51
|
Spoligotype diversity and 5-year trends of bovine tuberculosis in Extremadura, southern Spain. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:1533-1540. [PMID: 27524741 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) causes significant losses to farming economies worldwide. A better understanding on the epidemiology of this disease and the role that the different hosts develop in the maintenance and spread of bTB is vital to control this zoonotic disease. This study reports the spoligotype diversity and temporal evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC) isolates obtained from Extremadura (southern Spain). Genotyping data of Mycobacterium bovis (n = 2102) and Mycobacterium caprae (n = 96) isolates from cattle and wildlife species, collected between 2008 and 2012, were used in this study. The isolates resulted clustered into 88 spoligotypes which varied largely in frequency and occurrence in the three hosts. The 20 most frequent patterns represented 91.99 % of the isolates, the spoligotype SB0121 being the clearly predominant and most widely dispersed geographically. The major variety of the spoligotype patterns (78 out of 88) was isolated from the cattle, in fact 50 (56.83 %) of the patterns were found only in this species. Within the spoligotypes shared between the cattle and wildlife species, 17 patterns (1747 isolates) were shared with wild boar and Iberian red deer, 10 patterns (308 isolates) were exclusively shared with wild boar, and only one pattern (two isolates) was shared exclusively with Iberian red deer. The significant number of spoligotypes shared between the three hosts (79.49 %) highlights the components of the multi-host system that allows the bTB maintenance in our study area. The greater percentage of isolates shared by the wild boar and cattle (93.50 %) supports the role of wild boar as main maintenance host for bTB in cattle. These results could be extrapolated to areas with a similar epidemiological scenario and could be helpful for other countries where wild reservoirs represent a handicap for the successful eradication of bTB from livestock.
Collapse
|
52
|
Nebreda T, Álvarez-Prida E, Blanco B, Remacha MA, Samper S, Jiménez MS. Peritoneal tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium caprae. IDCases 2016; 4:50-2. [PMID: 27134824 PMCID: PMC4833828 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of tuberculosis in humans due to Mycobacterium caprae is very low and is almost confined to Europe. We report a case of a previously healthy 41-year-old Moroccan with a 6 month history of abdominal pain, weight loss, fatigue and diarrhea. A diagnosis of peritoneal tuberculosis due to M. caprae was made.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Nebreda
- Servicio de Microbiología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain
| | - E Álvarez-Prida
- Servicio de Cirugía General, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain
| | - B Blanco
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain
| | - M A Remacha
- Servicio de Microbiología, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain
| | - S Samper
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M S Jiménez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
de la Fuente J, Díez-Delgado I, Contreras M, Vicente J, Cabezas-Cruz A, Tobes R, Manrique M, López V, Romero B, Bezos J, Dominguez L, Sevilla IA, Garrido JM, Juste R, Madico G, Jones-López E, Gortazar C. Comparative Genomics of Field Isolates of Mycobacterium bovis and M. caprae Provides Evidence for Possible Correlates with Bacterial Viability and Virulence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004232. [PMID: 26583774 PMCID: PMC4652870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) greatly affect humans and animals worldwide. The life cycle of mycobacteria is complex and the mechanisms resulting in pathogen infection and survival in host cells are not fully understood. Recently, comparative genomics analyses have provided new insights into the evolution and adaptation of the MTBC to survive inside the host. However, most of this information has been obtained using M. tuberculosis but not other members of the MTBC such as M. bovis and M. caprae. In this study, the genome of three M. bovis (MB1, MB3, MB4) and one M. caprae (MB2) field isolates with different lesion score, prevalence and host distribution phenotypes were sequenced. Genome sequence information was used for whole-genome and protein-targeted comparative genomics analysis with the aim of finding correlates with phenotypic variation with potential implications for tuberculosis (TB) disease risk assessment and control. At the whole-genome level the results of the first comparative genomics study of field isolates of M. bovis including M. caprae showed that as previously reported for M. tuberculosis, sequential chromosomal nucleotide substitutions were the main driver of the M. bovis genome evolution. The phylogenetic analysis provided a strong support for the M. bovis/M. caprae clade, but supported M. caprae as a separate species. The comparison of the MB1 and MB4 isolates revealed differences in genome sequence, including gene families that are important for bacterial infection and transmission, thus highlighting differences with functional implications between isolates otherwise classified with the same spoligotype. Strategic protein-targeted analysis using the ESX or type VII secretion system, proteins linking stress response with lipid metabolism, host T cell epitopes of mycobacteria, antigens and peptidoglycan assembly protein identified new genetic markers and candidate vaccine antigens that warrant further study to develop tools to evaluate risks for TB disease caused by M. bovis/M.caprae and for TB control in humans and animals. Mycobacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infect humans and animals since pre-history and are a serious health problem worldwide. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics generate information on the evolution and molecular basis of pathogenicity and transmissibility. However, while genomic information is increasingly available for the main human pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, little is known about closely related bacteria, Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae. These mycobacteria infect humans causing zoonotic tuberculosis and are the main causative agents of animal tuberculosis. Although human-to-human transmission of zoonotic tuberculosis is limited, the infection often causes extra-pulmonary disease in humans and is still a major public health concern in developing countries, causing not only human disease but also severe effects on livelihoods. In this study, whole-genome sequences and targeted comparative genomics of three Mycobacterium bovis and one Mycobacterium caprae field isolates generated new information on the evolution and phenotypic variation of these mycobacteria. The results identified new genetic markers and candidate vaccine antigens that warrant further study to develop tools to evaluate risks for tuberculosis caused by M. bovis/M.caprae and for disease control in humans and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Iratxe Díez-Delgado
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marinela Contreras
