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Azouz A, Duke-Cohan JS. Post-developmental extracellular proteoglycan maintenance in attractin-deficient mice. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:301. [PMID: 32580758 PMCID: PMC7313179 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Neurodegeneration and hair pigmentation alterations in mice occur consequent to aberrations at the Atrn locus coding for the transmembrane form of attractin. Earlier results pointed to a possible involvement in intracellular trafficking/export of secretory vesicles containing proteoglycan. Here we examined kidney and liver, both heavily dependent upon proteoglycan, of attractin-deficient mice to determine whether abnormalities were observed in these tissues. Results Histological and histochemical analysis to detect glycosylated protein identified a severe loss in attractin-deficient mice of extracellular proteoglycan between kidney tubules in addition to a loss of glycosylated material within the intratubular brush border. In the liver, extracellular matrix material was significantly depleted between hepatocytes together with swollen sinuses and aberrations in the proteoglycan-dependent space of Disse. These results are consistent with a generalized defect in extracellular proteoglycan deposition in Atrn-mutant mice and support previous reports suggesting a role for attractin in the secretory vesicle pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Azouz
- Department of Pathology, Regional One Health, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan S Duke-Cohan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, JF517, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Richter F, Martin L, Leer K, Moek E, Hausig F, Brendel JC, Traeger A. Tuning of endosomal escape and gene expression by functional groups, molecular weight and transfection medium: a structure-activity relationship study. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:5026-5041. [PMID: 32319993 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of genetic material by non-viral transfer systems is still in its initial stages, but there are high expectations for the development of targeted therapies. However, nucleic acids cannot enter cells without help, they must be well protected to prevent degradation and overcome a variety of biological barriers, the endosomal barrier being one of the greatest cellular challenges. Herein, the structure-property-relationship was investigated in detail, using well-defined polymers. Polyacrylamides were synthesized via RAFT polymerization resulting in a polymer library of (i) different cationic groups as aminoethyl acrylamide (AEAm), dimethylaminoethyl acrylamide (DMAEAm), dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide (DMAPAm) and guanidinopropyl acrylamide (GPAm); (ii) different degree of polymerization; and investigated (iii) in different cell culture settings. The influence of molar mass and cationic moiety on complex formation with pDNA, cytotoxicity and transfection efficiency of the polymers were investigated. The systematic approach identified a pH-independent guanidinium-containing homopolymer (PGPAm89) as the polymer with the highest transfection efficiency and superior endosomal release under optimal conditions. Since PGPAm89 is not further protonated inside endosomes, common escape theories appear unsuitable. Therefore, the interaction with bis(monoacryloylglycerol)phosphate, a lipid specific for endosomal vesicles, was investigated. Our research suggests that the interactions between amines and lipids may be more relevant than anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Richter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Zhao Y, Kaltashov IA. Evaluation of top-down mass spectrometry and ion-mobility spectroscopy as a means of mapping protein-binding motifs within heparin chains. Analyst 2020; 145:3090-3099. [PMID: 32150181 PMCID: PMC7160044 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00097c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Identifying structural elements within heparin (as well as other glycosaminoglycan) chains that enable their interaction with a specific client protein remains a challenging task due to the high degree of both intra- and inter-chain heterogeneity exhibited by this polysaccharide. The new experimental approach explored in this work is based on the assumption that the heparin chain segments bound to the protein surface will be less prone to collision-induced dissociation (CID) in the gas phase compared to the chain regions that are not involved in binding. Facile removal of the unbound chain segments from the protein/heparin complex should allow the length and the number of sulfate groups within the protein-binding segment of the heparin chain to be determined by measuring the mass of the truncated heparin chain that remains bound to the protein. Conformational integrity of the heparin-binding interface on the protein surface in the course of CID is ensured by monitoring the evolution of collisional cross-section (CCS) of the protein/heparin complexes as a function of collisional energy. A dramatic increase in CCS signals the occurrence of large-scale conformational changes within the protein and identifies the energy threshold, beyond which relevant information on the protein-binding segments of heparin chains is unlikely to be obtained. Testing this approach using a 1 : 1 complex formed by a recombinant form of an acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1) and a synthetic pentasaccharide GlcNS,6S-GlcA-GlcNS,3S,6S-IdoA2S-GlcNS,6S-Me as a model system indicated that a tri-saccharide fragment is the minimal-length FGF-binding segment. Extension of this approach to a decameric heparin chain (dp10) allowed meaningful binding data to be obtained for a 1 : 1 protein/dp10 complex, while the ions representing the higher stoichiometry complex (2 : 1) underwent dissociation via asymmetric charge partitioning without generating truncated heparin chains that remain bound to the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhao
- Chemistry Department, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 240 Thatcher Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Igor A Kaltashov
- Chemistry Department, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 240 Thatcher Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Heparanase-The Message Comes in Different Flavors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:253-283. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Heparanase-Regulated Syndecan-1 Shedding Facilitates Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Egress. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01672-19. [PMID: 31827001 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01672-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) can infect virtually all cell types in vitro An important reason lies in its ability to exploit heparan sulfate (HS) for attachment to cells. HS is a ubiquitous glycosaminoglycan located on the cell surface and tethered to proteoglycans such as syndecan-1. Previously, we have shown that heparanase (HPSE) facilitates the release of viral particles by cleaving HS. Here, we demonstrate that HPSE is a master regulator where, in addition to directly enabling viral release via HS removal, it also facilitates cleavage of HS-containing ectodomains of syndecan-1, thereby further enhancing HSV-1 egress from infected cells. Syndecan-1 cleavage is mediated by upregulation of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) that accompanies higher HPSE expression in infected cells. By overexpressing HPSE, we have identified MMP-3 and MMP-7 as important sheddases of syndecan-1 shedding in corneal epithelial cells, which are natural targets of HSV-1 infection. MMP-3 and MMP-7 were also naturally upregulated during HSV-1 infection. Altogether, this paper shows a new connection between HSV-1 release and syndecan-1 shedding, a phenomenon that is regulated by HPSE and executed by the MMPs. Our results also identify new molecular markers for HSV-1 infection and new targets for future interventions.IMPORTANCE HSV-1 is a common cause of recurrent viral infections in humans. The virus can cause a range of mucosal pathologies. Efficient viral egress from infected cells is an important step for HSV-1 transmission and virus-associated pathologies. Host mechanisms that contribute to HSV-1 egress from infected cells are poorly understood. Syndecan-1 is a common heparan sulfate proteoglycan expressed by many natural target cells. Despite its known connection with heparanase, a recently identified mediator of HSV-1 release, syndecan-1 has not been previously investigated in HSV-1 release. In this study, we demonstrate that the shedding of syndecan-1 by MMP-3 and MMP-7 supports viral egress. We show that the mechanism behind the activation of these MMPs is mediated by heparanase, which is upregulated upon HSV-1 infection. Our study elucidates a new connection between HSV-1 egress, heparanase, and matrix metallopeptidases; identifies new molecular markers of infection; and provides potential new targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Billings PC, Bizzaro C, Yang E, Chung J, Mundy C, Pacifici M. Human and mouse activin genes: Divergent expression of activin A protein variants and identification of a novel heparan sulfate-binding domain in activin B. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229254. [PMID: 32074129 PMCID: PMC7029874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activins are members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of signaling proteins and were originally identified as components of follicular fluid. The proteins are now known to play critical roles in numerous normal and pathological processes and conditions, but less is clear about the relationships between their gene organization and protein variant expression and structure. The four human and mouse activin (Act) genes, termed INHβA, INHβB, INHβC and INHβE, differ in exon numbers. Human INHβA is the most complex with 7 exons and elicits production of three Act A variants (Act A X1, X2 and X3) differing in their pro-region, as we showed previously. Here we further analyzed the mouse INHβA gene and found that its 4 exons encode for a single open reading frame (mouse Act A), corresponding to the shortest human Act A X3 variant. Activins are synthesized and secreted as large complexes made of a long pro-region and a short mature C- terminal ligand and are known to interact with the heparan sulfate (HS) chains of cell surface and matrix proteoglycans. Human Act A X1 and X2 variants do have a HS-binding domain (HBD) with Cardin/Weintraub traits in their pro-region, while the X3 variant does not as shown previously. We found that the mouse Act A lacks a HBD as well. However, we identified a typical HBD in the pro-region of both mouse and human Act B, and synthetic peptides containing that domain interacted with immobilized HS and cell surface with nanomolar affinity. In sum, human and mouse Act A genes elicit expression of different variant sets, while there is concordance in Act B protein expression, reflecting possible evolutionary diversity in function of, and responses to, these signaling proteins in the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Billings
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Candice Bizzaro
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Evan Yang
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Juliet Chung
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Christina Mundy
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Li J, Song D, Wang S, Dai Y, Zhou J, Gu J. Antiviral Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate via Impairing Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Attachment to Host Cell Receptor. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020176. [PMID: 32033244 PMCID: PMC7077276 DOI: 10.3390/v12020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The green tea catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) exhibits antiviral activity against various viruses. Whether EGCG also inhibits the infectivity of circovirus remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated the antiviral effect of EGCG on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). EGCG targets PCV2 virions directly and blocks the attachment of virions to host cells. The microscale thermophoresis assay showed EGCG could interact with PCV2 capsid protein in vitro with considerable affinity (Kd = 98.03 ± 4.76 μM), thereby interfering with the binding of the capsid to the cell surface receptor heparan sulfate. The molecular docking analysis of capsid–EGCG interaction identified the key amino acids which formed the binding pocket accommodating EGCG. Amino acids ARG51, ASP70, ARG73 and ASP78 of capsid were found to be critical for maintaining the binding, and the arginine residues were also essential for the electrostatic interaction with heparan sulfate. The rescued mutant viruses also confirm the importance of the key amino acids of the capsid to the antiviral effect of EGCG. Our findings suggest that catechins could act as anti-infective agents against circovirus invasion, as well as provide the basic information for the development and synthesis of structure-based anti-circovirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Li
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Dongfeng Song
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (S.W.)
