51
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Nikolaev EV, Zloza A, Sontag ED. Immunobiochemical Reconstruction of Influenza Lung Infection-Melanoma Skin Cancer Interactions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:4. [PMID: 30745900 PMCID: PMC6360404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently reported that acute influenza infection of the lung promoted distal melanoma growth in the dermis of mice. Melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells were shunted to the lung in the presence of the infection, where they expressed high levels of inflammation-induced cell-activation blocker PD-1, and became incapable of migrating back to the tumor site. At the same time, co-infection virus-specific CD8+ T cells remained functional while the infection was cleared. It was also unexpectedly found that PD-1 blockade immunotherapy reversed this effect. Here, we proceed to ground the experimental observations in a mechanistic immunobiochemical model that incorporates T cell pathways that control PD-1 expression. A core component of our model is a kinetic motif, which we call a PD-1 Double Incoherent Feed-Forward Loop (DIFFL), and which reflects known interactions between IRF4, Blimp-1, and Bcl-6. The different activity levels of the PD-1 DIFFL components, as a function of the cognate antigen levels and the given inflammation context, manifest themselves in phenotypically distinct outcomes. Collectively, the model allowed us to put forward a few working hypotheses as follows: (i) the melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells re-circulating with the blood flow enter the lung where they express high levels of inflammation-induced cell-activation blocker PD-1 in the presence of infection; (ii) when PD-1 receptors interact with abundant PD-L1, constitutively expressed in the lung, T cells loose motility; (iii) at the same time, virus-specific cells adapt to strong stimulation by their cognate antigen by lowering the transiently-elevated expression of PD-1, remaining functional and mobile in the inflamed lung, while the infection is cleared. The role that T cell receptor (TCR) activation and feedback loops play in the underlying processes are also highlighted and discussed. We hope that the results reported in our study could potentially contribute to the advancement of immunological approaches to cancer treatment and, as well, to a better understanding of a broader complexity of fundamental interactions between pathogens and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeni V. Nikolaev
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Clinical Investigations and Precision Therapeutics Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Andrew Zloza
- Section of Surgical Oncology Research, Division of Surgical Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Eduardo D. Sontag
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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52
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Feucht J, Sun J, Eyquem J, Ho YJ, Zhao Z, Leibold J, Dobrin A, Cabriolu A, Hamieh M, Sadelain M. Calibration of CAR activation potential directs alternative T cell fates and therapeutic potency. Nat Med 2018; 25:82-88. [PMID: 30559421 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0290-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are synthetic receptors that target and reprogram T cells to acquire augmented antitumor properties1. CD19-specific CARs that comprise CD28 and CD3ζ signaling motifs2 have induced remarkable responses in patients with refractory leukemia3-5 and lymphoma6 and were recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration7. These CARs program highly performing effector functions that mediate potent tumor elimination4,8 despite the limited persistence they confer on T cells3-6,8. Extending their functional persistence without compromising their potency should improve current CAR therapies. Strong T cell activation drives exhaustion9,10, which may be accentuated by the redundancy of CD28 and CD3ζ signaling11,12 as well as the spatiotemporal constraints imparted by the structure of second-generation CARs2. Thus, we hypothesized that calibrating the activation potential of CD28-based CARs would differentially reprogram T cell function and differentiation. Here, we show that CARs encoding a single immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif direct T cells to different fates by balancing effector and memory programs, thereby yielding CAR designs with enhanced therapeutic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Feucht
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Zhejing, China
| | - Justin Eyquem
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeguo Zhao
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josef Leibold
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anton Dobrin
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annalisa Cabriolu
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohamad Hamieh
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering and Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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53
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Chen Y, Zander R, Khatun A, Schauder DM, Cui W. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Effector and Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2826. [PMID: 30581433 PMCID: PMC6292868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune protection and lasting memory are accomplished through the generation of phenotypically and functionally distinct CD8 T cell subsets. Understanding how these effector and memory T cells are formed is the first step in eventually manipulating the immune system for therapeutic benefit. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of CD8 T cell differentiation upon acute infection, with a focus on the transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of cell fate decision and memory formation. Moreover, we will highlight the importance of high throughput sequencing approaches and single cell technologies in providing insight into genome-wide investigations and the heterogeneity of individual CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ryan Zander