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Joaquín Vicente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille (CIIL), INSERM U1019 –CNRS UMR 8204, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Raquel Tobes
- Oh no sequences! Research Group, Era7 Bioinformatics, Granada, Spain
| | - Marina Manrique
- Oh no sequences! Research Group, Era7 Bioinformatics, Granada, Spain
| | - Vladimir López
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Bezos
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- MAEVA SERVET S.L., Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Dominguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker A. Sevilla
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Joseba M. Garrido
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Ramón Juste
- NEIKER-Tecnalia, Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Guillermo Madico
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Edward Jones-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Madeira S, Manteigas A, Ribeiro R, Otte J, Fonseca AP, Caetano P, Abernethy D, Boinas F. Factors that Influence Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Red Deer and Wild Boar in an Epidemiological Risk Area for Tuberculosis of Game Species in Portugal. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:793-804. [PMID: 26519121 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a worldwide zoonotic disease of domestic and wild animals. Eradication has proved elusive in those countries with intensive national programmes but with ongoing transmission between wildlife and cattle. In Portugal, a high-risk area for bTB was defined and specific measures implemented to assess and minimize the risk from wildlife. Data from the 2011 to 2014 hunting seasons for red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) were analysed with bovine demographic and bTB information to assess factors that determined the occurrence and distribution of bTB in both species. The likelihood of bTB-like lesions in wild boar was positively associated with density of red deer, wild boar and cattle, while for red deer, only their density and age were significant factors. The likelihood of Mycobacterium bovis isolation in wild boar was associated with density of cattle and red deer and also with the anatomical location of lesions, while for red deer, none of the variables tested were statistically significant. Our results suggest that, in the study area, the role of red deer and wild boar may be different from the one previously suggested by other authors for the Iberian Peninsula, as red deer may be the driving force behind M. bovis transmission to wild boar. These findings may assist the official services and game managing bodies for the management of hunting zones, what could also impact the success of the bTB eradication programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Madeira
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Manteigas
- Direção Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, DSAVRC-DAVCB, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - R Ribeiro
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J Otte
- Berkeley Economic Advising and Research, Rome, Italy
| | - A Pina Fonseca
- Direção Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, DSAVRC-DAVG, Guarda, Portugal
| | - P Caetano
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - D Abernethy
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - F Boinas
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Rettinger A, Broeckl S, Fink M, Prodinger WM, Blum H, Krebs S, Domogalla J, Just F, Gellert S, Straubinger RK, Büttner M. The Region of Difference Four is a Robust Genetic Marker for Subtyping Mycobacterium caprae Isolates and is Linked to Spatial Distribution of Three Subtypes. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:782-792. [PMID: 26518998 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alpine Mycobacterium caprae isolates found in cattle and red deer display at least three genetic variations in the region of difference four (RD4) that can be used for further differentiation of the isolates into the subtypes 'Allgäu', 'Karwendel' and 'Lechtal'. Each genomic subtype is thereby characterized by a specific nucleotide deletion pattern in the 12.7-kb RD4 region. Even though M. caprae infections are frequently documented in cattle and red deer, little is known about the transmission routes. Hence, robust markers for M. caprae subtyping are needed to gain insight into the molecular epidemiology. For this reason, a rapid and robust multiplex PCR was developed for the simultaneous detection of three M. caprae RD4 subtypes and was used to subtype a total number of 241 M. caprae isolates from animals (145 cattle, 95 red deer and one fox) from Bavaria and Austria. All three subtypes occur spatially distributed and are found in cattle and in red deer suggesting transmission between the two species. As subtypes are genetically stable in both species it is hypothesized that the described genetic variations developed within the host due to 'within-host replication'. The results of this study recommend the genomic RD4 region as a reliable diagnostic marker for M. caprae subtype differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rettinger
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Broeckl
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - M Fink
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Veterinary Disease Control, Moedling, Austria
| | | | - H Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - J Domogalla
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Wielenbach, Germany
| | - F Just
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - S Gellert
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - R K Straubinger
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Büttner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Vidal E, Tolosa E, Espinar S, de Val BP, Nofrarías M, Alba A, Allepuz A, Grau-Roma L, López-Soria S, Martínez J, Abarca ML, Castellà J, Manteca X, Casanova MI, Isidoro-Ayza M, Galindo-Cardiel I, Soto S, Dolz R, Majó N, Ramis A, Segalés J, Mas L, Chacón C, Picart L, Marco A, Domingo M. Six-Year Follow-up of Slaughterhouse Surveillance (2008-2013): The Catalan Slaughterhouse Support Network (SESC). Vet Pathol 2015; 53:532-44. [PMID: 26169387 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815593125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Meat inspection has the ultimate objective of declaring the meat and offal obtained from carcasses of slaughtered animals fit or unfit for human consumption. This safeguards the health of consumers by ensuring that the food coming from these establishments poses no risk to public health. Concomitantly, it contributes to animal disease surveillance. The Catalan Public Health Protection Agency (Generalitat de Catalunya) identified the need to provide its meat inspectors with a support structure to improve diagnostic capacity: the Slaughterhouse Support Network (SESC). The main goal of the SESC was to offer continuing education to meat inspectors to improve the diagnostic capacity for lesions observed in slaughterhouses. With this aim, a web-based application was designed that allowed meat inspectors to submit their inquiries, images of the lesions, and samples for laboratory analysis. This commentary reviews the cases from the first 6 years of SESC operation (2008-2013). The program not only provides continuing education to inspectors but also contributes to the collection of useful information on animal health and welfare. Therefore, SESC complements animal disease surveillance programs, such as those for tuberculosis, bovine cysticercosis, and porcine trichinellosis, and is a powerful tool for early detection of emerging animal diseases and zoonoses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Vidal
