative effects of infection. Zinc is an essential trace mineral known to be crucial for maintaining intestinal barrier function and proper immune response. In this study, we investigated the porcine host response to L. intracellularis infection when supplemented with a zinc-amino acid complex, a form of zinc that can lead to greater bioavailability when compared to traditional inorganic forms of zinc. Our results show that a zinc-amino acid complex supplementation with a final concentration of 125 ppm of zinc in feed significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the number of animals with lesions and severity of lesions caused by L. intracellularis. Animals supplemented with the zinc-amino acid complex also exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) earlier onset of seroconversion as well as an increased number of T cells in infected and non-infected intestinal tissue. This study demonstrated that this zinc-amino acid complex aids the host in responding to L. intracellularis infection and may be a new approach to help minimize negative effects of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando L Leite
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Erika Vasquez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Fabio A Vannucci
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Connie J Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Aaron Rendahl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jerry Torrison
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Zachary J Rambo
- Research and Nutritional Services, Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, USA
| | - Richard E Isaacson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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Role of MAPKs in HSP70's Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Injury in Rat Small Intestine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1571406. [PMID: 30112361 PMCID: PMC6077665 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1571406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the role of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) on the MAPK pathway activation with quercetin treatment and its protection against small intestine impairments of heat stressed rats. Methods Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6 weeks were randomized to three groups (n=16/group), namely, control (CON), heat stress (HS), and heat stress + quercetin (HQ). The experiment lasted for 14 days with daily 50 min of heat stress treatment (43°C) for the HS and HQ groups. Rats of HQ group were intragastrically given 0.5 ml quercetin solution (50 mg/kg body weight) before the heat stress treatment. Half of the animals were sacrificed on day 7 and the rest on day 14 for tissue sampling. Intestinal morphology, small intestine morphology and permeability, protein expression of HSP70, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and caspase-3 activity were examined. Results Heat stress caused morphological damage to the small intestine and increased intestinal permeability. HSP70 expression and MAPK activity in the small intestine were increased by heat stress. Inhibition of HSP70 by quercetin did not change intestinal permeability compared with the HS group but aggravated intestinal injury and affected the activation of MAPKs and caspase-3. Conclusions HSP70 may modulate stress-activated signaling and acts in a protective manner via MAPK signaling. Affecting HSP70 protective mechanisms could be useful for protection against heat stress-induced injury in rat small intestine.
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Pate RT, Cardoso FC. Injectable trace minerals (selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese) alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress during an aflatoxin challenge in lactating multiparous Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:8532-8543. [PMID: 29935830 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trace minerals are vital in the antioxidant response during oxidative stress; however, limited research is available on the effects of trace mineral supplementation during an aflatoxin (AF) challenge. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of 2 subcutaneous injections of 15 mg/mL of Cu, 5 mg/mL of Se, 60 mg/mL of Zn, and 10 mg/mL of Mn (Multimin 90, Multimin North America, Fort Collins, CO) given at 1 mL/90.7 kg of average body weight in response to an AF challenge. Fifty-eight Holstein cows [body weight (mean ± SD) = 734 ± 6 0kg; days in milk = 191 ± 93] were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments in a randomized complete block design. The experimental period (63 d) was divided into an adaptation phase (d 1-56) and a measurement phase (d 57-63). From d 57 to 59, cows received an AF challenge that consisted of 100 μg of aflatoxin B1/kg of dietary dry matter intake (DMI) administered orally via balling gun. Treatments were saline injection and no AF challenge (NEG), saline injection and AF challenge (POS), and trace mineral injection and AF challenge (MM). Injections were performed subcutaneously on d 1 and 29. Milk was sampled 3 times daily from d 56 to 63, blood was sampled on d 0, 56, 60, and 63, and liver samples were taken on d 0 and 60. Two treatment orthogonal contrasts [CONT1 (NEG vs. POS) and CONT2 (POS vs. MM)] were made. Cows in NEG had lower AF excretion in milk and greater 3.5% fat-corrected milk (32.1 ± 1.37 kg/d) compared with cows in POS (28.6 ± 1.43 kg/d). Feed efficiencies (3.5% fat-corrected milk/DMI, energy-corrected milk/DMI, and milk/DMI) were greater for cows in NEG (1.42 ± 0.07, 1.46 ± 0.07, and 1.45 ± 0.07, respectively) than cows in POS (1.16 ± 0.08, 1.18 ± 0.08, and 1.22 ± 0.07, respectively). Cows in POS had greater milk urea nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen than cows in MM. Liver concentrations of Se and Fe were greater for cows in MM compared with cows in POS. Cows in MM tended to have greater plasma glutathione peroxidase activity compared with cows in POS. An upregulation of liver GPX1 was observed for cows in POS compared with cows in MM. In conclusion, subcutaneous injection of trace minerals maintained an adequate antioxidant response when an AF challenge was present.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Pate