- Blood Center of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Achia Khatun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - David M Schauder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Blood Center of Wisconsin, Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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54
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Salter AI, Ivey RG, Kennedy JJ, Voillet V, Rajan A, Alderman EJ, Voytovich UJ, Lin C, Sommermeyer D, Liu L, Whiteaker JR, Gottardo R, Paulovich AG, Riddell SR. Phosphoproteomic analysis of chimeric antigen receptor signaling reveals kinetic and quantitative differences that affect cell function. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/544/eaat6753. [PMID: 30131370 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat6753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) link an antigen recognition domain to intracellular signaling domains to redirect T cell specificity and function. T cells expressing CARs with CD28/CD3ζ or 4-1BB/CD3ζ signaling domains are effective at treating refractory B cell malignancies but exhibit differences in effector function, clinical efficacy, and toxicity that are assumed to result from the activation of divergent signaling cascades. We analyzed stimulation-induced phosphorylation events in primary human CD8+ CD28/CD3ζ and 4-1BB/CD3ζ CAR T cells by mass spectrometry and found that both CAR constructs activated similar signaling intermediates. Stimulation of CD28/CD3ζ CARs activated faster and larger-magnitude changes in protein phosphorylation, which correlated with an effector T cell-like phenotype and function. In contrast, 4-1BB/CD3ζ CAR T cells preferentially expressed T cell memory-associated genes and exhibited sustained antitumor activity against established tumors in vivo. Mutagenesis of the CAR CD28 signaling domain demonstrated that the increased CD28/CD3ζ CAR signal intensity was partly related to constitutive association of Lck with this domain in CAR complexes. Our data show that CAR signaling pathways cannot be predicted solely by the domains used to construct the receptor and that signal strength is a key determinant of T cell fate. Thus, tailoring CAR design based on signal strength may lead to improved clinical efficacy and reduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I Salter
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Richard G Ivey
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jacob J Kennedy
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Valentin Voillet
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Anusha Rajan
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Eva J Alderman
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Uliana J Voytovich
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Chenwei Lin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Daniel Sommermeyer
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lingfeng Liu
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Whiteaker
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Amanda G Paulovich
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. .,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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55
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Nanjappa SG, Mudalagiriyappa S, Fites JS, Suresh M, Klein BS. CBLB Constrains Inactivated Vaccine-Induced CD8 + T Cell Responses and Immunity against Lethal Fungal Pneumonia. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1717-1726. [PMID: 30054317 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections in CD4+ T cell immunocompromised patients have risen sharply in recent years. Although vaccines offer a rational avenue to prevent infections, there are no licensed fungal vaccines available. Inactivated vaccines are safer but less efficacious and require adjuvants that may undesirably bias toward poor protective immune responses. We hypothesized that reducing the TCR signaling threshold could potentiate antifungal CD8+ T cell responses and immunity to inactivated vaccine in the absence of CD4+ T cells. In this study, we show that CBLB, a negative regulator of TCR signaling, suppresses CD8+ T cells in response to inactivated fungal vaccination in a mouse model of CD4+ T cell lymphopenia. Conversely, Cblb deficiency enhanced both the type 1 (e.g., IFN-γ) and type 17 (IL-17A) CD8+ T cell responses to inactivated fungal vaccines and augmented vaccine immunity to lethal fungal pneumonia. Furthermore, we show that immunization with live or inactivated vaccine yeast did not cause detectable pathologic condition in Cblb-/- mice. Augmented CD8+ T cell responses in the absence of CBLB also did not lead to terminal differentiation or adversely affect the expression of transcription factors T-bet, Eomes, and RORγt. Additionally, our adoptive transfer experiments showed that CBLB impedes the effector CD8+ T cell responses in a cell-intrinsic manner. Finally, we showed that ablation of Cblb overcomes the requirement of HIF-1α for expansion of CD8+ T cells upon vaccination. Thus, adjuvants that target CBLB may augment inactivated vaccines and immunity against systemic fungal infections in vulnerable patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Som G Nanjappa
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802;
| | | | - J Scott Fites
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792; and.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
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56
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Backer RA, Hombrink P, Helbig C, Amsen D. The Fate Choice Between Effector and Memory T Cell Lineages: Asymmetry, Signal Integration, and Feedback to Create Bistability. Adv Immunol 2018; 137:43-82. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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57
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Rao M, Zhenjiang L, Meng Q, Sinclair G, Dodoo E, Maeurer M. Mutant Epitopes in Cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62431-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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58
