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Freitas MS, Pessoni AM, Coelho C, Bonato VLD, Rodrigues ML, Casadevall A, Almeida F. Interactions of Extracellular Vesicles from Pathogenic Fungi with Innate Leukocytes. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2021; 432:89-120. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83391-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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52
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The Functional Heterogeneity of Neutrophil-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reflects the Status of the Parent Cell. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122718. [PMID: 33353087 PMCID: PMC7766779 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to other cell types, neutrophilic granulocytes also release extracellular vesicles (EVs), mainly medium-sized microvesicles/microparticles. According to published data, authors have reached a consensus on the physical parameters (size, density) and chemical composition (surface proteins, proteomics) of neutrophil-derived EVs. In contrast, there is large diversity and even controversy in the reported functional properties. Part of the discrepancy may be ascribed to differences in the viability of the starting cells, in eliciting factors, in separation techniques and in storage conditions. However, the most recent data from our laboratory prove that the same population of neutrophils is able to generate EVs with different functional properties, transmitting pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects on neighboring cells. Previously we have shown that Mac-1 integrin is a key factor that switches anti-inflammatory EV generation into pro-inflammatory and antibacterial EV production. This paper reviews current knowledge on the functional alterations initiated by neutrophil-derived EVs, listing their effects according to the triggering agents and target cells. We summarize the presence of neutrophil-derived EVs in pathological processes and their perspectives in diagnostics and therapy. Finally, the functional heterogeneity of differently triggered EVs indicates that neutrophils are capable of producing a broad spectrum of EVs, depending on the environmental conditions prevailing at the time of EV genesis.
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53
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Foers AD, Dagley LF, Chatfield S, Webb AI, Cheng L, Hill AF, Wicks IP, Pang KC. Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles reveals an immunogenic cargo in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1185. [PMID: 33204424 PMCID: PMC7648259 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fluid (SF) have been reported to stimulate the release of pro-inflammatory mediators from recipient cells. We recently developed a size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-based method for EV isolation capable of high-quality enrichments from human SF. Here, we employed this method to accurately characterise the SF EV proteome and investigate potential contributions to inflammatory pathways in RA. Methods Using our SEC-based approach, SF EVs were purified from the joints of RA patients classified as having high-level (n = 7) or low-level inflammation (n = 5), and from osteoarthritis (OA) patients (n = 5). Protein profiles were characterised by mass spectrometry. Potential contributions of EV proteins to pathological pathways and differences in protein expression between disease groups were investigated. Results Synovial fluid EVs were present at higher concentrations in RA joints with high-level inflammation (P-value = 0.004) but were smaller in diameter (P-value = 0.03) than in low-level inflammation. In total, 1058 SF EV proteins were identified by mass spectrometry analysis. Neutrophil and fibroblast markers were overrepresented in all disease groups. Numerous proteins with potential to modulate inflammatory and immunological processes were detected, including nine citrullinated peptides. Forty-five and 135 EV-associated proteins were significantly elevated in RA joints with high-level inflammation than in RA joints with low-level inflammation and OA joints, respectively. Gene ontology analysis revealed significant enrichment for proteins associated with 'neutrophil degranulation' within SF EVs from RA joints with high-level inflammation. Conclusion Our results provide new information about SF EVs and insight into how EVs might contribute to the perpetuation of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Foers
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Laura F Dagley
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Simon Chatfield
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Rheumatology Royal Melbourne Hospital Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Lesley Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
| | - Ian P Wicks
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Rheumatology Royal Melbourne Hospital Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Ken C Pang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville VIC Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Adolescent Medicine Royal Children's Hospital. Parkville VIC Australia
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54
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Pellegrini JM, Sabbione F, Morelli MP, Tateosian NL, Castello FA, Amiano NO, Palmero D, Levi A, Ciallella L, Colombo MI, Trevani AS, García VE. Neutrophil autophagy during human active tuberculosis is modulated by SLAMF1. Autophagy 2020; 17:2629-2638. [PMID: 32954947 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1825273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) predominate in tuberculosis patients' lungs. Neutrophils phagocytose the pathogen, but the mechanism of pathogen elimination is controversial. Macroautophagy/autophagy, a crucial mechanism for several neutrophil functions, can be modulated by immunological mediators. The costimulatory molecule SLAMF1 can act as a microbial sensor in macrophages being also able to interact with autophagy-related proteins. