51
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Vasilevska Petrovska I, Trajkovski V. Effects of a Computer-Based Intervention on Emotion Understanding in Children with Autism Spectrum Conditions. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:4244-4255. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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52
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Olszanowski M, Wróbel M, Hess U. Mimicking and sharing emotions: a re-examination of the link between facial mimicry and emotional contagion. Cogn Emot 2019; 34:367-376. [PMID: 31072246 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2019.1611543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Facial mimicry has long been considered a main mechanism underlying emotional contagion (i.e. the transfer of emotions between people). A closer look at the empirical evidence, however, reveals that although these two phenomena often co-occur, the changes in emotional expressions may not necessarily be causally linked to the changes in subjective emotional experience. Here, we directly investigate this link, by testing a model in which facial activity served as a mediator between the observed emotional displays and subsequently felt emotions (i.e. emotional contagion). Participants watched videos of different senders displaying happiness, anger, or sadness, while their facial activity was recorded. After each video, participants rated their own emotions and assessed the senders' likeability and competence. Participants both mimicked and reported feeling the emotions displayed by the senders. Moreover, their facial activity partially explained the association between the senders' emotional displays and self-reported emotions, thereby supporting the notion that facial mimicry may be involved in emotional contagion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Olszanowski
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences & Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Wróbel
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ursula Hess
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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53
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Satchell LP. From photograph to face-to-face: Brief interactions change person and personality judgments. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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54
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Witkower Z, Tracy JL. A Facial-Action Imposter: How Head Tilt Influences Perceptions of Dominance From a Neutral Face. Psychol Sci 2019; 30:893-906. [PMID: 31009583 DOI: 10.1177/0956797619838762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on face perception tends to focus on facial morphology and the activation of facial muscles while ignoring any impact of head position. We raise questions about this approach by demonstrating that head movements can dramatically shift the appearance of the face to shape social judgments without engaging facial musculature. In five studies (total N = 1,517), we found that when eye gaze was directed forward, tilting one's head downward (compared with a neutral angle) increased perceptions of dominance, and this effect was due to the illusory appearance of lowered and V-shaped eyebrows caused by a downward head tilt. Tilting one's head downward therefore functions as an action-unit imposter, creating the artificial appearance of a facial action unit that has a strong effect on social perception. Social judgments about faces are therefore driven not only by facial shape and musculature but also by movements in the face's physical foundation: the head.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica L Tracy
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia
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55
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Hetland A, Kjelstrup E, Mittner M, Vittersø J. The Thrill of Speedy Descents: A Pilot Study on Differences in Facially Expressed Online Emotions and Retrospective Measures of Emotions During a Downhill Mountain-Bike Descent. Front Psychol 2019; 10:566. [PMID: 31001157 PMCID: PMC6454103 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When extreme sport athletes explain the engagement behind their taxing and risky endeavors, they often refer to the happiness generated by the activities. However, during the activity, these athletes seem neither pleased nor happy. This article proposes some answers from a study of facially expressed emotions measured moment by moment during downhill mountain biking. Self-reported emotions were also assessed immediately after the trip was over. The participants display less happiness during the activity than before and after the activity. No significant associations between facially expressed and self-reported emotions were observed. Findings are discussed with reference to the functional well-being approach arguing that some momentary feelings are non-evaluative in the sense of being caused by the difficulty of the ongoing activity. Within this framework, easy tasks produce happy feelings while difficult tasks produce interest—regardless of whether a goal has been reached or not. By contrast, retrospective emotions involve the evaluation of the activity in relation to its goal. When a goal is accomplished, the accompanying feeling is positive. If a goal (or value) is threatened, lost, or not achieved, negative feelings follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audun Hetland
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eirik Kjelstrup
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Matthias Mittner
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Joar Vittersø
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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56
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Kim AJ, Anderson BA. Neural correlates of attentional capture by stimuli previously associated with social reward. Cogn Neurosci 2019; 11:5-15. [PMID: 30784353 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2019.1585338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Our attention is strongly influenced by reward learning. Stimuli previously associated with monetary reward have been shown to automatically capture attention in both behavioral and neurophysiological studies. Stimuli previously associated with positive social feedback similarly capture attention; however, it is unknown whether such social facilitation of attention relies on similar or dissociable neural systems. Here, we used the value-driven attentional capture paradigm in an fMRI study to identify the neural correlates of attention to stimuli previously associated with social reward. The results reveal learning-dependent priority signals in the contralateral visual cortex, posterior parietal cortex, and caudate tail, similar to studies using monetary reward. An additional priority signal was consistently evident in the right middle frontal gyrus (MFG). Our findings support the notion of a common neural mechanism for directing attention on the basis of selection history that generalizes across different types of reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Brian A Anderson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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57
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Abstract
The goal of this study was to validate AFFDEX and FACET, two algorithms classifying emotions from facial expressions, in iMotions's software suite. In Study 1, pictures of standardized emotional facial expressions from three databases, the Warsaw Set of Emotional Facial Expression Pictures (WSEFEP), the Amsterdam Dynamic Facial Expression Set (ADFES), and the Radboud Faces Database (RaFD), were classified with both modules. Accuracy (Matching Scores) was computed to assess and compare the classification quality. Results show a large variance in accuracy across emotions and databases, with a performance advantage for FACET over AFFDEX. In Study 2, 110 participants' facial expressions were measured while being exposed to emotionally evocative pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), the Geneva Affective Picture Database (GAPED) and the Radboud Faces Database (RaFD). Accuracy again differed for distinct emotions, and FACET performed better. Overall, iMotions can achieve acceptable accuracy for standardized pictures of prototypical (vs. natural) facial expressions, but performs worse for more natural facial expressions. We discuss potential sources for limited validity and suggest research directions in the broader context of emotion research.
