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Li J, Yang Y, Li Q, Wei S, Zhou Y, Yu W, Xue L, Zhou L, Shen L, Lu G, Chen L, Tao S. STAT6 contributes to renal fibrosis by modulating PPARα-mediated tubular fatty acid oxidation. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:66. [PMID: 35046382 PMCID: PMC8770798 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism, especially fatty acid oxidation (FAO) dysfunction, is a major driver of renal fibrosis; however, the detailed regulatory mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study, we showed that there existed an association between the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) and tubular lipid metabolism in fibrotic kidneys. Specifically, STAT6 was activated along with the accumulation of lipids via the downregulation of FAO-related genes when mice were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or high-fat diet challenge. Tubular-specific depletion, or pharmacologic inhibitor of Stat6 in mice, and Stat6 knockdown in cultured tubular cells attenuated lipid accumulation and renal fibrosis by enhancing FAO. Mechanistically, STAT6 transcriptionally inhibited the expression of PPARα and its FAO-related target genes through a sis-inducible element located in the promoter region of the protein. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the mechanistic details of STAT6-mediated FAO dysregulation in the progression of renal fibrosis and provides a preclinical rationale for efforts to improve the management of renal fibrosis brought about by FAO dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Li
- Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China
| | - Youjing Yang
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qianmin Li
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shuhui Wei
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yujia Zhou
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wangjianfei Yu
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lian Xue
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China
| | - Guoyuan Lu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China
| | - Ling Chen
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shasha Tao
- Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Yu L, Cao S, Li J, Han B, Zhong H, Zhong R. Prognostic value and immune infiltration of a novel stromal/immune score-related P2RY12 in lung adenocarcinoma microenvironment. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107734. [PMID: 34175738 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence highlights the clinical implications of P2RY12 that belongs to the family of G-protein coupled receptors in carcinogenesis. Here, this study was designed to explore the associations between P2RY12 and tumor immune microenvironment of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). METHODS Based on 352 LUAD samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), stromal and immune scores of each sample were estimated by ESTIMATE algorithm. Differential expression analysis was presented between stromal/immune high- and low-score groups. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) was then constructed by STRING database. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was utilized to screen prognosis-related factors. Co-expressed genes of P2RY12 were analyzed, followed by functional enrichment analysis. Furthermore, the correlation between P2RY12 and immune cell infiltrations was estimated using the TIMER database. P2RY12 expression was validated between 37 pairs of LUAD and normal tissues using RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. After overexpressing P2RY12, the proliferation and migration of A549 cells was detected by CCK-8 and scratch test. RESULTS 145 up- and 102 down-regulated stromal- and immune-related mRNAs were identified for LUAD. Based on 145 up-regulated mRNAs, a PPI network was conducted, consisting of 95 nodes and 210 relationship pairs. Ten hub genes were then identified. Among them, CCR8, CNR2, CXCR5, GPR18, GPR31 and P2RY12 were in association with overall survival of patients with LUAD. After adjusting other variables, P2RY12 expression was an independent prognostic factor for LUAD. 288 co-expressed genes of P2RY12 were determined and these co-expressed genes were primarily involved in immune-related biological processes or pathways. Moreover, P2RY12 was significantly correlated with M2 macrophage and dendritic cell infiltration. After validation, P2RY12 expression was significantly decreased in LUAD than normal tissues. Its overexpression distinctly suppressed proliferation and migration of A549 cells. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that P2RY12 is an immune infiltration-related prognostic marker for LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Yu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shuhui Cao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jingwen Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Baohui Han
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Runbo Zhong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China.
