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Tedesco E, Mičetić I, Ciappellano SG, Micheletti C, Venturini M, Benetti F. Cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of a new generation of nanoparticle-based consolidants for restoration and contribution to the safe-by-design implementation. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1736-44. [PMID: 26145585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Works of art are constantly under physical, chemical and biological degradation, so constant restoration is required. Consolidation is an important step in restoration, and traditional approaches and materials have already shown their limitations. To solve these problems, new nanoparticle-based consolidants were developed. No information on their toxicity is yet available. In this work, we focused our attention on potential risks posed by three commercially available nanoparticle-based consolidants: silica (SiO2 NPs), silanized silica (silanized SiO2 NPs) and calcium hydroxide (nanolime) nanoparticle dispersions. Occupational exposure impact was tested on three in vitro models mimicking inhalation, dermal contact and systemic routes. While no toxic effects were observed for nanolime and silanized SiO2 NPs, bare SiO2 NPs showed a dose- and time-dependent damage in all considered models. Corrosion test on EpiSkin® revealed no viability reduction. Works of art degradation is partially due to microorganism activity. Consolidant antibacterial activity was evaluated on three representative bacterial strains. Silica NPs-based consolidants showed effect on specific bacterial groups, while no specificity was observed with nanolime. In conclusion, silanized SiO2 NPs-based consolidant emerged as the safest and bacteriologically active product. The different biological impact of bare and silanized SiO2 NPs highlights the importance of safe-by-design approach in developing nanoparticle-containing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Tedesco
- ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A., Viale Porta Adige 45, I-45100 Rovigo, Italy
| | - Ivan Mičetić
- ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A., Viale Porta Adige 45, I-45100 Rovigo, Italy
| | - Silvia Gabriella Ciappellano
- ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A., Viale Porta Adige 45, I-45100 Rovigo, Italy
| | - Christian Micheletti
- ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A., Viale Porta Adige 45, I-45100 Rovigo, Italy
| | - Marco Venturini
- ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A., Viale Porta Adige 45, I-45100 Rovigo, Italy
| | - Federico Benetti
- ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto Nanotech S.C.p.A., Viale Porta Adige 45, I-45100 Rovigo, Italy.
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Easo SL, Mohanan PV. In vitro hematological and in vivo immunotoxicity assessment of dextran stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 134:122-30. [PMID: 26183082 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles have attracted enormous interest as potential therapeutic agents. The purpose of this study was to examine the in vitro hematological toxicity and in vivo immune response toward previously synthesized and characterized dextran stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles (DIONPs) developed for hyperthermia application. Peripheral whole blood from human volunteers was used to investigate hemolysis, platelet aggregation, lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine mRNA expression induced by DIONPs in vitro. In the concentration range of 0.008-1 mg/ml, DIONPs did not induce relevant levels of hemolysis or platelet aggregation. Assessment of lymphocyte function showed significant suppression of the proliferation activity of T-lymphocytes in cultures stimulated with the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA). In addition, inhibition of PHA-induced cytokine mRNA expressions was also seen. However, systemic administration of DIONPs resulted in enhanced proliferation of mitogen-stimulated spleen derived lymphocytes and secretion of IL-1β at day 7 post exposure. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that immune response is influenced variably by nanoparticles and its degradation milieu. Further investigation of the observed immunosuppressive effects of DIONPs in immune stimulated animal models is required to assess the functional impact of such a response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeja Liza Easo
- Division of Toxicology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala, India
| | - P V Mohanan
- Division of Toxicology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala, India.