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (S.W.)
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yadong Dai
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
- Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences and Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.D.); (J.Z.)
- Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (J.L.); (D.S.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Heon-Roberts R, Nguyen ALA, Pshezhetsky AV. Molecular Bases of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Decline, the Major Burden of Sanfilippo Disease. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020344. [PMID: 32012694 PMCID: PMC7074161 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of diseases caused by the lysosomal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans, due to genetic deficiencies of enzymes involved in their degradation. MPS III or Sanfilippo disease, in particular, is characterized by early-onset severe, progressive neurodegeneration but mild somatic involvement, with patients losing milestones and previously acquired skills as the disease progresses. Despite being the focus of extensive research over the past years, the links between accumulation of the primary molecule, the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate, and the neurodegeneration seen in patients have yet to be fully elucidated. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular bases of neurological decline in Sanfilippo disease. It emerges that this deterioration results from the dysregulation of multiple cellular pathways, leading to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, impaired autophagy and defects in cellular signaling. However, many important questions about the neuropathological mechanisms of the disease remain unanswered, highlighting the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Heon-Roberts
- Division of Medical Genetics, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (R.H.-R.); (A.L.A.N.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Annie L. A. Nguyen
- Division of Medical Genetics, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (R.H.-R.); (A.L.A.N.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Alexey V. Pshezhetsky
- Division of Medical Genetics, CHU Ste-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (R.H.-R.); (A.L.A.N.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(514)-345-4931 (ext. 2736)
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Cohen-Kaplan V, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase Loosens E-Cadherin-Mediated Cell-Cell Contact via Activation of Src. Front Oncol 2020; 10:2. [PMID: 32038981 PMCID: PMC6990126 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity of heparanase, responsible for cleavage of heparan sulfate (HS), is strongly implicated in tumor metastasis. This is due primarily to remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that becomes more prone to invasion by metastatic tumor cells. In addition, heparanase promotes the development of blood and lymph vessels that mobilize disseminated cells to distant organs. Here, we provide evidence for an additional mechanism by which heparanase affects cell motility, namely the destruction of E-cadherin based adherent junctions (AJ). We found that overexpression of heparanase or its exogenous addition results in reduced E-cadherin levels in the cell membrane. This was associated with a substantial increase in the phosphorylation levels of E-cadherin, β-catenin, and p120-catenin, the latter recognized as a substrate of Src. Indeed, we found that Src phosphorylation is increased in heparanase overexpressing cells, associating with a marked decrease in the interaction of E-cadherin with β-catenin, which is instrumental for AJ integrity and cell-cell adhesion. Notably, the association of E-cadherin with β-catenin in heparanase overexpressing cells was restored by Src inhibitor, along with reduced cell migration. These results imply that heparanase promotes tumor metastasis by virtue of its enzymatic activity responsible for remodeling of the ECM, and by signaling aspects that result in Src-mediated phosphorylation of E-cadherin/catenins and loosening of cell-cell contacts that are required for maintaining the integrity of epithelial sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Cohen-Kaplan
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Heparanase: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Sarcomas. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:405-431. [PMID: 32274719 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sarcomas comprise a heterogeneous group of rare malignancies of mesenchymal origin including more than 70 subtypes. They may arise in muscle, bone, cartilage and other connective tissues. Their high histological and genetic heterogeneity makes diagnosis and treatment very challenging. Deregulation of heparanase has been found in several sarcoma subtypes and high expression levels have been correlated with poor prognosis in Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma. Altered expression of specific heparan sulfate proteoglycans and heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzymes has also been observed. Advances in molecular pathogenesis of sarcomas have evidenced the critical role of several heparan sulfate binding growth factors and receptor tyrosine kinases, highly interconnected with the microenvironment, in sustaining tumor growth and progression. Interference with heparanase/heparan sulfate functions represents a potential therapeutic approach in sarcoma. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge about the biological significance of heparanase expression and its potential as a therapeutic target in subtypes of both soft tissue and bone sarcomas. Particular emphasis is given to the involvement of heparan sulfate proteoglycans and their synthesizing and modifying enzymes in bone physiology and disorders leading up to the pathobiology of bone sarcomas. The chapter also describes the cooperation between exostin loss-of-function and heparanase upregulation in hereditary Multiple Osteochondroma syndrome as a paradigmatic example of constitutive alteration of the heparanase/heparan sulfate proteoglycan system which may contribute to progression to malignant secondary chondrosarcoma. Preclinical evidence of the role of heparanase as a promising therapeutic target in various sarcoma subtypes is finally resumed.
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Heparan Sulfate in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1245:147-161. [PMID: 32266657 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40146-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The biology of tumor cells strictly depends on their microenvironment architecture and composition, which controls the availability of growth factors and signaling molecules. Thus, the network of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and proteins known as extracellular matrix (ECM) that surrounds the cells plays a central role in the regulation of tumor fate. Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are highly versatile ECM components that bind and regulate the activity of growth factors, cell membrane receptors, and other ECM molecules. These HS binding partners modulate cell adhesion, motility, and proliferation that are processes altered during tumor progression. Modification in the expression and activity of HS, HSPGs, and the respective metabolic enzymes results unavoidably in alteration of tumor cell microenvironment. In this light, the targeting of HS structure and metabolism is potentially a new tool in the treatment of different cancer types.
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D'Arienzo A, Andreani L, Sacchetti F, Colangeli S, Capanna R. Hereditary Multiple Exostoses: Current Insights. Orthop Res Rev 2019; 11:199-211. [PMID: 31853203 PMCID: PMC6916679 DOI: 10.2147/orr.s183979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME), also called hereditary multiple osteochondromas, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by multiple osteochondromas that grow near the growth plates of bones such as the ribs, pelvis, vertebrae and especially long bones. The disease presents with various clinical manifestations including chronic pain syndromes, restricted range of motion, limb deformity, short stature, scoliosis and neurovascular alteration. Malignant transformation of exostosis is rarely seen. The disease has no medical treatment and surgery is only recommended in symptomatic exostoses or in cases where a malignant transformation is suspected. HME is mainly caused by mutations and functional loss of the EXT1 and EXT2 genes which encode glycosyltransferases, an enzyme family involved in heparan sulfate (HS) synthesis. However, the peculiar molecular mechanism that leads to the structural changes of the cartilage and to osteochondroma formation is still being studied. Basic science studies have recently shown new insights about altering the molecular and cellular mechanism caused by HS deficiency. Pediatricians, geneticists and orthopedic surgeons play an important role in the study and treatment of this severe pathology. Despite the recent significant advances, we still need novel insights to better specify the role of HS in signal transduction. The purpose of this review was to analyze the most relevant aspects of HME from the literature review, give readers an important tool to understand its clinical features and metabolic-pathogenetic mechanism, and to identify an effective treatment method. We focused on the aspects of the disease related to clinical management and surgical treatment in order to give up-to-date information that could be useful for following best clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio D'Arienzo
- Department of Translational Research on New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Andreani
- Department of Translational Research on New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Sacchetti
- Department of Translational Research on New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Colangeli
- Department of Translational Research on New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Capanna
- Department of Translational Research on New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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The Roles of Indian Hedgehog Signaling in TMJ Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246300. [PMID: 31847127 PMCID: PMC6941023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an intricate structure composed of the mandibular condyle, articular disc, and glenoid fossa in the temporal bone. Apical condylar cartilage is classified as a secondary cartilage, is fibrocartilaginous in nature, and is structurally distinct from growth plate and articular cartilage in long bones. Condylar cartilage is organized in distinct cellular layers that include a superficial layer that produces lubricants, a polymorphic/progenitor layer that contains stem/progenitor cells, and underlying layers of flattened and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Uniquely, progenitor cells reside near the articular surface, proliferate, undergo chondrogenesis, and mature into hypertrophic chondrocytes. During the past decades, there has been a growing interest in the molecular mechanisms by which the TMJ develops and acquires its unique structural and functional features. Indian hedgehog (Ihh), which regulates skeletal development including synovial joint formation, also plays pivotal roles in TMJ development and postnatal maintenance. This review provides a description of the many important recent advances in Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in TMJ biology. These include studies that used conventional approaches and those that analyzed the phenotype of tissue-specific mouse mutants lacking Ihh or associated molecules. The recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanism regulating TMJ development are impressive and these findings will have major implications for future translational medicine tools to repair and regenerate TMJ congenital anomalies and acquired diseases, such as degenerative damage in TMJ osteoarthritic conditions.