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - E Tolosa
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Catalonia, Spain
| | - S Espinar
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - B Pérez de Val
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Nofrarías
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Alba
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Allepuz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - L Grau-Roma
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK
| | - S López-Soria
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Martínez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M L Abarca
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Castellà
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - X Manteca
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M I Casanova
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Isidoro-Ayza
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - I Galindo-Cardiel
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - S Soto
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - R Dolz
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - N Majó
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Ramis
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Segalés
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - L Mas
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Catalonia, Spain
| | - C Chacón
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Catalonia, Spain
| | - L Picart
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya, Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Marco
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Domingo
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Botelho A, Canto A, Leão C, Cunha MV. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) analysis of members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1247:373-389. [PMID: 25399110 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2004-4_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Typical CRISPR (clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat) regions are constituted by short direct repeats (DRs), interspersed with similarly sized non-repetitive spacers, derived from transmissible genetic elements, acquired when the cell is challenged with foreign DNA. The analysis of the structure, in number and nature, of CRISPR spacers is a valuable tool for molecular typing since these loci are polymorphic among strains, originating characteristic signatures. The existence of CRISPR structures in the genome of the members of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) enabled the development of a genotyping method, based on the analysis of the presence or absence of 43 oligonucleotide spacers separated by conserved DRs. This method, called spoligotyping, consists on PCR amplification of the DR chromosomal region and recognition after hybridization of the spacers that are present. The workflow beneath this methodology implies that the PCR products are brought onto a membrane containing synthetic oligonucleotides that have complementary sequences to the spacer sequences. Lack of hybridization of the PCR products to a specific oligonucleotide sequence indicates absence of the correspondent spacer sequence in the examined strain. Spoligotyping gained great notoriety as a robust identification and typing tool for members of MTBC, enabling multiple epidemiological studies on human and animal tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Botelho
- Unidade Estratégica de Investigação e Serviços em Produção e Saúde Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P (INIAV, IP), Rua General Morais Sarmento, 1500-311, Lisbon, Portugal,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
de la Cruz ML, Perez A, Bezos J, Pages E, Casal C, Carpintero J, Romero B, Dominguez L, Barker CM, Diaz R, Alvarez J. Spatial dynamics of bovine tuberculosis in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, Spain (2010-2012). PLoS One 2014; 9:e115632. [PMID: 25536514 PMCID: PMC4275235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in control of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is often not uniform, usually due to the effect of one or more sometimes unknown epidemiological factors impairing the success of eradication programs. Use of spatial analysis can help to identify clusters of persistence of disease, leading to the identification of these factors thus allowing the implementation of targeted control measures, and may provide some insights of disease transmission, particularly when combined with molecular typing techniques. Here, the spatial dynamics of bTB in a high prevalence region of Spain were assessed during a three year period (2010-2012) using data from the eradication campaigns to detect clusters of positive bTB herds and of those infected with certain Mycobacterium bovis strains (characterized using spoligotyping and VNTR typing). In addition, the within-herd transmission coefficient (β) was estimated in infected herds and its spatial distribution and association with other potential outbreak and herd variables was evaluated. Significant clustering of positive herds was identified in the three years of the study in the same location ("high risk area"). Three spoligotypes (SB0339, SB0121 and SB1142) accounted for >70% of the outbreaks detected in the three years. VNTR subtyping revealed the presence of few but highly prevalent strains within the high risk area, suggesting maintained transmission in the area. The spatial autocorrelation found in the distribution of the estimated within-herd transmission coefficients in herds located within distances <14 km and the results of the spatial regression analysis, support the hypothesis of shared local factors affecting disease transmission in farms located at a close proximity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa de la Cruz
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Perez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Javier Bezos
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- MAEVA SERVET SL, Alameda del Valle, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Pages
- Área de Ganadería, Dirección General de Medio Ambiente, Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Vivienda y Ordenación del Territorio de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Casal
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Carpintero
- Área de Ganadería, Dirección General de Medio Ambiente, Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Vivienda y Ordenación del Territorio de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria VISAVET, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Dominguez
- Área de Ganadería, Dirección General de Medio Ambiente, Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Vivienda y Ordenación del Territorio de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher M. Barker