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Salatin S, Maleki Dizaj S, Yari Khosroushahi A. Effect of the surface modification, size, and shape on cellular uptake of nanoparticles. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:881-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salatin
- Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tabriz University of Medical Science; Tabriz Iran
- Student Research Committee; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tabriz University of Medical Science; Tabriz Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tabriz University of Medical Science; Tabriz Iran
| | - Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
- Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy; Tabriz University of Medical Science; Tabriz Iran
- Student Research Committee; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tabriz University of Medical Science; Tabriz Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tabriz University of Medical Science; Tabriz Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Drug Applied Research Center; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tabriz University of Medical Science; Tabriz Iran
- Department of Pharmacognosy; Faculty of Pharmacy; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
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Liu TP, Wu SH, Chen YP, Chou CM, Chen CT. Biosafety evaluations of well-dispersed mesoporous silica nanoparticles: towards in vivo-relevant conditions. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:6471-80. [PMID: 25804371 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07421a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate how mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), especially focussing on their surface functional groups, interacted with Raw 264.7 macrophages, as well as with zebrafish embryos. Upon introducing nanoparticles into a biological milieu, adsorption of proteins and biomolecules onto the nanoparticle surface usually progresses rapidly. Nanoparticles bound with proteins can result in physiological and pathological changes, but the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In order to evaluate how protein corona affected MSNs and the subsequent cellular immune responses, we experimented in both serum and serum-deprived conditions. Our findings indicated that the level of p-p38 was significantly elevated by the positively charged MSNs, whereas negatively charged MSNs resulted in marked ROS production. Most significantly, our experiments demonstrated that the presence of protein efficiently mitigated the potential nano-hazard. On the other hand, strongly positively charged MSNs caused 94% of the zebrafish embryos to die. In that case, the toxicity caused by the quaternary ammonium ligands on the surface of those nanoparticles was exerted in a dose-dependent manner. In summary, these fundamental studies here provide valuable insights into the design of better biocompatible nanomaterials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsang-Pai Liu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Tarantini A, Huet S, Jarry G, Lanceleur R, Poul M, Tavares A, Vital N, Louro H, João Silva M, Fessard V. Genotoxicity of synthetic amorphous silica nanoparticles in rats following short-term exposure. Part 1: oral route. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:218-227. [PMID: 25504566 DOI: 10.1002/em.21935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) in its nanosized form is now used in food applications although the potential risks for human health have not been evaluated. In this study, genotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage of two pyrogenic (NM-202 and 203) and two precipitated (NM-200 and -201) nanosized SAS were investigated in vivo in rats following oral exposure. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg b.w./day for three days by gavage. DNA strand breaks and oxidative DNA damage were investigated in seven tissues (blood, bone marrow from femur, liver, spleen, kidney, duodenum, and colon) with the alkaline and the (Fpg)-modified comet assays, respectively. Concomitantly, chromosomal damage was investigated in bone marrow and in colon with the micronucleus assay. Additionally, malondialdehyde (MDA), a lipid peroxidation marker, was measured in plasma. When required, a histopathological examination was also conducted. The results showed neither obvious DNA strand breaks nor oxidative damage with the comet assay, irrespective of the dose and the organ investigated. Similarly, no increases in chromosome damage in bone marrow or lipid peroxidation in plasma were detected. However, although the response was not dose-dependent, a weak increase in the percentage of micronucleated cells was observed in the colon of rats treated with the two pyrogenic SAS at the lowest dose (5 mg/kg b.w./day). Additional data are required to confirm this result, considering in particular, the role of agglomeration/aggregation of SAS NMs in their uptake by intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Tarantini
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, Unité de Toxicologie des Contaminants, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, CS 40608, 35306, Fougères, Cedex, France
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Golbamaki N, Rasulev B, Cassano A, Marchese Robinson RL, Benfenati E, Leszczynski J, Cronin MTD. Genotoxicity of metal oxide nanomaterials: review of recent data and discussion of possible mechanisms. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:2154-98. [PMID: 25580680 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06670g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has rapidly entered into human society, revolutionized many areas, including technology, medicine and cosmetics. This progress is due to the many valuable and unique properties that nanomaterials possess. In turn, these properties might become an issue of concern when considering potentially uncontrolled release to the environment. The rapid development of new nanomaterials thus raises questions about their impact on the environment and human health. This review focuses on the potential of nanomaterials to cause genotoxicity and summarizes recent genotoxicity studies on metal oxide/silica nanomaterials. Though the number of genotoxicity studies on metal oxide/silica nanomaterials is still limited, this endpoint has recently received more attention for nanomaterials, and the number of related publications has increased. An analysis of