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Xu K, Jin L. The role of heparin/heparan sulphate in the IFN-γ-led Arena. Biochimie 2019; 170:1-9. [PMID: 31794784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
IFN-γ (Interferon-gamma) is a pleiotropic cytokine. It is often involved in a variety of physiological processes by binding to the cell surface transmembrane receptor (IFN-γR) to initiate a series of signalling pathways that transmit external signals from cell surface receptors to the cell nucleus. Heparan sulphate (HS), a highly sulphated linear polysaccharide, is ubiquitous on the mammalian cell surface and extracellular matrix. Electrostatic interactions can be generated between the highly sulphated HS region and specific basic amino acid residues in the IFN-γ structure, thereby detaining IFN-γ on the cell surface, and the concentration of IFN-γ on the cell surface is thus, changed. IFN-γ retained on the cell surface will optimize the binding of IFN-γ to the transmembrane receptor resulting in high efficiency signalling. Heparin is a glycosaminoglycan with a structure similar to HS. The structural similarity provides a basis for modelling exogenous heparin dependence for interference with IFN-γ function. This model can be summarized as follows: First, the competitive binding effect; heparin bound to cytokines by competing with membrane-associated HS, causes a decrease in cytokine concentration on the cell surface. Second, the principle of priority occupancy; heparin can occupy the receptor binding site on cytokines, partially preventing the IFN-γ-IFN-γR interaction. These two models interfere with IFN-γ signal transmission. To decipher the mechanism by which heparin influences IFN-γ activity, studies of the structure-activity relationship are in progress. This paper summarizes research progress on the IFN-γ signalling pathway, heparin interference with IFN-γ activity and the structure-activity relationship between heparin and IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kening Xu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lan Jin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, PR China.
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65
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- From the Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Robert B Vernon
- From the Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
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66
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Yang E, Mundy C, Rappaport EF, Pacifici M, Billings PC. Identification and characterization of a novel heparan sulfate-binding domain in Activin A longest variants and implications for function. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222784. [PMID: 31536599 PMCID: PMC6752817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activins regulate numerous processes including inflammation and are synthesized as precursors consisting of a long N-terminal pro-region and a mature protein. Genomic human databases currently list three activin A (Act A) variants termed X1, X2 and X3. The X3 variant is the shortest, lacks N-terminal segments present in X1 and X2, and has been the focus of most past literature. Here, we asked whether these variants are expressed by human cells and tissues and what structural features are contained within their pro-regions. Human monocytic-like cells THP1 and U937 expressed X1 and X2 variants after exposure to phorbol ester or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, while X2 transcripts were present in placenta. Expression vectors encoding full length X2 or X3 variants resulted in production and secretion of biologically active Act A from cultured cells. Previous studies reported a putative HS-binding domain (HBD) in the X3 pro-region. Here, we identified a novel HBD with consensus HS-binding motifs near the N-terminal end of X1 and X2 pro-regions. Peptides encompassing this new domain interacted with substrate-bound HS with nanomolar affinity, while peptides from putative X3 HBD did not. In good agreement, full length X2 pro-region interacted with heparin-agarose, while the X3 pro-region did not. In sum, our study reveals that Act A variants are expressed by inflammatory cells and placenta and yield biological activity. The high affinity HBD in X1 and X2 pro-region and its absence in X3 could greatly influence overall Act A distribution, availability and activity in physiological and pathological circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Yang
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christina Mundy
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric F. Rappaport
- Molecular Genetics Core, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul C. Billings
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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67
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De Pasquale V, Pavone LM. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans: The sweet side of development turns sour in mucopolysaccharidoses. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:165539. [PMID: 31465828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are complex carbohydrate-modified proteins ubiquitously expressed on cell surfaces, extracellular matrix and basement membrane of mammalian tissues. Beside to serve as structural constituents, they regulate multiple cellular activities. A critical involvement of HSPGs in development has been established, and perturbations of HSPG-dependent pathways are associated with many human diseases. Recent evidence suggest a role of HSPGs in the pathogenesis of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) where the accumulation of undigested HS results in the loss of cellular functions, tissue damage and organ dysfunctions accounting for clinical manifestations which include central nervous system (CNS) involvement, degenerative joint disease and reduced bone growth. Current therapies are not curative but only ameliorate the disease symptoms. Here, we highlight the link between HSPG functions in the development of CNS and musculoskeletal structures and the etiology of some MPS phenotypes, suggesting that HSPGs may represent potential targets for the therapy of such incurable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini n. 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Medical School, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini n. 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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68
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Zandonadi FS, Castañeda Santa Cruz E, Korvala J. New SDC function prediction based on protein-protein interaction using bioinformatics tools. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 83:107087. [PMID: 31351242 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.107087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The precise roles for SDC have been complex to specify. Assigning and reanalyzing protein and peptide identification to novel protein functions is one of the most important challenges in postgenomic era. Here, we provide SDC molecular description to support, contextualize and reanalyze the corresponding protein-protein interaction (PPI). From SDC-1 data mining, we discuss the potential of bioinformatics tools to predict new biological rules of SDC. Using these methods, we have assembled new possibilities for SDC biology from PPI data, once, the understanding of biology complexity cannot be capture from one simple question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia S Zandonadi
- Laboratory of Bioanalytics and Integrated Omics (LaBIOmics), Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Elisa Castañeda Santa Cruz
- Laboratory of Bioanalytics and Integrated Omics (LaBIOmics), Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Johanna Korvala
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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69
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Reconstruction of the ovary microenvironment utilizing macroporous scaffold with affinity-bound growth factors. Biomaterials 2019; 205:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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70
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Sánchez-Romero N, Sainz-Arnal P, Pla-Palacín I, Dachary PR, Almeida H, Pastor C, Soto DR, Rodriguez MC, Arbizu EO, Martinez LB, Serrano-Aulló T, Baptista PM. The role of extracellular matrix on liver stem cell fate: A dynamic relationship in health and disease. Differentiation 2019; 106:49-56. [PMID: 30878881 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver stem cell niche is a specialized and dynamic microenvironment with biomechanical and biochemical characteristics that regulate stem cell behavior. This is feasible due to the coordination of a complex network of secreted factors, small molecules, neural, blood inputs and extracellular matrix (ECM) components involved in the regulation of stem cell fate (self-renewal, survival, and differentiation into more mature phenotypes like hepatocytes and cholangiocytes). In this review, we describe and summarize all the major components that play essential roles in the liver stem cell niche, in particular, growth factor signaling and the biomechanical properties of the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar Sainz-Arnal
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon's Health Science Research Institute (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iris Pla-Palacín
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Helen Almeida
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Pastor
- Aragon's Health Science Research Institute (IACS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Daniela Rubio Soto
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Health Research Institute of Jiménez Díaz Foundation (IIS FJD), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Pedro M Baptista
- Health Research Institute of Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain; Health Research Institute of Jiménez Díaz Foundation (IIS FJD), Madrid, Spain; Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain.