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58
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Sutton TM, Herbert AM, Clark DQ. Valence, arousal, and dominance ratings for facial stimuli. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2019; 72:2046-2055. [PMID: 30760113 DOI: 10.1177/1747021819829012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A total of 1,363 images from seven sets of facial stimuli were normed using the self-assessment manikin procedure. Each participant provided valence, arousal, and dominance ratings for 120-130 faces displaying various emotional expressions (e.g., happiness, sadness). The current work provides a large database of normed ratings for facial stimuli that complements the existing International Affective Picture System and the Affective Norms for English Words that were developed to provide a normative set of emotional ratings for photographs and words, respectively. This new database will increase experimental control in studies examining the perception, processing, and identification of emotional faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M Sutton
- Department of Psychology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Andrew M Herbert
- Department of Psychology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dailyn Q Clark
- Department of Psychology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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59
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Ashley V, Swick D. Angry and Fearful Face Conflict Effects in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Front Psychol 2019; 10:136. [PMID: 30804838 PMCID: PMC6370733 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of threatening stimuli, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can manifest as hypervigilance for threat and disrupted attentional control. PTSD patients have shown exaggerated interference effects on tasks using trauma-related or threat stimuli. In studies of PTSD, faces with negative expressions are often used as threat stimuli, yet angry and fearful facial expressions may elicit different responses. The modified Eriksen flanker task, or the emotional face flanker, has been used to examine response interference. We compared 23 PTSD patients and 23 military controls on an emotional face flanker task using angry, fearful and neutral expressions. Participants identified the emotion of a central target face flanked by faces with either congruent or incongruent emotions. As expected, both groups showed slower reaction times (RTs) and decreased accuracy on emotional target faces, relative to neutral. Unexpectedly, both groups showed nearly identical interference effects on fearful and neutral target trials. However, post hoc testing suggested that PTSD patients showed faster RTs than controls on congruent angry faces (target and flanker faces both angry) relative to incongruent, although this finding should be interpreted with caution. This possible RT facilitation effect with angry, but not fearful faces, also correlated positively with self-report measures of PTSD symptoms. These results suggest that PTSD patients may be more vigilant for, or primed to respond to, the appearance of angry faces, relative to fearful, but further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ashley
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA, United States
| | - Diane Swick
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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60
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61
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Paulus A, Renn K, Wentura D. One plus one is more than two: The interactive influence of group membership and emotional facial expressions on the modulation of the affective startle reflex. Biol Psychol 2019; 142:140-146. [PMID: 30677430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated repeatedly that the evaluation of a face is not only influenced by the social message that is signaled by the face's emotional expression, but also by other social factors such as ethnicity or group membership. Studies in the field of startle research, however, have hitherto investigated only the effects of one of the two factors - that is, either emotional expression or group membership - on the startle response. Yet, we propose that the startle reflex is a sensitive marker for the interactive effect of both factors. Specifically, we predicted that group membership influences the social meaning signaled by an emotional expression, leading to an interactive effect. In two experiments, we examined the modulation of the startle response by happy, fearful, and angry expressions shown by ingroup and outgroup members. As predicted, an interaction between group membership and emotional expression emerged, such that happiness expressed by an ingroup member resulted in lower startle responses compared to the same expression shown by an outgroup member; the opposite pattern emerged for fearful and angry expressions. This effect was found in both experiments and independent of the exact stimulus materials employed, pointing to the generalizability of the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paulus
- Chair of Psychology, Technical University of Munich, Arcisstr. 21, D-80333 München, Germany.
