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Mishra D, Richard JE, Maric I, Porteiro B, Häring M, Kooijman S, Musovic S, Eerola K, López-Ferreras L, Peris E, Grycel K, Shevchouk OT, Micallef P, Olofsson CS, Wernstedt Asterholm I, Grill HJ, Nogueiras R, Skibicka KP. Parabrachial Interleukin-6 Reduces Body Weight and Food Intake and Increases Thermogenesis to Regulate Energy Metabolism. Cell Rep 2019; 26:3011-3026.e5. [PMID: 30865890 PMCID: PMC6418345 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation and increased serum levels of the cytokine IL-6 accompany obesity. For brain-produced IL-6, the mechanisms by which it controls energy balance and its role in obesity remain unclear. Here, we show that brain-produced IL-6 is decreased in obese mice and rats in a neuroanatomically and sex-specific manner. Reduced IL-6 mRNA localized to lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN) astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, including paraventricular hypothalamus-innervating lPBN neurons. IL-6 microinjection into lPBN reduced food intake and increased brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis in male lean and obese rats by increasing thyroid and sympathetic outflow to BAT. Parabrachial IL-6 interacted with leptin to reduce feeding. siRNA-mediated reduction of lPBN IL-6 leads to increased weight gain and adiposity, reduced BAT thermogenesis, and increased food intake. Ambient cold exposure partly normalizes the obesity-induced suppression of lPBN IL-6. These results indicate that lPBN-produced IL-6 regulates feeding and metabolism and pinpoints (patho)physiological contexts interacting with lPBN IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Mishra
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jennifer E Richard
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ivana Maric
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Begona Porteiro
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Martin Häring
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Saliha Musovic
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kim Eerola
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lorena López-Ferreras
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eduard Peris
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Grycel
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olesya T Shevchouk
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Micallef
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charlotta S Olofsson
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Wernstedt Asterholm
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Harvey J Grill
- Lynch Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Karolina P Skibicka
- Department of Physiology and Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Onaka T, Takayanagi Y. Role of oxytocin in the control of stress and food intake. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12700. [PMID: 30786104 PMCID: PMC7217012 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin neurones in the hypothalamus are activated by stressful stimuli and food intake. The oxytocin receptor is located in various brain regions, including the sensory information-processing cerebral cortex; the cognitive information-processing prefrontal cortex; reward-related regions such as the ventral tegmental areas, nucleus accumbens and raphe nucleus; stress-related areas such as the amygdala, hippocampus, ventrolateral part of the ventromedial hypothalamus and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray; homeostasis-controlling hypothalamus; and the dorsal motor complex controlling intestinal functions. Oxytocin affects behavioural and neuroendocrine stress responses and terminates food intake by acting on the metabolic or nutritional homeostasis system, modulating emotional processing, reducing reward values of food intake, and facilitating sensory and cognitive processing via multiple brain regions. Oxytocin also plays a role in interactive actions between stress and food intake and contributes to adaptive active coping behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Onaka
- Division of Brain and NeurophysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyJichi Medical UniversityShimotsuke‐shiJapan
| | - Yuki Takayanagi
- Division of Brain and NeurophysiologyDepartment of PhysiologyJichi Medical UniversityShimotsuke‐shiJapan
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53
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Morano R, Hoskins O, Smith BL, Herman JP. Loss of Environmental Enrichment Elicits Behavioral and Physiological Dysregulation in Female Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 12:287. [PMID: 30740046 PMCID: PMC6357926 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress drives behavioral and physiological changes associated with numerous psychiatric disease states. In rodents, the vast majority of chronic stress models involve imposition of external stressors, whereas in humans stress is often driven by internal cues, commonly associated with a sense of loss. We previously exposed groups of rats to environmental enrichment (EE) for a protracted period (1 month), followed by removal of enrichment (ER), to induce an experience of loss in male rats. ER enhanced immobility in the forced swim test (FST), led to hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis hypoactivity, and caused hyperphagia relative to continuously enriched (EE), single-housed (Scon) and pair-housed (Pcon) groups, most of which were reversible by antidepressant treatment (Smith et al., 2017). Here, we have applied the same approach to study enrichment loss in female rats. Similar to the males, enrichment removal in females led to an increase in the time spent immobile in the FST and increased daytime food intake compared to the single and pair-housed controls. Unlike males, ER females showed decreased sucrose preference, and showed estrus cycle-dependent HPA axis hyperactivity to an acute restraint stress. The increase in passive coping (immobility), anhedonia-like behavior in the sucrose preference test and HPA axis dysregulation suggest that enrichment removal produces a loss phenotype in females that differs from that seen in males, which may be more pronounced in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Morano
