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Leal Yepes FA, Mann S, Overton TR, Ryan CM, Bristol LS, Granados GE, Nydam DV, Wakshlag JJ. Effect of rumen-protected branched-chain amino acid supplementation on production- and energy-related metabolites during the first 35 days in milk in Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5657-5672. [PMID: 30928273 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Essential AA are critical for multiple physiological processes. Branched-chain AA (BCAA) supplementation has beneficial effects on body weight, lipogenesis, and insulin resistance in several species. The BCAA are used for milk and body protein synthesis as well as being oxidized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle to produce ATP during catabolic states. The objective was to evaluate the effect of rumen-protected BCAA (375 g of 27% l-Leu, 85 g of 48% l-Ile, and 91 g of 67% l-Val) with or without propylene glycol (PG) oral administration on milk production, dry matter intake, nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and plasma urea nitrogen during the first 35 d in milk (DIM) in dairy cattle. Multiparous Holstein cows were enrolled in blocks of three 28 d before expected calving and assigned randomly to either the control or 1 of 2 treatments. The control (n = 26) received 200 g/d of dry molasses, the BCAA treatment (n = 23) received BCAA mixed with 200 g/d of dry molasses from calving until 35 DIM, and the BCAA plus PG (BCAAPG) treatment (n = 25) received BCAA mixed with 200 g/d of dry molasses from calving until 35 DIM plus 300 mL of PG once daily from calving until 7 DIM. Postpartum, dry matter intake least squares means (LSM; 95% confidence interval) were 20.7 (19.9, 21.7), 21.3 (20.4, 22.3), and 21.9 (20.9, 22.8) kg for control, BCAA, and BCAAPG, respectively. Milk yield (1-35 DIM) LSM were 41.7 (39.4, 44.0), 42.7 (40.3, 45.0), and 43.7 (41.4, 46.0) kg for control, BCAA, and BCAAPG, respectively. Energy-corrected milk LSM were 50.3 (46.8, 53.7), 52.4 (48.9, 55.8), and 52.9 (49.5, 56.4) kg for control, BCAA, and BCAAPG, respectively. Milk urea nitrogen LSM in milk for control, BCAA, and BCAAPG were 8.60 (8.02, 9.22), 9.70 (9.01, 10.45), and 9.75 (9.08, 10.47) mg/dL. Plasma urea nitrogen concentrations LSM for control, BCAA, and BCAAPG were 8.3 (7.7, 8.9), 10.1 (9.4, 10.9), and 9.6 (9.4, 10.3) mg/dL, respectively. The numbers of plasma samples classified as hyperketonemia were 77, 44, and 57 in control, BCAA, and BCAAPG, respectively. The BCAA supplementation increased plasma urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen, free valine concentration in plasma, and decreased hyperketonemia events during the postpartum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Leal Yepes
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - S Mann
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - T R Overton
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - C M Ryan
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - L S Bristol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - G E Granados
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - D V Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J J Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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Leucine regulates α-amylase and trypsin synthesis in dairy calf pancreatic tissue in vitro via the mammalian target of rapamycin signalling pathway. Animal 2019; 13:1899-1906. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118003683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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53
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Wang M, Wang Z, Yang C, Liu L, Jiang N. Protein 14-3-3ε Regulates Cell Proliferation and Casein Synthesis via PI3K-mTOR Pathway in Dairy Cow Mammary Epithelial Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12000-12008. [PMID: 30375228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation and casein synthesis of dairy cow mammary epithelial cells (DCMECs) are regulated by many factors. This research aimed to investigate the effect of 14-3-3ε on cell proliferation and casein synthesis in DCMECs and to reveal the underlying mechanism. Overexpressing or inhibiting 14-3-3ε demonstrated that cell proliferation; casein synthesis; expression of mTOR, p-mTOR, S6K1, and p-S6K1; and lysosomal localization of mTOR were all up-regulated by 14-3-3ε overexpressing and down-regulated by 14-3-3ε inhibiting. In addition, inhibiting mTOR demonstrated that the up-regulation of cell proliferation and casein synthesis in response to 14-3-3ε overexpressing was removed by inhibiting mTOR. Furthermore, the regulatory mechanism of 14-3-3ε was analyzed by coimmunoprecipitation, and we found that 14-3-3ε could interact with PI3K and activate mTORC1 pathway via PI3K. In addition, DCMECs were treated with insulin and prolactin, and the result showed that the cell proliferation and the expression of CSN2 and 14-3-3ε were all up-regulated by these hormones. In conclusion, the current research showed that 14-3-3ε is an important positive regulatory factor for cell proliferation and casein synthesis in DCMECs, as it up-regulates cell proliferation and casein synthesis via activating PI3K-mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology , Dalian University, Dalian Economic Technological Development Zone , Dalian , Liaoning 116622 , China
| | - Zekun Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology , Dalian University, Dalian Economic Technological Development Zone , Dalian , Liaoning 116622 , China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology , Dalian University, Dalian Economic Technological Development Zone , Dalian , Liaoning 116622 , China
| | - Liu Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology , Dalian University, Dalian Economic Technological Development Zone , Dalian , Liaoning 116622 , China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Life Science and Technology , Dalian University, Dalian Economic Technological Development Zone , Dalian , Liaoning 116622 , China
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary , Tibet Autonomous Regional Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lhasa , Tibet 850000 , China
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54