| | - Katrin Renn
- Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Building A2 4, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
| | - Dirk Wentura
- Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Building A2 4, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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62
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Weierich MR, Kleshchova O, Rieder JK, Reilly DM. The Complex Affective Scene Set (COMPASS): Solving the Social Content Problem in Affective Visual Stimulus Sets. COLLABRA: PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1525/collabra.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Social information, including faces and human bodies, holds special status in visual perception generally, and in visual processing of complex arrays such as real-world scenes specifically. To date, unbalanced representation of social compared with nonsocial information in affective stimulus sets has limited the clear determination of effects as attributable to, or independent of, social content. We present the Complex Affective Scene Set (COMPASS), a set of 150 social and 150 nonsocial naturalistic affective scenes that are balanced across valence and arousal dimensions. Participants (n = 847) rated valence and arousal for each scene. The normative ratings for the 300 images together, and separately by social content, show the canonical boomerang shape that confirms coverage of much of the affective circumplex. COMPASS adds uniquely to existing visual stimulus sets by balancing social content across affect dimensions, thereby eliminating a potentially major confound across affect categories (i.e., combinations of valence and arousal). The robust special status of social information persisted even after balancing of affect categories and was observed in slower rating response times for social versus nonsocial stimuli. The COMPASS images also match the complexity of real-world environments by incorporating stimulus competition within each scene. Together, these attributes facilitate the use of the stimulus set in particular for disambiguating the effects of affect and social content for a range of research questions and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann R. Weierich
- Department of Psychology, The University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, US
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, US
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, US
| | - Olena Kleshchova
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, US
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, US
| | - Jenna K. Rieder
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, US
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, US
- College of Humanities and Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, US
| | - Danielle M. Reilly
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, US
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63
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Prada M, Garrido MV, Camilo C, Rodrigues DL. Subjective ratings and emotional recognition of children's facial expressions from the CAFE set. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209644. [PMID: 30589868 PMCID: PMC6307702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Access to validated stimuli depicting children's facial expressions is useful for different research domains (e.g., developmental, cognitive or social psychology). Yet, such databases are scarce in comparison to others portraying adult models, and validation procedures are typically restricted to emotional recognition accuracy. This work presents subjective ratings for a sub-set of 283 photographs selected from the Child Affective Facial Expression set (CAFE [1]). Extending beyond the original emotion recognition accuracy norms [2], our main goal was to validate this database across eight subjective dimensions related to the model (e.g., attractiveness, familiarity) or the specific facial expression (e.g., intensity, genuineness), using a sample from a different nationality (N = 450 Portuguese participants). We also assessed emotion recognition (forced-choice task with seven options: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise and neutral). Overall results show that most photographs were rated as highly clear, genuine and intense facial expressions. The models were rated as both moderately familiar and likely to belong to the in-group, obtaining high attractiveness and arousal ratings. Results also showed that, similarly to the original study, the facial expressions were accurately recognized. Normative and raw data are available as supplementary material at https://osf.io/mjqfx/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Prada
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS - IUL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida V. Garrido
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS - IUL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Camilo
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS - IUL, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David L. Rodrigues
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS - IUL, Lisboa, Portugal
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64
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Tu YZ, Lin DW, Suzuki A, Goh JOS. East Asian Young and Older Adult Perceptions of Emotional Faces From an Age- and Sex-Fair East Asian Facial Expression Database. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2358. [PMID: 30555382 PMCID: PMC6281963 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in clarifying how different face emotion expressions are perceived by people from different cultures, of different ages and sex. However, scant availability of well-controlled emotional face stimuli from non-Western populations limit the evaluation of cultural differences in face emotion perception and how this might be modulated by age and sex differences. We present a database of East Asian face expression stimuli, enacted by young and older, male and female, Taiwanese using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Combined with a prior database, this present database consists of 90 identities with happy, sad, angry, fearful, disgusted, surprised and neutral expressions amounting to 628 photographs. Twenty young and 24 older East Asian raters scored the photographs for intensities of multiple-dimensions of emotions and induced affect. Multivariate analyses characterized the dimensionality of perceived emotions and quantified effects of age and sex. We also applied commercial software to extract computer-based metrics of emotions in photographs. Taiwanese raters perceived happy faces as one category, sad, angry, and disgusted expressions as one category, and fearful and surprised expressions as one category. Younger females were more sensitive to face emotions than younger males. Whereas, older males showed reduced face emotion sensitivity, older female sensitivity was similar or accentuated relative to young females. Commercial software dissociated six emotions according to the FACS demonstrating that defining visual features were present. Our findings show that East Asians perceive a different dimensionality of emotions than Western-based definitions in face recognition software, regardless of age and sex. Critically, stimuli with detailed cultural norms are indispensable in interpreting neural and behavioral responses involving human facial expression processing. To this end, we add to the tools, which are available upon request, for conducting such research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhen Tu
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Wei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Atsunobu Suzuki
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joshua Oon Soo Goh
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, College of Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurobiological and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Robotics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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65
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Wang X, Krumhuber EG, Gratch J. The interpersonal effects of emotions in money versus candy games. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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66
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Bocian K, Baryla W, Kulesza WM, Schnall S, Wojciszke B. The mere liking effect: Attitudinal influences on attributions of moral character. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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67
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Donadon MF, Martin-Santos R, Osório FL. Baby Faces: Development and psychometric study of a stimuli set based on babies' emotions. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 311:178-185. [PMID: 30347221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sets of stimuli from babies' facial emotions provide a good instrument to detect the recognition of facial emotion (RFE) in clinical and non clinical groups. However, specificities from the stimuli have not been widely explored and validated by previous studies. NEW METHOD We presented a new set of facial stimuli from infants aged 6-12 months, both sexes, different races, representing five basic emotions. We also present the psychometric properties of validity/reliability for each stimulus and assess whether the sociodemographic characteristics of the stimuli and the subjects affect the RFE. RESULTS The stimuli were obtained by a standardized protocol of activities to elicit emotions and 72 stimuli were developed. A total of 119 subjects from the community were selected for the psychometric analysis of the stimuli. The set produced indicators of validity (mean 62.5%) and reliability. Stimuli were evaluated using the Rash model and 15 stimuli had indicators of unpredictability and unmodeled residuals. The difficulty index of each stimulus was calculated, evidencing that the set was normally distributed. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD Previously published methods are limited in terms of racial diversity, standardisation of the elicitation of emotions, procedure of stimuli extraction, and psychometric evidence. CONCLUSIONS The findings reinforced the Differential Emotion Theory regarding the expression of basic emotions in infants and evidenced the effect of education level on emotion recognition to the detriment of other sociocultural characteristics (sex and race). This set is freely accessible by email request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Fortunata Donadon
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rocio Martin-Santos
- Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universidad of Barceloma, Barcelona, Spain; National Institute for Science and Technology (INCT-TM, CNPq, Brazil), Brazil
| | - Flávia L Osório
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universidad of Barceloma, Barcelona, Spain.