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Olivia Hoskins
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Brittany L Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - James P Herman
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Maniscalco JW, Rinaman L. Vagal Interoceptive Modulation of Motivated Behavior. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 33:151-167. [PMID: 29412062 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00036.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to regulating the ingestion and digestion of food, sensory feedback from gut to brain modifies emotional state and motivated behavior by subconsciously shaping cognitive and affective responses to events that bias behavioral choice. This focused review highlights evidence that gut-derived signals impact motivated behavior by engaging vagal afferents and central neural circuits that generally serve to limit or terminate goal-directed approach behaviors, and to initiate or maintain behavioral avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Maniscalco
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illionois
| | - L Rinaman
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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Kistenmacher A, Goetsch J, Ullmann D, Wardzinski EK, Melchert UH, Jauch-Chara K, Oltmanns KM. Psychosocial stress promotes food intake and enhances the neuroenergetic level in men. Stress 2018; 21:538-547. [PMID: 29969341 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2018.1485645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychosocial stress may lead to increased food consumption and overweight. In turn, obesity is related to reduced brain energy content. We hypothesized that psychosocial stress influencing food intake may alter the neuroenergetic status in the human brain. We tested 14 healthy normal weight men in a randomized crossover design. A modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was carried out to induce psychosocial stress vs. control in a neuroimaging setting. Cerebral energy content, i.e. high energy phosphates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (PCr), was measured by 31phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Food intake was quantified by an ad libitum buffet test. Stress hormonal response and alterations in glucose metabolism were monitored by blood sampling. Before data collection, we mainly expected a stress-induced reduction in cerebral high energy phosphates, followed by higher food intake. Psychosocial stress increased serum cortisol concentrations (p = .003) and fat intake of all participants by 25% (p = .043), as well as food intake of "stress-eaters" by 41.1% (p = .003) compared with controls. Blood glucose and insulin concentrations were not affected (p > .174 for both). Cerebral ATP and PCr levels generally increased upon stress-induction (p > = .022 and p = .037, respectively). Our data confirm that psychosocial stress may enhance food intake. Contrary to our expectations, stress induces a distinct increase in the neuroenergetic status. This insight suggests that the underlying central nervous mechanisms of stress-induced overeating may involve the regulation of the brain energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kistenmacher
- Section of Psychoneurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Jakob Goetsch
- Section of Psychoneurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Dorothee Ullmann
- Section of Psychoneurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Ewelina K Wardzinski
- Section of Psychoneurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Uwe H Melchert
- Section of Psychoneurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Kamila Jauch-Chara
- Section of Psychoneurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Kerstin M Oltmanns
- Section of Psychoneurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
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Ruda-Kucerova J, Zanda MT, Amchova P, Fratta W, Fattore L. Sex and Feeding Status Differently Affect Natural Reward Seeking Behavior in Olfactory Bulbectomized Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:255. [PMID: 30425627 PMCID: PMC6218565 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance abuse and depression are common psychiatric disorders with a high rate of comorbidity. Both conditions affect differently men and women and preclinical research has showed many sex differences in drug addiction and depression. The most common approach for modeling depression-addiction comorbidity is the combination of the intravenous drug self-administration and the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) models in rats. Such a combination has revealed enhanced drug-taking and drug-seeking behaviors in OBX rats, but no study has investigated so far potential sex differences in operant responding and motivation for natural reinforcers in OBX rats. This study investigated for the first time operant self-administration of palatable food pellets in male and female OBX rats under different feeding status, i.e., ad libitum vs. restricted food, and schedules of reinforcement, i.e., a continuous ratio schedule fixed ratio 1 (FR1) vs. a complex (FR5(x)) second order schedule of reinforcement. In the FR1 experiment, OBX rats of both sexes exhibited lower operant responding and intake of palatable food pellets than sham-operated controls, with food restriction leading to increased operant responding in both OBX and SHAM