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that human neutrophils express SLAMF1 upon Mtb-stimulation. Furthermore, SLAMF1 was found colocalizing with LC3B+ vesicles, and activation of SLAMF1 increased neutrophil autophagy induced by Mtb. Finally, tuberculosis patients' neutrophils displayed reduced levels of SLAMF1 and lower levels of autophagy against Mtb as compared to healthy controls. Altogether, these results indicate that SLAMF1 participates in neutrophil autophagy during active tuberculosis.Abbreviations: AFB: acid-fast bacilli; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia; DPI: diphenyleneiodonium; EVs: extracellular vesicles; FBS: fetal bovine serum; HD: healthy donors; HR: high responder (tuberculosis patient); IFNG: interferon gamma; IL1B: interleukin 1 beta; IL17A: interleukin 17A; IL8: interleukin 8; LR: low responder (tuberculosis patient); mAb: monoclonal antibody; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAPK1/ERK2: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; MAPK14/p38: mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; Mtb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Mtb-Ag: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Strain H37Rv, whole cell lysate; NETs: neutrophils extracellular traps; PPD: purified protein derivative; ROS: reactive oxygen species; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; SLAMF1: signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1; TB: tuberculosis; TLR: toll like receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Miguel Pellegrini
- Departamento de Química Biológica. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Sabbione
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET,Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Paula Morelli
- Departamento de Química Biológica. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy Liliana Tateosian
- Departamento de Química Biológica. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Andrea Castello
- Departamento de Química Biológica. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Oscar Amiano
- Departamento de Química Biológica. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Domingo Palmero
- Hospital F.J. Muñiz, Uspallata 2272, (C1282AEN) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Levi
- Hospital F.J. Muñiz, Uspallata 2272, (C1282AEN) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lorena Ciallella
- Hospital F.J. Muñiz, Uspallata 2272, (C1282AEN) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Colombo
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Analía Silvina Trevani
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX)-CONICET,Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Edith García
- Departamento de Química Biológica. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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55
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Kolonics F, Kajdácsi E, Farkas VJ, Veres DS, Khamari D, Kittel Á, Merchant ML, McLeish KR, Lőrincz ÁM, Ligeti E. Neutrophils produce proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory extracellular vesicles depending on the environmental conditions. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:793-806. [PMID: 32946637 PMCID: PMC8851677 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0320-210r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important elements of intercellular communication. A plethora of different, occasionally even opposite, physiologic and pathologic effects have been attributed to these vesicles in the last decade. A direct comparison of individual observations is however hampered by the significant differences in the way of elicitation, collection, handling, and storage of the investigated vesicles. In the current work, we carried out a careful comparative study on 3, previously characterized types of EVs produced by neutrophilic granulocytes. We investigated in parallel the modulation of multiple blood-related cells and functions by medium-sized vesicles. We show that EVs released from resting neutrophils exert anti-inflammatory action by reducing production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokine release from neutrophils. In contrast, vesicles generated upon encounter of neutrophils with opsonized particles rather promote proinflammatory processes as they increase production of ROS and cytokine secretion from neutrophils and activate endothelial cells. EVs released from apoptosing cells were mainly active in promoting coagulation. We thus propose that EVs are “custom made,” acquiring selective capacities depending on environmental factors prevailing at the time of their biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Kolonics
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Kajdácsi
- Research Laboratory of the 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika J Farkas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel S Veres
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Delaram Khamari
- Department of Genetics and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kittel
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELRN), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael L Merchant
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Kenneth R McLeish
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ákos M Lőrincz
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Ligeti
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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56
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Shao S, Fang H, Li Q, Wang G. Extracellular vesicles in Inflammatory Skin Disorders: from Pathophysiology to Treatment. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:9937-9955. [PMID: 32929326 PMCID: PMC7481415 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), naturally secreted by almost all known cell types into extracellular space, can transfer their bioactive cargos of nucleic acids and proteins to recipient cells, mediating cell-cell communication. Thus, they participate in many pathogenic processes including immune regulation, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell death, angiogenesis, among others. Cumulative evidence has shown the important regulatory effects of EVs on the initiation and progression of inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. In dermatology, recent studies indicate that EVs play key immunomodulatory roles in inflammatory skin disorders, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, bullous pemphigoid, systemic lupus erythematosus, and wound healing. Importantly, EVs can be used as biomarkers of pathophysiological states and/or therapeutic agents, both as carriers of drugs or even as a drug by themselves. In this review, we will summarize current research advances of EVs from different cells and their implications in inflammatory skin disorders, and further discuss their future applications, updated techniques, and challenges in clinical translational medicine.