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71
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Ali MM, Mahmoud AM, Le Master E, Levitan I, Phillips SA. Role of matrix metalloproteinases and histone deacetylase in oxidative stress-induced degradation of the endothelial glycocalyx. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H647-H663. [PMID: 30632766 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00090.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The glycocalyx is crucial for normal endothelial function. It also tethers extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3), which protects the endothelium against oxidative damage. Proteolytic enzymes [matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)] are capable of disrupting endothelial cell surface proteins, such as syndecans, resulting in derangements of the endothelial glycocalyx. We sought to test the role of MMPs in oxidative stress-mediated disruption of the endothelial glycocalyx and examine the effect of pharmacological inhibition of MMPs on mitigating this detrimental effect. We also examined the role of histone deacetylase (HDAC) in the oxidative stress-mediated MMP induction and glycocalyx remodeling. Oxidative stress was experimentally induced in human adipose microvascular endothelial cells using H2O2 and buthionine sulfoximine in the presence and absence of potent MMP and HDAC inhibitors. H2O2 and buthionine sulfoximine resulted in a notable loss of the endothelial glycocalyx; they also increased the expression and proteolytic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and subsequently increased the shedding of syndecan-1 and SOD3 from the endothelial cell surface. MMP upregulation was accompanied by a decline in mRNA and protein levels of their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs; TIMP-1 and TIMP-3). Furthermore, oxidative stress induced HDAC activity. Inhibition of MMPs and HDAC reversed syndecan-1 and SOD3 shedding and maintained endothelial glycocalyx integrity. HDAC inhibition increased TIMP expression and reduced MMP expression and activity in endothelial cells. Our findings shed light on MMPs and HDAC as therapeutically targetable mechanisms in oxidative stress-induced glycocalyx remodeling. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Oxidative stress, a hallmark of many diseases, damages the endothelial glycocalyx, resulting in vascular dysfunction. Studying the mechanistic link between oxidative stress and endothelial glycocalyx derangements might help discover new therapeutic targets to preserve vascular function. In this study, we investigated the involvement of matrix metalloproteinases and histone deacetylase in oxidative stress-induced endothelial glycocalyx degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Ali
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Abeer M Mahmoud
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Elizabeth Le Master
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Irena Levitan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shane A Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
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72
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Messore A, Madia VN, Pescatori L, Saccoliti F, Tudino V, De Leo A, Bortolami M, De Vita D, Scipione L, Pepi F, Costi R, Rivara S, Scalvini L, Mor M, Ferrara FF, Pavoni E, Roscilli G, Cassinelli G, Milazzo FM, Battistuzzi G, Di Santo R, Giannini G. Novel Symmetrical Benzazolyl Derivatives Endowed with Potent Anti-Heparanase Activity. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10834-10859. [PMID: 30412404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase is the only mammalian endo-β-d-glucuronidase involved in a variety of major diseases. The up-regulation of heparanase expression increases tumor size, angiogenesis, and metastasis, representing a validated target in the anti-cancer field. To date, only a few small-molecule inhibitors have been described, but none have gotten through pre-clinical development. Previously, we explored 2-(4-(4-(bromo-methoxybenzamido)benzylamino)phenyl) benzazole derivatives as anti-heparanase agents, proposing this scaffold for development of broadly effective heparanase inhibitors. Herein, we report an extended investigation of new symmetrical 2-aminophenyl-benzazolyl-5-acetate derivatives, proving that symmetrical compounds are more effective than asymmetrical analogues, with the most-potent compound, 7g, being active at nanomolar concentration against heparanase. Molecular docking studies were performed on the best-acting compounds 5c and 7g to rationalize their interaction with the enzyme. Moreover, invasion assay confirmed the anti-metastatic potential of compounds 5c, 7a, and 7g, proving the inhibition of the expression of proangiogenic factors in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Messore
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Valentina Noemi Madia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Luca Pescatori
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Francesco Saccoliti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Valeria Tudino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Alessandro De Leo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Martina Bortolami
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Daniela De Vita
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Luigi Scipione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Federico Pepi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Roberta Costi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I- 43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I- 43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I- 43124 Parma , Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giuliana Cassinelli
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Applicata e Sviluppo Tecnologico, Unità di Farmacologia Molecolare , Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , via Amadeo 42 , I-20133 Milano , Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- R&D Alfasigma S.p.A. , Via Pontina Km 30,400 , Pomezia, I-00071 Roma , Italy
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73
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Milosavljevic V, Haddad Y, Moulick A, Buchtelova H, Guran R, Pospisil T, Stokowa-Sołtys K, Heger Z, Richtera L, Kopel P, Adam V. Functional Analysis of Novicidin Peptide: Coordinated Delivery System for Zinc via Schiff Base Ligand. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2954-2969. [PMID: 30086240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novicidin (NVC), is a membrane-penetrating peptide, which forms a stable complex with Zn-Schiff base with interesting antitumor selectivity. We studied NVC derivatives to determine functional roles of key amino acids in toxicity, helicity, and binding of the Zn-Schiff base complex. Trimmed derivatives highlighted the role of peptide length and helicity in toxicity and membrane penetration. The removal of Lys from position 1 and 2 strongly increases the ability to disrupt the membranes. The trimming of the N-terminal residues significantly increases the stability of peptide helicity enhancing penetrating properties. Gly residue derivatives undermined a role of peptide bending in membrane penetration and toxicity. After the substitution of the central Gly derivatives with Ile or Lys, the peptides retained toxicity. These results illustrate the minor role of central helix bending in NVC toxicity. Binding-site-peptide derivatives identified His residue as the sole Zn-Schiff base binding site and eliminated the role of other aromatic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Milosavljevic
- Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , 613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Yazan Haddad
- Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , 613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Amitava Moulick
- Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , 613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Hana Buchtelova
- Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , 613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Roman Guran
- Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , 613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Pospisil
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research , Faculty of Science, Palacky University , Slechtitelu 241/27 , 783 71 , Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Stokowa-Sołtys
- Faculty of Chemistry , University of Wrocław , Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , 613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Richtera
- Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , 613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kopel
- Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , 613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Central European Institute of Technology , Brno University of Technology , Purkynova 123 , 612 00 Brno , Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Mendel University in Brno , Zemedelska 1 , 613 00 Brno , Czech Republic
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74
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Swart M, Troeberg L. Effect of Polarization and Chronic Inflammation on Macrophage Expression of Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans and Biosynthesis Enzymes. J Histochem Cytochem 2018; 67:9-27. [PMID: 30205019 DOI: 10.1369/0022155418798770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans on immune cells have the ability to bind to and regulate the bioactivity more than 400 bioactive protein ligands, including many chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors. This makes them important regulators of the phenotype and behavior of immune cells. Here we review how HS biosynthesis in macrophages is regulated during polarization and in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obesity, by analyzing published micro-array data and mechanistic studies in this area. We describe that macrophage expression of many HS biosynthesis and core proteins is strongly regulated by macrophage polarization, and that these expression patterns are recapitulated in chronic inflammation. Such changes in HS biosynthetic enzyme expression are likely to have a significant impact on the phenotype of macrophages in chronic inflammatory diseases by altering their interactions with chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Swart
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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75
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Karamanos NK, Piperigkou Z, Theocharis AD, Watanabe H, Franchi M, Baud S, Brézillon S, Götte M, Passi A, Vigetti D, Ricard-Blum S, Sanderson RD, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Proteoglycan Chemical Diversity Drives Multifunctional Cell Regulation and Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9152-9232. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos K. Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Zoi Piperigkou
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH)/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Achilleas D. Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras 26110, Greece
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Marco Franchi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini 47100, Italy
| | - Stéphanie Baud
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire SiRMa, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Stéphane Brézillon
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale et Biologie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR MEDyC 7369, Faculté de Médecine, 51 rue Cognacq Jay, Reims 51100, France
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Alberto Passi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Davide Vigetti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
| | - Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5246, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
| | - Renato V. Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 10107, United States
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76
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Billings PC, Yang E, Mundy C, Pacifici M. Domains with highest heparan sulfate-binding affinity reside at opposite ends in BMP2/4 versus BMP5/6/7: Implications for function. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14371-14383. [PMID: 30082319 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling proteins, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), specifically interact with heparan sulfate (HS). These interactions regulate protein distribution and function and are largely mediated by domains rich in basic amino acids. The N-terminal region of BMP2 and BMP4 contains one such domain with a typical Cardin-Weintraub (CW) motif, but it is unclear whether the same occurs in BMP5, BMP6, and BMP7 that constitute a separate evolutionary subgroup. Peptides spanning the N-terminal domain of BMP2/4 interacted with substrate-bound HS with nanomolar affinity, but peptides spanning BMP5/6/7 N-terminal domain did not. We re-examined the entire BMP5/6/7 sequences and identified a novel CW-like motif at their C terminus. Peptides spanning this domain displayed high-affinity HS binding, but corresponding BMP2/4 C-terminal peptides did not, likely because of acidic or noncharged residue substitutions. Peptides pre-assembled into NeutrAvidin tetramers displayed the same exact binding selectivity of respective monomers but bound HS with greater affinity. Tests of possible peptide biological activities showed that the HS-binding N-terminal BMP2/4 and C-terminal BMP5/6/7 peptides stimulated chondrogenesis in vitro, potentially by freeing endogenous BMPs. Thus, HS interactions appear largely ascribable to domains at opposite ends of BMP2/4 versus BMP5/6/7, reiterating the evolutionary distance of these BMP subgroups and possible functional diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Billings