groups. Female rats showed higher responding than males but this effect was abolished by the OBX lesion. Similarly, in the (FR5(x)) second order schedule of reinforcement both male and female OBX rats showed lower responding and food intake, with SHAM and OBX females showing higher operant responding than corresponding male groups. Overall, our findings showed that: (i) responding for food was lower in OBX than in SHAM rats under both FR1 and (FR5(x)) schedules of reinforcement; (ii) sex and food restriction affect operant responding for palatable food; and (iii) the suppressing effect of OBX lesion on food intake was consistently present in both sexes and represents the most robust factor in the analysis. This may represent anhedonia which is associated with depressive-like phenotype and palatable food self-administration may serve as a robust behavioral index of anhedonia in the OBX model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Mary Tresa Zanda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Petra Amchova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Walter Fratta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.,Center of Excellence "Neurobiology of Addiction", University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Liana Fattore
- Center of Excellence "Neurobiology of Addiction", University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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Izadi MS, Radahmadi M, Ghasemi M, Rayatpour A. Effects of Isolation and Social Subchronic Stresses on Food Intake and Levels of Leptin, Ghrelin, and Glucose in Male Rats. Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:118. [PMID: 30211131 PMCID: PMC6124222 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_28_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exposure to psychological stresses can be a reason for obesity. Therefore, identifying the effective nutritional mechanisms such as feeding markers is of high necessity for the psychological stress conditions. Hence, the present study investigates the effects of subchronic isolation and social stresses on food intake, body weight differences (BWD), and levels of leptin, ghrelin, and glucose in rats. Materials and Methods: Eighteen male rats were randomly allocated into three groups: control (Co), isolation stress (IS), and social stress (SS) groups. Rats were under stresses for 7 days. The food intake (for three continuous hours after 16–18 h of food deprivation), BWD, levels of ghrelin, leptin, and glucose were measured. Results: The results showed that the food intake significantly (P < 0.05) reduced during the 1st h in the SS group compared to the Co group. At the 2nd h, the food intake significantly (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively) decreased in the IS group compared to the Co and SS groups. The cumulative food intake and body weight were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the IS group compared to the Co group. The serum ghrelin level significantly reduced in the IS group compared to the Co group. Conclusions: The subchronic psychological stresses led to a reduction in food intake by the reduction of serum ghrelin levels. It seems that ghrelin might have a more fundamental role in the food intake with respect to the leptin and glucose levels in subchronic stress condition. Furthermore, the decreased body weight justified the reduction of food intake, particularly in subchronic isolation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Sadat Izadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Radahmadi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maedeh Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Atefeh Rayatpour
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Jie F, Yin G, Yang W, Yang M, Gao S, Lv J, Li B. Stress in Regulation of GABA Amygdala System and Relevance to Neuropsychiatric Diseases. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:562. [PMID: 30154693 PMCID: PMC6103381 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The amygdala is an almond-shaped nucleus located deep and medially within the temporal lobe and is thought to play a crucial role in the regulation of emotional processes. GABAergic neurotransmission inhibits the amygdala and prevents us from generating inappropriate emotional and behavioral responses. Stress may cause the reduction of the GABAergic interneuronal network and the development of neuropsychological diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent evidence investigating the possible mechanisms underlying GABAergic control of the amygdala and its interaction with acute and chronic stress. Taken together, this study may contribute to future progress in finding new approaches to reverse the attenuation of GABAergic neurotransmission induced by stress in the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jie
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guanghao Yin
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Modi Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuohui Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiayin Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Eudave DM, BeLow MN, Flandreau EI. Effects of high fat or high sucrose diet on behavioral-response to social defeat stress in mice. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:1-8. [PMID: 30003122 PMCID: PMC6041201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress increases risk for psychopathology, and diet may moderate the impact of stress on mental health. A “Western” diet has been linked to psychopathology in humans; animal studies also show that diet can influence negative valence behavior in the presence or absence of stress, but findings are inconsistent. Contradictions in existing studies may result from differences in macronutrient content of diets and presence of metabolic syndrome. The present study exposed mice to 10 days of high fat or high sucrose diet concurrent with social defeat stress exposure and examined negative valence behavior at acute (<five days) and long-term (>30 days) time points after stress/diet exposure. Predictably, stress increased negative valence behavior in the social interaction, open field, elevated zero maze, and tail suspension tests at the acute time point. While most stress-induced behaviors normalized after the 30-day recovery period, social avoidance was still highly significant for stress-exposed mice, supporting the hypothesis that avoidance of a trauma-related cue persists beyond non-specific anxiety-like behaviors. Supporting the hypothesis that an unhealthy diet contributes to psychopathology, non-stressed mice fed high fat or high sucrose diets spent less time exploring the center of the open field. This effect was no longer present after a 30-day recovery. Intriguingly, mice previously fed either high fat or high sucrose diets exhibited increased rearing behavior in the elevated zero maze 30 days post stress and diet exposure. This finding could be evidence that short-term diet administration can initiate a long-term increase in risk-assessment behavior. Social stress increased negative valence in short-term behavioral tests. Social avoidance persisted for stress exposed mice thirty days post stress exposure. Unhealthy diet decreased exploration in the center of the open field. Non-stress, control diet mice had the least anxiety-like behavior in open field. Unhealthy diets increased rearing behavior 30 days post stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deseree M Eudave
- Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI 49401, United States
| | - McKenna N BeLow
- Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, MI 49401, United States
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Simas BB, Nunes EA, Crestani CC, Speretta GF. Cardiovascular and metabolic consequences of the association between chronic stress and high-fat diet in rats. Stress 2018; 21:247-256. [PMID: 29429380 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2018.1437413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and chronic stress are considered independent risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases and changes in autonomic system activity. However, the cardiovascular consequences induced by the association between high-fat diet (HFD) and chronic stress are not fully understood. We hypothesized that the association between HFD and exposure to a chronic variable stress (CVS) protocol for four weeks might exacerbate the cardiovascular and metabolic disturbances in rats when compared to these factors singly. To test this hypothesis, male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control-standard chow diet (SD; n = 8); control-HFD (n = 8); CVS-SD (n = 8); and CVS-HFD (n = 8). The CVS consisted of repeated exposure of the rats to different inescapable and unpredictable stressors (restraint tress; damp sawdust, cold, swim stress and light cycle inversion). We evaluated cardiovascular function, autonomic activity, dietary intake, adiposity and metabolism. The HFD increased body weight, adiposity and blood glucose concentration (∼15%) in both control and CVS rats. The CVS-HFD rats showed decreased insulin sensitivity (25%) compared to CVS-SD rats. The control-HFD and CVS-HFD rats presented increased intrinsic heart rate (HR) values (∼8%). CVS increased cardiac sympathetic activity (∼65%) in both SD- and HFD-fed rats. The HFD increased basal HR (∼10%). Blood pressure and baroreflex analyzes showed no differences among the experimental groups. In conclusion, the present data indicate absence of interaction on autonomic imbalance evoked by either CVS or HFD. Additionally, HFD increased HR and evoked metabolic disruptions which are independent of stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna B Simas
- a Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre , Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | - Everson A Nunes
- a Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre , Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- b Laboratory of Pharmacology , São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Araraquara , Brazil
| | - Guilherme F Speretta
- a Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre , Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , Brazil
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Abstract
Objectives Different studies have reported the association between perceived stress and unhealthy diet choices. We aimed to determine whether there is a relationship between perceived stress and fat intake among undergraduate medical students. Methods/Principal findings A cross-sectional study was performed including first-year medical students. The outcome of interest was the self-report of fat intake assessed using the Block Screening Questionnaire for Fat Intake (high vs. low intake), whereas the exposure was perceived stress (low/normal vs. high levels). The prevalence of high fat intake was estimated and the association of interest was determined using prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Models were created utilizing Poisson regression with robust standard errors. Data from 523 students were analyzed, 52.0% female, mean age 19.0 (SD 1.7) years. The prevalence of high fat intake was 42.4% (CI: 38.2%–46.7%). In multivariate model and compared with those with lowest levels of stress, those in the middle (PR = 1.59; 95%CI: 1.20–2.12) and highest (PR = 1.92; 95%CI: 1.46–2.53) categories of perceived stress had greater prevalence of fat intake. Gender was an effect modifier of this association (p = 0.008). Conclusions Greater levels of perceived stress were associated with higher fat intake, and this association was stronger among males. More than 40% of students reported having high fat consumption. Our results suggest the need to implement strategies that promote decreased fat intake.