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68
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Magalhães AC, Pandeirada JNS, Fernandes NL, Soares SC. Exogenous attention and memory for faces following contextual behavioral immune system activation. Scand J Psychol 2018; 59:586-593. [PMID: 30278117 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The behavioral immune system (BIS) is characterized by affective, cognitive and behavioral processes that work in an articulated manner to prevent the occurrence of infections. Attention and memory evolved to enhance the organism's chances of survival and have been proposed to play an important role in the BIS. The present study investigated the effects of attention and memory for neutral faces after a contextual activation of the BIS. Participants were primed, by the use of film clips, either with infectious disease concerns or non-infectious disease concerns. They performed an exogenous attentional task involving the discrimination of target letters, with face stimuli presented as distractors, which was then followed by a surprise recognition task for the faces. The results showed that participants in the infectious disease condition were more accurate in the attentional task than participants in the control condition. No significant difference between groups was found in the response times during the attention task nor in memory performance. Overall, these results suggest that the BIS might be associated with a hypervigilant state towards cues in general and that BIS activation through this type of priming may not be sufficient to clearly activate mnemonic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Magalhães
- CINTESIS.UA, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Josefa N S Pandeirada
- CINTESIS.UA, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,William James Research Center (WJCR), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Natália Lisandra Fernandes
- CINTESIS.UA, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,William James Research Center (WJCR), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra C Soares
- CINTESIS.UA, Department of Education and Psychology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,William James Research Center (WJCR), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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69
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Novello B, Renner A, Maurer G, Musse S, Arteche A. Development of the Youth Emotion Picture Set. Perception 2018; 47:1029-1042. [DOI: 10.1177/0301006618797226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Several facial expression image sets have been developed. Nevertheless, there is a lack of facial expression sets comprising adolescents’ images depicting all basic emotions. This study aimed to fill this gap through the development of an image database of youth facial expressions, containing pictures of six basic emotions plus neutral. Posed and spontaneous expressions were collected from 31 youths, 12 to 20 years old; 2,279 frames were obtained, and an initial screening was conducted through the exclusion of similar frames, low intensity images, and ambiguous or blended expressions; 256 frames met criteria and were rechecked by two expert judges. Images were retained if they depicted all the prototypical features of the designated expression. A final selection was conducted to assure an image set that covered all age ranges, both sexes and an even number of images by expression, resulting in 42 frames (21 male, six of each emotion). Expert judges, independent adults, independent teenagers, and a software validation were used to assure database validity. Agreement across raters was high, and no differences were observed for posed and spontaneous images. The data set developed in this study can be a valid tool in studies of facial expressions, in particular, with adolescents’ samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Novello
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anelise Renner
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Maurer
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Soraia Musse
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriane Arteche
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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70
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Automated facial expression analysis for emotional responsivity using an aqueous bitter model. Food Qual Prefer 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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71
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Hetland A, Vittersø J, Oscar Bø Wie S, Kjelstrup E, Mittner M, Dahl TI. Skiing and Thinking About It: Moment-to-Moment and Retrospective Analysis of Emotions in an Extreme Sport. Front Psychol 2018; 9:971. [PMID: 29973894 PMCID: PMC6019491 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Happiness is typically reported as an important reason for participating in challenging activities like extreme sport. While in the middle of the activity, however, participants do not seem particularly happy. So where does the happiness come from? The article proposes some answers from a study of facially expressed emotions measured moment-by-moment during a backcountry skiing event. Self-reported emotions were also assessed immediately after the skiing. Participants expressed lower levels of happiness while skiing, compared to when stopping for a break. Moment-to-moment and self-reported measures of emotions were largely unrelated. These findings are explained with reference to the Functional Wellbeing Approach (Vittersø, 2013), which argues that some moment-to-moment feelings are non-evaluative in the sense of being generated directly by the difficulty of an activity. By contrast, retrospective emotional feelings are more complex as they include an evaluation of the overall goals and values associated with the activity as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audun Hetland
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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72
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Anderson BA, Kim H. Relating Attentional Biases for Stimuli Associated with Social Reward and Punishment to Autistic Traits. COLLABRA: PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1525/collabra.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence for impaired attention to social stimuli in autism has been mixed. The role of social feedback in shaping attention to other, non-social stimuli that are predictive of such feedback has not been examined in the context of autism. In the present study, participants searched for a color-defined target during a training phase, with the color of the target predicting the emotional reaction of a face that appeared after each trial. Then, participants performed visual search for a shape-defined target while trying to ignore the color of stimuli. On a subset of trials, one of the non-targets was rendered in the color of a former target from training. Autistic traits were measured for each participant using the Autism Quotient (AQ). Our findings replicate robust attentional capture by stimuli learned to predict valenced social feedback. There was no evidence that autistic traits are associated with blunted attention to predictors of social outcomes. Consistent with an emerging body of literature, our findings cast doubt on strong versions of the claim that autistic traits can be explained by a blunted influence of social information on the attention system. We extend these findings to non-social stimuli that predict socially relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haena Kim
- Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, US
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73
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Buimer HP, Bittner M, Kostelijk T, van der Geest TM, Nemri A, van Wezel RJA, Zhao Y. Conveying facial expressions to blind and visually impaired persons through a wearable vibrotactile device. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194737. [PMID: 29584738 PMCID: PMC5870993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In face-to-face social interactions, blind and visually impaired persons (VIPs) lack access to nonverbal cues like facial expressions, body posture, and gestures, which may lead to impaired interpersonal communication. In this study, a wearable sensory substitution device (SSD) consisting of a head mounted camera and a haptic belt was evaluated to determine whether vibrotactile cues around the waist could be used to convey facial expressions to users and whether such a device is desired by VIPs for use in daily living situations. Ten VIPs (mean age: 38.8, SD: 14.4) and 10 sighted persons (SPs) (mean age: 44.5, SD: 19.6) participated in the study, in which validated sets of pictures, silent videos, and videos with audio of facial expressions were presented to the participant. A control measurement was first performed to determine how accurately participants could identify facial expressions while relying on their functional senses. After a short training, participants were asked to determine facial expressions while wearing the emotion feedback system. VIPs using the device showed significant improvements in their ability to determine which facial expressions were shown. A significant increase in accuracy of 44.4% was found across all types of stimuli when comparing the scores of the control (mean±SEM: 35.0±2.5%) and supported (mean±SEM: 79.4±2.1%) phases. The greatest improvements achieved with the support of the SSD were found for silent stimuli (68.3% for pictures and 50.8% for silent videos). SPs also showed consistent, though not statistically significant, improvements while supported. Overall, our study shows that vibrotactile cues are well suited to convey facial expressions to VIPs in real-time. Participants became skilled with the device after a short training session. Further testing and development of the SSD is required to improve its accuracy and aesthetics for potential daily use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik P. Buimer
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Biophysics, Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Marian Bittner
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thea M. van der Geest
- Department of Media, Communication, & Organization, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Media and Design, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Abdellatif Nemri
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J. A. van Wezel
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Biophysics, Donders Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Michałowski JM, Matuszewski J, Droździel D, Koziejowski W, Rynkiewicz A, Jednoróg K, Marchewka A. Neural response patterns in spider, blood-injection-injury and social fearful individuals: new insights from a simultaneous EEG/ECG-fMRI study. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:829-845. [PMID: 27194564 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present simultaneous EEG/ECG-fMRI study we compared the temporal and spatial characteristics of the brain responses and the cardiac activity during fear picture processing between spider, blood-injection-injury (BII) and social fearful as well as healthy (non-fearful) volunteers. All participants were presented with two neutral and six fear-related blocks of pictures: two social, two spider and two blood/injection fear blocks. In a social fear block neutral images were occasionally interspersed with photographs of angry faces and social exposure scenes. In spider and blood/injection fear blocks neutral pictures were interspersed with spider fear-relevant and blood/injection pictures, respectively. When compared to healthy controls the social fear group responded with increased activations in the anterior orbital, middle/anterior cingulate and middle/superior temporal areas for pictures depicting angry faces and with a few elevated superior frontal activations for social exposure scenes. In the blood/injection fear group, heart rate was decreased and the activity in the middle/inferior frontal and visual processing regions was increased for blood/injection pictures. The HR decrease for blood/injection pictures correlated with increased frontal responses. In the spider fear group, spider fear-relevant pictures triggered increased activations within a broad subcortical and cortical neural fear network. The HR response for spider fear-relevant stimuli was increased and correlated with an increased insula and hippocampus activity. When compared to healthy controls, all fear groups showed higher LPP amplitudes for their feared cues and an overall greater P1 hypervigilance effect. Contrasts against the fear control groups showed that the increased responses for fear-specific stimuli are mostly related to specific fears and not to general anxiety proneness. The results suggest different engagement of cognitive evaluation and down-regulation strategies and an overall increased sensitization of the fear system in the three fear groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław M Michałowski
- Department of Differential Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Matuszewski
- Department of Differential Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Droździel
- Department of Differential Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Koziejowski
- Department of Differential Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rynkiewicz
- Department of Differential Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jednoróg
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Marchewka
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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75
