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Hasanpourghadi M, Novikov M, Newman D, Xiang Z, Zhou XY, Magowan C, Ertl HCJ. Hepatitis B virus polymerase-specific T cell epitopes shift in a mouse model of chronic infection. Virol J 2021; 18:242. [PMID: 34876153 PMCID: PMC8650432 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (CHB) is a significant public health problem that could benefit from treatment with immunomodulators. Here we describe a set of therapeutic HBV vaccines that target the internal viral proteins. METHODS Vaccines are delivered by chimpanzee adenovirus vectors (AdC) of serotype 6 (AdC6) and 7 (AdC7) used in prime only or prime-boost regimens. The HBV antigens are fused into an early T cell checkpoint inhibitor, herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein D (gD), which enhances and broadens vaccine-induced cluster of differentiation (CD8)+ T cell responses. RESULTS Our results show that the vaccines are immunogenic in mice. They induce potent CD8+ T cell responses that recognize multiple epitopes. CD8+ T cell responses increase after a boost, although the breadth remains similar. In mice, which carry high sustained loads of HBV particles due to a hepatic infection with an adeno-associated virus (AAV)8 vector expressing the 1.3HBV genome, CD8+ T cell responses to the vaccines are attenuated with a marked shift in the CD8+ T cells' epitope recognition profile. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that in different stains of mice including those that carry a human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen HBV vaccines adjuvanted with a checkpoint inhibitor induce potent and broad HBV-specific CD8+ T cell responses and lower but still detectable CD4+ T cell responses. CD8+ T cell responses are reduced and their epitope specificity changes in mice that are chronically exposed to HBV antigens. Implications for the design of therapeutic HBV vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikhail Novikov
- Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dakota Newman
- Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - ZhiQuan Xiang
- Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xiang Yang Zhou
- Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Colin Magowan
- Virion Therapeutics LLC, 7 Creek Bend Ct, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
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52
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Kim H, Ko C, Lee JY, Kim M. Current Progress in the Development of Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly Modulators: Chemical Structure, Mode-of-Action and Efficacy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247420. [PMID: 34946502 PMCID: PMC8705634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major causative agent of human hepatitis. Its viral genome comprises partially double-stranded DNA, which is complexed with viral polymerase within an icosahedral capsid consisting of a dimeric core protein. Here, we describe the effects of capsid assembly modulators (CAMs) on the geometric or kinetic disruption of capsid construction and the virus life cycle. We highlight classical, early-generation CAMs such as heteroaryldihydropyrimidines, phenylpropenamides or sulfamoylbenzamides, and focus on the chemical structure and antiviral efficacy of recently identified non-classical CAMs, which consist of carboxamides, aryl ureas, bithiazoles, hydrazones, benzylpyridazinones, pyrimidines, quinolines, dyes, and antimicrobial compounds. We summarize the therapeutic efficacy of four representative classical compounds with data from clinical phase 1 studies in chronic HBV patients. Most of these compounds are in phase 2 trials, either as monotherapy or in combination with approved nucleos(t)ides drugs or other immunostimulatory molecules. As followers of the early CAMs, the therapeutic efficacy of several non-classical CAMs has been evaluated in humanized mouse models of HBV infection. It is expected that these next-generation HBV CAMs will be promising candidates for a series of extended human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.K.); Tel.: +82-42-860-7130 (H.K.); +82-42-860-7540 (M.K.)
| | | | | | - Meehyein Kim
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (M.K.); Tel.: +82-42-860-7130 (H.K.); +82-42-860-7540 (M.K.)
