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Godwin J, Raviv B, Grafi G. Dead Pericarps of Dry Fruits Function as Long-Term Storage for Active Hydrolytic Enzymes and Other Substances That Affect Germination and Microbial Growth. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6040064. [PMID: 29257090 PMCID: PMC5750640 DOI: 10.3390/plants6040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that dead pericarps of dry indehiscent fruits have evolved to provide an additional physical layer for embryo protection and as a means for long distance dispersal. The pericarps of dry fruits undergo programmed cell death (PCD) during maturation whereby most macromolecules such DNA, RNA, and proteins are thought to be degraded and their constituents remobilized to filial tissues such as embryo and endosperm. We wanted to test the hypothesis that the dead pericarp represents an elaborated layer that is capable of storing active proteins and other substances for increasing survival rate of germinating seeds. Using in gel assays we found that dead pericarps of both dehiscent and indehiscent dry fruits of various plant species including Arabidopsis thaliana and Sinapis alba release upon hydration multiple active hydrolytic enzymes that can persist in an active form for decades, including nucleases, proteases, and chitinases. Proteomic analysis of indehiscent pericarp of S. alba revealed multiple proteins released upon hydration, among them proteases and chitinases, as well as proteins involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification and cell wall modification. Pericarps appear to function also as a nutritional element-rich storage for nitrate, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, and others. Sinapis alba dehiscent and indehiscent pericarps possess germination inhibitory substances as well as substances that promote microbial growth. Collectively, our study explored previously unknown features of the dead pericarp acting also as a reservoir of biological active proteins, and other substances capable of “engineering” the microenvironment for the benefit of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Godwin
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel.
| | - Buzi Raviv
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel.
| | - Gideon Grafi
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel.
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Hou H, Zheng X, Zhang H, Yue M, Hu Y, Zhou H, Wang Q, Xie C, Wang P, Li L. Histone Deacetylase Is Required for GA-Induced Programmed Cell Death in Maize Aleurone Layers. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1484-1496. [PMID: 28972079 PMCID: PMC5664472 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries have shown that epigenetic regulation is an integral part of phytohormone-mediated processes. The phytohormone gibberellin (GA) triggers a series of events in cereal aleurone cells that lead to programmed cell death (PCD), but the signaling cascade mediating GA-induced PCD in cereal aleurone layers remains largely unknown. Here, we showed that histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity gradually increased relative to histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity, leading to a global decrease in histone H3 and H4 acetylation levels during PCD of maize (Zea mays) embryoless aleurone layers after 3 d of treatment with GA. HDAC inhibition prevented GA-induced PCD in embryoless aleurone cells, whereas HAT inhibition resulted in PCD even in the absence of GA. Hydrogen peroxide concentrations increased in GA- or HAT inhibitor-treated aleurone cells due to reduced levels of reactive oxygen species scavengers. Hydrogen peroxide-treated aleurone cells showed no changes in the activity or expression of HATs and HDACs. We show that it is possible to predict whether epigenetic modification enzymes serve as a regulator of the GA-triggered PCD signaling pathway in maize aleurone layers. Taken together, these findings reveal that HDAC activity is required for GA-induced PCD in maize aleurone layers and regulates PCD via the reactive oxygen species-mediated signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Xueke Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Mengxia Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Chengshen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
| | - Lijia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
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Yamasaki Y, Gao F, Jordan MC, Ayele BT. Seed maturation associated transcriptional programs and regulatory networks underlying genotypic difference in seed dormancy and size/weight in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:154. [PMID: 28915785 PMCID: PMC5603048 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maturation forms one of the critical seed developmental phases and it is characterized mainly by programmed cell death, dormancy and desiccation, however, the transcriptional programs and regulatory networks underlying acquisition of dormancy and deposition of storage reserves during the maturation phase of seed development are poorly understood in wheat. The present study performed comparative spatiotemporal transcriptomic analysis of seed maturation in two wheat genotypes with contrasting seed weight/size and dormancy phenotype. RESULTS The embryo and endosperm tissues of maturing seeds appeared to exhibit genotype-specific temporal shifts in gene expression profile that might contribute to the seed phenotypic variations. Functional annotations of gene clusters suggest that the two tissues exhibit distinct but genotypically overlapping molecular functions. Motif enrichment predicts genotypically distinct abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) regulated transcriptional networks contribute to the contrasting seed weight/size and dormancy phenotypes between the two genotypes. While other ABA responsive element (ABRE) motifs are enriched in both genotypes, the prevalence of G-box-like motif specifically in tissues of the dormant genotype suggests distinct ABA mediated transcriptional mechanisms control the establishment of dormancy during seed maturation. In agreement with this, the bZIP transcription factors that co-express with ABRE enriched embryonic genes differ with genotype. The enrichment of SITEIIATCYTC motif specifically in embryo clusters of maturing seeds irrespective of genotype predicts a tissue specific role for the respective TCP transcription factors with no or minimal contribution to the variations in seed dormancy. CONCLUSION The results of this study advance our understanding of the seed maturation associated molecular mechanisms underlying variation in dormancy and weight/size in wheat seeds, which is a critical step towards the designing of molecular strategies for enhancing seed yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yamasaki
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Mark C. Jordan
- Morden Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5 Canada
| | - Belay T. Ayele
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 222 Agriculture Building, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
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Fortier-McGill BE, Dutta Majumdar R, Lam L, Soong R, Liaghati-Mobarhan Y, Sutrisno A, de Visser R, Simpson MJ, Wheeler HL, Campbell M, Gorissen A, Simpson AJ. Comprehensive Multiphase (CMP) NMR Monitoring of the Structural Changes and Molecular Flux Within a Growing Seed. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6779-6788. [PMID: 28727919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A relatively recent technique termed comprehensive multiphase (CMP) NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the growth and associated metabolomic changes of 13C-labeled wheat seeds and germinated seedlings. CMP-NMR enables the study of all phases in intact samples (i.e., liquid, gel-like, semisolid, and solid), by combining all required electronics into a single NMR probe, and can be used for investigating biological processes such as seed germination. All components, from the most liquid-like (i.e., dissolved metabolites) to the most rigid or solid-like (seed coat) were monitored in situ over 4 days. A wide range of metabolites were identified, and after 96 h of germination, the number of metabolites in the mobile phase more than doubled in comparison to 0 h (dry seed). This work represents the first application of CMP-NMR to follow biological processes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blythe E Fortier-McGill
- Department of Physical and Environment Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M1C 1A4
| | - Rudraksha Dutta Majumdar
- Department of Physical and Environment Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M1C 1A4
| | - Leayen Lam
- Department of Physical and Environment Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M1C 1A4
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M5S 3H6
| | - Ronald Soong
- Department of Physical and Environment Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M1C 1A4
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M5S 3H6
| | - Yalda Liaghati-Mobarhan
- Department of Physical and Environment Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M1C 1A4
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M5S 3H6
| | - Andre Sutrisno
- Department of Physical and Environment Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M1C 1A4
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M5S 3H6
| | - Ries de Visser
- IsoLife BV , Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environment Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M1C 1A4
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M5S 3H6
| | - Heather L Wheeler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M1C 1A4
- Department of Cell Systems and Biology, University of Toronto , 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M5S 3B2
| | - Malcolm Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M1C 1A4
- Department of Cell Systems and Biology, University of Toronto , 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M5S 3B2
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario Canada , N1G 2W1
| | - Antonie Gorissen
- IsoLife BV , Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - André J Simpson
- Department of Physical and Environment Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M1C 1A4
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario Canada , M5S 3H6
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Xiao J, Jin R, Wagner D. Developmental transitions: integrating environmental cues with hormonal signaling in the chromatin landscape in plants. Genome Biol 2017; 18:88. [PMID: 28490341 PMCID: PMC5425979 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant development is predominantly postembryonic and tuned in to respond to environmental cues. All living plant cells can be triggered to de-differentiate, assume different cell identities, or form a new organism. This developmental plasticity is thought to be an adaptation to the sessile lifestyle of plants. Recent discoveries have advanced our understanding of the orchestration of plant developmental switches by transcriptional master regulators, chromatin state changes, and hormone response pathways. Here, we review these recent advances with emphasis on the earliest stages of plant development and on the switch from pluripotency to differentiation in different plant organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xiao