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57
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Hassanpour M, Rezabakhsh A, Rezaie J, Nouri M, Rahbarghazi R. Exosomal cargos modulate autophagy in recipient cells via different signaling pathways. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:92. [PMID: 32765827 PMCID: PMC7395405 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular system of mammalian cells is composed of two intracellular and extracellular vesicles systems, which contributes to the intra/intercellular communication and cellular homeostasis. These systems mediate transferring of biological molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids inside the cytoplasm, and between the cells. By the present study, authors describe molecular crosslink between exosome biogenesis and autophagy and take a certain focus on the autophagic cargos of exosomes and signaling pathways involved in exosome-induced autophagy in target cells and vice versa. Autophagy the generation of double-phospholipid vesicles, is a process that engulfs damaged proteins and organelles, share molecular similarity and function synergy with exosomes biogenesis for degradation or exocytosis of certain cargo. Exosomes, the smallest subtype of extracellular vesicles, originating from the membrane of the multivesicular body located inside cells demonstrate key roles in the intracellular and intercellular communication. Growing evidence demonstrates the interaction between exosome biogenesis and autophagy both at intertwined molecular pathways and crossbred vesicles known as amphisomes. Crosstalk between exosome biogenesis and autophagy contributes to maintain cellular homeostasis under external and internal stresses. Moreover, these processes can modulate each other via different signaling pathways. Exosomes contain autophagic cargos that induce autophagy via the cascade of molecular events in target cells, which called here exosome-induced autophagy. Taken together, crosstalk between exosome biogenesis and autophagy plays pivotal roles in cell homeostasis. Shedding light on the interaction between endomembrane systems may promote our knowledge about the relation between exosome and autophagy pathways in lysosome-related disorders against treatments; proposing a theoretical approach for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hassanpour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza St., Golgasht St., Tabriz, 5166614756 Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aysa Rezabakhsh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Rezaie
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 1138, Shafa St, Ershad Blvd., Urmia, 57147 Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza St., Golgasht St., Tabriz, 5166614756 Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Imam Reza St., Golgasht St., Tabriz, 5166614756 Iran.,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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58
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Layre E. Trafficking of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Envelope Components and Release Within Extracellular Vesicles: Host-Pathogen Interactions Beyond the Wall. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1230. [PMID: 32765485 PMCID: PMC7378356 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) envelope such as lipoproteins, lypoglycans, lipids, and glycolipids act as Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns and/or antigens, hence contributing in different ways to the bacillus recognition, phagocytosis, and to immune responses modulation. However, Mtb envelope components are not only encountered at the bacillus-host direct contact but can act remotely from the bacillus envelope. Indeed, they are also released from the bacillus envelope and are detected in different compartments such as the infected cells endosomal compartments or in extracellular vesicles produced by the bacillus itself or by infected cells. Characterizing their trafficking is of main importance for our understanding of their role in host-pathogen interactions and consequently for their potential use as vaccine components. This review aims at providing an overview of the current knowledge of the nature of Mtb envelope components shuttled within extracellular vesicles, the interaction of these vesicles with host immune cells and the remaining black holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Layre
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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59
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Rodrigues TS, Alvarez ARP, Gembre AF, Forni MFPDAD, de Melo BMS, Alves Filho JCF, Câmara NOS, Bonato VLD. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected alveolar epithelial cells modulate dendritic cell function through the HIF-1α-NOS2 axis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1225-1238. [PMID: 32557929 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0520-113r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis kills more than 1 million people every year, and its control depends on the effective mechanisms of innate immunity, with or without induction of adaptive immune response. We investigated the interaction of type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC-II) infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis with dendritic cells (DCs). We hypothesized that the microenvironment generated by this interaction is critical for the early innate response against mycobacteria. We found that AEC-II infected by M. tuberculosis induced DC maturation, which was negatively regulated by HIF-1α-inducible NOS2 axis, and switched DC metabolism from an early and short peak of glycolysis to a low energetic status. However, the infection of DCs by M. tuberculosis up-regulated NOS2 expression and inhibited AEC-II-induced DC maturation. Our study demonstrated, for the first time, that HIF-1α-NOS2 axis plays a negative role in the maturation of DCs during M. tuberculosis infection. Such modulation might be useful for the exploitation of molecular targets to develop new therapeutic strategies against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Silva Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Flávia Gembre
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Marcel Silva de Melo