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53
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Schreiber S, Honz M, Mamozai W, Kurktschiev P, Schiemann M, Witter K, Moore E, Zielinski C, Sette A, Protzer U, Wisskirchen K. Characterization of a library of 20 HBV-specific MHC class II-restricted T cell receptors. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 23:476-489. [PMID: 34853796 PMCID: PMC8605085 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play an important role in the immune response against cancer and infectious diseases. However, mechanistic details of their helper function in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in particular, or their advantage for adoptive T cell therapy remain poorly understood as experimental and therapeutic tools are missing. Therefore, we identified, cloned, and characterized a comprehensive library of 20 MHC class II-restricted HBV-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) from donors with acute or resolved HBV infection. The TCRs were restricted by nine different MHC II molecules and specific for eight different epitopes derived from intracellularly processed HBV envelope, core, and polymerase proteins. Retroviral transduction resulted in a robust expression of all TCRs on primary T cells. A high functional avidity was measured for all TCRs specific for epitopes S17, S21, S36, and P774 (half-maximal effective concentration [EC50] <10 nM), or C61 and preS9 (EC50 <100 nM). Eight TCRs recognized peptide variants of HBV genotypes A to D. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells transduced with the MHC II-restricted TCRs were polyfunctional, producing interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2, and granzyme B (GrzB), and killed peptide-loaded target cells. Our set of MHC class II-restricted TCRs represents an important tool for elucidating CD4+ T cell help in viral infection with potential benefit for T cell therapy.
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54
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Elizalde MM, Tadey L, Mammana L, Quarleri JF, Campos RH, Flichman DM. Biological Characterization of Hepatitis B virus Genotypes: Their Role in Viral Replication and Antigen Expression. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:758613. [PMID: 34803982 PMCID: PMC8600256 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.758613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) inter-host evolution has resulted in genomic diversification reflected in the existence of nine genotypes (A-I) and numerous subgenotypes. There is growing evidence that genotypes influence HBV natural history, clinical outcomes, and treatment response. However, the biological characteristics underlying these differences have not yet been established. By transfecting HuH-7 cells with unit-length constructs of genotypes A2, B2, C1, D1, and F1b, we identified major differences in HBV replicative capacity and antigen expression across genotypes. Genotypes B2 and F1b showed a 2-fold increase in cccDNA levels compared to the other genotypes (p<0.005). Genotype A2 expressed the lowest pgRNA levels, with a 70-fold decrease in relation to the other genotypes (p<0.0001), while genotype B2 showed the lowest Precore RNA levels, with a 100-fold reduction compared to genotype A2 (p<0.0001). The highest intracellular HBV DNA levels were observed for genotype B2 and the lowest for genotypes A2 and C1 (p<0.0001). Regarding antigen expression, genotype F1b secreted the highest HBsAg levels and genotype D1 the lowest (p<0.0001), while genotypes A2 and B2 showed the highest intracellular HBsAg levels (p<0.0001). Interestingly, genotype C1 secreted the highest HBeAg levels, while genotype A2 showed the highest intracellular levels (p<0.0001). Finally, the analysis of the intra/extracellular antigen ratios revealed that most genotypes retained intracellularly 5-20% of the antigens, except the genotype A2 that retained 50% of the total expressed antigens. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the biological characteristics of HBV genotypes, being the first study to comparatively analyze European (A and D) and Asian (B and C) genotypes with the Latin American (F) genotype. The differences in HBV replication and antigen expression might contribute to understand the differential role of genotypes in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Mercedes Elizalde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Tadey
- Unidad de Virología, Hospital de Infecciosas "Francisco J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lilia Mammana
- Unidad de Virología, Hospital de Infecciosas "Francisco J. Muñiz", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Fabián Quarleri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo Héctor Campos
- Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Martín Flichman
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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55
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Mani N, Cole AG, Phelps JR, Ardzinski A, Burns R, Chiu T, Cuconati A, Dorsey BD, Evangelista E, Fan K, Guo F, Harasym TO, Kadhim S, Kowalski R, Kultgen SG, Lee ACH, Li AH, Majeski SA, Miller A, Pasetka C, Reid SP, Rijnbrand R, Micolochick Steuer HM, Stever K, Tang S, Teng X, Wang X, Sofia MJ. Preclinical characterization of AB-506, an inhibitor of HBV replication targeting the viral core protein. Antiviral Res 2021; 197:105211. [PMID: 34826506 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AB-506, a small-molecule inhibitor targeting the HBV core protein, inhibits viral replication in vitro (HepAD38 cells: EC50 of 0.077 μM, CC50 > 25 μM) and in vivo (HBV mouse model: ∼3.0 log10 reductions in serum HBV DNA compared to the vehicle control). Binding of AB-506 to HBV core protein accelerates capsid assembly and inhibits HBV pgRNA encapsidation. Furthermore, AB-506 blocks cccDNA establishment in HBV-infected HepG2-hNTCP-C4 cells and primary human hepatocytes, leading to inhibition of viral RNA, HBsAg, and HBeAg production (EC50 from 0.64 μM to 1.92 μM). AB-506 demonstrated activity across HBV genotypes A-H and maintains antiviral activity against nucleos(t)ide analog-resistant variants in vitro. Evaluation of AB-506 against a panel of core variants showed that T33N/Q substitutions results in >200-fold increase in EC50 values, while L30F, L37Q, and I105T substitutions showed an 8 to 20-fold increase in EC50 values in comparison to the wild-type. In vitro combinations of AB-506 with NAs or an RNAi agent were additive to moderately synergistic. AB-506 exhibits good oral bioavailability, systemic exposure, and higher liver to plasma ratios in rodents, a pharmacokinetic profile supporting clinical development for chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagraj Mani
