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Nguyen CTO, Hui F, Charng J, Velaedan S, van Koeverden AK, Lim JKH, He Z, Wong VHY, Vingrys AJ, Bui BV, Ivarsson M. Retinal biomarkers provide "insight" into cortical pharmacology and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 175:151-177. [PMID: 28174096 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The retina is an easily accessible out-pouching of the central nervous system (CNS) and thus lends itself to being a biomarker of the brain. More specifically, the presence of neuronal, vascular and blood-neural barrier parallels in the eye and brain coupled with fast and inexpensive methods to quantify retinal changes make ocular biomarkers an attractive option. This includes its utility as a biomarker for a number of cerebrovascular diseases as well as a drug pharmacology and safety biomarker for the CNS. It is a rapidly emerging field, with some areas well established, such as stroke risk and multiple sclerosis, whereas others are still in development (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, psychological disease and cortical diabetic dysfunction). The current applications and future potential of retinal biomarkers, including potential ways to improve their sensitivity and specificity are discussed. This review summarises the existing literature and provides a perspective on the strength of current retinal biomarkers and their future potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine T O Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Flora Hui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Charng
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shajan Velaedan
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna K van Koeverden
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremiah K H Lim
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vickie H Y Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Algis J Vingrys
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Magnus Ivarsson
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
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Chen H, Jiang Y, Yang Z, Hu W, Xiong L, Wang N, Liu X, Zheng G, Ouyang K, Wang W. Effects of Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. Leaf Extract on Glycolipid Metabolism and Antioxidant Capacity in Diabetic Model Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7648505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The paper investigated the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic efficacy and antioxidant capacity of Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. leaf extract (COE) in combination of high-glucose-fat diet-fed and streptozotocin-induced diabetic model mice. Various physiological indexes in diabetic model mice were well improved especially by oral administration of high dose of COE; the results were listed as follows. Fast blood glucose (FBG) level and serum triglyceride (TC), total cholesterol (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as MDA in liver were significantly reduced; fasting serum insulin (FINS) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) were both increased; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) in serum was significantly increased; total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in serum and liver were apparently enhanced; liver coefficient (LC), liver transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were decreased. Furthermore, pancreas islets and liver in diabetic model mice showed some extend of improvement in morphology and function after 4 weeks of COE treatment. In consequence, COE was advantageous to regulate glycolipid metabolism and elevate antioxidant capacity in diabetic model mice. Thus, the present study will provide a scientific evidence for the use of COE in the management of diabetes and its related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zhanwei Yang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wenbing Hu
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Guodong Zheng
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Kehui Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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Prinz N, Stingl J, Dapp A, Denkinger MD, Fasching P, Jehle PM, Merger S, Mühldorfer S, Pieper U, Schuler A, Zeyfang A, Holl RW. High rate of hypoglycemia in 6770 type 2 diabetes patients with comorbid dementia: A multicenter cohort study on 215,932 patients from the German/Austrian diabetes registry. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 112:73-81. [PMID: 26563590 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Dementia and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are two major phenomena in older people. To compare anti-hyperglycemic therapy and diabetes-related comorbidities between elderly T2D patients with or without comorbid dementia. METHODS 215,932 type 2 diabetes patients aged ≥ 40 years (median [Q1;Q3]: 70.4 [61.2;77.7] years) from the standardized, multicenter German/Austrian diabetes patient registry, DPV, were studied. To identify patients with comorbid dementia, the registry was searched by ICD-10 codes, DSM-IV/-5 codes, respective search terms and/or disease-specific medication. For group comparisons, multiple hierarchic regression modeling with adjustments for age, sex, and duration of diabetes was applied. RESULTS 3.1% (n=6770; 57% females) of the eligible T2D patients had clinically recognized comorbid dementia. After adjustment for demographics, severe hypoglycemia (insulin group: 14.8 ± 0.6 vs. 10.4 ± 0.2 events per 100 patient-years, p<0.001), hypoglycemia with coma (insulin group: 7.6 ± 0.4 vs. 3.9 ± 0.1 events per 100 patient-years, p<0.001), depression (9.9 vs. 4.7%, p<0.001), hypertension (74.7 vs. 72.2%, p<0.001), stroke (25.3 vs. 6.5%, p<0.001), diabetic foot syndrome (6.0 vs. 5.2%, p=0.004), and microalbuminuria (34.7 vs. 32.2%, p<0.001) were more common in dementia patients compared to T2D without dementia. Moreover, patients with dementia received insulin therapy more frequently (59.3 vs. 54.7%, p<0.001), but metabolic control (7.7 ± 0.1 vs. 7.7 ± 0.1%) was comparable to T2D without dementia. CONCLUSIONS In T2D with dementia, higher rates of hypoglycemia and other diabetes-related comorbidities were observed. Hence, the risks of a glucocentric and intense diabetes management with insulin and a focus on tight glycemic control without considering other factors may outweigh the benefits in elderly T2D patients with comorbid dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Prinz
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Central Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Ulm and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ulm, Germany.