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Rosa Diaz
- Área de Ganadería, Dirección General de Medio Ambiente, Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Vivienda y Ordenación del Territorio de la Comunidad de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Alvarez
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Struhal W, Vosko MR, Mitterhumer M, Syre G, Zeiner D, Floery D, Fellner F, Ransmayr G, Gruber F. A 70 year old farmer suffering from fatal meningoencephalitis. Brain Pathol 2014; 24:673-4. [PMID: 25345898 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Struhal
- Department of Neurology, Allgemeines Krankenhaus der Stadt Linz, Linz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Prodinger WM, Indra A, Koksalan OK, Kilicaslan Z, Richter E. Mycobacterium caprae infection in humans. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:1501-13. [PMID: 25345680 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.974560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium caprae, a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, causes tuberculosis (TB) in man and animals. Some features distinguish M. caprae from its epidemiological twin, Mycobacterium bovis: M. caprae is evolutionarily older, accounts for a smaller burden of zoonotic TB and is not globally distributed, but primarily restricted to European countries. M. caprae occurs only in a low proportion of human TB cases and this proportion may even decrease, if progress toward eradication of animal TB in Europe continues. So why bother, if M. caprae is not an enigma for diagnostic TB tests and if resistance against first-line drugs is a rarity with M. caprae? This 'European' pathogen of zoonotic TB asks interesting questions regarding the definition of a species. The latter, seemingly only an academic question, particularly requires and challenges the collaboration between human and veterinary medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang M Prodinger
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Schoepfstrasse 41, 6020 Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Bezos J, Álvarez J, Romero B, de Juan L, Domínguez L. Bovine tuberculosis: Historical perspective. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S3-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
62
|
Bacteriological diagnosis and molecular strain typing of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S30-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
63
|
Costa P, Amaro A, Ferreira AS, Machado D, Albuquerque T, Couto I, Botelho A, Viveiros M, Inácio J. Rapid identification of veterinary-relevant Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex species using 16S rDNA, IS6110 and Regions of Difference-targeted dual-labelled hydrolysis probes. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 107:13-22. [PMID: 25192844 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) are causative agents of tuberculosis (TB) in both humans and animals. MTC species are genetically very similar but may differ in their epidemiology, namely geographic distribution and host preferences, virulence traits and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. However, the conventional laboratory diagnosis does not routinely differentiate between the species of the MTC. In this work we describe a rapid and robust two-step five-target probe-based real-time PCR identification algorithm, based on genomic deletion analysis, to identify the MTC species most commonly associated with TB in livestock and other animals. The first step allows the confirmation of the cultures as MTC members, by targeting their IS6110 element, or as a mycobacterial species, if only a 16S rDNA product is detected in the duplex amplification reaction. If a MTC member is identified, the second amplification step allows the assessment of the presence or absence of the RD1, RD4 and RD9 genomic regions. The correspondent pattern allows us to infer the species of the isolate as M. tuberculosis (if all RDs are present), Mycobacterium caprae (if only RD1 and RD4 are present) and Mycobacterium bovis (if only RD1 is present). The identification algorithm developed presented an almost perfect agreement with the results of the routine bacteriological analysis, with a kappa coefficient of 0.970 (CI(P95%) 0.929-1.000). The assay is able to be adaptable to automation and implementation in the routine diagnostic framework of veterinary diagnostic laboratories, with a particular focus for reference laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Unidade Estratégica de Investigação e Serviços em Produção e Saúde Animal, Lisboa, Portugal; Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Amaro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Unidade Estratégica de Investigação e Serviços em Produção e Saúde Animal, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana S Ferreira
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Unidade Estratégica de Investigação e Serviços em Produção e Saúde Animal, Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Machado
- Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Albuquerque
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Unidade Estratégica de Investigação e Serviços em Produção e Saúde Animal, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Couto
- Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, CREM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Botelho
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Unidade Estratégica de Investigação e Serviços em Produção e Saúde Animal, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Ensino e Investigação de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, IHMT/UNL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Inácio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (INIAV, I.P.), Unidade Estratégica de Investigação e Serviços em Produção e Saúde Animal, Lisboa, Portugal; School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
High-throughput multiplex MIRU-VNTR typing of Mycobacterium bovis. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:422-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
65
|
Rodriguez-Campos S, Smith NH, Boniotti MB, Aranaz A. Overview and phylogeny of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms: implications for diagnostics and legislation of bovine tuberculosis. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97 Suppl:S5-S19. [PMID: 24630673 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) cause a serious disease with similar pathology, tuberculosis; in this review, bovine tuberculosis will be considered as disease caused by any member of the MTBC in bovids. Bovine tuberculosis is responsible for significant economic loss due to costly eradication programs and trade limitations and poses a threat to both endangered and protected species as well as to public health. We here give an overview on all members of the MTBC, focusing on their isolation from different animal hosts. We also review the recent advances made in elucidating the evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships of members of the MTBC. Because the nomenclature of the MTBC is controversial, its members have been considered species, subspecies or ecotypes, this review discusses the possible implications for diagnostics and the legal consequences of naming of new species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Rodriguez-Campos