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA.
| | - Andrew G Cole
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Janet R Phelps
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Andrzej Ardzinski
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Robbin Burns
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Tim Chiu
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Andrea Cuconati
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Bruce D Dorsey
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Ellen Evangelista
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Kristi Fan
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Fang Guo
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Troy O Harasym
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Salam Kadhim
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Roseann Kowalski
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Steven G Kultgen
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Amy C H Lee
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Alice H Li
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Sara A Majeski
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Angela Miller
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Chris Pasetka
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Stephen P Reid
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Rene Rijnbrand
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | | | - Kim Stever
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Sunny Tang
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Xiaowei Teng
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Xiaohe Wang
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
| | - Michael J Sofia
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc., 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA, 18974, USA
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56
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Wu CH, Huang WC, Chen CH, Lu SN. Outcomes of Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin and Hepatitis B Vaccination in High-Risk Newborns Born to HBeAg-positive Mothers. Biomed J 2021; 45:798-805. [PMID: 34801765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the protective efficacy of a hepatitis B (HB) vaccination program in Taiwan among high-risk children. MATERIAL AND METHODS Children born to HBeAg-positive mothers from 2001 to 2010 were invited back. Blood samples for hepatitis B virus (HBV) seromarkers were taken and the children underwent hepatobiliary ultrasonography. Perinatal factors including delivery mode and vaccination history were collected from their medical records. According to the results of HBV serological markers, the children were initially classified into five groups: HBV naïve, HB vaccine responder, HBsAg carrier, recovered from HBV infection, and anti-HBc-positive alone. Children in the HBV naïve and anti-HBc-positive alone groups who presented with an anamnestic response after a booster HB vaccine were re-assigned to the vaccine responder and recovered from infection groups, respectively. RESULTS All of the 196 enrolled children received postnatal hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and HB vaccinations, of whom one was HBV naïve (0.5%), 109 were vaccine responders (55.6%), 21 were carriers (10.7%), and 65 recovered from infection (33.2%). Among the 21 carriers, 14 (66.7%) presented in the immunotolerant phase. Cesarean section was the only significant perinatal factor between the carriers (5.3%) and those who recovered from infection (37.7%) (p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS In this study, there was a 43.9% HBV infection rate and 10.7% HBsAg carrier rate in high-risk Taiwanese children even after receiving HBIG and HB vaccinations. Cesarean section may protect newborns from becoming HBsAg carriers, while HBV genotype and time of HBIG injection did not contribute to the HBV carrier rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hsuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Huang
- Department of Geriatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Chiayi Branch, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Chen
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Lu
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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57