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - F C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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63
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Liu Y, Espinosa CD, Abelilla JJ, Casas GA, Lagos LV, Lee SA, Kwon WB, Mathai JK, Navarro DM, Jaworski NW, Stein HH. Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2018; 4:113-125. [PMID: 30140751 PMCID: PMC6103469 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A number of feed additives are marketed to assist in boosting the pigs' immune system, regulate gut microbiota, and reduce negative impacts of weaning and other environmental challenges. The most commonly used feed additives include acidifiers, zinc and copper, prebiotics, direct-fed microbials, yeast products, nucleotides, and plant extracts. Inclusion of pharmacological levels of zinc and copper, certain acidifiers, and several plant extracts have been reported to result in improved pig performance or improved immune function of pigs. It is also possible that use of prebiotics, direct-fed microbials, yeast, and nucleotides may have positive impacts on pig performance, but results have been less consistent and there is a need for more research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA
| | | | | | - Gloria A. Casas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Production, College of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Colombia, Bogota 111321, Colombia
| | - L. Vanessa Lagos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Su A. Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Woong B. Kwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John K. Mathai
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | - Hans H. Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Wen M, Zhao H, Liu G, Chen X, Wu B, Tian G, Cai J, Jia G. Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Development, and Intestinal Barrier-Related Gene Expression in Pekin Ducks. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 183:351-360. [PMID: 28895044 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of zinc supplementation on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and the transcription of the barrier function related genes in Pekin ducks. Seven-hundred and sixty-eight 1-day-old Pekin ducks were randomly assigned into six dietary treatments. Each treatment had eight replicates with 16 ducks per replicates. The ducks were fed either a corn-soybean meal basal diet or basal diets supplemented with 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg zinc/kg from zinc sulfate. This experiment lasted for 5 weeks, and the jejunum sample were harvested at 14 and 35 days of age. Results have shown that diets supplemented with zinc significantly increased the duck body weight, average daily gain, and average daily feed intake in different period of experiment (P < 0.05); feed to gain ratio was decreased as the zinc level increased (P < 0.05). Zinc supplementation increased the villus height and decreased the crypt depth in jejunum of ducks (P < 0.05) at 14 and 35 days of age. The transcription of tight junction protein CLDN1, OCND, ZO-1, and ZO-3 in jejunum were increased (P < 0.05), and the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of leak protein CLDN2 were decreased as the dietary zinc level increased (P < 0.05) at 14 and 35 days of age. The mRNA levels of chemical barrier-related genes MUC2 and TFF-2 in jejunum at 14 and 35 days of age were increased (P < 0.05) by zinc supplementation, and so did the transcription of immunological barrier-related genes lgA, pIgR, LYZ, and AvBD2 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary zinc supplementation exhibited growth-promoting effect on Pekin duck, improved intestinal morphology, and enhanced the intestinal barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
- Tibet Vocational Technical College, Lasa, 850000, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Guangmang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Chelota Group, Guanghan, 618300, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jingyi Cai
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Gang Jia
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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65
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Ganesan S, Volodina O, Pearce SC, Gabler NK, Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP, Selsby JT. Acute heat stress activated inflammatory signaling in porcine oxidative skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/16/e13397. [PMID: 28830980 PMCID: PMC5582270 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite well-studied clinical manifestations, intracellular mechanisms of prolonged hyperthermic injury remain unclear, especially in skeletal muscle. Given muscle's large potential to impact systemic inflammation and metabolism, the response of muscle cells to heat-mediated injury warrants further investigation. We have previously reported increased activation of NF-κB signaling and increased NF-κB and AP-1-driven transcripts in oxidative skeletal muscle following 12 h of heat stress. The purpose of this investigation was to examine early heat stress-induced inflammatory signaling in skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that heat stress would increase NF-κB and AP-1 signaling in oxidative skeletal muscle. To address this hypothesis, 32 gilts were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups (n = 8/group): control (0 h: 21°C) or exposed to heat stress conditions (37°C) for 2 h (n = 8), 4 h (n = 8), or 6 h (n = 8). Immediately following environmental exposure pigs were euthanized and the red portion of the semitendinosus muscle (STR) was harvested. We found evidence of NF-κB pathway activation as indicated by increased protein abundance of NF-κB activator IKK-α following 4 h and increased total NF-κB protein abundance following 6 h of heat stress. Heat stress also stimulated AP-1 signaling as AP-1 protein abundance was increased in nuclear fractions following 4 h of heat stress. Interleukin-6 protein abundance and activation of the JAK/STAT pathway were decreased in heat stressed muscle. These data indicate that heat stress activated inflammatory signaling in the porcine STR muscle via the AP-1 pathway and early activation of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Ganesan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Olga Volodina
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Sarah C Pearce
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | | | | | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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66
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Seibert JT, Graves KL, Hale BJ, Keating AF, Baumgard LH, Ross JW. Characterizing the acute heat stress response in gilts: I. Thermoregulatory and production variables. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:941-949. [PMID: 29617863 PMCID: PMC6093585 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying traits associated with susceptibility or tolerance to heat stress (HS) is a prerequisite for developing strategies to improve efficient pork production during the summer months. Study objectives were to determine the relationship between the thermoregulatory and production responses to acute HS in pigs. Prepubertal gilts (n = 235; 77.9 ± 1.2 kg BW) were exposed to a thermoneutral (TN) period (P1, 24 h; 21.9 ± 0.5 °C, 62 ± 13% RH; fed ad libitum) followed immediately by a subsequent acute HS period (P2, 24 h; 29.7 ± 1.3 °C, 49 ± 8% RH; fed ad libitum). Rectal temperature (TR), skin temperature (TS), and respiration rate (RR) were monitored and BW and feed intake (FI) were determined. All pigs had increased TR, TS, and RR (0.80 °C, 5.65 °C, and 61.2 bpm, respectively; P < 0.01) and decreased FI and BW (29% and 1.10 kg, respectively; P < 0.01) during P2 compared to P1. Interestingly, body temperature indices did not explain variation in FI during P2 (R2 ≤ 0.02). Further, the percent change in BW during P2 was only marginally explained by each body temperature index (R2 ≤ 0.06) or percent change in FI (R2 = 0.14). During HS, TR was strongly correlated with P1 TR (r = 0.72, P < 0.01), indicating a pig's body temperature during TN conditions predicts the severity of hyperthermia during HS. Additionally, the change in TR (ΔTR, HS TR - TN TR) was larger in pigs retrospectively classified as susceptible (SUS) as compared to tolerant (TOL) pigs (1.05 vs. 0.51 °C, respectively; P < 0.01). In summary, thermoregulatory responses and production variables during acute HS are only marginally related. Further, changes in BW and FI were unexpectedly poorly correlated during acute HS (r = 0.34; P < 0.01). Collectively, suboptimal growth is largely independent on the thermoregulatory response and hypophagia during acute HS. Consequently, incorporating solely body temperature indices into a genetic index is likely insufficient for substantial progress in selecting HS tolerant pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Seibert
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - K L Graves
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - B J Hale
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - A F Keating
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - J W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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67
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Ganesan S, Summers CM, Pearce SC, Gabler NK, Valentine RJ, Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP, Selsby JT. Short-term heat stress altered metabolism and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:154-167. [PMID: 29432553 PMCID: PMC6140929 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-related complications continue to be a major health concern for humans and animals and lead to potentially life-threatening conditions. Heat stress (HS) alters metabolic parameters and may alter glucose metabolism and insulin signaling. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the extent to which 12 h of HS-altered energetic metabolism in oxidative skeletal muscle. To address this, crossbred gilts (n = 8/group) were assigned to one of three environmental treatments for 12 h: thermoneutral (TN; 21 °C), HS (37 °C), or pair-fed to HS counterparts but housed in TN conditions (PFTN). Following treatment, animals were euthanized and the semitendinosus red (STR) was recovered. Despite increased relative protein abundance of the insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate (IRS1) phosphorylation was increased (P = 0.0005) at S307, an inhibitory site, and phosphorylated protein kinase B (AKT) (S473) was decreased (P = 0.03) likely serving to impair insulin signaling following 12 h of HS. Further, HS increased phosphorylated protein kinase C (PKC) ζ/λ (P = 0.02) and phosphorylated PKCδ/θ protein abundance (P = 0.02), which are known to regulate inhibitory serine phosphorylation of IRS1 (S307). Sarcolemmal glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) was decreased (P = 0.04) in the membrane fraction of HS skeletal muscle suggesting diminished glucose uptake capacity. HS-mediated increases (P = 0.04) in mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) were not accompanied by phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1). HS decreased (P = 0.0006) glycogen synthase (GS) and increased (P = 0.02) phosphorylated GS suggesting impaired glycogen synthesis. In addition, HS altered fatty acid metabolic signaling by increasing (P = 0.02) Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), decreasing (P = 0.005) phosphorylated ATP-citrate lyase (pATPCL) and fatty acid synthase (P = 0.01) (FAS). These data suggest that 12 h of HS blunted insulin signaling, decreased protein synthesis, and altered glycogen and fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Ganesan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Corey M Summers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Sarah C Pearce
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | | | | | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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68
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Gabler NK, Koltes D, Schaumberger S, Murugesan GR, Reisinger N. Diurnal heat stress reduces pig intestinal integrity and increases endotoxin translocation. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 2:1-10. [PMID: 32704684 PMCID: PMC7200918 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress negatively affects performance and intestinal integrity of pigs. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of diurnal heat stress (dHS) on nursery-grower pig performance, intestinal integrity, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation. Forty-eight nursery-grower gilts, individually penned, were randomly assigned to two treatments. Twenty-four pigs were then exposed to dHS for 3 d, 6 h at 38°C and 18 h at 32°C, at 40-60% humidity. The remaining pigs were maintained under thermal neutral (TN) conditions. Changes in pig rectal temperatures (Tr), respiration rates (RR), performance, and blood parameters were evaluated. Additionally, ex vivo ileum integrity was assessed with the Ussing chamber by measuring transepithelial resistance (TER), and 4 kDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (FD4) and FITC-LPS mucosal to serosal flux. As expected, dHS increased pig Tr and RR (P < 0.05) and reduced pig performance (P < 0.05) on the 3-d period. Compared with TN, ileum TER (P = 0.04), FITC-LPS (P < 0.001), and FD4 (P = 0.011) permeability were significantly increased due to dHS. Compared with TN pigs, dHS increased serum endotoxin by 150% (P = 0.031). Altogether, 3-d dHS significantly reduced pig performance and intestinal integrity and increased blood endotoxin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawn Koltes
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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69
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Ganesan S, Pearce SC, Gabler NK, Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP, Selsby JT. Short-term heat stress results in increased apoptotic signaling and autophagy in oxidative skeletal muscle in Sus scrofa. J Therm Biol 2018; 72:73-80. [PMID: 29496018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged environment-induced hyperthermia causes morbidities and mortality in humans and animals and appears to cause organ-specific injury and dysfunction. We have previously determined autophagic dysfunction and apoptotic signaling in oxidative skeletal muscle following prolonged hyperthermia. The aim of this investigation was to extend our knowledge regarding the early chronology of heat stress-mediated apoptotic and autophagic signaling in oxidative skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that 2, 4, and 6 h of hyperthermia would increase apoptosis and autophagy in oxidative skeletal muscle compared to thermoneutral (TN) conditions. Pigs were assigned to four groups (n = 8/group) and exposed to environmental heat stress (37 °C) for 0, 2, 4, or 6 h. Immediately following environmental exposure animals were euthanized and the red portion of the semitendinosus was collected. Markers of apoptotic signaling were increased following 2 h of heating but returned to baseline thereafter, while caspase 3 activity remained elevated 2-3 fold (p < .05) throughout the hyperthermic period. Heat stress increased (p < .05) markers of autophagic activation, and nucleation as well as autophagosome formation and degradation linearly throughout the heating intervention. In addition, 6 h of hyperthermia increased (p < .05) markers of mitophagy. These data suggest that apoptotic signaling precedes increased autophagy during acute heat stress in oxidative skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Ganesan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Sarah C Pearce
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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70