- From the Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Evan Yang
- From the Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Christina Mundy
- From the Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- From the Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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77
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Madia VN, Messore A, Pescatori L, Saccoliti F, Tudino V, De Leo A, Bortolami M, Scipione L, Costi R, Rivara S, Scalvini L, Mor M, Ferrara FF, Pavoni E, Roscilli G, Cassinelli G, Milazzo FM, Battistuzzi G, Di Santo R, Giannini G. Novel Benzazole Derivatives Endowed with Potent Antiheparanase Activity. J Med Chem 2018; 61:6918-6936. [PMID: 30010344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase is the sole mammalian enzyme capable of cleaving glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Its altered activity is intimately associated with tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Thus, its implication in cancer progression makes it an attractive target in anticancer therapy. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new benzazoles as heparanase inhibitors. Most of the designed derivatives were active at micromolar or submicromolar concentration, and the most promising compounds are fluorinated and/or amino acids derivatives 13a, 14d, and 15 that showed IC50 0.16-0.82 μM. Molecular docking studies were performed to rationalize their interaction with the enzyme catalytic site. Importantly, invasion assay confirmed the antimetastatic potential of compounds 14d and 15. Consistently with its ability to inhibit heparanase, compound 15 proved to decrease expression of genes encoding for proangiogenic factors such as MMP-9, VEGF, and FGFs in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Noemi Madia
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma , p.le Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Antonella Messore
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma , p.le Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Luca Pescatori
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma , p.le Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Francesco Saccoliti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma , p.le Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Valeria Tudino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma , p.le Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Alessandro De Leo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma , p.le Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Martina Bortolami
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma , p.le Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Luigi Scipione
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma , p.le Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Roberta Costi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma , p.le Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giuliana Cassinelli
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Applicata e Sviluppo Tecnologico, Unità di Farmacologia Molecolare , Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , via Amadeo 42 , I-20133 Milano , Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Di Santo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco , Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, "Sapienza" Università di Roma , p.le Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- R&D Alfasigma S.p.A. , Via Pontina Km 30,400, Pomezia , I-00071 Roma , Italy
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Hui Q, Jin Z, Li X, Liu C, Wang X. FGF Family: From Drug Development to Clinical Application. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071875. [PMID: 29949887 PMCID: PMC6073187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) belongs to a large family of growth factors. FGFs use paracrine or endocrine signaling to mediate a myriad of biological and pathophysiological process, including angiogenesis, wound healing, embryonic development, and metabolism regulation. FGF drugs for the treatment of burn and ulcer wounds are now available. The recent discovery of the crucial roles of the endocrine-acting FGF19 subfamily in maintaining homeostasis of bile acid, glucose, and phosphate further extended the activity profile of this family. Here, the applications of recombinant FGFs for the treatment of wounds, diabetes, hypophosphatemia, the development of FGF receptor inhibitors as anti-neoplastic drugs, and the achievements of basic research and applications of FGFs in China are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Zi Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Key Laboratory Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Changxiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, 308 Anshan West Road, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
- Key Laboratory Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Chashan University Park, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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79
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The role of heparan sulfate in host macrophage infection by Leishmania species. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:789-796. [PMID: 29934302 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The leishmaniases are a group of neglected tropical diseases caused by parasites from the Leishmania genus. More than 20 Leishmania species are responsible for human disease, causing a broad spectrum of symptoms ranging from cutaneous lesions to a fatal visceral infection. There is no single safe and effective approach to treat these diseases and resistance to current anti-leishmanial drugs is emerging. New drug targets need to be identified and validated to generate novel treatments. Host heparan sulfates (HSs) are abundant, heterogeneous polysaccharides displayed on proteoglycans that bind various ligands, including cell surface proteins expressed on Leishmania promastigote and amastigote parasites. The fine chemical structure of HS is formed by a plethora of specific enzymes during biosynthesis, with various positions (N-, 2-O-, 6-O- and 3-O-) on the carbon sugar backbone modified with sulfate groups. Post-biosynthesis mechanisms can further modify the sulfation pattern or size of the polysaccharide, altering ligand affinity to moderate biological functions. Chemically modified heparins used to mimic the heterogeneous nature of HS influence the affinity of different Leishmania species, demonstrating the importance of specific HS chemical sequences in parasite interaction. However, the endogenous structures of host HSs that might interact with Leishmania parasites during host invasion have not been elucidated, nor has the role of HSs in host-parasite biology. Decoding the structure of HSs on target host cells will increase understanding of HS/parasite interactions in leishmaniasis, potentiating identification of new opportunities for the development of novel treatments.
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80
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De Pasquale V, Sarogni P, Pistorio V, Cerulo G, Paladino S, Pavone LM. Targeting Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Mucopolysaccharidoses. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 10:8-16. [PMID: 29942826 PMCID: PMC6011039 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are inherited metabolic diseases caused by the deficiency of lysosomal enzymes needed to catabolize glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Four therapeutic options are currently considered: enzyme replacement therapy, substrate reduction therapy, gene therapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, while some of them exhibit limited clinical efficacy and require high costs, others are still in development. Therefore, alternative treatments for MPSs need to be explored. Here we describe an innovative therapeutic approach based on the use of a recombinant protein that is able to bind the excess of extracellular accumulated heparan sulfate (HS). We demonstrate that this protein is able to reduce lysosomal defects in primary fibroblasts from MPS I and MPS IIIB patients. We also show that, by masking the excess of extracellular accumulated HS in MPS fibroblasts, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signal transduction can be positively modulated. We, therefore, suggest the use of a competitive binding molecule for HS in MPSs as an alternative strategy to prevent the detrimental extracellular substrate storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sarogni
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Pistorio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Cerulo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Paladino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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81
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Abstract
Introduction Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is a rare congenital pediatric disorder characterized by osteochondromas forming next to the growth plates in young patients. The osteochondromas cause multiple health problems that include skeletal deformities and chronic pain. Surgery is used to remove the most symptomatic osteochondromas but because of their large number, many are left in place, causing life-long problems and increasing the probability of malignant transformation. There is no other treatment to prevent or reduce osteochondromas formation at present. Areas covered Recent studies reviewable through PubMed are providing new insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms of osteochondroma development. The resulting data are suggesting rational and plausible new therapeutic strategies for osteochondroma prevention some of which are being tested in HME animal models and one of which is part of a just announced clinical trial. Expert Commentary This section summarizes and evaluates such strategies and points also to possible future alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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82
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Mundy C, Yang E, Takano H, Billings PC, Pacifici M. Heparan sulfate antagonism alters bone morphogenetic protein signaling and receptor dynamics, suggesting a mechanism in hereditary multiple exostoses. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7703-7716. [PMID: 29622677 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is a pediatric disorder caused by heparan sulfate (HS) deficiency and is characterized by growth plate-associated osteochondromas. Previously, we found that osteochondroma formation in mouse models is preceded by ectopic bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the perichondrium, but the mechanistic relationships between BMP signaling and HS deficiency remain unclear. Therefore, we used an HS antagonist (surfen) to investigate the effects of this HS interference on BMP signaling, ligand availability, cell-surface BMP receptor (BMPR) dynamics, and BMPR interactions in Ad-293 and C3H/10T1/2 cells. As observed previously, the HS interference rapidly increased phosphorylated SMAD family member 1/5/8 levels. FACS analysis and immunoblots revealed that the cells possessed appreciable levels of endogenous cell-surface BMP2/4 that were unaffected by the HS antagonist, suggesting that BMP2/4 proteins remained surface-bound but became engaged in BMPR interactions and SMAD signaling. Indeed, surface mobility of SNAP-tagged BMPRII, measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), was modulated during the drug treatment. This suggested that the receptors had transitioned to lipid rafts acting as signaling centers, confirmed for BMPRII via ultracentrifugation to separate membrane subdomains. In situ proximity ligation assays disclosed that the HS interference rapidly stimulates BMPRI-BMPRII interactions, measured by oligonucleotide-driven amplification signals. Our in vitro studies reveal that cell-associated HS controls BMP ligand availability and BMPR dynamics, interactions, and signaling, and largely restrains these processes. We propose that HS deficiency in HME may lead to extensive local BMP signaling and altered BMPR dynamics, triggering excessive cellular responses and osteochondroma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Mundy
- From the Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, and
| | - Evan Yang
- From the Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, and
| | - Hajime Takano
- the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Paul C Billings
- From the Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, and
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- From the Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, and
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83
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Elevated heparanase expression is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer: a study based on systematic review and TCGA data. Oncotarget 2018; 8:43521-43535. [PMID: 28388549 PMCID: PMC5522166 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase promotes tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Here, we conducted a study based on systematic review and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data that examined heparanase expression in clinical samples to determine its prognostic value. According to the meta-analysis and TCGA data, we found that heparanase expression was up-regulated in most breast cancer specimens, and elevated heparanase expression was associated with increased lymph node metastasis, larger tumor size, higher histological grade, and poor survival. These results suggest that targeting heparanase might improve treatments for breast cancer patients.