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Transplantation Immunology Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vânia Luiza Deperon Bonato
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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60
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Allen ER, Lempke SL, Miller MM, Bush DM, Braswell BG, Estes CL, Benedict EL, Mahon AR, Sabo SL, Greenlee-Wacker MC. Effect of extracellular vesicles from S. aureus-challenged human neutrophils on macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1841-1850. [PMID: 32450612 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0320-156r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus enhances neutrophil extracellular vesicle (EV) production. To investigate whether S. aureus viability influences EV biogenesis, EVs were isolated from human neutrophils incubated with viable bacteria (bEVs) or heat-killed bacteria (heat-killed EVs). Protein analysis, nanoparticle tracking and transmission electron microscopy showed comparable EV production between subsets, and both viable and nonviable bacteria were also detected in respective EV subsets. As anticipated, S. aureus, as well as bEVs with viable bacteria, were proinflammatory, and killing bacteria with gentamicin reduced cytokine production to baseline levels. Although heat-killed bacteria induced macrophage IL-6 production, heat-killed EVs did not. Additionally, we found that human and bacterial DNA associated with bEVs, but not heat-killed EVs, and that the DNA association could be partially decreased by disrupting electrostatic interactions. We investigated the potential for DNA isolated from EVs (EV-DNA) or EVs to cause inflammation. Although liposomal encapsulation of EV-DNA increased IL-6 production from baseline by 7.5-fold, treatment of bEVs with DNase I had no effect on IL-6 and IL-1β production, suggesting that the DNA did not contribute to the inflammatory response. Filtered EVs, which lacked DNA and associated bacteria, exhibited less proinflammatory activity relative to bEVs, and enhanced macrophage expression of CD86 and HLA-DR. Ultimately, we show that bEVs isolated by differential centrifugation co-purify with bacteria and DNA, and studying their concerted activity and relative contribution to immune response is important to the study of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwina R Allen
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Samantha L Lempke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michaela M Miller
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Delaney M Bush
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Brandyn G Braswell
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Casey L Estes
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Everett L Benedict
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew R Mahon
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Shasta L Sabo
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
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61
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Chai Q, Lu Z, Liu CH. Host defense mechanisms against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1859-1878. [PMID: 31720742 PMCID: PMC11104961 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains the leading cause of death worldwide from a single infectious pathogen. Mtb is a paradigmatic intracellular pathogen that primarily invades the lungs after host inhalation of bacteria-containing droplets via the airway. However, the majority of Mtb-exposed individuals can spontaneously control the infection by virtue of a robust immune defense system. The mucosal barriers of the respiratory tract shape the first-line defense against Mtb through various mucosal immune responses. After arriving at the alveoli, the surviving mycobacteria further encounter a set of host innate immune cells that exert multiple cellular bactericidal functions. Adaptive immunity, predominantly mediated by a range of different T cell and B cell subsets, is subsequently activated and participates in host anti-mycobacterial defense. During Mtb infection, host bactericidal immune responses are exquisitely adjusted and balanced by multifaceted mechanisms, including genetic and epigenetic regulation, metabolic regulation and neuroendocrine regulation, which are indispensable for maintaining host immune efficiency and avoiding excessive tissue injury. A better understanding of the integrated and equilibrated host immune defense system against Mtb will contribute to the development of rational TB treatment regimens especially novel host-directed therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhe Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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62
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Toledo MDS, Cronemberger-Andrade A, Barbosa FMC, Reis NFDC, Dupin TV, Soares RP, Torrecilhas AC, Xander P. Effects of extracellular vesicles released by peritoneal B-1 cells on experimental Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis infection. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1803-1814. [PMID: 32356366 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0220-464rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B-1 cells are a B-lymphocyte subtype whose roles in immunity are not completely defined. These cells can produce cytokines (mainly IL-10) and natural and specific antibodies. Currently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by immune cells have emerged as new important entities in cell-cell communication. Immune cells release EVs that can activate and/or modulate other immune cells. Here, we characterized the EVs released by peritoneal B-1 cells infected or not with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. This Leishmania species causes cutaneous leishmaniasis and can infect macrophages and B-1 cells. Our results showed that peritoneal B-1 cells spontaneously release EVs, but the parasite stimulated an increase in EVs production by peritoneal B-1 cells. The treatment of BALB/c and C57BL/6 bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with EVs from infected peritoneal B-1 cells led to differential expression of iNOS, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. Additionally, BALB/c