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Run Jin
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Doris Wagner
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Hourston JE, Ignatz M, Reith M, Leubner-Metzger G, Steinbrecher T. Biomechanical properties of wheat grains: the implications on milling. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2016.0828. [PMID: 28100826 PMCID: PMC5310733 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Millennia of continuous innovation have driven ever increasing efficiency in the milling process. Mechanically characterizing wheat grains and discerning the structure and function of the wheat bran layers can contribute to continuing innovation. We present novel shear force and puncture force testing regimes to characterize different wheat grain cultivars. The forces endured by wheat grains during the milling process can be quantified, enabling us to measure the impact of commonly applied grain pretreatments, such as microwave heating, extended tempering, enzyme and hormone treatments on grains of different ‘hardness’. Using these methods, we demonstrate the importance of short tempering phases prior to milling and identify ways in which our methods can detect differences in the maximum force, energy and breaking behaviours of hard and soft grain types. We also demonstrate for the first time, endosperm weakening in wheat, through hormone stratification on single bran layers. The modern milling process is highly refined, meaning that small, cultivar specific, adjustments can result in large increases in downstream profits. We believe that methods such as these, which enable rapid testing of milling pretreatments and material properties can help to drive an innovation process that has been core to our industrial efforts since prehistory.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Hourston
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Michael Ignatz
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | - Martin Reith
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Tina Steinbrecher
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, UK
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57
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Zhang F, Hua L, Fei J, Wang F, Liao Y, Fang W, Chen F, Teng N. Chromosome doubling to overcome the chrysanthemum cross barrier based on insight from transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:585. [PMID: 27506621 PMCID: PMC4979184 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cross breeding is the most commonly used method in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) breeding; however, cross barriers always exist in these combinations. Many studies have shown that paternal chromosome doubling can often overcome hybridization barriers during cross breeding, although the underlying mechanism has seldom been investigated. Results In this study, we performed two crosses: C. morifolium (pollen receptor) × diploid C. nankingense (pollen donor) and C. morifolium × tetraploid C. nankingense. Seeds were obtained only from the latter cross. RNA-Seq and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) were used to investigate differentially expressed genes and proteins during key embryo development stages in the latter cross. A previously performed cross, C. morifolium × diploid C. nankingense, was compared to our results and revealed that transcription factors (i.e., the agamous-like MADS-box protein AGL80 and the leucine-rich repeat receptor protein kinase EXS), hormone-responsive genes (auxin-binding protein 1), genes and proteins related to metabolism (ATP-citrate synthase, citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase) and other genes reported to contribute to embryo development (i.e., LEA, elongation factor and tubulin) had higher expression levels in the C. morifolium × tetraploid C. nankingense cross. In contrast, genes related to senescence and cell death were down-regulated in the C. morifolium × tetraploid C. nankingense cross. Conclusions The data resources helped elucidate the gene and protein expression profiles and identify functional genes during different development stages. When the chromosomes from the male parent are doubled, the genes contributing to normal embryo developmentare more abundant. However, genes with negative functions were suppressed, suggesting that chromosome doubling may epigenetically inhibit the expression of these genes and allow the embryo to develop normally. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2939-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Lab for Modern Facility Agriculture Technology and Equipment, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lichun Hua
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiangsong Fei
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuan Liao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weimin Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Nianjun Teng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. .,Jiangsu Province Engineering Lab for Modern Facility Agriculture Technology and Equipment, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Mahlow S, Orzechowski S, Fettke J. Starch phosphorylation: insights and perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2753-64. [PMID: 27147464 PMCID: PMC11108486 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