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Iseka FM, Goetz BT, Mushtaq I, An W, Cypher LR, Bielecki TA, Tom EC, Arya P, Bhattacharyya S, Storck MD, Semerad CL, Talmadge JE, Mosley RL, Band V, Band H. Role of the EHD Family of Endocytic Recycling Regulators for TCR Recycling and T Cell Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:483-499. [PMID: 29212907 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T cells use the endocytic pathway for key cell biological functions, including receptor turnover and maintenance of the immunological synapse. Some of the established players include the Rab GTPases, the SNARE complex proteins, and others, which function together with EPS-15 homology domain-containing (EHD) proteins in non-T cell systems. To date, the role of the EHD protein family in T cell function remains unexplored. We generated conditional EHD1/3/4 knockout mice using CD4-Cre and crossed these with mice bearing a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific TCR transgene. We found that CD4+ T cells from these mice exhibited reduced Ag-driven proliferation and IL-2 secretion in vitro. In vivo, these mice exhibited reduced severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Further analyses showed that recycling of the TCR-CD3 complex was impaired, leading to increased lysosomal targeting and reduced surface levels on CD4+ T cells of EHD1/3/4 knockout mice. Our studies reveal a novel role of the EHD family of endocytic recycling regulatory proteins in TCR-mediated T cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fany M Iseka
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Benjamin T Goetz
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Insha Mushtaq
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Wei An
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Luke R Cypher
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Timothy A Bielecki
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Eric C Tom
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Priyanka Arya
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Sohinee Bhattacharyya
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Matthew D Storck
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Craig L Semerad
- Flow Cytometry Research Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198; and
| | - James E Talmadge
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Vimla Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Hamid Band
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198; .,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198.,Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
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59
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Infectious pathogens may trigger specific allo-HLA reactivity via multiple mechanisms. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:631-641. [PMID: 28718002 PMCID: PMC5537314 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-0989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transplant recipients can be sensitized against allo-HLA antigens by previous transplantation, blood transfusion, or pregnancy. While there is growing awareness that multiple components of the immune system can act as effectors of the alloresponse, the role of infectious pathogen exposure in triggering sensitization and allograft rejection has remained a matter of much debate. Here, we describe that exposure to pathogens may enhance the immune response to allogeneic HLA antigens via different pathways. The potential role of allo-HLA cross-reactivity of virus-specific memory T cells, activation of innate immunity leading to a more efficient induction of the adaptive alloimmune response by antigen-presenting cells, and bystander activation of existing memory B cell activation will be discussed in this review.
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60
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Freitas CMT, Hamblin GJ, Raymond CM, Weber KS. Naïve helper T cells with high CD5 expression have increased calcium signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178799. [PMID: 28562659 PMCID: PMC5451127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is orchestrated by T helper cells and their function is dependent upon interactions between the T cell receptor (TCR), peptide MHC (pMHC) and co-receptors. TCR-pMHC interactions initiate calcium signaling cascades which determine T cell activation, survival, proliferation and differentiation. CD5 is a co-receptor that plays an important role in regulating T cell signaling and fate during thymocyte education. CD5 surface expression on mature single positive thymocytes correlates with the TCR signal strength for positive selecting self-ligands. CD5 also plays a role in T cell function after thymic development is complete. Peripheral T cells with higher CD5 expression respond better to foreign antigen than those with lower CD5 expression and CD5-high T cells are enriched in memory populations. In our study, we examined the role of CD5 expression and calcium signaling in the primary response of T cells using two Listeria monocytogenes specific T helper cells (LLO118 and LLO56). These T cells recognize the same immunodominant epitope (LLO190-205) of L. monocytogenes and have divergent primary and secondary responses and different levels of CD5 expression. We found that each T cell has unique calcium mobilization in response to in vitro stimulation with LLO190-205 and that CD5 expression levels in these cells changed over time following stimulation. LLO56 naïve T helper cells, which expresses higher levels of CD5, have higher calcium mobilization than naïve LLO118 T cells. Three days after in vitro stimulation, LLO118 T cells had more robust calcium mobilization than LLO56 and there were no differences in calcium mobilization 8 days after in vitro stimulation. To further evaluate the role of CD5, we measured calcium signaling in CD5 knockout LLO118 and LLO56 T cells at these three time points and found that CD5 plays a significant role in promoting the calcium signaling of naïve CD5-high LLO56 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M. Tellez Freitas
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Garrett J. Hamblin
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Carlee M. Raymond
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - K. Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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61