mice previous treated with EVs released by peritoneal B-1 cells showed a significant lower lesion size and parasite burden. Thus, this study demonstrated that peritoneal B-1 cells could release EVs that can alter the functions of macrophages in vitro and in vivo these EVs altered the course of L. amazonensis infection. These findings represent the first evidence that EVs from peritoneal B-1 cells can act as a new mechanism of cellular communication between macrophages and B-1 cells, contributing to immunity against experimental leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maytê Dos Santos Toledo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Talita Vieira Dupin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Parasitology, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Torrecilhas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Xander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo campus Diadema, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Paratuberculosis and bovine tuberculosis are two mycobacterial diseases of ruminants which have a considerable impact on livestock health, welfare, and production. These are chronic "iceberg" diseases which take years to manifest and in which many subclinical cases remain undetected. Suggested biomarkers to detect infected or diseased animals are numerous and include cytokines, peptides, and expression of specific genes; however, these do not provide a strong correlation to disease. Despite these advances, disease detection still relies heavily on dated methods such as detection of pathogen shedding, skin tests, or serology. Here we review the evidence for suitable biomarkers and their mechanisms of action, with a focus on identifying animals that are resilient to disease. A better understanding of these factors will help establish new strategies to control the spread of these diseases.
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64
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Mayito J, Andia I, Belay M, Jolliffe DA, Kateete DP, Reece ST, Martineau AR. Anatomic and Cellular Niches for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Latent Tuberculosis Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:685-694. [PMID: 30376080 PMCID: PMC6376907 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis has been recognized for over a century, but discovery of new niches, where Mycobacterium tuberculosis resides, continues. We evaluated literature on M.tuberculosis locations during latency, highlighting that mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells harbor organisms in sensitized asymptomatic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mayito
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Andia
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mulugeta Belay
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - David A Jolliffe
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - David P Kateete
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen T Reece
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian R Martineau
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
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65
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García-Martínez M, Vázquez-Flores L, Álvarez-Jiménez VD, Castañeda-Casimiro J, Ibáñez-Hernández M, Sánchez-Torres LE, Barrios-Payán J, Mata-Espinosa D, Estrada-Parra S, Chacón-Salinas R, Serafín-López J, Wong-Baeza I, Hernández-Pando R, Estrada-García I. Extracellular vesicles released by J774A.1 macrophages reduce the bacterial load in macrophages and in an experimental mouse model of tuberculosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:6707-6719. [PMID: 31692512 PMCID: PMC6708438 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s203507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death by an infectious microorganism worldwide. Conventional treatment lasts at least six months and has adverse effects; therefore, it is important to find therapeutic alternatives that reduce the bacterial load and may reduce the treatment duration. The immune response against tuberculosis can be modulated by several mechanisms, including extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are nano-sized membrane-bound structures that constitute an efficient communication mechanism among immune cells. Methods The EVs released by the J774A.1 mouse macrophage cell line, both spontaneously (S-EV) and after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Mtb-EV), were purified by ultra-centrifugation and size-exclusion chromatography. The size distribution and chemical composition of these EVs were evaluated, and their effect on the bacterial load and the production of cytokines was determined in both in vitro and in vivo models of M. tuberculosis infection. Results Mtb-EV are larger than S-EV, they contain M. tuberculosis-specific antigens (not detected in EVs released from M. fortuitum-infected J774A.1 cells) and are rich in phosphatidylserine, present in their outer membrane layer. S-EV, but not Mtb-EV, reduced the bacterial load and the production of MCP-1 and TNF-α in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages, and these effects were reversed when phosphatidylserine was blocked with annexin V. Both S-EV and Mtb-EV significantly reduced the lung bacterial load in mice infected with M. tuberculosis after 60 days of treatment, but they had no effect on survival or on the lung pneumonic area of these mice. Conclusion J774A.1 macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis H37Rv released EVs that differed in size and phosphatidylserine content from spontaneously released EVs, and these EVs also had different biological effects: S-EV reduced the mycobacterial load and the cytokine production in vitro (through a phosphatidylserine-dependent mechanism), while both EVs reduced the lung bacterial load in vivo. These results are the basis for further experiments to evaluate whether EVs improve the efficiency of the conventional treatment for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano García-Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Vázquez-Flores