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Wang YC, Wang X, Yu J, Ma F, Li Z, Zhou Y, Zeng S, Ma X, Li YR, Neal A, Huang J, To A, Clarke N, Memarzadeh S, Pellegrini M, Yang L. Targeting monoamine oxidase A-regulated tumor-associated macrophage polarization for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3530. [PMID: 34112755 PMCID: PMC8192781 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is a promising strategy to modify the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and improve cancer immunotherapy. Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is an enzyme best known for its function in the brain; small molecule MAO inhibitors (MAOIs) are clinically used for treating neurological disorders. Here we observe MAO-A induction in mouse and human TAMs. MAO-A-deficient mice exhibit decreased TAM immunosuppressive functions corresponding with enhanced antitumor immunity. MAOI treatment induces TAM reprogramming and suppresses tumor growth in preclinical mouse syngeneic and human xenograft tumor models. Combining MAOI and anti-PD-1 treatments results in synergistic tumor suppression. Clinical data correlation studies associate high intratumoral MAOA expression with poor patient survival in a broad range of cancers. We further demonstrate that MAO-A promotes TAM immunosuppressive polarization via upregulating oxidative stress. Together, these data identify MAO-A as a critical regulator of TAMs and support repurposing MAOIs for TAM reprogramming to improve cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiaji Yu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Samuel Zeng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoya Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yan-Ruide Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Adam Neal
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Angela To
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Clarke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sanaz Memarzadeh
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Karpathiou G, Papoudou-Bai A, Ferrand E, Dumollard JM, Peoc'h M. STAT6: A review of a signaling pathway implicated in various diseases with a special emphasis in its usefulness in pathology. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 223:153477. [PMID: 33991851 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6 (STAT6), belonging to a family of seven similar members is primarily stimulated by interleukin(IL)-4 and IL-13, and acts as a T helper type 2 (Th2)-inducing factor. Thus, it is implicated in the pathophysiology of various allergic conditions, such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, eosinophilic esophagitis and food allergies, but also in tumor microenvironment regulation. Furthermore, certain forms of lymphomas, notably the Hodgkin lymphoma group, the primary mediastinal and primary central nervous system lymphoma, as well as some follicular and T cell lymphomas are associated with dysregulation of the STAT6 pathway. STAT6 immunohistochemical expression also serves as a surrogate marker in the diagnosis of solitary fibrous tumor, despite not directly responsible for the tumorigenic effect. These pathophysiological implications of the STAT6 pathway, its diagnostic or prognostic role in pathology, as well its immunohistochemical detection with different antibodies will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elise Ferrand
- Pathology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Michel Peoc'h
- Pathology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
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Basu A, Ramamoorthi G, Albert G, Gallen C, Beyer A, Snyder C, Koski G, Disis ML, Czerniecki BJ, Kodumudi K. Differentiation and Regulation of T H Cells: A Balancing Act for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669474. [PMID: 34012451 PMCID: PMC8126720 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current success of immunotherapy in cancer has drawn attention to the subsets of TH cells in the tumor which are critical for activation of anti-tumor response either directly by themselves or by stimulating cytotoxic T cell activity. However, presence of immunosuppressive pro-tumorigenic TH subsets in the tumor milieu further contributes to the complexity of regulation of TH cell-mediated immune response. In this review, we present an overview of the multifaceted positive and negative effects of TH cells, with an emphasis on regulation of different TH cell subtypes by various immune cells, and how a delicate balance of contradictory signals can influence overall success of cancer immunotherapy. We focus on the regulatory network that encompasses dendritic cell-induced activation of CD4+ TH1 cells and subsequent priming of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, along with intersecting anti-inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic TH2 cell activity. We further discuss how other tumor infiltrating immune cells such as immunostimulatory TH9 and Tfh cells, immunosuppressive Treg cells, and the duality of TH17 function contribute to tip the balance of anti- vs pro-tumorigenic TH responses in the tumor. We highlight the developing knowledge of CD4+ TH1 immune response against neoantigens/oncodrivers, impact of current immunotherapy strategies on CD4+ TH1 immunity, and how opposing action of TH cell subtypes can be explored further to amplify immunotherapy success in patients. Understanding the nuances of CD4+ TH cells regulation and the molecular framework undergirding the balancing act between anti- vs pro-tumorigenic TH subtypes is critical for rational designing of immunotherapies that can bypass therapeutic escape to maximize the potential of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Basu