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The Set of Fear Inducing Pictures (SFIP): Development and validation in fearful and nonfearful individuals. Behav Res Methods 2018; 49:1407-1419. [PMID: 27613018 PMCID: PMC5541104 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-016-0797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Emotionally charged pictorial materials are frequently used in phobia research, but no existing standardized picture database is dedicated to the study of different phobias. The present work describes the results of two independent studies through which we sought to develop and validate this type of database—a Set of Fear Inducing Pictures (SFIP). In Study 1, 270 fear-relevant and 130 neutral stimuli were rated for fear, arousal, and valence by four groups of participants; small-animal (N = 34), blood/injection (N = 26), social-fearful (N = 35), and nonfearful participants (N = 22). The results from Study 1 were employed to develop the final version of the SFIP, which includes fear-relevant images of social exposure (N = 40), blood/injection (N = 80), spiders/bugs (N = 80), and angry faces (N = 30), as well as 726 neutral photographs. In Study 2, we aimed to validate the SFIP in a sample of spider, blood/injection, social-fearful, and control individuals (N = 66). The fear-relevant images were rated as being more unpleasant and led to greater fear and arousal in fearful than in nonfearful individuals. The fear images differentiated between the three fear groups in the expected directions. Overall, the present findings provide evidence for the high validity of the SFIP and confirm that the set may be successfully used in phobia research.
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76
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Positive online attentional training as a means of modifying attentional and interpretational biases among the clinically depressed: An experimental study using eye tracking. J Clin Psychol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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77
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Impairments of Theory of Mind (ToM) have been repeatedly demonstrated in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ). However, only a handful of studies have explored deficits in affective and cognitive subcomponents of ToM. Thus, this study aims to examine affective and cognitive ToM abilities in SCZ by using a novel, verbal paradigm. METHODS Twenty-four SCZ and 22 healthy comparison subjects (HC) completed a battery of tasks, which consisted of: (i) Brief Cognitive Assessment Tool for Schizophrenia (B-CATS), (ii) three well-established tasks measuring social cognitive abilities, and (iii) original tasks which assess ability to infer cognitive and affective mental states based on everyday verbal social interactions. RESULTS In line with previous findings, SCZ were outperformed by HC in all tasks. However, the interaction effect of the group and the task showed that cognitive (as opposed to affective) ToM was more profoundly impaired in patients with SCZ. CONCLUSIONS It is proposed that in SCZ group cognitive ToM is more impaired as it involves more effortful reflective processes, while affective ToM, which is more automatic and based on reflexive processes, may differentiate patients from healthy comparison subjects to a lesser extent. (JINS, 2018, 24, 305-309).
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78
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Jahnke S. Emotions and Cognitions Associated with the Stigma of Non-Offending Pedophilia: A Vignette Experiment. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2018; 47:363-373. [PMID: 29159755 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive and affective antecedents of the desire to avoid or punish non-offending pedophilic individuals are not well understood. In this article, we examined the effects of non-offending motivation (internal vs. external) and sexual orientation (pedophilic vs. teleiophilic) on cognitive apprehensions (amorality, dangerousness, abnormality), emotions (fear, anger, disgust), punitive attitudes, and social distance toward a man experiencing a sexually transgressive impulse. A total of 205 U.S.-based MTurk workers were randomly assigned to one of four groups in this 2 × 2 factorial vignette study. As expected, pedophilic orientations and extrinsic non-offending motivations led to stronger negative apprehensions and emotions, as well as higher social distance and punitive attitudes. When controlling for the other emotions, disgust mediated the effect of pedophilic orientation on social distance, while anger and fear mediated the effect of non-offending motivation on punitive attitudes. Disgust, fear, and anger were furthermore differentially associated with perceived amorality, dangerousness, and abnormality. This research helps clarify why desires to punish or avoid non-offending pedophilic men are so strong, even when they never commit sexual crimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Jahnke
- Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Hohe Str. 53, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
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79
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Okruszek Ł, Piejka A, Wysokiński A, Szczepocka E, Manera V. The second agent effect: Interpersonal predictive coding in people with schizophrenia. Soc Neurosci 2017; 14:208-213. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2017.1415969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Okruszek
- Clinical Neuroscience Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewa Szczepocka
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Valeria Manera
- Spatio-Temporal Activity Recognition Systems Research team, INRIA, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Cognition Behavior Technologies (CoBTeK), Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
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80
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Olszanowski M, Kaminska OK, Winkielman P. Mixed matters: fluency impacts trust ratings when faces range on valence but not on motivational implications. Cogn Emot 2017; 32:1032-1051. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1386622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Piotr Winkielman
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, USA
- Behavioural Science Group, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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81
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Priming Facial Gender and Emotional Valence: The Influence of Spatial Frequency on Face Perception in ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:927-946. [PMID: 28070789 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-3017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) performed two priming experiments in which they implicitly processed a prime stimulus, containing high and/or low spatial frequency information, and then explicitly categorized a target face either as male/female (gender task) or as positive/negative (Valence task). Adolescents with ASD made more categorization errors than typically developing adolescents. They also showed an age-dependent improvement in categorization speed and had more difficulties with categorizing facial expressions than gender. However, in neither of the categorization tasks, we found group differences in the processing of coarse versus fine prime information. This contradicted our expectations, and indicated that the perceptual differences between adolescents with and without ASD critically depended on the processing time available for the primes.