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84
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Rinker TE, Philbrick BD, Hettiaratchi MH, Smalley DM, McDevitt TC, Temenoff JS. Microparticle-mediated sequestration of cell-secreted proteins to modulate chondrocytic differentiation. Acta Biomater 2018; 68:125-136. [PMID: 29292168 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein delivery is often used in tissue engineering applications to control differentiation processes, but is limited by protein instability and cost. An alternative approach is to control the cellular microenvironment through biomaterial-mediated sequestration of cell-secreted proteins important to differentiation. Thus, we utilized heparin-based microparticles to modulate cellular differentiation via protein sequestration in an in vitro model system of endochondral ossification. Heparin and poly(ethylene-glycol) (PEG; a low-binding material control)-based microparticles were incorporated into ATDC5 cell spheroids or incubated with ATDC5 cells in transwell culture. Reduced differentiation was observed in the heparin microparticle group as compared to PEG and no microparticle-containing groups. To determine if observed changes were due to sequestration of cell-secreted protein, the proteins sequestered by heparin microparticles were analyzed using SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry. It was found that heparin microparticles bound insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP)-3 and 5. When incubated with a small-molecule inhibitor of IGFBPs, NBI 31772, a similar delay in differentiation of ATDC5 cells was observed. These results indicate that heparin microparticles modulated chondrocytic differentiation in this system via sequestration of cell-secreted protein, a technique that could be beneficial in the future as a means to control cellular differentiation processes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this work, we present a proof-of-principle set of experiments in which heparin-based microparticles are shown to modulate cellular differentiation through binding of cell-secreted protein. Unlike existing systems that rely on expensive protein with limited half-lives to elicit changes in cellular behavior, this technique focuses on temporal modulation of cell-generated proteins. This technique also provides a biomaterials-based method that can be used to further identify sequestered proteins of interest. Thus, this work indicates that glycosaminoglycan-based biomaterial approaches could be used as substitutes or additions to traditional methods for modulating and identifying the cell-secreted proteins involved in directing cellular behavior.
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85
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Kurio N, Saunders C, Bechtold TE, Salhab I, Nah HD, Sinha S, Billings PC, Pacifici M, Koyama E. Roles of Ihh signaling in chondroprogenitor function in postnatal condylar cartilage. Matrix Biol 2018; 67:15-31. [PMID: 29447948 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Condylar articular cartilage in mouse temporomandibular joint develops from progenitor cells near the articulating surface that proliferate, undergo chondrogenesis and mature into hypertrophic chondrocytes. However, it remains unclear how these processes are regulated, particularly postnatally. Here we focused on the apical polymorphic layer rich in progenitors and asked whether the phenotype and fate of the cells require signaling by Indian hedgehog (Ihh) previously studied in developing long bones. In condyles in newborn mice, the apical polymorphic/progenitor cell layer was ~10 cell layer-thick and expressed the articular matrix marker Tenascin-C (Tn-C), and the underlying thick cell layer expressed Tn-C as well as the chondrogenic master regulator Sox9. By 1 month, condylar cartilage had gained its full width, but became thinner along its main longitudinal axis and displayed hypertrophic chondrocytes. By 3 months, articular cartilage consisted of a 2-3 cell layer-thick zone of superficial cells and chondroprogenitors expressing both Tn-C and Sox9 and a bottom zone of chondrocytes displaying vertical matrix septa. EdU cell tracing in juvenile mice revealed that conversion of chondroprogenitors into chondrocytes and hypertrophic chondrocytes required about 48 and 72 h, respectively. Notably, EdU injection in 3 month-old mice labeled both progenitors and maturing chondrocytes by 96 h. Conditional ablation of Ihh in juvenile/early adult mice compromised chondroprogenitor organization and function and led to reduced chondroprogenitor and chondrocyte proliferation. The phenotype of mutant condyles worsened over time as indicated by apoptotic chondrocyte incidence, ectopic chondrocyte hypertrophy, chondrocyte column derangement and subchondral bone deterioration. In micromass cultures of condylar apical cells, hedgehog (Hh) treatment stimulated chondrogenesis and alkaline phosphatase (APase) activity, while treatment with HhAntag inhibited both. Our findings indicate that the chondroprogenitor layer is continuously engaged in condylar growth postnatally and its organization and functioning depend on hedgehog signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naito Kurio
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School, 2-5-1, Okayama, Japan
| | - Cheri Saunders
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Till E Bechtold
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Orofacial Orthopaedics, Center of Dentistry and Oral Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Imad Salhab
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hyun-Duck Nah
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sayantani Sinha
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul C Billings
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Phan AQ, Pacifici M, Esko JD. Advances in the pathogenesis and possible treatments for multiple hereditary exostoses from the 2016 international MHE conference. Connect Tissue Res 2018; 59:85-98. [PMID: 29099240 PMCID: PMC7604901 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2017.1394295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE) is an autosomal dominant disorder that affects about 1 in 50,000 children worldwide. MHE, also known as hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) or multiple osteochondromas (MO), is characterized by cartilage-capped outgrowths called osteochondromas that develop adjacent to the growth plates of skeletal elements in young patients. These benign tumors can affect growth plate function, leading to skeletal growth retardation, or deformations, and can encroach on nerves, tendons, muscles, and other surrounding tissues and cause motion impairment, chronic pain, and early onset osteoarthritis. In about 2-5% of patients, the osteochondromas can become malignant and life threatening. Current treatments consist of surgical removal of the most symptomatic tumors and correction of the major skeletal defects, but physical difficulties and chronic pain usually continue and patients may undergo multiple surgeries throughout life. Thus, there is an urgent need to find new treatments to prevent or reverse osteochondroma formation. The 2016 International MHE Research Conference was convened to provide a forum for the presentation of the most up-to-date and advanced clinical and basic science data and insights in MHE and related fields; to stimulate the forging of new perspectives, collaborations, and venues of research; and to publicize key scientific findings within the biomedical research community and share insights and relevant information with MHE patients and their families. This report provides a description, review, and assessment of all the exciting and promising studies presented at the Conference and delineates a general roadmap for future MHE research targets and goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Q. Phan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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87
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Pacifici M. The pathogenic roles of heparan sulfate deficiency in hereditary multiple exostoses. Matrix Biol 2017; 71-72:28-39. [PMID: 29277722 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is an essential component of cell surface and matrix proteoglycans (HS-PGs) that include syndecans and perlecan. Because of their unique structural features, the HS chains are able to specifically interact with signaling proteins -including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)- via their HS-binding domain, regulating protein availability, distribution and action on target cells. Hereditary Multiple Exostoses (HME) is a rare pediatric disorder linked to germline heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in EXT1 or EXT2 that encode Golgi-resident glycosyltransferases responsible for HS synthesis, resulting in a systemic HS deficiency. HME is characterized by cartilaginous/bony tumors -called osteochondromas or exostoses- that form within perichondrium in long bones, ribs and other elements. This review examines most recent studies in HME, framing them in the context of classic studies. New findings show that the spectrum of EXT mutations is larger than previously realized and the clinical complications of HME extend beyond the skeleton. Osteochondroma development requires a somatic "second hit" that would complement the germline EXT mutation to further decrease HS production and/levels at perichondrial sites of osteochondroma induction. Cellular studies have shown that the steep decreases in local HS levels: derange the normal homeostatic signaling pathways keeping perichondrium mesenchymal; cause excessive BMP signaling; and provoke ectopic chondrogenesis and osteochondroma formation. Data from HME mouse models have revealed that systemic treatment with a BMP signaling antagonist markedly reduces osteochondroma formation. In sum, recent studies have provided major new insights into the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of HME and the roles played by HS deficiency. These new insights have led to the first ever proof-of-principle demonstration that osteochondroma formation is a druggable process, paving the way toward the creation of a clinically-relevant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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88
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Richter RP, Baranova NS, Day AJ, Kwok JC. Glycosaminoglycans in extracellular matrix organisation: are concepts from soft matter physics key to understanding the formation of perineuronal nets? Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 50:65-74. [PMID: 29275227 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Conventional wisdom has it that proteins fold and assemble into definite structures, and that this defines their function. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are different. In most cases the structures they form have a low degree of order, even when interacting with proteins. Here, we discuss how physical features common to all GAGs-hydrophilicity, charge, linearity and semi-flexibility-underpin the overall properties of GAG-rich matrices. By integrating soft matter physics concepts (e.g. polymer brushes and phase separation) with our molecular understanding of GAG-protein interactions, we can better comprehend how GAG-rich matrices assemble, what their properties are, and how they function. Taking perineuronal nets (PNNs)-a GAG-rich matrix enveloping neurons-as a relevant example, we propose that microphase separation determines the holey PNN anatomy that is pivotal to PNN functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Richter
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; School of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Astbury Centre for Strucural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Biosurfaces Lab, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Natalia S Baranova
- Biosurfaces Lab, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo Miramon 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Anthony J Day
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell-Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Cf Kwok
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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89