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Noel H Smith
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Maria B Boniotti
- Centro Nazionale di Referenza per la Tubercolosi Bovina, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alicia Aranaz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hiero s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Isolation of Mycobacterium caprae (Lechtal genotype) from red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Italy. J Wildl Dis 2014; 50:330-3. [PMID: 24499334 DOI: 10.7589/2013-06-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During tuberculosis (TB) surveillance, 53 hunted red deer (Cervus elaphus) were collected to determine whether TB was present in free-ranging animals from an Italian alpine area. Samples (lungs, liver, intestine, and lymph nodes) were cultured and analyzed by real-time PCR assay carried out directly on tissue. Mycobacterium caprae was isolated from small granulomatous, tuberculosis-like lesions in the liver of a 12-yr-old female. Identification of suspect colonies was done by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the gyrb gene, and genotyping was performed by spoligotyping and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit variable number tandem repeat analysis. The isolated strain was genetically identical to strains isolated in the study area in 2001 from dairy cows imported from Austria and in 2010 from an indigenous cow. The genotype, called "Lechtal," is the most frequently detected in the TB outbreaks in Austria and Germany. The possibility that red deer act as a maintenance host of M. caprae between TB outbreaks could be not excluded. Despite the high red deer population density, the detection of only one infected red deer could suggest that the wildlife management measures applied in the study area (prohibition of artificial feeding and secure removal of offal from hunted animals) may reduce the risk of TB spreading.
Collapse
|
67
|
Pérez de Val B, Vidal E, Villarreal-Ramos B, Gilbert SC, Andaluz A, Moll X, Martín M, Nofrarías M, McShane H, Vordermeier HM, Domingo M. A multi-antigenic adenoviral-vectored vaccine improves BCG-induced protection of goats against pulmonary tuberculosis infection and prevents disease progression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81317. [PMID: 24278420 PMCID: PMC3836889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The “One world, one health” initiative emphasizes the need for new strategies to control human and animal tuberculosis (TB) based on their shared interface. A good example would be the development of novel universal vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) infection. This study uses the goat model, a natural TB host, to assess the protective effectiveness of a new vaccine candidate in combination with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine. Thirty-three goat kids were divided in three groups: Group 1) vaccinated with BCG (week 0), Group 2) vaccinated with BCG and boosted 8 weeks later with a recombinant adenovirus expressing the MTBC antigens Ag85A, TB10.4, TB9.8 and Acr2 (AdTBF), and Group 3) unvaccinated controls. Later on, an endobronchial challenge with a low dose of M. caprae was performed (week 15). After necropsy (week 28), the pulmonary gross pathology was quantified using high resolution Computed Tomography. Small granulomatous pulmonary lesions (< 0.5 cm diameter) were also evaluated through a comprehensive qualitative histopathological analysis. M. caprae CFU were counted from pulmonary lymph nodes. The AdTBF improved the effects of BCG reducing gross lesion volume and bacterial load, as well as increasing weight gain. The number of Ag85A-specific gamma interferon-producing memory T-cells was identified as a predictor of vaccine efficacy. Specific cellular and humoral responses were measured throughout the 13-week post-challenge period, and correlated with the severity of lesions. Unvaccinated goats exhibited the typical pathological features of active TB in humans and domestic ruminants, while vaccinated goats showed only very small lesions. The data presented in this study indicate that multi-antigenic adenoviral vectored vaccines boosts protection conferred by vaccination with BCG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Pérez de Val
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat autonoma de Barcelona–Investigación y tecnología Agroalimentarias, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Enric Vidal
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat autonoma de Barcelona–Investigación y tecnología Agroalimentarias, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- TB Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Andaluz
- Departament de Medicina i Cirugia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavier Moll
- Departament de Medicina i Cirugia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maite Martín
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat autonoma de Barcelona–Investigación y tecnología Agroalimentarias, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Nofrarías
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat autonoma de Barcelona–Investigación y tecnología Agroalimentarias, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - H. Martin Vordermeier
- TB Research Group, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Mariano Domingo
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Universitat autonoma de Barcelona–Investigación y tecnología Agroalimentarias, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Bezos J, Marqués S, Álvarez J, Casal C, Romero B, Grau A, Mínguez O, Domínguez L, de Juan L. Evaluation of single and comparative intradermal tuberculin tests for tuberculosis eradication in caprine flocks in Castilla y León (Spain). Res Vet Sci 2013; 96:39-46. [PMID: 24239314 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Goats can act as reservoirs for tuberculosis (TB) infection. The main etiological agents of TB in goats are Mycobacterium caprae and Mycobacterium bovis and they infect also a wide range of domestic and wild animals and humans. Control programmes based mainly on the application of single and comparative intradermal tuberculin (SIT and SCIT respectively) tests are being implemented in certain regions of Spain with a high density of caprine flocks as Castilla y León, including goats with epidemiological relationship with cattle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the intradermal tests in naturally TB-infected caprine flocks from this region. The study was performed using data from 17,450 goats in 54 different flocks that were classified as TB-infected in the control programmes executed in 2010 and 2011. Data from 1237 goats from 7 dairy flocks depopulated after the first intradermal testing were used to estimate the sensitivity (Se) using bacteriology as the gold-standard. Overall Se of the SIT test using the severe interpretation was 43.9% (CI 95%, 40.4-47.4) and decreased to 38.8% (CI 95%, 35.5-42.3) using the standard interpretation. Overall Se of the SCIT test ranged between 21.3% (CI 95%, 17.6-25.4) and 7% (CI 95%, 4.9-9.8) depending of the interpretation criteria. A significant weak positive correlation was found between age and skin fold thickness (Spearman's test p<0.05). Results from this study yielded, in general, low Se values probably due the systematic detection and slaughter of reactors as a consequence of the eradication programme in previous years or the presence of factors that may interfere in the diagnosis. Therefore, these results suggest the necessity of including ancillary diagnostic tools and/or strict interpretation criteria to maximize detection of positive animals in infected settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Bezos