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Zhao Y, Yan S, Chen L, Shi B, Guo X. Effect of interaction between leucine and acetate on the milk protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Anim Sci J 2018; 90:81-89. [PMID: 30397989 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between Leucine (Leu) and acetate affecting milk protein synthesis in the bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs), and underlying the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of Leu, acetate, and their interaction on the expression of genes involved in milk protein synthesis, and JACK2/STAT5, mTOR and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. The study was a 2 × 6 factorial arrangement with treatments: Leu concentration (0.45 and 1.8 mM) and acetate concentration (0, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 mM). The results showed that 1.8 mM Leu or 8-10 mM acetate had positive effect on ATP content, the expression of casein genes, JACK2/STAT5 and phosphorylation of mTOR pathway, but reduced AMPK phosphorylation. Leu at 1.8mM had a positive effect on the up-regulation of acetate on ATP content, the expression of CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN3, and JACK2, the expression and phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E, p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1, and mTOR, but reducing AMPK phosphorylation. The results suggest that acetate, Leu, and their interaction have effect on milk protein synthesis through the JACK2/STAT5, mTOR, and AMPK pathway. Acetate addition up-regulated the effect of Leu on milk protein synthesis, and Leu facilitated the up-regulation of acetate on milk protein synthesis through these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Sumei Yan
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Binlin Shi
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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55
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Luo C, Zhao S, Dai W, Zheng N, Wang J. Proteomic analyses reveal GNG12 regulates cell growth and casein synthesis by activating the Leu-mediated mTORC1 signaling pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:1092-1101. [PMID: 30282607 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In cow mammary epithelial cells (CMECs), cell growth and casein synthesis are regulated by amino acids (AAs), and lysosomes are important organelles in this regulatory process, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, lysosomal membrane proteins (LMPs) in CMECs in the presence (Leu+) and absence (Leu-) of leucine were quantitatively analysed using Sequential Windowed Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment Ion (SWATH) mass spectrometry. In identified LMPs, Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit gamma-12 (GNG12) was a markedly up-regulated protein in Leu+ group. CMECs were treated with Leu+ or Leu-, expression and lysosomal localization of GNG12 were decreased in response to Leu absence. Overexpressing or inhibiting GNG12 demonstrated that cell growth, casein synthesis and activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway were all up-regulated by GNG12. Cell growth, casein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling pathway were decreased in response to Leu absence, but these decreases were partially restored by GNG12 overexpression, and those effects were partially reversed by inhibiting GNG12. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis showed that GNG12 activates the mTORC1 pathway via interaction with Ragulator. Taken together, these results suggest that GNG12 is a positive regulator of the Leu-mediated mTORC1 signaling pathway in CMECs that promotes cell growth and casein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shengguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Zhou Y, Zhou Z, Peng J, Loor JJ. Methionine and valine activate the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway through heterodimeric amino acid taste receptor (TAS1R1/TAS1R3) and intracellular Ca 2+ in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:11354-11363. [PMID: 30268610 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids play a key role in regulating milk protein synthesis partly through activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. However, the involvement of extracellular AA sensing receptors in this process is not well understood. In nonruminants, it is well established that the AA taste 1 receptor member 1/3 (TAS1R1/TAS1R3) heterodimer contributes to the sensing of most l-AA. Whether this receptor is functional in bovine mammary cells is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine essential AA signaling through TAS1R1/TAS1R3 and their roles in regulating mTOR signaling pathway and casein mRNA abundance in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells and the Mac-T cell line. The bovine mammary epithelial cells were stimulated with complete Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (+EAA), medium without EAA (-EAA), or medium supplemented with only 1 of the 10 essential AA, respectively. The nonessential AA levels were the same across all treatments. Small interference RNA targeting TAS1R1 were designed and transfected into bovine primary mammary epithelial cells (bPMEC). Supplementation of a complete mixture of essential AA or Arg, Val, Leu, His, Phe, Met, and Ile individually led to greater mTOR phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase β-1 was greater in the presence of Val, Leu, Trp, Met, and Ile. Valine, Leu, Met, and Ile led to greater eIF4E-binding protein 1 phosphorylation. Although +EAA and a few individual AA tested induced increases in intracellular calcium, Met and Val were the most potent. Knockdown of TAS1R1 decreased intracellular calcium in bPMEC cultured with both Val and Met. Phosphorylation of mTOR, ribosomal protein S6 kinase β-1, and eIF4E-binding protein 1 was lower when TAS1R1 was knocked-down in bPMEC supplemented with Val and Met. In addition, small interference RNA silencing of TAS1R1 resulted in lower β-casein (CSN2) abundance. The TAS1R1/TAS1R3 receptor may sense extracellular AA and activate mTOR signaling in bovine mammary cells, likely by elevating intracellular calcium concentration. This mechanism appears to have a role in Met- and Val-induced changes in CSN2 mRNA abundance. Further in vivo studies will have to be performed to assess the relevance of this mechanism in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 430070; Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Z Zhou
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634.