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Shi S, Kelly BJ, Wang C, Klingler K, Chan A, Eckert GJ, Trippel SB. Human IGF-I propeptide A promotes articular chondrocyte biosynthesis and employs glycosylation-dependent heparin binding. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1862:567-575. [PMID: 29174671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a key regulator of chondrogenesis, but its therapeutic application to articular cartilage damage is limited by rapid elimination from the repair site. The human IGF-I gene gives rise to three IGF-I propeptides (proIGF-IA, proIGF-IB and proIGF-IC) that are cleaved to create mature IGF-I. In this study, we elucidate the processing of IGF-I precursors by articular chondrocytes, and test the hypotheses that proIGF-I isoforms bind to heparin and regulate articular chondrocyte biosynthesis. METHODS Human IGF-I propeptides and mutants were overexpressed in bovine articular chondrocytes. IGF-I products were characterized by ELISA, western blot and FPLC using a heparin column. The biosynthetic activity of IGF-I products on articular chondrocytes was assayed for DNA and glycosaminoglycan that the cells produced. RESULTS Secreted IGF-I propeptides stimulated articular chondrocyte biosynthetic activity to the same degree as mature IGF-I. Of the three IGF-I propeptides, only one, proIGF-IA, strongly bound to heparin. Interestingly, heparin binding of proIGF-IA depended on N-glycosylation at Asn92 in the EA peptide. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that N-glycosylation determines the binding of a heparin-binding protein to heparin. CONCLUSION The biosynthetic and heparin binding abilities of proIGF-IA, coupled with its generation of IGF-I, suggest that proIGF-IA may have therapeutic value for articular cartilage repair. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These data identify human pro-insulin-like growth factor IA as a bifunctional protein. Its combined ability to bind heparin and augment chondrocyte biosynthesis makes it a promising therapeutic agent for cartilage damage due to trauma and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiliang Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
| | - Brian J Kelly
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Congrong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Ken Klingler
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Albert Chan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - George J Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Stephen B Trippel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
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90
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Fu LS, Wu YR, Fang SL, Tsai JJ, Lin HK, Chen YJ, Chen TY, Chang MDT. Cell Penetrating Peptide Derived from Human Eosinophil Cationic Protein Decreases Airway Allergic Inflammation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12352. [PMID: 28955044 PMCID: PMC5617860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12390-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptide derived from human eosinophil cationic protein (CPPecp) is a 10-amino-acid peptide containing a core heparan sulfate (HS)-binding motif of human eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). It binds and penetrates bronchial epithelial cells without cytotoxic effects. Here we investigated airway-protective effects of CPPecp in BEAS-2B cell line and mite-induced airway allergic inflammation in BALB/c mice. In BEAS-2B cell, CPPecp decreases ECP-induced eotaxin mRNA expression. CPPecp also decreases eotaxin secretion and p-STAT6 activation induced by ECP, as well as by IL-4. In vivo studies showed CPPecp decreased mite-induced airway inflammation in terms of eosinophil and neutrophil count in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid, peri-bronchiolar and alveolar pathology scores, cytokine production in lung protein extract including interleukin (IL)-5, IL-13, IL-17A/F, eotaxin; and pause enhancement from methacholine stimulation. CPPecp treated groups also showed lower serum mite-specific IgE level. In this study, we have demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo anti-asthma effects of CPPecp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Shien Fu
- Pediatric Department, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Pediatrics Department, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Rou Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Lung Fang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Ji Tsai
- Medical Research Department, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Kuei Lin
- Pediatric Department, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Jun Chen
- Pediatric Department, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Margaret Dah-Tsyr Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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91
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Boyango I, Barash U, Fux L, Naroditsky I, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Targeting heparanase to the mammary epithelium enhances mammary gland development and promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Matrix Biol 2017; 65:91-103. [PMID: 28916201 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endoglucuronidase that uniquely cleaves the heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. This activity ultimately alters the structural integrity of the ECM and basement membrane that becomes more prone to cellular invasion by metastatic cancer cells and cells of the immune system. In addition, enzymatically inactive heparanase was found to facilitate the proliferation and survival of cancer cells by activation of signaling molecules such as Akt, Src, signal transducer and activation of transcription (Stat), and epidermal growth factor receptor. This function is thought to be executed by the C-terminal domain of heparanase (8c), because over expression of this domain in cancer cells accelerated signaling cascades and tumor growth. We have used the regulatory elements of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) to direct the expression heparanase and the C-domain (8c) to the mammary gland epithelium of transgenic mice. Here, we report that mammary gland branching morphogenesis is increased in MMTV-heparanase and MMTV-8c mice, associating with increased Akt, Stat5 and Src phosphorylation. Furthermore, we found that the growth of tumors generated by mouse breast cancer cells and the resulting lung metastases are enhanced in MMTV-heparanase mice, thus supporting the notion that heparanase contributed by the tumor microenvironment (i.e., normal mammary epithelium) plays a decisive role in tumorigenesis. Remarkably, MMTV-8c mice develop spontaneous tumors in their mammary and salivary glands. Although this occurs at low rates and requires long latency, it demonstrates decisively the pro-tumorigenic capacity of heparanase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilanit Boyango
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Uri Barash
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Liat Fux
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Inna Naroditsky
- Department of Pathology, Ramabm Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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92
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Antia IU, Yagnik DR, Pantoja Munoz L, Shah AJ, Hills FA. Heparan sulfate disaccharide measurement from biological samples using pre-column derivatization, UPLC-MS and single ion monitoring. Anal Biochem 2017; 530:17-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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93
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Rinker TE, Philbrick BD, Temenoff JS. Core-shell microparticles for protein sequestration and controlled release of a protein-laden core. Acta Biomater 2017; 56:91-101. [PMID: 28013102 PMCID: PMC5478455 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Development of multifunctional biomaterials that sequester, isolate, and redeliver cell-secreted proteins at a specific timepoint may be required to achieve the level of temporal control needed to more fully regulate tissue regeneration and repair. In response, we fabricated core-shell heparin-poly(ethylene-glycol) (PEG) microparticles (MPs) with a degradable PEG-based shell that can temporally control delivery of protein-laden heparin MPs. Core-shell MPs were fabricated via a re-emulsification technique and the number of heparin MPs per PEG-based shell could be tuned by varying the mass of heparin MPs in the precursor PEG phase. When heparin MPs were loaded with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and then encapsulated into core-shell MPs, degradable core-shell MPs initiated similar C2C12 cell alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity as the soluble control, while non-degradable core-shell MPs initiated a significantly lower response (85+19% vs. 9.0+4.8% of the soluble control, respectively). Similarly, when degradable core-shell MPs were formed and then loaded with BMP-2, they induced a ∼7-fold higher C2C12 ALP activity than the soluble control. As C2C12 ALP activity was enhanced by BMP-2, these studies indicated that degradable core-shell MPs were able to deliver a bioactive, BMP-2-laden heparin MP core. Overall, these dynamic core-shell MPs have the potential to sequester, isolate, and then redeliver proteins attached to a heparin core to initiate a cell response, which could be of great benefit to tissue regeneration applications requiring tight temporal control over protein presentation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Tissue repair requires temporally controlled presentation of potent proteins. Recently, biomaterial-mediated binding (sequestration) of cell-secreted proteins has emerged as a strategy to harness the regenerative potential of naturally produced proteins, but this strategy currently only allows immediate amplification and re-delivery of these signals. The multifunctional, dynamic core-shell heparin-PEG microparticles presented here overcome this limitation by sequestering proteins through a PEG-based shell onto a protein-protective heparin core, temporarily isolating bound proteins from the cellular microenvironment, and re-delivering proteins only after degradation of the PEG-based shell. Thus, these core-shell microparticles have potential to be a novel tool to harness and isolate proteins produced in the cellular environment and then control when proteins are re-introduced for the most effective tissue regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torri E Rinker
- W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, 30332 Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Brandon D Philbrick
- W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, 30332 Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Johnna S Temenoff
- W.H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313 Ferst Drive, 30332 Atlanta, GA, USA; Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, 30332 Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Sisto M, Lorusso L, Ingravallo G, Lisi S. Exocrine Gland Morphogenesis: Insights into the Role of Amphiregulin from Development to Disease. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:477-499. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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95
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Pacifici M. Hereditary Multiple Exostoses: New Insights into Pathogenesis, Clinical Complications, and Potential Treatments. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2017; 15:142-152. [PMID: 28466453 PMCID: PMC5510481 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-017-0355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is a complex musculoskeletal pediatric disorder characterized by osteochondromas that form next to the growth plates of many skeletal elements, including long bones, ribs, and vertebrae. Due to its intricacies and unresolved issues, HME continues to pose major challenges to both clinicians and biomedical researchers. The purpose of this review is to describe and analyze recent advances in this field and point to possible targets and strategies for future biologically based therapeutic intervention. RECENT FINDINGS Most HME cases are linked to loss-of-function mutations in EXT1 or EXT2 that encode glycosyltransferases responsible for heparan sulfate (HS) synthesis, leading to HS deficiency. Recent genomic inquiries have extended those findings but have yet to provide a definitive genotype-phenotype correlation. Clinical studies emphasize that in addition to the well-known skeletal problems caused by osteochondromas, HME patients can experience, and suffer from, other symptoms and health complications such as chronic pain and nerve impingement. Laboratory work has produced novel insights into alterations in cellular and molecular mechanisms instigated by HS deficiency and subtending onset and growth of osteochondroma and how such changes could be targeted toward therapeutic ends. HME is a rare and orphan disease and, as such, is being studied only by a handful of clinical and basic investigators. Despite this limitation, significant advances have been made in the last few years, and the future bodes well for deciphering more thoroughly its pathogenesis and, in turn, identifying the most effective treatment for osteochondroma prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Abramson Research Center, 902D, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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96