these peer reviewed publications over nearly two decades shows that the test most employed to evaluate the genotoxicity of these nanomaterials is the comet assay, followed by micronucleus, Ames and chromosome aberration tests. Based on the data studied, we concluded that in the majority of the publications analysed in this review, the metal oxide (or silica) nanoparticles of the same core chemical composition did not show different genotoxicity study calls (i.e. positive or negative) in the same test, although some results are inconsistent and need to be confirmed by additional experiments. Where the results are conflicting, it may be due to the following reasons: (1) variation in size of the nanoparticles; (2) variations in size distribution; (3) various purities of nanomaterials; (4) variation in surface areas for nanomaterials with the same average size; (5) differences in coatings; (6) differences in crystal structures of the same types of nanomaterials; (7) differences in size of aggregates in solution/media; (8) differences in assays; (9) different concentrations of nanomaterials in assay tests. Indeed, due to the observed inconsistencies in the recent literature and the lack of adherence to appropriate, standardized test methods, reliable genotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials is still challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Golbamaki
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology at the Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
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Marzaioli V, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, Weichenmeier I, Luxenhofer G, Wiemann M, Landsiedel R, Wohlleben W, Eiden S, Mempel M, Behrendt H, Schmidt-Weber C, Gutermuth J, Alessandrini F. Surface modifications of silica nanoparticles are crucial for their inert versus proinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:2815-32. [PMID: 24940059 PMCID: PMC4051720 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s57396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are widely used in diverse industrial and biomedical applications. Their applicability depends on surface modifications, which can limit potential health problems. Objective To assess the potential impact of SiO2 NP exposure and NPs chemical modifications in allergic airway inflammation. Methods Mice were sensitized by five repetitive intraperitoneal injections of ovalbumin/aluminum hydroxide (1 μg) over 42 days, then intratracheally instilled with plain or modified SiO2 NPs (50 μg/mouse), and subsequently aerosol challenged for 20 minutes with ovalbumin. One or 5 days later, allergic inflammation was evaluated by cell differentiation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung function and gene expression and histopathology, as well as electron and confocal microscopy of pulmonary tissue. Results Plain SiO2 NPs induced proinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects in vivo, highlighted by enhanced infiltration of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, induction of a pulmonary T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine pattern, differentiation of type 2 macrophages, and by morphological changes in the lung of sensitized mice. These effects were dramatically attenuated using surface-functionalized NPs with amino and phosphate groups, but not with polyethylene glycol. The role of macrophages in taking up SiO2 NPs was confirmed by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and gene expression analysis. Conclusion Our data suggest that amino and phosphate surface modifications, but not polyethylene glycol (PEG), mitigate the proinflammatory and immunomodulatory effect of SiO2 NPs in allergic airway inflammation, paving the way for new strategies in the production of nanomaterials with lower health impact for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Marzaioli
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Juan Antonio Aguilar-Pimentel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, Technische Universität München (TUM) and German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Weichenmeier
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Luxenhofer
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Mempel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heidrun Behrendt
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Gutermuth
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany ; Department of Dermatology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Francesca Alessandrini
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technische Universität and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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58
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Bell IR. Nonlinear effects of nanoparticles: biological variability from hormetic doses, small particle sizes, and dynamic adaptive interactions. Dose Response 2014; 12:202-32. [PMID: 24910581 PMCID: PMC4036395 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.13-025.bell] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers are increasingly focused on the nanoscale level of organization where biological processes take place in living systems. Nanoparticles (NPs, e.g., 1-100 nm diameter) are small forms of natural or manufactured source material whose properties differ markedly from those of the respective bulk forms of the "same" material. Certain NPs have diagnostic and therapeutic uses; some NPs exhibit low-dose toxicity; other NPs show ability to stimulate low-dose adaptive responses (hormesis). Beyond dose, size, shape, and surface charge variations of NPs evoke nonlinear responses in complex adaptive systems. NPs acquire unique size-dependent biological, chemical, thermal, optical, electromagnetic, and atom-like quantum properties. Nanoparticles exhibit high surface adsorptive capacity for other substances, enhanced bioavailability, and ability to cross otherwise impermeable cell membranes including the blood-brain barrier. With super-potent effects, nano-forms can evoke cellular stress responses or therapeutic effects not only at lower doses than their bulk forms, but also for longer periods of time. Interactions of initial effects and compensatory systemic responses can alter the impact of NPs over time. Taken together, the data suggest the need to downshift the dose-response curve of NPs from that for bulk forms in order to identify the necessarily decreased no-observed-adverse-effect-level and hormetic dose range for nanoparticles.