| | - J Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 430070
| | - J J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Lin X, Li S, Zou Y, Zhao FQ, Liu J, Liu H. Lysine Stimulates Protein Synthesis by Promoting the Expression of ATB0,+ and Activating the mTOR Pathway in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. J Nutr 2018; 148:1426-1433. [PMID: 30184226 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background l-lysine (Lys) is a critical dietary nutrient for mammary gland development and milk production. However, the specific pathways of Lys utilization and how milk protein synthesis is affected in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) are poorly understood. Objective We aimed to investigate the effects of Lys on milk protein synthesis and the mechanism of Lys uptake and catabolism in BMECs. Methods BMECs were cultured in 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mmol Lys/L to detect cell viability, or cultured in 0-2.0 mmol Lys/L with l-[ring-3H5] phenylalanine to study the effect of Lys on protein turnover, or cultured in Krebs buffer with [U-14C] l-Lys to quantify Lys metabolism. In some experiments, BMECs were cultured in a conditioned medium alone or including 1.0 mmol Lys/L and 2-amino-endo-bicyclo [2.2.1] heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) for 24 h to analyze the expression of amino acid transporter B (0+) (ATB0,+), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) pathways. Results Including 1.0 mmol Lys/L in cultures increased cell viability by 17-47% and protein synthesis by 7-23%, whereas protein degradation was inhibited by 4-64% compared with BMECs cultured with 0, 0.5, or 2.0 mmol Lys/L (all P ≤ 0.05). Studies that used [U-14C] l-Lys showed that most Lys was incorporated into proteins (90%), whereas the remainder was either oxidized into CO2 (4%) or used as a substrate for aspartate (3%) and histidine synthesis (3%). Furthermore, Lys significantly increased expression of ATB0,+ (71% mRNA and 44% protein), STAT5 (27% mRNA and 21% phosphorylated proteins), and mTOR (51% mRNA and 22% phosphorylated proteins) compared with cells without Lys. Conclusions Lys promoted protein synthesis, mostly through enhancing uptake by ATB0,+ and the mTOR and JAK2-STAT5 pathways. Understanding the utilization of Lys in BMECs provides insights into the role of amino acid nutrition in bovine milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Lin
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shanshan Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yixuan Zou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Feng-Qi Zhao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.,Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Jianxin Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongyun Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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58
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Cant JP, Kim JJ, Cieslar SR, Doelman J. Symposium review: Amino acid uptake by the mammary glands: Where does the control lie? J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:5655-5666. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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59
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Dong X, Zhou Z, Wang L, Saremi B, Helmbrecht A, Wang Z, Loor J. Increasing the availability of threonine, isoleucine, valine, and leucine relative to lysine while maintaining an ideal ratio of lysine:methionine alters mammary cellular metabolites, mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, and gene transcription. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:5502-5514. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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60
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Guo L, Liang Z, Zheng C, Liu B, Yin Q, Cao Y, Yao J. Leucine Affects α-Amylase Synthesis through PI3K/Akt-mTOR Signaling Pathways in Pancreatic Acinar Cells of Dairy Calves. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:5149-5156. [PMID: 29733580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary nutrient utilization, particularly starch, is potentially limited by digestion in dairy cow small intestine because of shortage of α-amylase. Leucine acts as an effective signal molecular in the mTOR signaling pathway, which regulates a series of biological processes, especially protein synthesis. It has been reported that leucine could affect α-amylase synthesis and secretion in ruminant pancreas, but mechanisms have not been elaborated. In this study, pancreatic acinar (PA) cells were used as a model to determine the cellular signal of leucine influence on α-amylase synthesis. PA cells were isolated from newborn Holstein dairy bull calves and cultured in Dulbecco's modifed Eagle's medium/nutrient mixture F12 liquid media containing four leucine treatments (0, 0.23, 0.45, and 0.90 mM, respectively), following α-amylase activity, zymogen granule, and signal pathway factor expression detection. Rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR, was also applied to PA cells. Results showed that leucine increased ( p < 0.05) synthesis of α-amylase as well as phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, and S6K1 while reduced ( p < 0.05) GCN2 expression. Inhibition of mTOR signaling downregulated the α-amylase synthesis. In addition, the extracellular leucine dosage significantly influenced intracellular metabolism of isoleucine ( p < 0.05). Overall, leucine regulates α-amylase synthesis through promoting the PI3K/Akt-mTOR pathway and reducing the GCN2 pathway in PA cells of dairy calves. These pathways form the signaling network that controls the protein synthesis and metabolism. It would be of great interest in future studies to explore the function of leucine in ruminant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Baolong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyan Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yangchun Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , Shaanxi 712100 , People's Republic of China
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Curtis RV, Kim JJ, Doelman J, Cant JP. Maintenance of plasma branched-chain amino acid concentrations during glucose infusion directs essential amino acids to extra-mammary tissues in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:4542-4553. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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SESN2 negatively regulates cell proliferation and casein synthesis by inhibition the amino acid-mediated mTORC1 pathway in cow mammary epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3912. [PMID: 29500367 PMCID: PMC5834632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22208-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids (AA) are one of the key nutrients that regulate cell proliferation and casein synthesis in cow mammary epithelial cells (CMEC), but the mechanism of this regulation is not yet clear. In this study, the effect of SESN2 on AA-mediated cell proliferation and casein synthesis in CMEC was assessed. After 12 h of AA starvation, CMECs were cultured in the absence of all AA (AA-), in the presences of only essential AA (EAA+), or of all AA (AA+). Cell proliferation, casein expression, and activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway were increased; but SESN2 expression was decreased in response to increased EAA or AA supply. Overexpressing or inhibiting SESN2 demonstrated that cell proliferation, casein expression, and activation of the mTORC1 pathway were all controlled by SESN2 expression. Furthermore, the increase in cell proliferation, casein expression, and activation of the mTORC1 pathway in response to AA supply was inhibited by overexpressing SESN2, and those effects were reversed by inhibiting SESN2. These results indicate that SESN2 is an important inhibitor of mTORC1 in CMEC blocking AA-mediated cell proliferation and casein synthesis.