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Zafrullah M, Vazquez C, Mixson-Hayden T, Purdy MA. In vitro characterization of six hepatitis B virus genotypes from clinical isolates using transfecting linear HBV genomes. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34723786 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem with about 257 million chronically infected people and over 887000 deaths annually. In this study, 32 whole HBV genomes of various genotypes were amplified from clinical isolates to create transfection clones. The clones were sequenced, and their biological properties characterized by transfecting linear HBV clones into HepG2 cells. We analysed the SPI and SPII promotor regions, X-gene, BCP/PC sequences, core, preS/S and HBV polymerase sequences. HBV clones analysed in this study revealed differential replication kinetics of viral nucleic acids and expression of proteins. Sequence analysis of HBV clones revealed mutations in preS1, preS2 and S genes; deletion and insertion and point mutations in BCP/PC region; including novel and previously reported mutations. Among the patient samples tested, HBV genotype B clones were more likely to have higher frequencies of mutations, while sub-genotype A1 and A2 clones tended to have fewer mutations. No polymerase drug resistant mutations were seen. HBeAg mutations were primarily in the BCP/PC region in genotype B, but core truncations were found in genotype E. S gene mutations affecting HBsAg expression and detection were seen in all genotypes except A2. Using an HBV clone with repetitive terminal sequences and a SapI restriction site allowed us to analyse HBV analyte production in cell culture and characterize the genetics of viral phenotypes using complete HBV genomes isolated from serum/plasma samples of infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zafrullah
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Carlos Vazquez
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.,Present address: Thermo Fisher Scientific, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
| | - Tonya Mixson-Hayden
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Michael A Purdy
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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58
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Quitt O, Luo S, Meyer M, Xie Z, Golsaz-Shirazi F, Loffredo-Verde E, Festag J, Bockmann JH, Zhao L, Stadler D, Chou WM, Tedjokusumo R, Wettengel JM, Ko C, Noeßner E, Bulbuc N, Shokri F, Lüttgau S, Heikenwälder M, Bohne F, Moldenhauer G, Momburg F, Protzer U. T-cell engager antibodies enable T cells to control HBV infection and to target HBsAg-positive hepatoma in mice. J Hepatol 2021; 75:1058-1071. [PMID: 34171437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Current antiviral therapies control but rarely eliminate HBV, leaving chronic HBV carriers at risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Lacking or dysfunctional virus-specific adaptive immunity prevents control of HBV and allows the virus to persist. Restoring antiviral T-cell immunity could lead to HBV elimination and cure of chronically infected patients. METHODS We constructed bispecific T-cell engager antibodies that are designed to induce antiviral immunity through simultaneous binding of HBV envelope proteins (HBVenv) on infected hepatocytes and CD3 or CD28 on T cells. T-cell engager antibodies were employed in co-cultures with healthy donor lymphocytes and HBV-infected target cells. Activation of the T-cell response was determined by detection of pro-inflammatory cytokines, effector function (by cytotoxicity) and antiviral effects. To study in vivo efficacy, immune-deficient mice were transplanted with HBVenv-positive and -negative hepatoma cells. RESULTS The 2 T-cell engager antibodies synergistically activated T cells to become polyfunctional effectors that in turn elicited potent antiviral effects by killing infected cells and in addition controlled HBV via non-cytolytic, cytokine-mediated antiviral mechanisms. In vivo in mice, the antibodies attracted T cells specifically to the tumors expressing HBVenv resulting in T-cell activation, tumor infiltration and reduction of tumor burden. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the administration of HBVenv-targeting T-cell engager antibodies facilitates a robust T-cell redirection towards HBV-positive target cells and provides a feasible and promising approach for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis and HBV-associated HCC. LAY SUMMARY T-cell engager antibodies are an interesting, novel therapeutic tool to restore immunity in patients with chronic hepatitis B. As bispecific antibodies, they bind envelope proteins on the surface of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and CD3 or CD28 on T cells. This way, they induce a potent antiviral and cytotoxic T-cell response that leads to the elimination of HBV-positive cells. These bispecific T-cell engager antibodies are exciting therapeutic candidates for chronic hepatitis B and HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Quitt
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Shanshan Luo
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marten Meyer
- Antigen Presentation and T/NK Cell Activation Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhe Xie
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Forough Golsaz-Shirazi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Eva Loffredo-Verde
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Festag
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Hendrik Bockmann
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich and Hamburg Partner sites, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Stadler
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wen-Min Chou
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Raindy Tedjokusumo
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Martin Wettengel
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Chunkyu Ko
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elfriede Noeßner
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nadja Bulbuc
- Antigen Presentation and T/NK Cell Activation Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sandra Lüttgau
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Bohne
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Moldenhauer
- Department of Translational Immunology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Momburg
- Antigen Presentation and T/NK Cell Activation Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich and Hamburg Partner sites, Germany.