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Genotoxicity evaluation of nanosized titanium dioxide, synthetic amorphous silica and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in human lymphocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Singh R, Manickam N, Mudiam MKR, Murthy RC, Misra V. An integrated (nano-bio) technique for degradation of γ-HCH contaminated soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 258-259:35-41. [PMID: 23692681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have evaluated the effect of an integrated (nano-bio) technique involving the use of stabilized Pd/Fe(0) bimetallic nanoparticles (CMC-Pd/nFe(0)) and a Sphingomonas sp. strain NM05, on the degradation of γ-HCH in soil. Factors affecting degradation such as pH, incubation temperature and γ-HCH initial concentration were also studied. The results revealed that γ-HCH degradation efficiency is ~ 1.7-2.1 times greater in integrated system as compared to system containing either NM05 or CMC-Pd/nFe(0) alone. The integration showed synergistic effect on γ-HCH degradation. Further, cell growth studies indicated that NM05 gets well acclimatized to nanoparticles, showing potential growth in the presence of CMC-Pd/nFe(0) with respect to control system. This study signifies the potential efficacy of integrated technique to become an effective alternative remedial tool for γ-HCH contaminated soil. Further research in this direction could lead to the development of effective remediation strategies for other isomers of HCH and other chlorinated pesticides as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Singh
- Ecotoxicology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, UP, India
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Jennifer M, Maciej W. Nanoparticle Technology as a Double-Edged Sword: Cytotoxic, Genotoxic and Epigenetic Effects on Living Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2013.41008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Higashisaka K, Yoshioka Y, Yamashita K, Morishita Y, Pan H, Ogura T, Nagano T, Kunieda A, Nagano K, Abe Y, Kamada H, Tsunoda SI, Nabeshi H, Yoshikawa T, Tsutsumi Y. Hemopexin as biomarkers for analyzing the biological responses associated with exposure to silica nanoparticles. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2012; 7:555. [PMID: 23039107 PMCID: PMC3487985 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-7-555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Practical uses of nanomaterials are rapidly spreading to a wide variety of fields. However, potential harmful effects of nanomaterials are raising concerns about their safety. Therefore, it is important that a risk assessment system is developed so that the safety of nanomaterials can be evaluated or predicted. Here, we attempted to identify novel biomarkers of nanomaterial-induced health effects by a comprehensive screen of plasma proteins using two-dimensional differential in gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) analysis. Initially, we used 2D-DIGE to analyze changes in the level of plasma proteins in mice after intravenous injection via tail veins of 0.8 mg/mouse silica nanoparticles with diameters of 70 nm (nSP70) or saline as controls. By quantitative image analysis, protein spots representing >2.0-fold alteration in expression were found and identified by mass spectrometry. Among these proteins, we focused on hemopexin as a potential biomarker. The levels of hemopexin in the plasma increased as the silica particle size decreased. In addition, the production of hemopexin depended on the characteristics of the nanomaterials. These results suggested that hemopexin could be an additional biomarker for analyzing the biological responses associated with exposure to silica nanoparticles. We believe that this study will contribute to the development of biomarkers to ensure the safety of silica nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Higashisaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamashita
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Morishita
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Huiyan Pan
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Ogura
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagano
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kunieda
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Abe
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, 2301 E. 60th Street N, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA
| | - Haruhiko Kamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Tsunoda
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nabeshi
- Division of Foods, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Yoshikawa
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuo Tsutsumi
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Safety Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 1-6, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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