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Dong X, Zhou Z, Saremi B, Helmbrecht A, Wang Z, Loor JJ. Varying the ratio of Lys:Met while maintaining the ratios of Thr:Phe, Lys:Thr, Lys:His, and Lys:Val alters mammary cellular metabolites, mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, and gene transcription. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:1708-1718. [PMID: 29248224 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are not only precursors for but also signaling molecules regulating protein synthesis. Regulation of protein synthesis via AA occurs at least in part by alterations in the phosphorylation status of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway proteins. Although the ideal profile of Lys:Met to promote milk protein synthesis during established lactation in dairy cows has been proposed to be 3:1, aside from being the most-limiting AA for milk protein synthesis, the role of Met in other key biologic pathways such as methylation is not well characterized in the bovine. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of increasing supplemental Met, based on the ideal 3:1 ratio of Lys to Met, on intracellular metabolism related to protein synthesis and mTOR pathway phosphorylation status. MAC-T cells, an immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line, were incubated (n = 5 replicates/treatment) for 12 h with 3 incremental doses of Met while holding Lys concentration constant to achieve the following: Lys:Met 2.9:1 (ideal AA ratio; IPAA), Lys:Met 2.5:1 (LM2.5), and Lys:Met 2.0:1 (LM2.0). The ratios of Thr:Phe (1.05:1), Lys:Thr (1.8:1), Lys:His (2.38:1), and Lys:Val (1.23:1) were the same across the 3 treatments. Applying gas chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics revealed distinct clusters of differentially concentrated metabolites in response to Lys:Met. Lower Phe, branched-chain AA, and putrescine concentrations were observed with LM2.5 compared with IPAA. Apart from greater intracellular Met concentrations, further elevations in Met level (LM2.0) led to greater intracellular concentrations of nonessential AA (Pro, Glu, Gln, and Gly) compared with IPAA and greater essential AA (EAA; Met, Ile, and Leu) and nonessential AA (Pro, Gly, Ala, Gln, and Glu) compared with LM2.5. However, compared with IPAA, mRNA expression of β-casein and AA transporters (SLC7A5, SLC36A1, SLC38A2, SLC38A9, and SLC43A1) and mTOR phosphorylation were lower in response to LM2.5 and LM2.0. Overall, the results of this study provide evidence that increasing Met while Lys and the ratios of Phe, Thr, His, and Val relative to Lys were held constant could increase the concentration and utilization of intracellular EAA, in particular branched-chain AA, potentially through improving the activity of AA transporters partly controlled by mTOR signaling. Because EAA likely are metabolized by other tissues upon absorption, a question for future in vivo studies is whether formulating diets for optimal ratios of EAA in the metabolizable protein is sufficient to provide the desired levels of these AA to the mammary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Dong
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan Province, P.R. China; Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - Z Zhou
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801; Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - B Saremi
- Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - A Helmbrecht
- Evonik Nutrition and Care GmbH, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Z Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan Province, P.R. China.