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Marqués
- Servicio de Sanidad Animal de la Junta de Castilla y León, 47014 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Julio Álvarez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Casal
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Grau
- Servicio de Sanidad Animal de la Junta de Castilla y León, 47014 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Olga Mínguez
- Servicio de Sanidad Animal de la Junta de Castilla y León, 47014 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía de Juan
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Chambers MA. Review of the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Non-Bovid Wildlife Species Using Immunological Methods - An Update of Published Work Since 2009. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 60 Suppl 1:14-27. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Chambers
- Department of Bovine Tuberculosis; Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency; Addlestone Surrey UK
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Genotypic characterization by spoligotyping and VNTR typing of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae isolates from cattle of Tunisia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 46:305-11. [PMID: 24158359 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This work is an approach to the molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) bovine infections in Tunisia. A total of 35 MTBC isolates from both lateral retropharyngeal lymph node samples of cattle slaughtered in different Tunisian regions were genotyped by spoligotyping and variable number tandem repeat typing (VNTR)-typing. Spoligotyping allowed to identify two profiles not previously registered, namely SB2024, a Mycobacterium caprae isolate from Nabeul Region (North East Tunisia), the first description of this species in the country, and SB2025 (Mycobacterium bovis) from Sfax Region (Southern Tunisia). A second M. caprae isolate with a spoligotyping profile previously described in Europe mainland, SB0418, was also isolated from a bovine of Sfax region. Both isolates suggest the possibility of a widespread distribution of this species in the country. The predominant spoligotype was SB0120, present in all Tunisian regions selected for the study but Nabeul. Molecular typing also allowed to describe a mixed infection caused by two different M. bovis isolates (SB0120 and SB0848) in the same animal. VNTR typing was highly discriminant by testing a panel of six loci. Loci QUB3232 and QUB11b were the most discriminant, whereas ETR-D and QUB11a had the lower diversity index. The value of allelic diversity can significantly vary among countries; thus, it is important to standardize a panel of loci for future inter-laboratory comparisons. Although VNTR typing proved to be useful for an efficient discrimination among MTBC isolates, especially in combination with spoligotyping, further studies are needed in order to assess the genetic diversity of the MTBC in Tunisia.
Collapse
|
71
|
Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for biological hazards to be covered by meat inspection of domestic sheep and goats. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
72
|
Technical specifications on harmonised epidemiological indicators for biological hazards to be covered by meat inspection of farmed game. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
73
|
Napp S, Allepuz A, Mercader I, Nofrarías M, López-Soria S, Domingo M, Romero B, Bezos J, Pérez de Val B. Evidence of goats acting as domestic reservoirs of bovine tuberculosis. Vet Rec 2013; 172:663. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Napp
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA); UAB-IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès); Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - A. Allepuz
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA); UAB-IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès); Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - I. Mercader
- Departament d'Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca; Alimentació i Medi Natural de la; Generalitat de Catalunya; Barcelona 08007 Spain
| | - M. Nofrarías
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA); UAB-IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès); Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - S. López-Soria
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA); UAB-IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès); Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - M. Domingo
- Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - B. Romero
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET); Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - J. Bezos
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET); Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - B. Pérez de Val
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA); UAB-IRTA; Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès); Barcelona 08193 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Region of difference 4 in alpine Mycobacterium caprae isolates indicates three variants. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1381-8. [PMID: 23408688 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02966-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of complete genome sequence information for Mycobacterium caprae complicates a robust differentiation of M. caprae and Mycobacterium bovis. In this study, the presence or absence of M. caprae-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms in lepA and gyrB genes was assessed. The region of difference 4 (RD4) was analyzed for the identification and characterization of M. caprae. Molecular characteristics were evaluated in 12 recent M. caprae isolates from livestock and wildlife collected over a 3-year period in Bavaria, Germany. Conventional PCR strategies, sequence analysis of PCR fragments, and data from a next-generation sequencing approach together with variable-number tandem-repeat genotyping were utilized. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the lepA and gyrB genes indicating the presence of M. caprae were detected in all the isolates. At least three different RD4 variants were found for Alpine M. caprae isolates. The results demonstrate that the RD4 region is rather heterogeneous in M. caprae genomes. As assumed by others, the presence of RD4 is critical for PCR-based differentiation of M. caprae from M. bovis, but in addition, the observed variability of RD4 allows the identification of M. caprae genotypes and may be indicative of a geographical-type appearance.