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Violeta D Álvarez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioseguridad Nivel 3, Centro Médico Naval (CEMENAV), Secretaría de Marina Armada de México (Semar), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Castañeda-Casimiro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ibáñez-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luvia Enid Sánchez-Torres
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Barrios-Payán
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jeanet Serafín-López
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isabel Wong-Baeza
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iris Estrada-García
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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66
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Wang J, Wang Y, Tang L, Garcia RC. Extracellular Vesicles in Mycobacterial Infections: Their Potential as Molecule Transfer Vectors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1929. [PMID: 31474995 PMCID: PMC6703136 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membrane-bound structures released by living cells and present in body fluids. Their composition includes proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids and are involved in transfers between cells. Extracellular vesicles can deliver molecules to cells and tissues even if distant. As a consequence, they have a role in information transmission and in the modulation of the biological function of recipient cells. Among other things, they are involved in antigen presentation and the induction of secretion events by immune cells. Thus, extracellular vesicles participate in the regulation of immune responses during infections. We will discuss their potential as effectors and disease biomarkers concerning only mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Kunshan, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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67
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Bodega G, Alique M, Puebla L, Carracedo J, Ramírez RM. Microvesicles: ROS scavengers and ROS producers. J Extracell Vesicles 2019; 8:1626654. [PMID: 31258880 PMCID: PMC6586107 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2019.1626654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review analyzes the relationship between microvesicles and reactive oxygen species (ROS). This relationship is bidirectional; on the one hand, the number and content of microvesicles produced by the cells are affected by oxidative stress conditions; on the other hand, microvesicles can directly and/or indirectly modify the ROS content in the extra- as well as the intracellular compartments. In this regard, microvesicles contain a pro-oxidant or antioxidant machinery that may produce or scavenge ROS: direct effect. This mechanism is especially suitable for eliminating ROS in the extracellular compartment. Endothelial microvesicles, in particular, contain a specific and well-developed antioxidant machinery. On the other hand, the molecules included in microvesicles can modify (activate or inhibit) ROS metabolism in their target cells: indirect effect. This can be achieved by the incorporation into the cells of ROS metabolic enzymes included in the microvesicles, or by the regulation of signaling pathways involved in ROS metabolism. Proteins, as well as miRNAs, are involved in this last effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bodega
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - M Alique
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - L Puebla
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - J Carracedo
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - R M Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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68
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Wang L, Li Y, Liu Y, Zuo L, Li Y, Wu S, Huang R. Salmonella spv locus affects type I interferon response and the chemotaxis of neutrophils via suppressing autophagy. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:721-729. [PMID: 30753916 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a facultative intracellular pathogen that can cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. Salmonella plasmid virulence (spv) gene sequence is a highly conserved 6.8 kb region which exists in the plasmid of most pathogenic Salmonella. Autophagy is a degradation process of unnecessary and dysfunctional cytoplasm components to maintain cellular homeostasis, which could affect host inflammatory responses, such as type I interferon response. Type I interferon response can promote the antibacterial activity of macrophage as well as the secretion of cytokines and neutrophil chemokines. We previously reported that spv locus could suppress autophagy and the aggregation of neutrophils in zebrafish larvae. To explore the influence of spv locus on Salmonella escaping from the innate immune responses and the underlying mechanism, the models of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infected macrophages in vitro and zebrafish larvae in vivo were used in this study. The interactions among spv locus, autophagy, type I interferon response and the chemotaxis of neutrophils were investigated. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of autophagy related proteins and RT-qPCR was used to measure the mRNA levels of type I interferon response and the neutrophil chemokines. The chemotaxis of neutrophils were observed by Laser Scanning confocal microscopy. Autophagy agonist Torin 1 was also involved to interfere the autophagy influx. Results showed that spv locus could restrain type I interferon response and the chemotaxis of neutrophils via suppressing autophagy, which provided substantial foundation to study the mechanism of Salmonella escaping the innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University. No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Yangli Li
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University. No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Yuanhui Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University. No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Lingli Zuo
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University. No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University. No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University. No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China.