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59
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MacDonald-Ottevanger MS, Boyd A, Prins M, van der Helm JJ, Zijlmans CWR, Hindori-Mohangoo AD, Harkisoen S, Hermelijn SM, Brinkman K, Codrington J, Roosblad J, Kort SAR, Dams ETM, van de Laar TJW, Vreden SGS. Differences in prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and genotypes between ethnic populations in Suriname, South America. Virology 2021; 564:53-61. [PMID: 34656809 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological data on hepatitis B virus (HBV) are needed to benchmark HBV elimination goals. We recently assessed prevalence of HBV infection and determinants in participants attending the Emergency Department in Paramaribo, Suriname, South America. Overall, 24.5% (95%CI = 22.7-26.4%) of participants had anti-Hepatitis B core antibodies, which was associated with older age (per year, adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 1.03, 95%CI = 1.02-1.04), Afro-Surinamese (aOR = 1.84, 95%CI = 1.52-2.19) and Javanese ethnicity (aOR = 1.63, 95%CI = 1.28-2.07, compared to the grand mean). 3.2% of participants were Hepatitis B surface Ag-positive, which was also associated with older age (per year, aOR = 1.02, 95%CI = 1.00-1.04), Javanese (aOR = 4.3, 95%CI = 2.66-6.95) and Afro-Surinamese ethnicity (aOR = 2.36, 95%CI = 1.51-3.71). Sex, nosocomial or culturally-related HBV transmission risk-factors were not associated with infection. Phylogenetic analysis revealed strong ethnic clustering: Indonesian subgenotype HBV/B3 among Javanese and African subgenotypes HBV/A1, HBV/QS-A3 and HBV/E among Afro-Surinamese. Testing for HBV during adulthood should be considered for individuals living in Suriname, specifically with Javanese and Afro-Surinamese ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S MacDonald-Ottevanger
- Scientific Research Center Suriname, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Paramaribo, Suriname; Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - A Boyd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Stichting HIV Monitoring, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Prins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J van der Helm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C W R Zijlmans
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Foundation for Perinatal Interventions and Research in Suriname (Perisur), Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - A D Hindori-Mohangoo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Foundation for Perinatal Interventions and Research in Suriname (Perisur), Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - S Harkisoen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - S M Hermelijn
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - K Brinkman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Codrington
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - J Roosblad
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Suriname
| | | | - E Th M Dams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diakonessenhuis, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - T J W van de Laar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Sanquin Research, Department of Donor Medicine Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - S G S Vreden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Academic Hospital Paramaribo, Suriname; Foundation for Scientific Research Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
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60
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Athamneh RY, Arıkan A, Sayan M, Mahafzah A, Sallam M. Variable Proportions of Phylogenetic Clustering and Low Levels of Antiviral Drug Resistance among the Major HBV Sub-Genotypes in the Middle East and North Africa. Pathogens 2021; 10:1333. [PMID: 34684283 PMCID: PMC8540944 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major public health threat in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Phylogenetic analysis of HBV can be helpful to study the putative transmission links and patterns of inter-country spread of the virus. The objectives of the current study were to analyze the HBV genotype/sub-genotype (SGT) distribution, reverse transcriptase (RT), and surface (S) gene mutations and to investigate the domestic transmission of HBV in the MENA. All HBV molecular sequences