Collapse
|
75
|
Occurrence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria species in livestock from northern China and first isolation ofMycobacterium caprae. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:1545-51. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812003020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYWe investigated the presence ofMycobacteriumspp. in livestock in northern China. Of the 163 clinical samples selected for this study, 20 were from throat swabs of dairy cows, and 143 were tissue samples (including lung tissue from one reindeer, hilar lymph node tissue from 55 cows, and liver tissue from 87 sheep). A total of 41 mycobacterial isolates were identified including two isolates ofM. capraeand 39 non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolates. Multi-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) profiles of the twoM. capraeisolates proved to be unique. This is the first report ofM. capraeisolates from livestock in China. This study also confirms previous reports that NTM is common in livestock in northern China.
Collapse
|
76
|
Pérez de Val B, Nofrarías M, López-Soria S, Garrido JM, Vordermeier HM, Villarreal-Ramos B, Martín M, Puentes E, Juste RA, Domingo M. Effects of vaccination against paratuberculosis on tuberculosis in goats: diagnostic interferences and cross-protection. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:191. [PMID: 23072619 PMCID: PMC3514378 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most countries carrying out campaigns of bovine tuberculosis (TB) eradication impose a ban on the use of mycobacterial vaccines in cattle. However, vaccination against paratuberculosis (PTB) in goats is often allowed even when its effect on TB diagnosis has not been fully evaluated. To address this issue, goat kids previously vaccinated against PTB were experimentally infected with TB. Results Evaluation of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion induced by avian and bovine tuberculins (PPD) showed a predominant avian PPD-biased response in the vaccinated group from week 4 post-vaccination onward. Although 60% of the animals were bovine reactors at week 14, avian PPD-biased responses returned at week 16. After challenge with M. caprae, the IFN-γ responses radically changed to show predominant bovine PPD-biased responses from week 18 onward. In addition, cross-reactions with bovine PPD that had been observed in the vaccinated group at week 14 were reduced when using the M. tuberculosis complex-specific antigens ESAT-6/CFP-10 and Rv3615c as new DIVA (differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals) reagents, which further maintained sensitivity post-challenge. Ninety percent of the animals reacted positively to the tuberculin cervical comparative intradermal test performed at 12 weeks post-infection. Furthermore, post-mortem analysis showed reductions in tuberculous lesions and bacterial burden in some vaccinated animals, particularly expressed in terms of the degree of extrapulmonary dissemination of TB infection. Conclusions Our results suggest a degree of interference of PTB vaccination with current TB diagnostics that can be fully mitigated when using new DIVA reagents. A partial protective effect associated with vaccination was also observed in some vaccinated animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Pérez de Val
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici CReSA, 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Goats primed with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and boosted with a recombinant adenovirus expressing Ag85A show enhanced protection against tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:1339-47. [PMID: 22761299 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00275-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This is the first efficacy study using the experimental goat model, a natural host of tuberculosis (TB), to evaluate the efficacy of heterologous Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) prime followed by boosting with a replication-deficient adenovirus expressing the antigen Ag85A (AdAg85A). Three experimental groups of 11 goat kids each were used: BCG vaccinated, BCG vaccinated and AdAg85A boosted, and nonvaccinated. Twenty-two goat kids were vaccinated with ∼5 × 10(5) CFU of BCG (week 0), and 11 of them were boosted at week 8 with 10(9) PFU of AdAg85A. At week 14, all goats were challenged by the endobronchial route with ∼1.5 × 10(3) CFU of Mycobacterium caprae. The animals were euthanized at week 28. Cellular and humoral immunity induced by vaccination and M. caprae infection was measured throughout the study. After challenge BCG-AdAg85A-vaccinated animals exhibited reduced pathology compared to BCG-vaccinated animals in lungs and in pulmonary lymph nodes. There were significant reductions in bacterial load in both groups of vaccinated goats, but the reduction was more pronounced in prime-boosted animals. Antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and humoral responses were identified as prognostic biomarkers of vaccination outcome depending on their correlation with pathological and bacteriological results. As far as we know, this is the first report using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) to measure vaccine efficacy against pulmonary TB in an animal model. The use in vaccine trials of animals that are natural hosts of TB may improve research into human TB vaccines.