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82
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Schmidtke KA, Aujla N, Marshall T, Hussain A, Hodgkinson GP, Arheart K, Marti J, Birnbach DJ, Vlaev I. Using environmental engineering to increase hand hygiene compliance: a cross-over study protocol. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017108. [PMID: 28893752 PMCID: PMC5595189 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compliance with hand hygiene recommendations in hospital is typically less than 50%. Such low compliance inevitably contributes to hospital-acquired infections that negatively affect patients' well-being and hospitals' finances. The design of the present study is predicated on the assumption that most people who fail to clean their hands are not doing so intentionally, they just forget. The present study will test whether psychological priming can be used to increase the number of people who clean their hands on entering a ward. Here, we present the protocol for this study. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study will use a randomised cross-over design. During the study, each of four wards will be observed during four conditions: olfactory prime, visual prime, both primes and neither prime. Each condition will be experienced for 42 days followed by a 7-day washout period (total duration of trial=189 days). We will record the number of people who enter each ward and whether they clean their hands during observation sessions, the amount of cleaning material used from the dispensers each week and the number of hospital-acquired infections that occur in each period. The outcomes will be compared using a regression analysis. Following the initial trail, the most effective priming condition will be rolled out for 3 months in all the wards. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Research ethics approval was obtained from the South Central-Oxford C Research Ethics Committee (16/SC/0554), the Health Regulatory Authority and the sponsor. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN (15397624); Edge ID 86357.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Ann Schmidtke
- Behavioural Science Group, Warwick Business School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Navneet Aujla
- Behavioural Science Group, Warwick Business School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Tom Marshall
- Behavioural Science Group, Warwick Business School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Primary Care Clinical Sciences Institute of Applied Health Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Abid Hussain
- Infection Prevention and Control, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gerard P Hodgkinson
- Alliance Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kristopher Arheart
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Joachim Marti
- Centre for Health Policy, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David J Birnbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ivo Vlaev
- Behavioural Science Group, Warwick Business School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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83
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Okruszek Ł, Bala A, Dziekan M, Szantroch M, Rysz A, Marchel A, Hyniewska S. Gaze matters! The effect of gaze direction on emotional enhancement of memory for faces in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 72:35-38. [PMID: 28575764 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to examine if gaze and emotional expression, both highly self-relevant social signals, affect the recollection accuracy of perceived faces in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). METHODS Forty patients with MTLE (twenty-one without surgery and nineteen after anterior temporal lobectomy) as well as twenty healthy controls (HC) took part in the study. We used a set of 64 facial stimuli: 32 neutral and 32 emotional displays (16 fearful; 16 angry) from well-established affective stimuli databases. Half of the faces in each condition had eyes directed straight and half - away from the observer. Participants performed a gender identification task, and then, after a 45-minute delay were asked to identify the previously seen stimuli, presented among a new set of photos. RESULTS Increased automatic learning of angry and fearful compared to neutral expressions was found in HC. There was no emotional enhancement of memory in MTLE but an increased learning for faces with averted than direct gaze. CONCLUSION Our results expand on previous research by demonstrating that emotion expression and gaze direction can affect memory of faces. The study supports the hypothesis that healthy individuals and patients with temporal lobe abnormalities present different patterns of emotional gazes processing. The potential consequences of altered emotional gaze processing and social cognition impairments need to be further investigated to improve the quality of life of patients with MTLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Okruszek
- Clinical Neuroscience Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | | - Marta Szantroch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rysz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marchel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract
The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS; Marchewka, Żurawski, Jednoróg, & Grabowska, Behavior Research Methods, 2014) is a standardized set of 1,356 realistic, high-quality photographs divided into five categories (people, faces, animals, objects, and landscapes). NAPS has been primarily standardized along the affective dimensions of valence, arousal, and approach–avoidance, yet the characteristics of discrete emotions expressed by the images have not been investigated thus far. The aim of the present study was to collect normative ratings according to categorical models of emotions. A subset of 510 images from the original NAPS set was selected in order to proportionally cover the whole dimensional affective space. Among these, using three available classification methods, we identified images eliciting distinguishable discrete emotions. We introduce the basic-emotion normative ratings for the Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS BE), which will allow researchers to control and manipulate stimulus properties specifically for their experimental questions of interest. The NAPS BE system is freely accessible to the scientific community for noncommercial use as supplementary materials to this article.