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Ganesan S, Summers CM, Pearce SC, Gabler NK, Valentine RJ, Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP, Selsby JT. Short-term heat stress causes altered intracellular signaling in oxidative skeletal muscle. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:2438-2451. [PMID: 28727070 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) causes morbidities and mortalities, in part by inducing organ-specific injury and dysfunction. Further, HS markedly reduces farm animal productivity, and this is especially true for lean tissue accretion. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the extent to which short-term HS caused muscle dysfunction in skeletal muscle. We have previously found increased free radical injury in skeletal muscle following 24 h of HS. Thus, we hypothesized that HS would lead to apoptosis, autophagy, and decreased mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle. To test this hypothesis, crossbred gilts were divided into 3 groups ( = 8/group): thermal neutral (TN: 21°C), HS (37°C), and pair-fed thermal neutral (PFTN: feed intake matched with heat-stressed animals). Following 12 h of treatment, animals were euthanized and red (STR) and white (STW) portions of the semitendinosus were recovered. Heat stress did not alter intracellular signaling in STW. In STR, the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde protein and concentration were increased in HS ( = 0.007) compared to TN and PFTN, which was matched by an inadequate antioxidant response, including an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) I ( = 0.03) and II relative protein abundance ( = 0.008) and total SOD activity ( = 0.02) but a reduction ( = 0.006) in catalase activity in HS compared to TN. Further, B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein ( = 0.02) and apoptotic protease activating factor 1 ( = 0.01) proteins were increased by HS compared to TN and PFTN. However, caspase 3 activity was similar between groups, indicating a lack of apoptotic execution. Despite increased initiation, autophagy appeared to be inhibited by HS as the microtubule-associated protein A/B light chain 3 II/I ratio and mitofusin-2 proteins were decreased ( < 0.03) and sequestosome 1(p62) protein abundance was increased ( = 0.001) in HS compared to TN and PFTN. Markers of mitochondrial content cytochrome c, cytochrome c oxidase IV, voltage-dependent anion channel, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and prohibitins 1 were increased ( < 0.05) in HS compared to TN, whereas mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy markers were similar between groups. These data demonstrate that HS caused aberrant intracellular signaling, which may contribute to HS-mediated muscle dysfunction.
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71
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Weng X, Monteiro APA, Guo J, Li C, Orellana RM, Marins TN, Bernard JK, Tomlinson DJ, DeFrain JM, Wohlgemuth SE, Tao S. Effects of heat stress and dietary zinc source on performance and mammary epithelial integrity of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:2617-2630. [PMID: 29290442 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary Zn and heat stress alter gut integrity in monogastric animals. However, effects of Zn on mammary epithelial integrity in heat-stressed lactating dairy cows have not been studied. Multiparous lactating Holstein cows (n = 72) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to study the effects of environment and Zn source on performance and mammary epithelial integrity. Treatments included 2 environments [cooled (CL) or not cooled (NC)] and 2 Zn sources [75 mg/kg of supplemental Zn as Zn hydroxychloride (IOZ) or 35 mg/kg of Zn hydroxychloride + 40 mg/kg of Zn-Met complex (ZMC)]. The experiment was divided into baseline and environmental challenge phases of 84 d each. All cows were cooled during the baseline phase (temperature-humidity index = 72.5), whereas NC cows were not cooled during environmental challenge (temperature-humidity index = 77.7). Mammary biopsies were collected on d 7 and 56 relative to the onset of environmental challenge to analyze gene expression of claudin 1, 4, and 8, zonula occludens 1, 2, and 3, occludin, and E-cadherin and protein expression of occludin and E-cadherin. Deprivation of cooling increased respiration rate (64.8 vs. 73.9 breaths/min) and vaginal temperature (39.03 vs. 39.94°C) and decreased dry matter intake (26.7 vs. 21.6 kg/d). Energy-corrected milk yield decreased for NC cows relative to CL cows (24.5 vs. 34.1 kg/d). An interaction between environment and Zn source occurred for milk fat content as CL cows fed ZMC had lower milk fat percentage than other groups. Relative to CL cows, NC cows had lower concentrations of lactose (4.69 vs. 4.56%) and solids-not-fat (8.46 vs. 8.32%) but a higher concentration of milk urea nitrogen (9.07 vs. 11.02 mg/mL). Compared with IOZ, cows fed ZMC had lower plasma lactose concentration during baseline and tended to have lower plasma lactose concentration during environmental challenge. Plasma lactose concentration tended to increase at 3, 5, and 41 d after the onset of environmental challenge in NC cows relative to CL cows. Treatment had no effect on milk BSA concentration. Cows fed ZMC tended to have higher gene expression of E-cadherin relative to IOZ. Compared with CL, NC cows had increased gene expression of occludin and E-cadherin and tended to have increased claudin 1 and zonula occludens 1 and 2 gene expression in the mammary gland. Protein expression of occludin and E-cadherin was unchanged. In conclusion, removing active cooling impairs lactation performance and affects gene expression of proteins involved in the mammary epithelial barrier, and feeding a portion of dietary zinc as ZMC improves the integrity of the mammary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Weng
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - A P A Monteiro
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - J Guo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - C Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - R M Orellana
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - T N Marins
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - J K Bernard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | | | | | - S E Wohlgemuth
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - S Tao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793.