| | - Julia Stingl
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, and Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Albrecht Dapp
- Diabetes Center, Hospital District Tuttlingen, Medical Clinic Spaichingen, Spaichingen, Germany
| | - Michael D Denkinger
- Geriatric Center Ulm/Alb-Donau, Geriatric Medicine at Ulm University, Agaplesion Bethesda Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Fasching
- 5th Medical Department, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter M Jehle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paul-Gerhardt-Stift, Academic hospital of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Sigrun Merger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Urte Pieper
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Wolgast, Wolgast, Germany
| | - Andreas Schuler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Helfenstein Hospital Geislingen/Steige, Geislingen/Steige, Germany
| | - Andrej Zeyfang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Central Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Ulm and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ulm, Germany; Agaplesion Bethesda Hospital Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Holl
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Central Institute for Biomedical Technology, University of Ulm and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ulm, Germany
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Chiu WC, Ho WC, Liao DL, Lin MH, Chiu CC, Su YP, Chen PC. Progress of Diabetic Severity and Risk of Dementia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:2899-908. [PMID: 26158608 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Diabetes is a risk factor for dementia, but the effects of diabetic severity on dementia are unclear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the severity and progress of diabetes and the risk of dementia. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a 12-year population-based cohort study of new-onset diabetic patients from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. The diabetic severity was evaluated by the adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index (aDCSI) from the prediabetic period to the end of follow-up. Cox proportional hazard regressions were used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) of the scores and change in the aDCSI. PARTICIPANTS Participants were 431,178 new-onset diabetic patients who were older than 50 years and had to receive antidiabetic medications. MAIN OUTCOME Dementia cases were identified by International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision, code (International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision, codes 290.0, 290.1, 290.2, 290.3, 290.4, 294.1, 331.0), and the date of the initial dementia diagnosis was used as the index date. RESULTS The scores and change in the aDCSI were associated with the risk of dementia when adjusting for patient factors, comorbidity, antidiabetic drugs, and drug adherence. At the end of the follow-up, the risks for dementia were 1.04, 1.40, 1.54, and 1.70 (P < .001 for trend) in patients with an aDCSI score of 1, 2, 3, and greater than 3, respectively. Compared with the mildly progressive patients, the adjusted HRs increased as the aDCSI increased (2 y HRs: 1.30, 1.53, and 1.97; final HRs: 2.38, 6.95, and 24.0 with the change in the aDCSI score per year: 0.51-1.00, 1.01-2.00, and > 2.00 vs < 0.50 with P < .001 for trend). CONCLUSIONS The diabetic severity and progression reflected the risk of dementia, and the early change in the aDCSI could predict the risk of dementia in new-onset diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Che Chiu
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene (W.-C.C., D.-L.L., P.-C.C.), and Department of Public Health (P.-C.C.), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (W.-C.C., Y.-P.S.), Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan; School of Medicine (W.-C.C., Y.-P.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 24205, Taiwan; Department of Public Health (W.-C.H., M.-H.L.), China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Addiction Psychiatry (D.-L.L.), Bali Psychiatric Center, New Taipei City 24936, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (C.-C.C.), Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, 11080 Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (C.-C.C.), School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 110 Taipei, Taiwan; and Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine (P.-C.C.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chao Ho
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene (W.-C.C., D.-L.L., P.-C.C.), and Department of Public Health (P.-C.C.), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (W.-C.C., Y.-P.S.), Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan; School of Medicine (W.-C.C., Y.-P.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 24205, Taiwan; Department of Public Health (W.-C.H., M.-H.L.), China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Addiction Psychiatry (D.-L.L.), Bali Psychiatric Center, New Taipei City 24936, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (C.-C.C.), Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, 11080 Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (C.-C.C.), School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 110 Taipei, Taiwan; and Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine (P.-C.C.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ding-Lieh Liao