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Soochow University. No. 199, Ren Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China.
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69
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Zheng J, Tan J, Miao YY, Zhang Q. Extracellular vesicles degradation pathway based autophagy lysosome pathway. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:1170-1183. [PMID: 30972154 PMCID: PMC6456539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As an ancient intracellular degradation pathway, the autophagy lysosome pathway exists in various cells continuously and stably and maintains cellular homeostasis by degrading damaged organelles and misfolded proteins that are prejudicial to cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) including microparticles and exosomes, are derived from varieties of mammalian tissue cells such as platelets, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes. Through large quantity of active substances carried by EVs, EVs exert momentous biological functions. Recent researches have revealed the molecular mechanism of the interaction between extracellular vesicles and autophagy. In this review, we first elaborate that extracellular vesicles are identified and internalized by target cells by means of receptor-ligand. Since extracellular vesicles contain multiple functional molecules, we subsequently describe the process of intracellular autophagy pathway induced by extracellular vesicles, which activates autophagy-related pathways or delivers autophagy-associated molecules. Finally, we introduced the effects of extracellular vesicle-induced autophagy on extracellular vesicles and target cells respectively. In conclusion, this article integrates relevant theoretical knowledge of autophagy caused by extracellular vesicles and provides a new direction for the study of extracellular vesicles in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics InstituteTianjin, China
| | - Jin Tan
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics InstituteTianjin, China
| | | | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Geriatrics InstituteTianjin, China
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70
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Cheng Y, Schorey JS. Extracellular vesicles deliver Mycobacterium RNA to promote host immunity and bacterial killing. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e46613. [PMID: 30683680 PMCID: PMC6399609 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201846613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to carry microbial components and function in the host defense against infections. In this study, we demonstrate that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) RNA is delivered into macrophage-derived EVs through an M.tb SecA2-dependent pathway and that EVs released from M.tb-infected macrophages stimulate a host RIG-I/MAVS/TBK1/IRF3 RNA sensing pathway, leading to type I interferon production in recipient cells. These EVs also promote, in a RIG-I/MAVS-dependent manner, the maturation of M.tb-containing phagosomes through a noncanonical LC3 pathway, leading to increased bacterial killing. Moreover, treatment of M.tb-infected macrophages or mice with a combination of moxifloxacin and EVs, isolated from M.tb-infected macrophages, significantly lowered bacterial burden relative to either treatment alone. We hypothesize that EVs, which are preferentially removed by macrophages in vivo, can be combined with effective antibiotics as a novel approach to treat drug-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Jeffery S Schorey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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71
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Germic N, Frangez Z, Yousefi S, Simon HU. Regulation of the innate immune system by autophagy: monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and antigen presentation. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:715-727. [PMID: 30737475 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is well equipped functionally to isolate microbial pathogens in autophagosomes and to carry out their clearance by dismemberment in the course of catabolic processes in the lysosome. Clearly, this is a non-metabolic function of autophagy that impacts strongly on the immune system. While in a preceding article on neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and natural killer cells our focus was on the role of autophagy in regulating innate immune cell differentiation, degranulation, phagocytosis and extracellular trap formation, here we discuss monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells, specifically, the influence of autophagy on functional cellular responses, such as phagocytosis, antigen presentation, cytokine production, control of inflammasome activation, tolerance and the consequences for overall host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Germic
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ziva Frangez
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shida Yousefi
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
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72