collected in the MENA were retrieved from GenBank as of 30 April 2021. Determination of genotypes/SGT, RT, and S mutations were based on the Geno2pheno (hbv) 2.0 online tool. For the most prevalent HBV SGTs, maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis was conducted to identify the putative phylogenetic clusters, with approximate Shimodaira-Hasegawa-like likelihood ratio test values ≥ 0.90, and genetic distance cut-off values ≤ 0.025 substitutions/site as implemented in Cluster Picker. The total number of HBV sequences used for genotype/SGT determination was 4352 that represented a total of 20 MENA countries, with a majority from Iran (n = 2103, 48.3%), Saudi Arabia (n = 503, 11.6%), Tunisia (n = 395, 9.1%), and Turkey (n = 267, 6.1%). Genotype D dominated infections in the MENA (86.6%), followed by genotype A (4.1%), with SGT D1 as the most common in 14 MENA countries and SGT D7 dominance in the Maghreb. The highest prevalence of antiviral drug resistance was observed against lamivudine (4.5%) and telbivudine (4.3%). The proportion of domestic phylogenetic clustering was the highest for SGT D7 (61.9%), followed by SGT D2 (28.2%) and genotype E (25.7%). The largest fraction of domestic clusters with evidence of inter-country spread within the MENA was seen in SGT D7 (81.3%). Small networks (containing 3-14 sequences) dominated among domestic phylogenetic clusters. Specific patterns of HBV genetic diversity were seen in the MENA with SGT D1 dominance in the Levant, Iran, and Turkey; SGT D7 dominance in the Maghreb; and extensive diversity in Saudi Arabia and Egypt. A low prevalence of lamivudine, telbivudine, and entecavir drug resistance was observed in the region, with almost an absence of resistance to tenofovir and adefovir. Variable proportions of phylogenetic clustering indicated prominent domestic transmission of SGT D7 (particularly in the Maghreb) and relatively high levels of virus mobility in SGT D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabaa Y. Athamneh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus; (R.Y.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Ayşe Arıkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus; (R.Y.A.); (A.A.)
- DESAM, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus;
| | - Murat Sayan
- DESAM, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus;
- Clinical Laboratory, PCR Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, İzmit 41380, Turkey
| | - Azmi Mahafzah
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Malmö, Sweden
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61
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Kocher A, Papac L, Barquera R, Key FM, Spyrou MA, Hübler R, Rohrlach AB, Aron F, Stahl R, Wissgott A, van Bömmel F, Pfefferkorn M, Mittnik A, Villalba-Mouco V, Neumann GU, Rivollat M, van de Loosdrecht MS, Majander K, Tukhbatova RI, Musralina L, Ghalichi A, Penske S, Sabin S, Michel M, Gretzinger J, Nelson EA, Ferraz T, Nägele K, Parker C, Keller M, Guevara EK, Feldman M, Eisenmann S, Skourtanioti E, Giffin K, Gnecchi-Ruscone GA, Friederich S, Schimmenti V, Khartanovich V, Karapetian MK, Chaplygin MS, Kufterin VV, Khokhlov AA, Chizhevsky AA, Stashenkov DA, Kochkina AF, Tejedor-Rodríguez C, de Lagrán ÍGM, Arcusa-Magallón H, Garrido-Pena R, Royo-Guillén JI, Nováček J, Rottier S, Kacki S, Saintot S, Kaverzneva E, Belinskiy AB, Velemínský P, Limburský P, Kostka M, Loe L, Popescu E, Clarke R, Lyons A, Mortimer R, Sajantila A, de Armas YC, Hernandez Godoy ST, Hernández-Zaragoza DI, Pearson J, Binder D, Lefranc P, Kantorovich AR, Maslov VE, Lai L, Zoledziewska M, Beckett JF, Langová M, Danielisová A, Ingman T, Atiénzar GG, de Miguel Ibáñez MP, Romero A, Sperduti A, Beckett S, Salter SJ, Zilivinskaya ED, Vasil'ev DV, von Heyking K, Burger RL, Salazar LC, Amkreutz L, Navruzbekov M, Rosenstock E, Alonso-Fernández C, Slavchev V, Kalmykov AA, Atabiev BC, Batieva E, Calmet MA, Llamas B, Schultz M, Krauß R, Jiménez-Echevarría J, Francken M, Shnaider S, de Knijff P, Altena E, Van de Vijver K, Fehren-Schmitz L, Tung TA, Lösch S, Dobrovolskaya M, Makarov N, Read C, Van Twest M, Sagona C, Ramsl PC, Akar M, Yener KA, Ballestero EC, Cucca F, Mazzarello V, Utrilla P, Rademaker K, Fernández-Domínguez E, Baird D, Semal P, Márquez-Morfín L, Roksandic M, Steiner H, Salazar-García DC, Shishlina N, Erdal YS, Hallgren F, Boyadzhiev Y, Boyadzhiev K, Küßner M, Sayer D, Onkamo P, Skeates R, Rojo-Guerra M, Buzhilova A, Khussainova E, Djansugurova LB, Beisenov AZ, Samashev Z, Massy K, Mannino M, Moiseyev V, Mannermaa K, Balanovsky O, Deguilloux MF, Reinhold S, Hansen S, Kitov EP, Dobeš M, Ernée M, Meller H, Alt KW, Prüfer K, Warinner C, Schiffels S, Stockhammer PW, Bos K, Posth C, Herbig A, Haak W, Krause J, Kühnert D. Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution. Science 2021; 374:182-188. [PMID: 34618559 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi5658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Kocher