| | - J J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Sun HZ, Shi K, Wu XH, Xue MY, Wei ZH, Liu JX, Liu HY. Lactation-related metabolic mechanism investigated based on mammary gland metabolomics and 4 biofluids' metabolomics relationships in dairy cows. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:936. [PMID: 29197344 PMCID: PMC5712200 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lactation is extremely important for dairy cows; however, the understanding of the underlying metabolic mechanisms is very limited. This study was conducted to investigate the inherent metabolic patterns during lactation using the overall biofluid metabolomics and the metabolic differences from non-lactation periods, as determined using partial tissue-metabolomics. We analyzed the metabolomic profiles of four biofluids (rumen fluid, serum, milk and urine) and their relationships in six mid-lactation Holstein cows and compared their mammary gland (MG) metabolomic profiles with those of six non-lactating cows by using gas chromatography-time of flight/mass spectrometry. Results In total, 33 metabolites were shared among the four biofluids, and 274 metabolites were identified in the MG tissues. The sub-clusters of the hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that the rumen fluid and serum metabolomics profiles were grouped together and highly correlated but were separate from those for milk. Urine had the most different profile compared to the other three biofluids. Creatine was identified as the most different metabolite among the four biofluids (VIP = 1.537). Five metabolic pathways, including gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), glycerolipid metabolism, and aspartate metabolism, showed the most functional enrichment among the four biofluids (false discovery rate < 0.05, fold enrichment >2). Clear discriminations were observed in the MG metabolomics profiles between the lactating and non-lactating cows, with 54 metabolites having a significantly higher abundance (P < 0.05, VIP > 1) in the lactation group. Lactobionic acid, citric acid, orotic acid and oxamide were extracted by the S-plot as potential biomarkers of the metabolic difference between lactation and non-lactation. The TCA cycle, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, glutamate metabolism and glycine metabolism were determined to be pathways that were significantly impacted (P < 0.01, impact value >0.1) in the lactation group. Among them, the TCA cycle was the most up-regulated pathway (P < 0.0001), with 7 of the 10 related metabolites increased in the MG tissues of the lactating cows. Conclusions The overall biofluid and MG tissue metabolic mechanisms in the lactating cows were interpreted in this study. Our findings are the first to provide an integrated insight and a better understanding of the metabolic mechanism of lactation, which is beneficial for developing regulated strategies to improve the metabolic status of lactating dairy cows. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4314-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zeng Sun
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Shi
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Hui Wu
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yuan Xue
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Hai Wei
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yun Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Duan X, Lin Y, Lv H, Yang Y, Jiao H, Hou X. Methionine Induces LAT1 Expression in Dairy Cow Mammary Gland by Activating the mTORC1 Signaling Pathway. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:1126-1133. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Duan
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ye Lin
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - He Lv
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongtao Jiao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Hou
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetics Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Gao H, Zhao S, Zheng N, Zhang Y, Wang S, Zhou X, Wang J. Combination of histidine, lysine, methionine, and leucine promotes β-casein synthesis via the mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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67
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DEAD-box helicase 6 (DDX6) is a new negative regulator for milk synthesis and proliferation of bovine mammary epithelial cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2017; 54:52-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-017-0195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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68
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Li H, Liu X, Wang Z, Lin X, Yan Z, Cao Q, Zhao M, Shi K. MEN1/Menin regulates milk protein synthesis through mTOR signaling in mammary epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5479. [PMID: 28710500 PMCID: PMC5511157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06054-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The MEN1 gene, which encodes the protein Menin, was investigated for its regulatory role in milk protein synthesis in mammary glands. Menin responds to nutrient and hormone levels via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Bovine mammary epithelial cells and tissues were used as experimental models in this study. The results revealed that the milk protein synthesis capacity of mammary epithelial cells could be regulated by MEN1/Menin. The overexpression of Menin caused significant suppression of factors involved in the mTOR pathway, as well as milk protein κ-casein (CSNK). In contrast, a significant increase in these factors and CSNK was observed upon MEN1/Menin knockdown. The repression of MEN1/Menin on the mTOR pathway was also observed in mammary gland tissues. Additionally, MEN1/Menin was found to elicit a negative response on prolactin (PRL) and/or insulin (INS), which caused a similar downstream impact on mTOR pathway factors and milk proteins. Collectively, our data indicate that MEN1/Menin could play a regulatory role in milk protein synthesis through mTOR signaling in the mammary gland by mediating the effects of hormones and nutrient status. The discovery of Menin's role in mammary glands suggests Menin could be potential new target for the improvement of milk performance and adjustment of lactation period of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
| | - Xue Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
| | - Xueyan Lin
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
| | - Zhengui Yan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoqiao Cao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China
| | - Kerong Shi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Bioengineering and Disease Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, P. R. China.
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Liu G, Hanigan M, Lin X, Zhao K, Jiang F, White R, Wang Y, Hu Z, Wang Z. Methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or threonine effects on mammary cell signaling and pup growth in lactating mice. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4038-4050. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Guo CL, Li YT, Lin XY, Hanigan MD, Yan ZG, Hu ZY, Hou QL, Jiang FG, Wang ZH. Effects of graded removal of lysine from an intravenously infused amino acid mixture on lactation performance and mammary amino acid metabolism in lactating goats. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4552-4564. [PMID: 28434735 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To investigate responses of milk protein synthesis and mammary AA metabolism to a graded decrease of postruminal Lys supply, 4 lactating goats fitted with jugular vein, mammary vein, and carotid artery catheters and transonic blood flow detectors on the external pudic artery were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Goats were fasted for 24 h and then received a 9-h intravenous infusion of an AA mixture plus glucose. Milk yield was recorded and samples were taken in h 2 to 8 of the infusion period; a mammary biopsy was performed in the last hour. Treatments were graded decrease of lysine content in the infusate to 100 (complete), 60, 30, or 0% as in casein. Lysine-removed infusions linearly decreased milk yield, tended to decrease lactose yield, and tended to increase milk fat to protein ratio. Milk protein content and yield were linearly decreased by graded Lys deficiency. Mammary Lys uptake was concomitantly decreased, but linear regression analysis found no significant relationship between mammary Lys uptake and milk protein yield. Treatments had no effects on phosphorylation levels of the downstream proteins measured in the mammalian target or rapamycin pathway except for a tended quadratic effect on that of eukaryotic initiation factor 2, which was increased and then decreased by graded Lys deficiency. Removal of Lys from the infusate linearly increased circulating glucagon and glucose. Removal of Lys from the infusate linearly decreased arterial and venous concentrations of Lys. Treatments also had a significant quadratic effect on venous Lys, suggesting mechanisms to stabilize circulating Lys at a certain range. The 2 infusions partially removing Lys resulted in a similar 20% decrease, whereas the 0% Lys infusion resulted in an abrupt 70% decrease in mammary Lys uptake compared with that of the full-AA mixture infusion. Consistent with the abrupt decrease, mammary Lys uptake-to-output ratio decreased from 2.2 to 0.92, suggesting catabolism of Lys in the mammary gland could be completely prevented when the animal faced severe Lys deficiency. Mammary blood flow was linearly increased, consistent with the linearly increased circulating nitric oxide by graded Lys deficiency, indicating mechanisms to ensure the priority of the mammary gland in acquiring AA for milk protein synthesis. Infusions with Lys removed increased mammary clearance rate of Lys numerically by 2 to 3 fold. In conclusion, the decreased milk protein yield by graded Lys deficiency was mainly a result of the varied physiological status, as indicated by the elevated circulating glucagon and glucose, rather than a result of the decreased mammary Lys uptake or depressed signals in the mTOR pathway. Mechanisms of Lys deficiency to promote glucagon secretion and mammary blood flow and glucagon to depress milk protein synthesis need to be clarified by future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Guo
- Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - Y T Li
- Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - X Y Lin
- Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - Z G Yan
- Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - Z Y Hu
- Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - Q L Hou
- Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - F G Jiang
- Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China
| | - Z H Wang
- Ruminant Nutrition and Physiology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, P. R. China.