- Clinical Science Division, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | | | - Gabriella Albert
- Clinical Science Division, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Corey Gallen
- Clinical Science Division, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Amber Beyer
- Clinical Science Division, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Colin Snyder
- Clinical Science Division, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Gary Koski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
| | - Mary L Disis
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Brian J Czerniecki
- Clinical Science Division, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Breast Cancer Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Krithika Kodumudi
- Clinical Science Division, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
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Shi J, Song X, Traub B, Luxenhofer M, Kornmann M. Involvement of IL-4, IL-13 and Their Receptors in Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062998. [PMID: 33804263 PMCID: PMC8000536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are known as pleiotropic Th2 cytokines with a wide range of biological properties and functions especially in immune responses. In addition, increasing activities have also been determined in oncogenesis and tumor progression of several malignancies. It is now generally accepted that IL-4 and IL-13 can exert effects on epithelial tumor cells through corresponding receptors. Type II IL-4 receptor (IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα1), predominantly expressed in non-hematopoietic cells, is identified to be the main target for both IL-4 and IL-13 in tumors. Moreover, IL-13 can also signal by binding to the IL-13Rα2 receptor. Structural similarity due to the use of the same receptor complex generated in response to IL-4/IL-13 results in overlapping but also distinct signaling pathways and functions. The aim of this review was to summarize knowledge about IL-4 and IL-13 and their receptors in pancreatic cancer in order understand the implication of IL-4 and IL-13 and their receptors for pancreatic tumorigenesis and progression and for developing possible new diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Wang Z, Gu J, Han T, Li K. High-throughput sequencing profile of laryngeal cancers: analysis of co-expression and competing endogenous RNA networks of circular RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and messenger RNAs. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:483. [PMID: 33850880 PMCID: PMC8039704 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been recently identified as new classes of non-coding RNAs which participate in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. However, the functions of these non-coding RNAs and gene expression patterns are largely unknown. Methods We carried out high-throughput sequencing to analyze the differential expression of RNAs in 5 coupled laryngeal cancer (LC) and corresponding adjacent noncancerous tissues. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to predict the functions of these non-coding RNAs via co-expression, competing endogenous RNA networks and pathway enrichment analysis. The differential expression of the selected RNAs were confirmed using RT-qPCR. The CCK8, EDU, Transwell, and wound healing assays were conducted to validate the biological functions of SNHG29 in LC. Western blot assay was performed to identify the effects of SNHG29 having on the epithelial to mesenchymal transition process. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to investigate whether the expression level of SNHG29 correlated with survival in LC patients. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the correlation between the expression of SNHG29 and clinicopathological parameters of the included patients. Results Compared to normal laryngeal tissues, 31,763 non-coding RNAs were upregulated and 11,557 non-coding RNAs were downregulated in cancer tissues. SNHG29 expression was low in the LC cell lines and tissues predicting a better clinical prognosis. SNHG29 was also found to inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of LC, exerting a suppressive role in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition process as well. SNHG29 downregulation was significantly correlated with differentiation (P=0.026), T-stage (P=0.041), lymphatic metastasis (P=0.044), and clinical stage (P=0.037). We found that the biological functions of differentially expressed transcripts included cell adhesion, biological adhesion, and migration and invasion related to adherens junction pathways. Conclusions Our study was the first to describe the non-coding RNA profile of LC, and suggested that dysregulated non-coding RNAs could be involved in LC tumorigenesis. SNHG29 was demonstrated to play crucial roles in inhibiting the pathogenesis and progression of LC. Our findings provide a new approach for further analyses of pathogenetic mechanisms, the detection of novel transcripts, and the identification of valuable biomarkers for this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia Gu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Han C, Lin S, Lu X, Xue L, Wu ZB. Tumor-Associated Macrophages: New Horizons for Pituitary Adenoma Researches. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:785050. [PMID: 34925244 PMCID: PMC8675584 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.785050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are one of the most common infiltrating immune cells and an essential component of tumor microenvironment. Macrophages and the soluble cytokines and chemokines produced play an important role in tumorigenesis, progression, invasion and metastasis in solid tumors. Despite the multiple studies in other solid tumors, there is little known about macrophages in pituitary adenomas. Recently, studies about pituitary adenoma-infiltrated macrophages have been emerging, including the immunohistochemical and immunophenotypic analysis of the pituitary adenomas and further studies into the mechanism of the crosstalk between macrophages and tumor cells in vivo and in vitro. These studies have offered us new insights into the polarization of macrophages and its role in tumorigenesis, progression and invasion of pituitary adenomas. This review describes the advances in the field of pituitary adenoma-infiltrated macrophages and the prospect of targeting macrophages as cancer therapy in pituitary adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhe Bao Wu
- *Correspondence: Shaojian Lin, ; Zhe Bao Wu,
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The roles of post-translational modifications and coactivators of STAT6 signaling in tumor growth and progression. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1945-1960. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription 6 (STAT6) are highly expressed in various tumors and associated with tumorigenesis, immunosuppression, proliferation, metastasis and poor prognosis in human cancers. In response to IL-4/13, STAT6 is phosphorylated, dimerizes and triggers transcriptional regulation after recruitment of coactivators to transcriptosome, such as CBP/p300, SRC-1, PARP-14 and PSF. Post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, ADP-ribosylation and acetylation, have been explored for molecular mechanisms of STAT6 in tumor development and management. STAT6 has been developed as a specific biomarker for distinguishing and diagnosing tumor phenotypes, although it is observed to be frequently mutated in metastatic tumors. In this article, we focus mainly on the structural characteristics of STAT6 and its role in tumor growth and progression.
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Mendoza-Rodríguez MG, Sánchez-Barrera CÁ, Callejas BE, García-Castillo V, Beristain-Terrazas DL, Delgado-Buenrostro NL, Chirino YI, León-Cabrera SA, Rodríguez-Sosa M, Gutierrez-Cirlos EB, Pérez-Plasencia C, Vaca-Paniagua F, Meraz-Ríos MA, Terrazas LI. Use of STAT6 Phosphorylation Inhibitor and Trimethylglycine as New Adjuvant Therapies for 5-Fluorouracil in Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062130. [PMID: 32244885 PMCID: PMC7139326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most widespread and deadly types of neoplasia around the world, where the inflammatory microenvironment has critical importance in the process of tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. Despite its limited effectiveness, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is the main drug utilized for CRC treatment. The combination of 5-FU with other agents modestly increases its effectiveness in patients. Here, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory Trimethylglycine and the Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT6) inhibitor AS1517499, as possible adjuvants to 5-FU in already established cancers, using a model of colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC). We found that these adjuvant therapies induced a remarkable reduction of tumor growth when administrated together with 5-FU, correlating with a reduction in STAT6-phosphorylation. This reduction upgraded the effect of 5-FU by increasing both levels of apoptosis and markers of cell adhesion such as E-cadherin, whereas decreased epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers were associated with aggressive phenotypes and drug resistance, such as β-catenin nuclear translocation and Zinc finger protein SNAI1 (SNAI1). Additionally, Il-10, Tgf-β, and Il-17a, critical pro-tumorigenic cytokines, were downmodulated in the colon by these adjuvant therapies. In vitro assays on human colon cancer cells showed that Trimethylglycine also reduced STAT6-phosphorylation. Our study is relatively unique in focusing on the effects of the combined administration of AS1517499 and Trimethylglycine together with 5-FU on already established CAC which synergizes to markedly reduce the colon tumor load. Together, these data point to STAT6 as a valuable target for adjuvant therapy in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica G. Mendoza-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - C. Ángel Sánchez-Barrera
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Blanca E. Callejas
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Verónica García-Castillo
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Diana L. Beristain-Terrazas
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Norma L. Delgado-Buenrostro
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Yolanda I. Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Sonia A. León-Cabrera
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Miriam Rodríguez-Sosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Emma Bertha Gutierrez-Cirlos
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
| | - Carlos Pérez-Plasencia
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Felipe Vaca-Paniagua
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Meraz-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico;
| | - Luis I. Terrazas
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.G.M.-R.); (C.Á.S.-B.); (B.E.C.); (V.G.-C.); (D.L.B.-T.); (N.L.D.-B.); (Y.I.C.); (S.A.L.-C.); (M.R.-S.); (C.P.-P.); (F.V.-P.)
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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