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Hulst M, Jansman A, Wijers I, Hoekman A, Vastenhouw S, van Krimpen M, Smits M, Schokker D. Enrichment of in vivo transcription data from dietary intervention studies with in vitro data provides improved insight into gene regulation mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa. GENES AND NUTRITION 2017; 12:11. [PMID: 28413565 PMCID: PMC5390468 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Gene expression profiles of intestinal mucosa of chickens and pigs fed over long-term periods (days/weeks) with a diet rich in rye and a diet supplemented with zinc, respectively, or of chickens after a one-day amoxicillin treatment of chickens, were recorded recently. Such dietary interventions are frequently used to modulate animal performance or therapeutically for monogastric livestock. In this study, changes in gene expression induced by these three interventions in cultured “Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells” (IPEC-J2) recorded after a short-term period of 2 and 6 hours, were compared to the in vivo gene expression profiles in order to evaluate the capability of this in vitro bioassay in predicting in vivo responses. Methods Lists of response genes were analysed with bioinformatics programs to identify common biological pathways induced in vivo as well as in vitro. Furthermore, overlapping genes and pathways were evaluated for possible involvement in the biological processes induced in vivo by datamining and consulting literature. Results For all three interventions, only a limited number of identical genes and a few common biological processes/pathways were found to be affected by the respective interventions. However, several enterocyte-specific regulatory and secreted effector proteins that responded in vitro could be related to processes regulated in vivo, i.e. processes related to mineral absorption, (epithelial) cell adherence and tight junction formation for zinc, microtubule and cytoskeleton integrity for amoxicillin, and cell-cycle progression and mucus production for rye. Conclusions Short-term gene expression responses to dietary interventions as measured in the in vitro bioassay have a low predictability for long-term responses as measured in the intestinal mucosa in vivo. The short-term responses of a set regulatory and effector genes, as measured in this bioassay, however, provided additional insight into how specific processes in piglets and broilers may be modulated by “early” signalling molecules produced by enterocytes. The relevance of this set of regulatory/effector genes and cognate biological processes for zinc deficiency and supplementation, gluten allergy (rye), and amoxicillin administration in humans is discussed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12263-017-0559-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hulst
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons Jansman
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilonka Wijers
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Hoekman
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie Vastenhouw
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus van Krimpen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mari Smits
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Sheikh AA, Aggarwal A, B I, Aarif O. Inorganic zinc supplementation modulates heat shock and immune response in heat stressed peripheral blood mononuclear cells of periparturient dairy cows. Theriogenology 2017; 95:75-82. [PMID: 28460683 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thermal stress in India is one of the major constraints affecting dairy cattle productivity. Every attempt should be made to ameliorate the heat and calving related stress in high producing dairy cows for higher economic returns. In the current study, inorganic zinc was tried to alleviate the adverse effects of thermal stress in periparturient cows. Twelve cows, six each of Sahiwal and Karan Fries (KF) in their second parity with confirmed pregnancy were chosen for the experiment. The blood samples were collected periparturiently on three occasions viz. -21, 0 and +21 days relative to calving. The in vitro study was conducted after isolating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from whole blood. The cultured PBMC were subjected to three different levels of exposures viz. 37°C as control, 42°C to induce thermal stress and 42°C + zinc to ameliorate the adverse effects of high temperature. Heat shock lead to a significant (P<0.05) rise in the level of heat shock proteins (HSP). HSP was more on the day of calving as well. KF showed more HSP concentration than Sahiwal breed indicating the heat bearing capacity of later. Zinc treatment to thermally stressed PBMC caused a fall in the HSP concentration in both the breeds during periparturient period. Moreover, heat stress increased significantly (P<0.05) the Interleukin 6 (IL-6) concentration which declined upon zinc supplementation to PBMC. IL-6 levels decreased periparturiently. Heat and calving related stress caused a fall in the IL-12 levels which increased significantly (P<0.05) with zinc supplementation. These findings suggest that zinc supplementation attenuates the HSP response and augments immunity in PBMC of periparturient dairy cows. The study could help to alleviate the heat stress and potentiate immunity by providing mineral supplements in periparturient dairy cattle habituating tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasif Ahmad Sheikh