During starch metabolism, the phosphorylation of glucosyl residues of starch, to be more precise of amylopectin, is a repeatedly observed process. This phosphorylation is mediated by dikinases, the glucan, water dikinase (GWD) and the phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD). The starch-related dikinases utilize ATP as dual phosphate donor transferring the terminal γ-phosphate group to water and the β-phosphate group selectively to either C6 position or C3 position of a glucosyl residue within amylopectin. By the collaborative action of both enzymes, the initiation of a transition of α-glucans from highly ordered, water-insoluble state to a less order state is realized and thus the initial process of starch degradation. Consequently, mutants lacking either GWD or PWD reveal a starch excess phenotype as well as growth retardation. In this review, we focus on the increased knowledge collected over the last years related to enzymatic properties, the precise definition of the substrates, the physiological implications, and discuss ongoing questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mahlow
- Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Institute of General Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Planetarium 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sławomir Orzechowski
- Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
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Xu W, Fiume E, Coen O, Pechoux C, Lepiniec L, Magnani E. Endosperm and Nucellus Develop Antagonistically in Arabidopsis Seeds. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1343-60. [PMID: 27233529 PMCID: PMC4944409 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperms, seed architecture is shaped by the coordinated development of three genetically different components: embryo, endosperm, and maternal tissues. The relative contribution of these tissues to seed mass and nutrient storage varies considerably among species. The development of embryo, endosperm, or nucellus maternal tissue as primary storage compartments defines three main typologies of seed architecture. It is still debated whether the ancestral angiosperm seed accumulated nutrients in the endosperm or the nucellus. During evolution, plants shifted repeatedly between these two storage strategies through molecular mechanisms that are largely unknown. Here, we characterize the regulatory pathway underlying nucellus and endosperm tissue partitioning in Arabidopsis thaliana We show that Polycomb-group proteins repress nucellus degeneration before fertilization. A signal initiated in the endosperm by the AGAMOUS-LIKE62 MADS box transcription factor relieves this Polycomb-mediated repression and therefore allows nucellus degeneration. Further downstream in the pathway, the TRANSPARENT TESTA16 (TT16) and GORDITA MADS box transcription factors promote nucellus degeneration. Moreover, we demonstrate that TT16 mediates the crosstalk between nucellus and seed coat maternal tissues. Finally, we characterize the nucellus cell death program and its feedback role in timing endosperm development. Altogether, our data reveal the antagonistic development of nucellus and endosperm, in coordination with seed coat differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Xu
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Elisa Fiume
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Coen
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France Ecole Doctorale 145 Sciences du Végétal, University Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Christine Pechoux
- INRA, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas Cedex, France
| | - Loïc Lepiniec
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Enrico Magnani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, University of Paris-Saclay, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
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Ahmed Z, Yang H, Fu YB. The Associative Changes in Scutellum Nuclear Content and Morphology with Viability Loss of Naturally Aged and Accelerated Aging Wheat ( Triticum aestivum) Seeds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1474. [PMID: 27729925 PMCID: PMC5037135 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Timely prediction of seed viability loss over long-term storage represents a challenge in management and conservation of ex situ plant genetic resources. However, little attention has been paid to study the process of seed deterioration and seed aging signals under storage. An attempt was made here to investigate morphological and molecular changes in the scutellum and aleurone sections of naturally or artificially aged wheat seeds using TUNEL assay and DAPI staining. Twelve wheat genotypes or samples exposed to natural ageing (NA) or accelerated ageing (AA) were assayed and these samples had germination rates ranging from 11 to 93%. The assayed samples showed substantial changes in scutellum, but not aleurone. The nuclei observed in the majority of the scutellum cells of the NA seed samples of lower germination rates were longer in size and less visible, while the scutellum cell morphology or arrangement remained unchanged. In contrast, longer AA treatments resulted in the loss of scutellum cell structure, collapse of cell layers, and disappearance of honey comb arrangements. These nuclei and structural changes were consistent with the DNA assessments of nuclear alternations for the selected wheat samples. Interestingly, the sample seed germination loss was found to be associated with the reductions in the scutellum nuclear content and with the increases in the scutellum nuclei length to width ratio. These findings are significant for understanding the process of wheat seed deterioration and are also useful for searching for sensitive seed aging signals for developing tools to monitor seed viability under storage.