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Abstract
Objective The present study aimed to investigate disordered eating (DE) among Sami compared with non-Sami residing in northern Norway. Design In a cross-sectional design, stratified by sex and ethnicity, associations were tested between DE (Eating Disturbance Scale; EDS-5) and age, education level, BMI category, anxiety and depression, physical activity and consumption of snacks. Setting The SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey (2012–2014) based on the population of ten municipalities in northern Norway. Subjects Adults aged 40–69 years; 1811 Sami (844 male, 967 female) compared with 2578 non-Sami (1180 male, 1398 female) individuals. Results No overall significant ethnic difference in DE was identified, although comfort eating was reported more often by Sami individuals (P=0·01). Regardless of ethnicity and sex, symptoms of anxiety and depression were associated with DE (P<0·001). Furthermore, DE was more common at lower age and higher BMI values. Education levels were protectively associated with DE among Sami men (P=0·01). DE was associated (OR, 95% CI) with low physical activity in men in general and in non-Sami women (Sami men: 2·4, 1·4, 4·0; non-Sami men: 2·2, 1·4, 3·6; non-Sami women: 1·8, 1·2, 2·9) and so was the consumption of snacks (Sami men: 2·6, 1·3, 5·0; non-Sami men: 1·9, 1·1, 3·1; non-Sami women: 2·1, 1·3, 3·4). Conclusions There were no significant differences regarding overall DE comparing Sami with non-Sami, although Sami more often reported comfort eating. There were significant sex and ethnic differences related to DE and physical activity, snacking and education level.
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) have effects on a variety of cell types, eliciting important physiological responses via changes in gene expression and signaling. Although decades of research have illuminated the mechanism of how this important steroid receptor controls gene expression using
in vitro and cell culture–based approaches, how GR responds to changes in external signals
in vivo under normal and pathological conditions remains elusive. The goal of this review is to highlight recent work on GR action in fat cells and liver to affect metabolism
in vivo and the role GR ligands and receptor phosphorylation play in calibrating signaling outputs by GR in the brain in health and disease. We also suggest that both the brain and fat tissue communicate to affect physiology and behavior and that understanding this “brain-fat axis” will enable a more complete understanding of metabolic diseases and inform new ways to target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Garabedian
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Sciences, 450 East 29th Street, Room 324, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Charles A Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Freddy Jeanneteau
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, Institute of Functional Genomics, INSERM U1191, CNRS UMR5203, University of Montpellier, 34094 Montpellier, France
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64
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Razzoli M, Pearson C, Crow S, Bartolomucci A. Stress, overeating, and obesity: Insights from human studies and preclinical models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 76:154-162. [PMID: 28292531 PMCID: PMC5403578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eating disorders and obesity have become predominant in human society. Their association to modern lifestyle, encompassing calorie-rich diets, psychological stress, and comorbidity with major diseases are well documented. Unfortunately the biological basis remains elusive and the pharmacological treatment inadequate, in part due to the limited availability of valid animal models. Human research on binge eating disorder (BED) proves a strong link between stress exposure and bingeing: state-levels of stress and negative affect are linked to binge eating in individuals with BED both in laboratory settings and the natural environment. Similarly, classical animal models of BED reveal an association between acute exposure to stressors and binging but they are often associated with unchanged or decreased body weight, thus reflecting a negative energy balance, which is uncommon in humans where most commonly BED is associated with excessive or unstable body weight gain. Recent mouse models of subordination stress induce spontaneous binging and hyperphagia, altogether more closely mimicking the behavioral and metabolic features of human BED. Therefore the translational relevance of subordination stress models could facilitate the identification of the neurobiological basis of BED and obesity-associated disease and inform on the development of innovative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Razzoli
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carolyn Pearson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Scott Crow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; The Emily Program, 2265 Como Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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65