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
| | - Anjali Aggarwal
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Indu B
- Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ovais Aarif
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
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Ganesan S, Reynolds C, Hollinger K, Pearce SC, Gabler NK, Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP, Selsby JT. Twelve hours of heat stress induces inflammatory signaling in porcine skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R1288-96. [PMID: 27009052 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00494.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress causes morbidity and mortality in humans and animals and threatens food security by limiting livestock productivity. Inflammatory signaling may contribute to heat stress-mediated skeletal muscle dysfunction. Previously, we discovered increased circulating endotoxin and intramuscular oxidative stress and TNF-α protein abundance, but not inflammatory signaling following 24 and 72 h of heat stress. Thus the purpose of this investigation was to clarify the role of inflammatory signaling in heat-stressed skeletal muscle. Crossbred gilts (n = 8/group) were assigned to either thermal neutral (24°C), heat stress (37°C), or pair-fed thermal neutral (24°C) conditions for 12 h. Following treatment, animals were euthanized, and the semitendinosus red (STR) and white (STW) were recovered. Heat stress did not alter inflammatory signaling in STW. In STR, relative heat shock protein abundance was similar between groups, as was nuclear content of heat shock factor 1. In whole homogenate, relative abundance of the NF-κB activator inhibitory κB kinase-α was increased by heat stress, although abundance of NF-κB was similar between groups. Relative abundance of phosphorylated NF-κB was increased by heat stress in nuclear fractions. Activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling was similar between groups. While there were few differences in transcript expression between thermal neutral and heat stress, 80 and 56% of measured transcripts driven by NF-κB or AP-1, respectively, were increased by heat stress compared with pair-fed thermal neutral. Heat stress also caused a reduction in IL-6 transcript and relative protein abundance. These data demonstrate that short-term heat stress causes inflammatory signaling through NF-κB in oxidative, but not glycolytic, skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthi Ganesan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; and
| | - Carmen Reynolds
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; and
| | - Katrin Hollinger
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; and
| | - Sarah C Pearce
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; and
| | - Nicholas K Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; and
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; and
| | - Robert P Rhoads
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Joshua T Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; and
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Pearce SC, Lonergan SM, Huff-Lonergan E, Baumgard LH, Gabler NK. Acute Heat Stress and Reduced Nutrient Intake Alter Intestinal Proteomic Profile and Gene Expression in Pigs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143099. [PMID: 26575181 PMCID: PMC4648527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress and reduced feed intake negatively affect intestinal integrity and barrier function. Our objective was to compare ileum protein profiles of pigs subjected to 12 hours of HS, thermal neutral ad libitum feed intake, or pair-fed to heat stress feed intake under thermal neutral conditions (pair-fed thermal neutral). 2D-Differential In Gel Electrophoresis and gene expression were performed. Relative abundance of 281 and 138 spots differed due to heat stress, compared to thermal neutral and pair-fed thermal neutral pigs, respectively. However, only 20 proteins were different due to feed intake (thermal neutral versus pair-fed thermal neutral). Heat stress increased mRNA expression of heat shock proteins and protein abundance of heat shock proteins 27, 70, 90-α and β were also increased. Heat stress reduced ileum abundance of several metabolic enzymes, many of which are involved in the glycolytic or TCA pathways, indicating a change in metabolic priorities. Stress response enzymes peroxiredoxin-1 and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A were decreased in pair-fed thermal neutral and thermal neutral pigs compared to heat stress. Heat stress increased mRNA abundance markers of ileum hypoxia. Altogether, these data show that heat stress directly alters intestinal protein and mRNA profiles largely independent of reduced feed intake. These changes may be related to the reduced intestinal integrity associated with heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Pearce
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Lonergan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Lance H. Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Nicholas K. Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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