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Complementary transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal regulatory mechanisms of milk protein production in dairy cows consuming different forages. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44234. [PMID: 28290485 PMCID: PMC5349593 DOI: 10.1038/srep44234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Forage plays a critical role in the milk production of dairy cows; however, the mechanisms regulating bovine milk synthesis in dairy cows fed high forage rations with different basal forage types are not well-understood. In the study, rice straw (RS, low-quality) and alfalfa hay (AH, high-quality) diets were fed to lactating cows to explore how forage quality affected the molecular mechanisms regulating milk production using RNA-seq transcriptomic method with iTRAQ proteomic technique. A total of 554 transcripts (423 increased and 131 decreased) and 517 proteins (231 up-regulated and 286 down-regulated) were differentially expressed in the mammary glands of the two groups. The correlation analysis demonstrated seven proteins (six up-regulated and one down-regulated) had consistent mRNA expression. Functional analysis of the differentially expressed transcripts/proteins suggested that enhanced capacity for energy and fatty acid metabolism, increased protein degradation, reduced protein synthesis, decreased amino acid metabolism and depressed cell growth were related to RS consumption. The results indicated cows consuming RS diets may have had depressed milk protein synthesis because these animals had decreased capacity for protein synthesis, enhanced proteolysis, inefficient energy generation and reduced cell growth. Additional work evaluating RS- and AH-based rations may help better isolate molecular adaptations to low nutrient availability during lactation.
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72
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Jugular-infused methionine, lysine and branched-chain amino acids does not improve milk production in Holstein cows experiencing heat stress. Animal 2017; 11:2220-2228. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731117001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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73
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Hu XC, Gao CQ, Wang XH, Yan HC, Chen ZS, Wang XQ. Crop milk protein is synthesised following activation of the IRS1/Akt/TOR signalling pathway in the domestic pigeon (Columba livia). Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:855-862. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1219694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- X.-C. Hu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/ Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture/ South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - C.-Q Gao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/ Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture/ South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - X.-H. Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/ Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture/ South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - H.-C. Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/ Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture/ South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z.-S. Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - X.-Q. Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/ Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture/ South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
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Zhou Y, Ren J, Song T, Peng J, Wei H. Methionine Regulates mTORC1 via the T1R1/T1R3-PLCβ-Ca 2+-ERK1/2 Signal Transduction Process in C2C12 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101684. [PMID: 27727170 PMCID: PMC5085716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) integrates amino acid (AA) availability to support protein synthesis and cell growth. Taste receptor type 1 member (T1R) is a G protein-coupled receptor that functions as a direct sensor of extracellular AA availability to regulate mTORC1 through Ca2+ stimulation and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) activation. However, the roles of specific AAs in T1R1/T1R3-regulated mTORC1 are poorly defined. In this study, T1R1 and T1R3 subunits were expressed in C2C12 myotubes, and l-AA sensing was accomplished by T1R1/T1R3 to activate mTORC1. In response to l-AAs, such as serine (Ser), arginine (Arg), threonine (Thr), alanine (Ala), methionine (Met), glutamine (Gln), and glycine (Gly), Met induced mTORC1 activation and promoted protein synthesis. Met also regulated mTORC1 via T1R1/T1R3-PLCβ-Ca2+-ERK1/2 signal transduction. Results revealed a new role for Met-regulated mTORC1 via an AA receptor. Further studies should be performed to determine the role of T1R1/T1R3 in mediating extracellular AA to regulate mTOR signaling and to reveal its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfei Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Jiao Ren
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Tongxing Song
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
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Amino acids regulate mTOR pathway and milk protein synthesis in a mouse mammary epithelial cell line is partly mediated by T1R1/T1R3. Eur J Nutr 2016; 56:2467-2474. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1282-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Li S, Hosseini A, Danes M, Jacometo C, Liu J, Loor JJ. Essential amino acid ratios and mTOR affect lipogenic gene networks and miRNA expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:44. [PMID: 27493725 PMCID: PMC4973084 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to study how changing the ratio of Lys to Thr, Lys to His, and Lys to Val affects the expression of lipogenic genes and microRNA (miRNA) in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Results Triplicate cultures with the respective “optimal” amino acid (AA) ratio (OPAA = Lys:Met 2.9:1; Thr:Phe 1.05:1; Lys:Thr 1.8:1; Lys:His 2.38:1; Lys:Val 1.23:1) plus rapamycin (OPAARMC; positive control), OPAA, Lys:Thr 2.1:1 (LT2.1), Lys:Thr 1.3:1 (LT1.3), Lys:His 3.05:1 (LH3.0), or Lys:Val 1.62:1 (LV1.6) were incubated in lactogenic medium for 12 h. The expression of 15 lipogenic genes and 7 miRNA were evaluated. Responses to LT2.1, LT1.3, LH3.0, and LV1.6 