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González-Calle V, Barrero-Sicilia C, Carbonero P, Iglesias-Fernández R. Mannans and endo-β-mannanases (MAN) in Brachypodium distachyon: expression profiling and possible role of the BdMAN genes during coleorhiza-limited seed germination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3753-64. [PMID: 25922488 PMCID: PMC4473977 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunolocalization of mannans in the seeds of Brachypodium distachyon reveals the presence of these polysaccharides in the root embryo and in the coleorhiza in the early stages of germination (12h), decreasing thereafter to the point of being hardly detected at 27h. Concurrently, the activity of endo-β-mannanases (MANs; EC 3.2.1.78) that catalyse the hydrolysis of β-1,4 bonds in mannan polymers, increases as germination progresses. The MAN gene family is represented by six members in the Brachypodium genome, and their expression has been explored in different organs and especially in germinating seeds. Transcripts of BdMAN2, BdMAN4 and BdMAN6 accumulate in embryos, with a maximum at 24-30h, and are detected in the coleorhiza and in the root by in situ hybridization analyses, before root protrusion (germination sensu stricto). BdMAN4 is not only present in the embryo root and coleorhiza, but is abundant in the de-embryonated (endosperm) imbibed seeds, while BdMAN2 and BdMAN6 are faintly expressed in endosperm during post-germination (36-42h). BdMAN4 and BdMAN6 transcripts are detected in the aleurone layer. These data indicate that BdMAN2, BdMAN4 and BdMAN6 are important for germination sensu stricto and that BdMAN4 and BdMAN6 may also influence reserve mobilization. Whether the coleorhiza in monocots and the micropylar endosperm in eudicots have similar functions, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia González-Calle
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), and ETSI Agrónomos, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223-Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Barrero-Sicilia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), and ETSI Agrónomos, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223-Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Carbonero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), and ETSI Agrónomos, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223-Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Iglesias-Fernández
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), and ETSI Agrónomos, Campus de Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223-Madrid, Spain
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Aggarwal S, Shukla V, Bhati KK, Kaur M, Sharma S, Singh A, Mantri S, Pandey AK. Hormonal Regulation and Expression Profiles of Wheat Genes Involved during Phytic Acid Biosynthesis Pathway. PLANTS 2015; 4:298-319. [PMID: 27135330 PMCID: PMC4844322 DOI: 10.3390/plants4020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytic acid (PA) biosynthesis pathway genes were reported from multiple crop species. PA accumulation was enhanced during grain filling and at that time, hormones like Abscisic acid (ABA) and Gibberellic acid (GA3) interplay to control the process of seed development. Regulation of wheat PA pathway genes has not yet been reported in seeds. In an attempt to find the clues for the regulation by hormones, the promoter region of wheat PA pathway genes was analyzed for the presence of cis-elements. Multiple cis-elements of those known to be involved for ABA, GA3, salicylic acid (SA), and cAMP sensing were identified in the promoters of PA pathway genes. Eight genes (TaIMP, TaITPK1-4, TaPLC1, TaIPK2 and TaIPK1) involved in the wheat PA biosynthesis pathway were selected for the expression studies. The temporal expression response was studied in seeds treated with ABA and GA3 using quantitative real time PCR. Our results suggested that exogenous application of ABA induces few PA pathway genes in wheat grains. Comparison of expression profiles for PA pathway for GA3 and ABA suggested the antagonistic regulation of certain genes. Additionally, to reveal stress responses of wheat PA pathway genes, expression was also studied in the presence of SA and cAMP. Results suggested SA specific differential expression of few genes, whereas, overall repression of genes was observed in cAMP treated samples. This study is an effort to understand the regulation of PA biosynthesis genes in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipla Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, C-127 Industrial Area, S.A.S-Nagar, Phase-8, Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
| | - Vishnu Shukla
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, C-127 Industrial Area, S.A.S-Nagar, Phase-8, Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
| | - Kaushal Kumar Bhati
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, C-127 Industrial Area, S.A.S-Nagar, Phase-8, Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, C-127 Industrial Area, S.A.S-Nagar, Phase-8, Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, C-127 Industrial Area, S.A.S-Nagar, Phase-8, Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
| | - Anuradha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, C-127 Industrial Area, S.A.S-Nagar, Phase-8, Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
| | - Shrikant Mantri
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, C-127 Industrial Area, S.A.S-Nagar, Phase-8, Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
| | - Ajay Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, C-127 Industrial Area, S.A.S-Nagar, Phase-8, Mohali, Punjab 160071, India.