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene (W.-C.C., D.-L.L., P.-C.C.), and Department of Public Health (P.-C.C.), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (W.-C.C., Y.-P.S.), Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan; School of Medicine (W.-C.C., Y.-P.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 24205, Taiwan; Department of Public Health (W.-C.H., M.-H.L.), China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Addiction Psychiatry (D.-L.L.), Bali Psychiatric Center, New Taipei City 24936, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (C.-C.C.), Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, 11080 Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (C.-C.C.), School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 110 Taipei, Taiwan; and Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine (P.-C.C.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hung Lin
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene (W.-C.C., D.-L.L., P.-C.C.), and Department of Public Health (P.-C.C.), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (W.-C.C., Y.-P.S.), Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan; School of Medicine (W.-C.C., Y.-P.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 24205, Taiwan; Department of Public Health (W.-C.H., M.-H.L.), China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Addiction Psychiatry (D.-L.L.), Bali Psychiatric Center, New Taipei City 24936, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (C.-C.C.), Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, 11080 Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (C.-C.C.), School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 110 Taipei, Taiwan; and Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine (P.-C.C.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chiu
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene (W.-C.C., D.-L.L., P.-C.C.), and Department of Public Health (P.-C.C.), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (W.-C.C., Y.-P.S.), Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan; School of Medicine (W.-C.C., Y.-P.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 24205, Taiwan; Department of Public Health (W.-C.H., M.-H.L.), China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Addiction Psychiatry (D.-L.L.), Bali Psychiatric Center, New Taipei City 24936, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (C.-C.C.), Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, 11080 Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (C.-C.C.), School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 110 Taipei, Taiwan; and Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine (P.-C.C.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Su
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene (W.-C.C., D.-L.L., P.-C.C.), and Department of Public Health (P.-C.C.), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (W.-C.C., Y.-P.S.), Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan; School of Medicine (W.-C.C., Y.-P.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 24205, Taiwan; Department of Public Health (W.-C.H., M.-H.L.), China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Addiction Psychiatry (D.-L.L.), Bali Psychiatric Center, New Taipei City 24936, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (C.-C.C.), Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, 11080 Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (C.-C.C.), School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 110 Taipei, Taiwan; and Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine (P.-C.C.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Pau-Chung Chen
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene (W.-C.C., D.-L.L., P.-C.C.), and Department of Public Health (P.-C.C.), College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (W.-C.C., Y.-P.S.), Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan; School of Medicine (W.-C.C., Y.-P.S.), Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei 24205, Taiwan; Department of Public Health (W.-C.H., M.-H.L.), China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Addiction Psychiatry (D.-L.L.), Bali Psychiatric Center, New Taipei City 24936, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (C.-C.C.), Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, 11080 Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry (C.-C.C.), School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 110 Taipei, Taiwan; and Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine (P.-C.C.), National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
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