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Takamura S. Persistence in Temporary Lung Niches: A Survival Strategy of Lung-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:438-450. [PMID: 28418771 PMCID: PMC5512299 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory virus infections, such as those mediated by influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), rhinovirus, and adenovirus, are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, especially in children and older adults. Furthermore, the potential emergence of highly pathogenic strains of influenza virus poses a significant public health threat. Thus, the development of vaccines capable of eliciting long-lasting protective immunity to those pathogens is a major public health priority. CD8+ Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are a newly defined population that resides permanently in the nonlymphoid tissues including the lung. These cells are capable of providing local protection immediately after infection, thereby promoting rapid host recovery. Recent studies have offered new insights into the anatomical niches that harbor lung CD8+ TRM cells, and also identified the requirement and limitations of TRM maintenance. However, it remains controversial whether lung CD8+ TRM cells are continuously replenished by new cells from the circulation or permanently lodged in this site. A better understanding of how lung CD8+ TRM cells are generated and maintained and the tissue-specific factors that drive local TRM formation is required for optimal vaccine development. This review focuses on recent advance in our understanding of CD8+ TRM cell establishment and maintenance in the lung, and describes how those processes are uniquely regulated in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Kindai University , Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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62
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Tu WJ, Hardy K, Sutton CR, McCuaig R, Li J, Dunn J, Tan A, Brezar V, Morris M, Denyer G, Lee SK, Turner SJ, Seddiki N, Smith C, Khanna R, Rao S. Priming of transcriptional memory responses via the chromatin accessibility landscape in T cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44825. [PMID: 28317936 PMCID: PMC5357947 DOI: 10.1038/srep44825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cells exhibit transcriptional memory and “remember” their previous pathogenic encounter to increase transcription on re-infection. However, how this transcriptional priming response is regulated is unknown. Here we performed global FAIRE-seq profiling of chromatin accessibility in a human T cell transcriptional memory model. Primary activation induced persistent accessibility changes, and secondary activation induced secondary-specific opening of previously less accessible regions associated with enhanced expression of memory-responsive genes. Increased accessibility occurred largely in distal regulatory regions and was associated with increased histone acetylation and relative H3.3 deposition. The enhanced re-stimulation response was linked to the strength of initial PKC-induced signalling, and PKC-sensitive increases in accessibility upon initial stimulation showed higher accessibility on re-stimulation. While accessibility maintenance was associated with ETS-1, accessibility at re-stimulation-specific regions was linked to NFAT, especially in combination with ETS-1, EGR, GATA, NFκB, and NR4A. Furthermore, NFATC1 was directly regulated by ETS-1 at an enhancer region. In contrast to the factors that increased accessibility, signalling from bHLH and ZEB family members enhanced decreased accessibility upon re-stimulation. Interplay between distal regulatory elements, accessibility, and the combined action of sequence-specific transcription factors allows transcriptional memory-responsive genes to “remember” their initial environmental encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Juan Tu
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology &Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Kristine Hardy
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology &Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Christopher R Sutton
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology &Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Robert McCuaig
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology &Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Jasmine Li
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Microbiology &Immunology, The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jenny Dunn
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology &Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Abel Tan
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology &Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Vedran Brezar
- INSERM U955 Eq16 Faculte de medicine Henri Mondor and Universite Paris-Est, Creteil/Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil 94010, France
| | - Melanie Morris
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology &Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
| | - Gareth Denyer
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sau Kuen Lee
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Microbiology &Immunology, The Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- INSERM U955 Eq16 Faculte de medicine Henri Mondor and Universite Paris-Est, Creteil/Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil 94010, France
| | - Corey Smith
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rajiv Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Centre for Immunotherapy and Vaccine Development QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sudha Rao
- Faculty of Education, Science, Technology &Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia