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85
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Disgust Trumps Lust: Women’s Disgust and Attraction Towards Men Is Unaffected by Sexual Arousal. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-017-0106-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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86
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Williams LA, Schofield TP, Whitford TJ. Romantic Red: Testing the Characteristics of Color–Attraction Effects in a Novel Paradigm. COLLABRA: PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1525/collabra.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The red-attraction effect refers to the finding that the color red enhances attractiveness ratings of targets, and is most robustly observed when males rate females. Three previously unexplored aspects of color-attraction effects were tested in a single experiment with a large sample size (N = 778). The effect of exposure to a color and the impact of pairing a color with a target were disentangled using a novel design. Moreover, we tested the proposition that color exerts its effects outside of awareness by examining the association of conscious awareness of color-target pairing with the red-attraction effect. Both prior exposure to red and pairing of red with a target influenced attractiveness ratings, but not always in the direction of increased attractiveness. Results also varied as a function of target and participant sex. However, when conscious awareness of target-color pairing was higher, results converged with the typically-observed red-attraction effect among males rating females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Williams
- School of Psychology, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, AU
| | - Timothy P. Schofield
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AU
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87
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G. Young
- Baruch College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Paul Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
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88
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Lewinski P, Fransen ML, Tan ES. Embodied Resistance to Persuasion in Advertising. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1202. [PMID: 27574512 PMCID: PMC4983544 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
From the literature on resistance to persuasion in advertising, much is known about how people can resist advertising by adopting resistance strategies, such as avoidance, counter-arguing, and selective attention (e.g., Fransen et al., 2015b). However, the role of emotion regulation and bodily expression in resisting persuasion is so far underexplored. This is a surprising observation if one considers that at least 40% of advertisements use positive emotions (i.e., happiness) to persuade people to like the ad, brand, and product (Weinberger et al., 1995). In this article we present a framework in which we apply previous knowledge and theories on emotion regulation and embodiment to the process of resistance to persuasion. In doing so, we specifically address the role of facial expression in the course of resistance. The literature and findings from our own research lead us to propose that people can resist persuasion by controlling their facial expression of emotion when exposed to an advertisement. Controlling the expression of emotions elicited by an ad (for example refusing to smile) might be a fruitful way to resist the ad’s persuasive potential. Moreover, we argue that co-viewers can affect embodied resistance to persuasion. Showing the viability of embodied resistance to persuasion is relevant in view of the fact that ads trying to persuade us by addressing our positive emotions are ubiquitous. Embodied resistance might help people to cope with these induced positive emotions in order to resist advertisements and might therefore work as a novel and effective strategy to resist persuasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lewinski
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, Department of Communication Science, University of Amsterdam, AmsterdamNetherlands; Kozminski University, WarsawPoland
| | - Marieke L Fransen
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, Department of Communication Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Ed S Tan
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, Department of Communication Science, University of Amsterdam, AmsterdamNetherlands; Department of Media, Cognition and Communication, University of Copenhagen, CopenhagenDenmark
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89
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The many faces of a face: Comparing stills and videos of facial expressions in eight dimensions (SAVE database). Behav Res Methods 2016; 49:1343-1360. [DOI: 10.3758/s13428-016-0790-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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90
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Méndez-Bértolo C, Moratti S, Toledano R, Lopez-Sosa F, Martínez-Alvarez R, Mah YH, Vuilleumier P, Gil-Nagel A, Strange BA. A fast pathway for fear in human amygdala. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:1041-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.4324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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91
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Lewinski P. Commentary: Rethinking the Development of "Nonbasic" Emotions: A Critical Review of Existing Theories. Front Psychol 2016; 6:1967. [PMID: 26793133 PMCID: PMC4707251 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lewinski
- Department of Communication, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
- Faculty of Economics, Université de NeuchâtelNeuchâtel, Switzerland
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92
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Lewinski P. Automated facial coding software outperforms people in recognizing neutral faces as neutral from standardized datasets. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1386. [PMID: 26441761 PMCID: PMC4565996 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about people’s accuracy of recognizing neutral faces as neutral. In this paper, I demonstrate the importance of knowing how well people recognize neutral faces. I contrasted human recognition scores of 100 typical, neutral front-up facial images with scores of an arguably objective judge – automated facial coding (AFC) software. I hypothesized that the software would outperform humans in recognizing neutral faces because of the inherently objective nature of computer algorithms. Results confirmed this hypothesis. I provided the first-ever evidence that computer software (90%) was more accurate in recognizing neutral faces than people were (59%). I posited two theoretical mechanisms, i.e., smile-as-a-baseline and false recognition of emotion, as possible explanations for my findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lewinski
- The Amsterdam School of Communication Research, Department of Communication Science, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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