relative to the control (OPAARMC) included up-regulated expression of ACSS2, FABP3, ACACA, FASN, SCD, LPIN1, INSIG1, SREBF1, PPARD, and NR1H3 (commonly known as LXR-α). Furthermore, LV1.6 up-regulated expression of ACSL1, DGAT1, and RXRA and down-regulated PPARG expression. Although no effect of OPAA on expression of PPARG was observed, compared with the control, OPAA up-regulated expression of the PPAR targets ACSS2, FABP3, ACACA, FASN, SCD, LPIN1, INSIG1, and SREBF1. Compared with the control, the expression of the anti-lipogenic MIR27AB was down-regulated by OPAA, LT2.1, LT1.3 and LH3.0. In contrast, compared with the control, the expression of the pro-lipogenic MIR21 was up-regulated by LT2.1, LT1.3, LH3.0, and LV1.6. Conclusions The observed up-regulation of lipogenic gene networks and the changes in expression of key miRNA involved in the control of lipogenic balance are indicative of a potentially important role of EAA ratios and mTOR signaling in the regulation of milk fat synthesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40104-016-0104-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Afshin Hosseini
- Department of Animal Sciences, Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Marina Danes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000 Brazil
| | - Carolina Jacometo
- NUPEEC, Departamento de Clínicas Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Jianxin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058 People's Republic of China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences, Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, University of Illinois, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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Lee S, Kelleher SL. Biological underpinnings of breastfeeding challenges: the role of genetics, diet, and environment on lactation physiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E405-22. [PMID: 27354238 PMCID: PMC5005964 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00495.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lactation is a dynamic process that has evolved to produce a complex biological fluid that provides nutritive and nonnutritive factors to the nursing offspring. It has long been assumed that once lactation is successfully initiated, the primary factor regulating milk production is infant demand. Thus, most interventions have focused on improving breastfeeding education and early lactation support. However, in addition to infant demand, increasing evidence from studies conducted in experimental animal models, production animals, and breastfeeding women suggests that a diverse array of maternal factors may also affect milk production and composition. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of the role of maternal genetics and modifiable factors, such as diet and environmental exposures, on reproductive endocrinology, lactation physiology, and the ability to successfully produce milk. To identify factors that may affect lactation in women, we highlight some information gleaned from studies in experimental animal models and production animals. Finally, we highlight the gaps in current knowledge and provide commentary on future research opportunities aimed at improving lactation outcomes in breastfeeding women to improve the health of mothers and their infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Lee
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology
| | - Shannon L Kelleher
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pharmacology, and Surgery, Pennsylvania State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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Castro J, Arriola Apelo S, Appuhamy J, Hanigan M. Development of a model describing regulation of casein synthesis by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in response to insulin, amino acids, and acetate. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6714-6736. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rezaei R, Wu Z, Hou Y, Bazer FW, Wu G. Amino acids and mammary gland development: nutritional implications for milk production and neonatal growth. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2016; 7:20. [PMID: 27042295 PMCID: PMC4818943 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk is synthesized by mammary epithelial cells of lactating mammals. The synthetic capacity of the mammary gland depends largely on the number and efficiency of functional mammary epithelial cells. Structural development of the mammary gland occurs during fetal growth, prepubertal and post-pubertal periods, pregnancy, and lactation under the control of various hormones (particularly estrogen, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, progesterone, placental lactogen, and prolactin) in a species- and stage-dependent manner. Milk is essential for the growth, development, and health of neonates. Amino acids (AA), present in both free and peptide-bound forms, are the most abundant organic nutrients in the milk of farm animals. Uptake of AA from the arterial blood of the lactating dam is the ultimate source of proteins (primarily β-casein and α-lactalbumin) and bioactive nitrogenous metabolites in milk. Results of recent studies indicate extensive catabolism of branched-chain AA (leucine, isoleucine and valine) and arginine to synthesize glutamate, glutamine, alanine, aspartate, asparagine, proline, and polyamines. The formation of polypeptides from AA is regulated not only by hormones (e.g., prolactin, insulin and glucocorticoids) and the rate of blood flow across the lactating mammary gland, but also by concentrations of AA, lipids, glucose, vitamins and minerals in the maternal plasma, as well as the activation of the mechanistic (mammalian) target rapamycin signaling by certain AA (e.g., arginine, branched-chain AA, and glutamine). Knowledge of AA utilization (including metabolism) by mammary epithelial cells will enhance our fundamental understanding of lactation biology and has important implications for improving the efficiency of livestock production worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rezaei
- />Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- />State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- />Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 China
| | - Fuller W. Bazer
- />Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- />Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