Collapse
|
78
|
Rodriguez-Campos S, González S, de Juan L, Romero B, Bezos J, Casal C, Álvarez J, Fernández-de-Mera IG, Castellanos E, Mateos A, Sáez-Llorente JL, Domínguez L, Aranaz A. A database for animal tuberculosis (mycoDB.es) within the context of the Spanish national programme for eradication of bovine tuberculosis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:877-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
79
|
García-Jiménez WL, Benítez-Medina JM, Fernández-Llario P, Abecia JA, García-Sánchez A, Martínez R, Risco D, Ortiz-Peláez A, Salguero FJ, Smith NH, Gómez L, Hermoso de Mendoza J. Comparative pathology of the natural infections by Mycobacterium bovis and by Mycobacterium caprae in wild boar (Sus scrofa). Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:102-9. [PMID: 22469036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential role of wild animals in the maintenance and spread of tuberculosis (TB) infection in domestic livestock is of particular importance in countries where eradication programs have substantially reduced the incidence of bovine tuberculosis but sporadic outbreaks still occur. Mycobacterium bovis is the agent mainly isolated in wildlife in Spain, but recently, infections by Mycobacterium caprae have increased substantially. In this study, we have analysed 43 mandibular lymph nodes samples containing TB-like lesions from 43 hunted wild boar from Madrid and Extremadura (central and south-western regions of Spain). After isolation, identification and typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates, we found that 23 mandibular lymph nodes involved M. caprae infections and 20 M. bovis. The lesions were compared for histopathology (different granuloma stage and number of multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs)), and acid-fast bacilli (AFBs) were quantified in the Ziehl-Neelsen-stained slides. Granulomas produced by M. caprae showed more stage IV granulomas, more MNGCs and higher AFBs counts than those induced by M. bovis. In conclusion, lesions caused by M. caprae would be more prone to the excretion of bacilli, and infected animals result as a high-risk source of infection for other animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W L García-Jiménez
- Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Hansen N, Seiler C, Rumpf J, Kraft P, Dlaske H, Abele-Horn M, Muellges W. Human Tuberculous Meningitis Caused by Mycobacterium caprae. Case Rep Neurol 2012; 4:54-60. [PMID: 22536183 PMCID: PMC3335363 DOI: 10.1159/000337299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculous meningitis (TM) causes substantial morbidity and mortality in humans. Human TM has been known to be induced by bacteria from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), such as M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. Case Presentation We describe a case of meningitis treated with fosfomycin, which showed partial effectiveness in an 80-year-old patient. After a lethal myocardial infarction, M. caprae (MC) was identified in cerebrospinal fluid culture. This isolated acid-fast organism was first identified as MTBC by MTBC-specific PCR (16S rDNA-PCR). Furthermore, species-specific identification of the isolate was done by gyrB PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a part of gyrB DNA. Colony morphology of the isolated MC strain showed dysgonic growth on Lowenstein-Jensen medium. The strain was susceptible to pyrazinamide (PZA). Conclusion This isolated strain was convincingly identified as MC according to the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and PZA sensitivity. This is the first report of MC causing TM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Experimental model of tuberculosis in the domestic goat after endobronchial infection with Mycobacterium caprae. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1872-81. [PMID: 21880849 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05323-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Caprine tuberculosis (TB) has increased in recent years, highlighting the need to address the problem the infection poses in goats. Moreover, goats may represent a cheaper alternative for testing of prototype vaccines in large ruminants and humans. With this aim, a Mycobacterium caprae infection model has been developed in goats. Eleven 6-month-old goats were infected by the endobronchial route with 1.5 × 10(3) CFU, and two other goats were kept as noninfected controls. The animals were monitored for clinical and immunological parameters throughout the experiment. After 14 weeks, the goats were euthanized, and detailed postmortem analysis of lung lesions was performed by multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and direct observation. The respiratory lymph nodes were also evaluated and cultured for bacteriological analysis. All infected animals were positive in a single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT) test at 12 weeks postinfection (p.i.). Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) antigen-specific responses were detected from 4 weeks p.i. until the end of the experiment. The humoral response to MPB83 was especially strong at 14 weeks p.i. (13 days after SICCT boost). All infected animals presented severe TB lesions in the lungs and associated lymph nodes. M. caprae was recovered from pulmonary lymph nodes in all inoculated goats. MDCT allowed a precise quantitative measure of TB lesions. Lesions in goats induced by M. caprae appeared to be more severe than those induced in cattle by M. bovis over a similar period of time. The present work proposes a reliable new experimental animal model for a better understanding of caprine tuberculosis and future development of vaccine trials in this and other species.
Collapse
|
82
|
Smith NH, Upton P. Naming spoligotype patterns for the RD9-deleted lineage of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; www.Mbovis.org. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 12:873-6. [PMID: 21855653 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This www.Mbovis.org website and associated databases were initiated in response to the need of the Mycobacterium bovis molecular typing community for standardisation of nomenclature for spoligotype patterns. The purpose of the website is to provide standardised names for spoligotype patterns from strains of the RD9-deleted, lineage of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Each unique spoligotype pattern is named by 'SB' followed by a four integer number (e.g. SB0120) and the database currently records over 1400 patterns submitted by the research community over the last 9 years. The database holds information and authoritative names for spoligotype patterns from both clades of Mycobacterium africanum, M. bovis (antelope), Mycobacterium microti, Mycobacterium pinnipedii, Mycobacterium caprae and M. bovis. The history of the database is described, as well as the method for submitting new patterns to the database and the functionality of the website.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noel H Smith
- Centre for the Study of Evolution, University of Sussex and Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|