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Foster JA, Rinaman L, Cryan JF. Stress & the gut-brain axis: Regulation by the microbiome. Neurobiol Stress 2017; 7:124-136. [PMID: 29276734 PMCID: PMC5736941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the gut–brain axis in regulating stress-related responses has long been appreciated. More recently, the microbiota has emerged as a key player in the control of this axis, especially during conditions of stress provoked by real or perceived homeostatic challenge. Diet is one of the most important modifying factors of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The routes of communication between the microbiota and brain are slowly being unravelled, and include the vagus nerve, gut hormone signaling, the immune system, tryptophan metabolism, and microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids. The importance of the early life gut microbiota in shaping later health outcomes also is emerging. Results from preclinical studies indicate that alterations of the early microbial composition by way of antibiotic exposure, lack of breastfeeding, birth by Caesarean section, infection, stress exposure, and other environmental influences - coupled with the influence of host genetics - can result in long-term modulation of stress-related physiology and behaviour. The gut microbiota has been implicated in a variety of stress-related conditions including anxiety, depression and irritable bowel syndrome, although this is largely based on animal studies or correlative analysis in patient populations. Additional research in humans is sorely needed to reveal the relative impact and causal contribution of the microbiome to stress-related disorders. In this regard, the concept of psychobiotics is being developed and refined to encompass methods of targeting the microbiota in order to positively impact mental health outcomes. At the 2016 Neurobiology of Stress Workshop in Newport Beach, CA, a group of experts presented the symposium “The Microbiome: Development, Stress, and Disease”. This report summarizes and builds upon some of the key concepts in that symposium within the context of how microbiota might influence the neurobiology of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda Rinaman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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66
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Coccurello R, Romano A, Giacovazzo G, Tempesta B, Fiore M, Giudetti AM, Marrocco I, Altieri F, Moles A, Gaetani S. Increased intake of energy-dense diet and negative energy balance in a mouse model of chronic psychosocial defeat. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:1485-1498. [PMID: 28314964 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic exposure to stress may represent a risk factor for developing metabolic and eating disorders, mostly driven by the overconsumption of easily accessible energy-dense palatable food, although the mechanisms involved remain still unclear. In this study, we used an ethologically oriented murine model of chronic stress caused by chronic psychosocial defeat (CPD) to investigate the effects of unrestricted access to a palatable high fat diet (HFD) on food intake, body weight, energy homeostasis, and expression of different brain neuropeptides. Our aim was to shed light on the mechanisms responsible for body weight and body composition changes due to chronic social stress. METHODS In our model of subordinate (defeated), mice (CPD) cohabitated in constant sensory contact with dominants, being forced to interact on daily basis, and were offered ad libitum access either to an HFD or to a control diet (CD). Control mice (of the same strain as CPD mice) were housed in pairs and left unstressed in their home cage (UN). In all these mice, we evaluated body weight, different adipose depots, energy metabolism, caloric intake, and neuropeptide expression. RESULTS CPD mice increased the intake of HFD and reduced body weight in the presence of enhanced lipid oxidation. Resting energy expenditure and interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) were increased in CPD mice, whereas epididymal adipose tissue increased only in HFD-fed unstressed mice. Propiomelanocortin mRNA levels in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus increased only in HFD-fed unstressed mice. Oxytocin mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus and neuropeptide Y mRNA levels within the arcuate were increased only in CD-fed CPD mice. In the arcuate, CART was increased in HFD-fed UN mice and in CD-fed CPD mice, while HFD intake suppressed CART increase in defeated animals. In the basolateral amygdala, CART expression was increased only in CPD animals on HFD. CONCLUSIONS CPD appears to uncouple the intake of HFD from energy homeostasis causing higher HFD intake, larger iBAT accumulation, increased energy expenditure and lipid oxidation, and lower body weight. Overall, the present study confirms the notion that the chronic activation of the stress response can be associated with metabolic disorders, altered energy homeostasis, and changes of orexigenic and anorexigenic signaling. These changes might be relevant to better understand the etiology of stress-induced obesity and eating disorders and might represent a valid therapeutic approach for the development of new therapies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Coccurello
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy. .,Fondazione Santa Lucia (FSL-IRCCS), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy.