- />State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- />Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023 China
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80
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Gao HN, Hu H, Zheng N, Wang JQ. Leucine and histidine independently regulate milk protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells via mTOR signaling pathway. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 16:560-72. [PMID: 26055918 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of leucine (Leu) and histidine (His) on the expression of both the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway-related proteins and caseins in immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cells (CMEC-H), using a single supplement through Western blotting. The Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS) was set as the control group and other treatment groups, based on the EBSS, were added with different concentrations of Leu or His, respectively. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the expression of caseins and the phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser(2481)), Raptor (Ser(792)), eIF4E (Ser(209)), and eEF2 (Thr(56)) increased with the Leu concentrations ranging from 0.45 to 10.80 mmol/L (P<0.01). The P-4EBP1 (Thr(37)) at 10.80 mmol/L Leu, and P-RPS6 (Ser(235/236)) at 5.40 to 10.80 mmol/L Leu all decreased. Similarly, the His supplementation from 0.15 to 9.60 mmol/L increased the expression of αs2-casein, β-casein, κ-casein, P-mTOR (Ser(2481)), P-Raptor (Ser(792)), P-S6K1 (Thr(389)), P-4EBP1 (Thr(37)), P-eIF4E (Ser(209)), and P-eEF2 (Thr(56)) (P<0.01) in CMEC-H, whereas the αs1-casein expression was only reduced at 9.60 mmol/L His, G protein β subunit-like protein (GβL) at 0.15 and 9.60 mmol/L His, and P-RPS6 at 4.80 to 9.60 mmol/L His. Our linear regression model assay suggested that the αs1-casein expression was positively correlated with P-mTOR (P<0.01), P-S6K1 (P<0.01), and P-eEF2 (P<0.01) for the addition of Leu, while the expressions of β-casein (P<0.01) and κ-casein (P<0.01) were positively correlated with P-eEF2 for the addition of His. In conclusion, the milk protein synthesis was up-regulated through activation of the mTOR pathway with the addition of Leu and His in CMEC-H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-na Gao
- Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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81
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Metabolomic biomarkers identify differences in milk produced by Holstein cows and other minor dairy animals. J Proteomics 2016; 136:174-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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82
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Doelman J, Kim JJM, Carson M, Metcalf JA, Cant JP. Branched-chain amino acid and lysine deficiencies exert different effects on mammary translational regulation. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:7846-55. [PMID: 26342977 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deficiencies and imbalances of specific group II essential amino acids (EAA) were created in lactating cows by an infusion subtraction protocol to explore effects on milk production and abundance and phosphorylation state of regulators of mRNA translation in the mammary glands. Five lactating cows on a diet of 11.2% crude protein were infused abomasally for 5d with saline, 563 g/d of a complete EAA mix, or EAA mixes without the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), Leu, or Lys in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Milk protein yield was stimulated by EAA infusion and returned to saline levels upon subtraction of BCAA, Leu, or Lys. Mammary abundance of phosphorylated S6K1 was measured as an indicator of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity and was found not to be affected by the complete EAA mix but was increased by the mixture lacking Lys. Total S6K1 abundances in mammary tissue were elevated by complete and BCAA-lacking infusions. All of the EAA treatments except the one lacking BCAA upregulated mammary eIF2Bε and eIF2α abundances, which is stimulatory to global mRNA translation. Phosphorylation state of eIF2Bε tended to decrease when complete or Lys-lacking EAA mixtures were infused. Phosphorylation state of eIF2α was not affected by treatment. We detected a correlation of 0.62 between phosphorylation state of S6K1 and total eIF2Bε abundance, and a correlation of 0.58 between phosphorylation state of S6K1 and total eIF2α abundance, suggesting that mTORC1 activation may have upregulated eIF2Bε and eIF2α expression. Despite maintenance of mammary eIF2Bε and eIF2α abundances during Leu and Lys deficiencies, milk protein yield declined, suggesting that other factors are responsible for mediating effects of Lys and Leu. A deficiency of all 3 BCAA may impair milk protein yield through deactivation of mTORC1-mediated upregulation of eIF2Bε and eIF2α abundances.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Doelman
- Nutreco Canada Agresearch, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 4T2 Canada.
| | - Julie J M Kim
- Department of Animal BioSciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
| | | | - John A Metcalf
- Nutreco Canada Agresearch, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 4T2 Canada
| | - John P Cant
- Department of Animal BioSciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1 Canada
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Arriola Apelo S, Bell A, Estes K, Ropelewski J, de Veth M, Hanigan M. Effects of reduced dietary protein and supplemental rumen-protected essential amino acids on the nitrogen efficiency of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5688-99. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Arriola Apelo S, Knapp J, Hanigan M. Invited review: Current representation and future trends of predicting amino acid utilization in the lactating dairy cow. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4000-17. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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85
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Arriola Apelo S, Singer L, Ray W, Helm R, Lin X, McGilliard M, St-Pierre N, Hanigan M. Casein synthesis is independently and additively related to individual essential amino acid supply. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:2998-3005. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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