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Weigt SS, Wang X, Palchevskiy V, Gregson AL, Patel N, DerHovanessian A, Shino MY, Sayah DM, Birjandi S, Lynch JP, Saggar R, Ardehali A, Ross DJ, Palmer SM, Elashoff D, Belperio JA. Gene Expression Profiling of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cells Preceding a Clinical Diagnosis of Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169894. [PMID: 28103284 PMCID: PMC5245825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction (CLAD) is the main limitation to long-term survival after lung transplantation. Although CLAD is usually not responsive to treatment, earlier identification may improve treatment prospects. Methods In a nested case control study, 1-year post transplant surveillance bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples were obtained from incipient CLAD (n = 9) and CLAD free (n = 8) lung transplant recipients. Incipient CLAD cases were diagnosed with CLAD within 2 years, while controls were free from CLAD for at least 4 years following bronchoscopy. Transcription profiles in the BAL cell pellets were assayed with the HG-U133 Plus 2.0 microarray (Affymetrix). Differential gene expression analysis, based on an absolute fold change (incipient CLAD vs no CLAD) >2.0 and an unadjusted p-value ≤0.05, generated a candidate list containing 55 differentially expressed probe sets (51 up-regulated, 4 down-regulated). Results The cell pellets in incipient CLAD cases were skewed toward immune response pathways, dominated by genes related to recruitment, retention, activation and proliferation of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8+ T-cells and natural killer cells). Both hierarchical clustering and a supervised machine learning tool were able to correctly categorize most samples (82.3% and 94.1% respectively) into incipient CLAD and CLAD-free categories. Conclusions These findings suggest that a pathobiology, similar to AR, precedes a clinical diagnosis of CLAD. A larger prospective investigation of the BAL cell pellet transcriptome as a biomarker for CLAD risk stratification is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Samuel Weigt
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Vyacheslav Palchevskiy
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aric L. Gregson
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Naman Patel
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ariss DerHovanessian
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Y. Shino
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Sayah
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shirin Birjandi
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Lynch
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Rajan Saggar
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Abbas Ardehali
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David J. Ross
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - John A. Belperio
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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64
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Gálvez J, Gálvez JJ, García-Peñarrubia P. TCR/pMHC Interaction: Phenotypic Model for an Unsolved Enigma. Front Immunol 2016; 7:467. [PMID: 27881981 PMCID: PMC5101211 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TCR-pMHC interaction is the keystone of the adaptive immune response. This process exhibits an impressive capacity of speed, sensitivity, and discrimination that allows detecting foreign pMHCs at very low concentration among much more abundant self-pMHC ligands. However, and despite over three decades of intensive research, the mechanisms by which this remarkable discrimination and sensitivity is attained remain controversial. In kinetic proofreading mechanisms (KPR), an increase of specificity occurs by reducing the sensitivity. To overcome this difficulty, more elaborate models including feedback processes or induced rebinding have been incorporated into the KPR scheme. Here a new approach based on the assumption that the proofreading chain behaves differently for foreign- and self-pMHC complexes has been integrated into a phenotypic model in which the complexes responsible for T cell activation stabilize (for foreign peptides) or weaken (for foreign peptides), resulting in a dramatic increase in sensitivity and specificity. Stabilization and destabilization of complexes may be caused by conformational changes, rebinding, or any other process leading to variations in the dissociation rate constants of the complexes transmitting the activation. The numerical solution and the analytical expression for the steady-state response as a function of koff(i) (i = 0, 1, …, N, where C0, C1, …, CN are the complexes in the proofreading chain) are provided. The activation chain speeds up, and larger increases in sensitivity and discrimination are obtained if the rate of activation along the proofreading chain increases for foreign pMHCs and decreases for self-ligands. Experimental implications and comparison with current models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Gálvez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Juan J Gálvez
- Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Computer Science Faculty, University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
| | - Pilar García-Peñarrubia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain
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65
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Conley JM, Gallagher MP, Berg LJ. T Cells and Gene Regulation: The Switching On and Turning Up of Genes after T Cell Receptor Stimulation in CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:76. [PMID: 26973653 PMCID: PMC4770016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) is directly regulated by the dose and affinity of peptide antigen. The strength of TCR signaling drives a multitude of T cell functions from development to differentiation. CD8 T cells differentiate into a diverse pool of effector and memory cells after activation, a process that is critical for pathogen clearance and is highly regulated by TCR signal strength. T cells rapidly alter their gene expression upon activation. Multiple signaling pathways downstream of the TCR activate transcription factors, which are critical for this process. The dynamics between proximal TCR signaling, transcription factor activation and CD8 T cell function are discussed here. We propose that inducible T cell kinase (ITK) acts as a rheostat for gene expression. This unique regulation of TCR signaling by ITK provides a possible signaling mechanism for the promotion of a diverse T cell repertoire in response to pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Conley
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Michael P Gallagher
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
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