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Giacomo Giacovazzo
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia (FSL-IRCCS), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy
| | - Bianca Tempesta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Fiore
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia (FSL-IRCCS), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Giudetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marrocco
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Fabio Altieri
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Viale Regina Elena, 291, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), National Research Council (CNR), Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 64, 00143, Roma, Italy. .,Genomia srl, Via L. Ariosto 21, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
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67
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Blancas-Velazquez A, Mendoza J, Garcia AN, la Fleur SE. Diet-Induced Obesity and Circadian Disruption of Feeding Behavior. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:23. [PMID: 28223912 PMCID: PMC5293780 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding behavior shows a rhythmic daily pattern, which in nocturnal rodents is observed mainly during the dark period. This rhythmicity is under the influence of the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the main biological clock. Nevertheless, various studies have shown that in rodent models of obesity, using high-energy diets, the general locomotor activity and feeding rhythms can be disrupted. Here, we review the data on the effects of diet-induced obesity (DIO) on locomotor activity and feeding patterns, as well as the effect on the brain sites within the neural circuitry involved in metabolic and rewarding feeding behavior. In general, DIO may alter locomotor activity by decreasing total activity. On the other hand, DIO largely alters eating patterns, producing increased overall ingestion and number of eating bouts that can extend to the resting period. Furthermore, within the hypothalamic areas, little effect has been reported on the molecular circadian mechanism in DIO animals with ad libitum hypercaloric diets and little or no data exist so far on its effects on the reward system areas. We further discuss the possibility of an uncoupling of metabolic and reward systems in DIO and highlight a gap of circadian and metabolic research that may help to better understand the implications of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurea Blancas-Velazquez
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR-3212, University of StrasbourgStrasbourg, France; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands; Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jorge Mendoza
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR-3212, University of Strasbourg Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandra N Garcia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands; Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands; Metabolism and Reward Group, Netherlands Institute for NeuroscienceAmsterdam, Netherlands
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68
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Interoceptive modulation of neuroendocrine, emotional, and hypophagic responses to stress. Physiol Behav 2017; 176:195-206. [PMID: 28095318 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Periods of caloric deficit substantially attenuate many centrally mediated responses to acute stress, including neural drive to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, anxiety-like behavior, and stress-induced suppression of food intake (i.e., stress hypophagia). It is posited that this stress response plasticity supports food foraging and promotes intake during periods of negative energy balance, even in the face of other internal or external threats, thereby increasing the likelihood that energy stores are repleted. The mechanisms by which caloric deficit alters central stress responses, however, remain unclear. The caudal brainstem contains two distinct populations of stress-recruited neurons [i.e., noradrenergic neurons of the A2 cell group that co-express prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP+ A2 neurons), and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) neurons] that also are responsive to interoceptive feedback about feeding and metabolic status. A2/PrRP and GLP-1 neurons have been implicated anatomically and functionally in the central control of the HPA axis, anxiety-like behavior, and stress hypophagia. The current review summarizes a growing body of evidence that caloric deficits attenuate physiological and behavioral responses to acute stress as a consequence of reduced recruitment of PrRP+ A2 and hindbrain GLP-1 neurons, accompanied by reduced signaling to their brainstem, hypothalamic, and limbic forebrain targets.
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69
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Neigh GN, Felger JC. Editorial introduction: The effects of somatic disease and environmental insults on the stress response. Physiol Behav 2016; 166:1-3. [PMID: 27498283 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen N Neigh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Jennifer C Felger
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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70
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De Jonghe BC, Holland RA, Olivos DR, Rupprecht LE, Kanoski SE, Hayes MR. Hindbrain GLP-1 receptor mediation of cisplatin-induced anorexia and nausea. Physiol Behav 2016; 153:109-14. [PMID: 26522737 PMCID: PMC4862654 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting are clinically controlled in the acute (<24 h) phase following treatment, the anorexia, nausea, fatigue, and other illness-type behaviors during the delayed phase (>24 h) of chemotherapy are largely uncontrolled. As the hindbrain glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) system contributes to energy balance and mediates aversive and stressful stimuli, here we examine the hypothesis that hindbrain GLP-1 signaling mediates aspects of chemotherapy-induced nausea and reductions in feeding behavior in rats. Specifically, hindbrain GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) blockade, via 4th intracerebroventricular (ICV) exendin-(9-39) injections, attenuates the anorexia, body weight reduction, and pica (nausea-induced ingestion of kaolin clay) elicited by cisplatin chemotherapy during the delayed phase (48 h) of chemotherapy-induced nausea. Additionally, the present data provide evidence that the central GLP-1-producing preproglucagon neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) of the caudal brainstem are activated by cisplatin during the delayed phase of chemotherapy-induced nausea, as cisplatin led to a significant increase in c-Fos immunoreactivity in NTS GLP-1-immunoreactive neurons. These data support a growing body of literature suggesting that the central GLP-1 system may be a potential pharmaceutical target for adjunct anti-emetics used to treat the delayed-phase of nausea and emesis, anorexia, and body weight loss that accompany chemotherapy treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart C De Jonghe
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, United States.
| | - Ruby A Holland
- Department of Biobehavioral Health Sciences, School of Nursing, United States
| | - Diana R Olivos
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Laura E Rupprecht
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, University of Southern California, United States
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States.
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