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Sabelli PA, Larkins BA. New insights into how seeds are made. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:196. [PMID: 25859256 PMCID: PMC4374391 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A. Sabelli
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brian A. Larkins
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of NebraskaLincoln, NE, USA
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Hu J, Rampitsch C, Bykova NV. Advances in plant proteomics toward improvement of crop productivity and stress resistancex. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:209. [PMID: 25926838 PMCID: PMC4396383 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic stresses constrain plant growth and development negatively impacting crop production. Plants have developed stress-specific adaptations as well as simultaneous responses to a combination of various abiotic stresses with pathogen infection. The efficiency of stress-induced adaptive responses is dependent on activation of molecular signaling pathways and intracellular networks by modulating expression, or abundance, and/or post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins primarily associated with defense mechanisms. In this review, we summarize and evaluate the contribution of proteomic studies to our understanding of stress response mechanisms in different plant organs and tissues. Advanced quantitative proteomic techniques have improved the coverage of total proteomes and sub-proteomes from small amounts of starting material, and characterized PTMs as well as protein-protein interactions at the cellular level, providing detailed information on organ- and tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms responding to a variety of individual stresses or stress combinations during plant life cycle. In particular, we address the tissue-specific signaling networks localized to various organelles that participate in stress-related physiological plasticity and adaptive mechanisms, such as photosynthetic efficiency, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, plant growth, tolerance and common responses to environmental stresses. We also provide an update on the progress of proteomics with major crop species and discuss the current challenges and limitations inherent to proteomics techniques and data interpretation for non-model organisms. Future directions in proteomics research toward crop improvement are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Hu
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’sNL, Canada
- Cereal Proteomics, Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, MordenMB, Canada
| | - Christof Rampitsch
- Cereal Proteomics, Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, MordenMB, Canada
| | - Natalia V. Bykova
- Cereal Proteomics, Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, MordenMB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Natalia V. Bykova, Cereal Proteomics, Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 101 Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5, Canada
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Burrieza HP, López-Fernández MP, Maldonado S. Analogous reserve distribution and tissue characteristics in quinoa and grass seeds suggest convergent evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:546. [PMID: 25360139 PMCID: PMC4199267 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Quinoa seeds are highly nutritious due to the quality of their proteins and lipids and the wide range of minerals and vitamins they store. Three compartments can be distinguished within the mature seed: embryo, endosperm, and perisperm. The distribution of main storage reserves is clearly different in those areas: the embryo and endosperm store proteins, lipids, and minerals, and the perisperm stores starch. Tissues equivalent (but not homologous) to those found in grasses can be identified in quinoa, suggesting the effectiveness of this seed reserve distribution strategy; as in cells of grass starchy endosperm, the cells of the quinoa perisperm endoreduplicate, increase in size, synthesize starch, and die during development. In addition, both systems present an extra-embryonic tissue that stores proteins, lipids and minerals: in gramineae, the aleurone layer(s) of the endosperm; in quinoa, the micropylar endosperm; in both cases, the tissues are living. Moreover, the quinoa micropylar endosperm and the coleorhiza in grasses play similar roles, protecting the root in the quiescent seed and controlling dormancy during germination. This investigation is just the beginning of a broader and comparative study of the development of quinoa and grass seeds. Several questions arise from this study, such as: how are synthesis and activation of seed proteins and enzymes regulated during development and germination, what are the genes involved in these processes, and lastly, what is the genetic foundation justifying the analogy to grasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán P. Burrieza
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental y Aplicada – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - María P. López-Fernández
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental y Aplicada – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Sara Maldonado
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biologia Experimental y Aplicada – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos AiresArgentina
- *Correspondence: Sara Maldonado, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina e-mail:
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