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Coelho C, Brown L, Maryam M, Vij R, Smith DFQ, Burnet MC, Kyle JE, Heyman HM, Ramirez J, Prados-Rosales R, Lauvau G, Nakayasu ES, Brady NR, Hamacher-Brady A, Coppens I, Casadevall A. Listeria monocytogenes virulence factors, including listeriolysin O, are secreted in biologically active extracellular vesicles. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:1202-1217. [PMID: 30504226 PMCID: PMC6349127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles produced by Gram-negative bacteria have been studied for half a century but the possibility that Gram-positive bacteria secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) was not pursued until recently due to the assumption that the thick peptidoglycan cell wall would prevent their release to the environment. However, following their discovery in fungi, which also have cell walls, EVs have now been described for a variety of Gram-positive bacteria. EVs purified from Gram-positive bacteria are implicated in virulence, toxin release, and transference to host cells, eliciting immune responses, and spread of antibiotic resistance. Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes listeriosis. Here we report that L. monocytogenes produces EVs with diameters ranging from 20 to 200 nm, containing the pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO) and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). Cell-free EV preparations were toxic to mammalian cells, the murine macrophage cell line J774.16, in a LLO-dependent manner, evidencing EV biological activity. The deletion of plcA increased EV toxicity, suggesting PI-PLC reduced LLO activity. Using simultaneous metabolite, protein, and lipid extraction (MPLEx) multiomics we characterized protein, lipid, and metabolite composition of bacterial cells and secreted EVs and found that EVs carry the majority of listerial virulence proteins. Using immunogold EM we detected LLO at several organelles within infected human epithelial cells and with high-resolution fluorescence imaging we show that dynamic lipid structures are released from L. monocytogenes during infection. Our findings demonstrate that L. monocytogenes uses EVs for toxin release and implicate these structures in mammalian cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Coelho
- From the W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, , To whom correspondence may be addressed:
Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205. E-mail:
| | - Lisa Brown
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | - Maria Maryam
- From the W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Raghav Vij
- From the W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Daniel F. Q. Smith
- From the W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Meagan C. Burnet
- the Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and
| | - Jennifer E. Kyle
- the Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and
| | - Heino M. Heyman
- the Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and
| | - Jasmine Ramirez
- From the W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | | | - Gregoire Lauvau
- the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and ,Division of Infectious Diseases of the Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Ernesto S. Nakayasu
- the Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, and
| | - Nathan R. Brady
- From the W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Anne Hamacher-Brady
- From the W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- From the W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- From the W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, ,the Department of Microbiology and Immunology and ,Division of Infectious Diseases of the Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York 10461, , Supported by National Institutes of Health Grants 5R01HL059842, 5R01AI033774, 5R37AI033142, and 5R01AI052733. To whom correspondence may be addressed:
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205. E-mail:
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Wang W, Qu R, Wang X, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Chen C, Chen X, Qiu C, Li J, Pan X, Li W, Zhao Y. GDF11 Antagonizes Psoriasis-like Skin Inflammation via Suppression of NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2018; 42:319-330. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Dickhout A, Koenen RR. Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease; Chances and Risks. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:113. [PMID: 30186839 PMCID: PMC6113364 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of extracellular vesicles (EV) is rapidly expanding, also within cardiovascular diseases. Besides their exciting roles in cell-to-cell communication, EV have the potential to serve as excellent biomarkers, since their counts, content, and origin might provide useful information about the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders. Various studies have already indicated associations of EV counts and content with cardiovascular diseases. However, EV research is complicated by several factors, most notably the small size of EV. In this review, the advantages and drawbacks of EV-related methods and applications as biomarkers are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek Dickhout
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Rory R Koenen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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