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Horigome T, Takumi S, Shirai K, Kido T, Hagiwara-Chatani N, Nakashima A, Adachi N, Yano H, Hirai Y. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans and non-classically secreted proteins, basic FGF and epimorphin, coordinately regulate TGF-β-induced cell behaviors of human scar dermal fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 86:132-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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97
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Sinha S, Mundy C, Bechtold T, Sgariglia F, Ibrahim MM, Billings PC, Carroll K, Koyama E, Jones KB, Pacifici M. Unsuspected osteochondroma-like outgrowths in the cranial base of Hereditary Multiple Exostoses patients and modeling and treatment with a BMP antagonist in mice. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006742. [PMID: 28445472 PMCID: PMC5425227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary Multiple Exostoses (HME) is a rare pediatric disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the genes encoding the heparan sulfate (HS)-synthesizing enzymes EXT1 or EXT2. HME is characterized by formation of cartilaginous outgrowths-called osteochondromas- next to the growth plates of many axial and appendicular skeletal elements. Surprisingly, it is not known whether such tumors also form in endochondral elements of the craniofacial skeleton. Here, we carried out a retrospective analysis of cervical spine MRI and CT scans from 50 consecutive HME patients that included cranial skeletal images. Interestingly, nearly half of the patients displayed moderate defects or osteochondroma-like outgrowths in the cranial base and specifically in the clivus. In good correlation, osteochondromas developed in the cranial base of mutant Ext1f/f;Col2-CreER or Ext1f/f;Aggrecan-CreER mouse models of HME along the synchondrosis growth plates. Osteochondroma formation was preceded by phenotypic alteration of cells at the chondro-perichondrial boundary and was accompanied by ectopic expression of major cartilage matrix genes -collagen 2 and collagen X- within the growing ectopic masses. Because chondrogenesis requires bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, we asked whether osteochondroma formation could be blocked by a BMP signaling antagonist. Systemic administration with LDN-193189 effectively inhibited osteochondroma growth in conditional Ext1-mutant mice. In vitro studies with mouse embryo chondrogenic cells clarified the mechanisms of LDN-193189 action that turned out to include decreases in canonical BMP signaling pSMAD1/5/8 effectors but interestingly, concurrent increases in such anti-chondrogenic mechanisms as pERK1/2 and Chordin, Fgf9 and Fgf18 expression. Our study is the first to reveal that the cranial base can be affected in patients with HME and that osteochondroma formation is amenable to therapeutic drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Sinha
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christina Mundy
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Till Bechtold
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Federica Sgariglia
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mazen M. Ibrahim
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul C. Billings
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kristen Carroll
- Shriner’s Hospital for Children, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kevin B. Jones
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MP); (KBJ)
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MP); (KBJ)
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98
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Monteiro KM, Lorenzatto KR, de Lima JC, Dos Santos GB, Förster S, Paludo GP, Carvalho PC, Brehm K, Ferreira HB. Comparative proteomics of hydatid fluids from two Echinococcus multilocularis isolates. J Proteomics 2017; 162:40-51. [PMID: 28442449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hydatid fluid (HF) that fills Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode vesicles is a complex mixture of proteins from both parasite and host origin. Here, a LC-MS/MS approach was used to compare the HF composition of E. multilocularis H95 and G8065 isolates (EmH95 and EmG8065, respectively), which present differences in terms of growth and fertility. Overall, 446 unique proteins were identified, 392 of which (88%) were from parasite origin and 54 from culture medium. At least 256 of parasite proteins were sample exclusive, and 82 of the 136 shared proteins presented differential abundance between E. multilocularis isolates. The parasite's protein repertoires in EmH95 and EmG8065 HF samples presented qualitative and quantitative differences involving antigens, signaling proteins, proteolytic enzymes, protease inhibitors and chaperones, highlighting intraspecific singularities that could be correlated to biological features of each isolate. The repertoire of medium proteins found in the HF was also differential between isolates, and the relevance of the HF exogenous protein content for the parasite's biology is discussed. The repertoires of identified proteins also provided potential molecular markers for important biological features, such as parasite growth rate and fertility, as well potential protein targets for the development of novel diagnostic and treatment strategies for alveolar echinococcosis. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE E. multilocularis metacestode infection of mammal hosts involve complex interactions mediated by excretory/secretory (ES) products. The hydatid fluid (HF) that fills the E. multilocularis metacestode vesicles contains complex repertoires of parasite ES products and host proteins that mediate important molecular interactions determinant for parasite survival and development, and, consequently, to the infection outcome. HF has been also extensively reported as the main source of proteins for the immunodiagnosis of echinococcosis. The performed proteomic analysis provided a comprehensive profiling of the HF protein composition of two E. multilocularis isolates. This allowed us to identify proteins of both parasite and exogenous (medium) origin, many of which present significant differential abundances between parasite isolates and may correlate to their differential biological features, including fertility and growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina M Monteiro
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karina R Lorenzatto
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeferson C de Lima
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme B Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabine Förster
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela P Paludo
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Carvalho
- Laboratório de Proteômica e Engenharia de Proteínas, Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Klaus Brehm
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Henrique B Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Centro de Biotecnologia, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Liu K, Lin D, Ouyang Y, Pang L, Guo X, Wang S, Zang Y, Chen D. Amphiregulin impairs apoptosis-stimulating protein 2 of p53 overexpression-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317695026. [PMID: 28351301 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317695026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of apoptosis-stimulating protein 2 of p53 (ASPP2) induces apoptotic cell death in hepatoma cells (e.g. HepG2 cells) by enhancing the transactivation activity of p53, but long-term ASPP2 overexpression fails to induce more apoptosis since activation of the epidermal growth factor/epidermal growth factor receptor/SOS1 pathway impairs the pro-apoptotic role of ASPP2. In this study, in recombinant adenovirus-ASPP2-infected HepG2 cells, ASPP2 overexpression induces amphiregulin expression in a p53-dependent manner. Although amphiregulin initially contributes to ASPP2-induced apoptosis, it eventually impairs the pro-apoptotic function of ASPP2 by activating the epidermal growth factor/epidermal growth factor receptor/SOS1 pathway, leading to apoptosis resistance. Moreover, blocking soluble amphiregulin with a neutralizing antibody also significantly increased apoptotic cell death of HepG2 cells due to treatment with methyl methanesulfonate, cisplatin, or a recombinant p53 adenovirus, suggesting that the function of amphiregulin involved in inhibiting apoptosis may be a common mechanism by which hepatoma cells escape from stimulus-induced apoptosis. Thus, our data elucidate an apoptosis-evasion mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma and have potential implications for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Liu
- 1 Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,2 Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Dongdong Lin
- 2 Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yabo Ouyang
- 1 Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,2 Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Pang
- 1 Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,2 Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xianghua Guo
- 1 Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,2 Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- 1 Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,2 Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yunjin Zang
- 2 Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,3 Organ Transplantation Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Dexi Chen
- 1 Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,2 Capital Medical University affiliated Beijing You An Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.,3 Organ Transplantation Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, P.R. China
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100
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Singh P, Blatt A, Feld S, Zohar Y, Saadi E, Barki-Harrington L, Hammond E, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I, Chowers Y, Half E. The Heparanase Inhibitor PG545 Attenuates Colon Cancer Initiation and Growth, Associating with Increased p21 Expression. Neoplasia 2017; 19:175-184. [PMID: 28147305 PMCID: PMC5279702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase activity is highly implicated in cellular invasion and tumor metastasis, a consequence of cleavage of heparan sulfate and remodeling of the extracellular matrix underlying epithelial and endothelial cells. Heparanase expression is rare in normal epithelia, but is often induced in tumors, associated with increased tumor metastasis and poor prognosis. In addition, heparanase induction promotes tumor growth, but the molecular mechanism that underlines tumor expansion by heparanase is still incompletely understood. Here, we provide evidence that heparanase down regulates the expression of p21 (WAF1/CIP1), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that attenuates the cell cycle. Notably, a reciprocal effect was noted for PG545, a potent heparanase inhibitor. This compound efficiently reduced cell proliferation, colony formation, and tumor xenograft growth, associating with a marked increase in p21 expression. Utilizing the APC Min+/− mouse model, we show that heparanase expression and activity are increased in small bowel polyps, whereas polyp initiation and growth were significantly inhibited by PG545, again accompanied by a prominent induction of p21 levels. Down-regulation of p21 expression adds a novel feature for the emerging pro-tumorigenic properties of heparanase, while the potent p21 induction and anti-tumor effect of PG545 lends optimism that it would prove an efficacious therapeutic in colon carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Singh
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Alexandra Blatt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Sari Feld
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Yaniv Zohar
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Esraa Saadi
- Department of Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | | | | | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Yehuda Chowers
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3109601, Israel.
| | - Elizabeth Half
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3109601, Israel.
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