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luka Papac
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Barquera
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felix M Key
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria A Spyrou
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics group, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ron Hübler
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Adam B Rohrlach
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Franziska Aron
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Raphaela Stahl
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Antje Wissgott
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Florian van Bömmel
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Pfefferkorn
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alissa Mittnik
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Vanessa Villalba-Mouco
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gunnar U Neumann
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maïté Rivollat
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, PACEA UMR 5199, Pessac, France
| | | | - Kerttu Majander
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Institute of Evolutionary Medicine (IEM), University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rezeda I Tukhbatova
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Laboratory of Structural Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Lyazzat Musralina
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.,Institute of Genetics and Physiology, 050060 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Ayshin Ghalichi
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Penske
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanna Sabin
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Megan Michel
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Joscha Gretzinger
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Nelson
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tiago Ferraz
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Departmento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kathrin Nägele
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cody Parker
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Arizona State University School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Tempe Arizona, USA
| | - Marcel Keller
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelyn K Guevara
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michal Feldman
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics group, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Eisenmann
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eirini Skourtanioti
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karen Giffin
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Guido Alberto Gnecchi-Ruscone
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Friederich
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany
| | | | - Valery Khartanovich
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina K Karapetian
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir V Kufterin
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Andrey A Chizhevsky
- Institute of Archaeology named after A. Kh. Khalikov, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Stashenkov
- Samara Museum for Historical and Regional Studies named after P. V. Alabin, Samara, Russia
| | - Anna F Kochkina
- Samara Museum for Historical and Regional Studies named after P. V. Alabin, Samara, Russia
| | - Cristina Tejedor-Rodríguez
- Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Garrido-Pena
- Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jan Nováček
- Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, 99423 Weimar, Germany.,University Medical School Göttingen, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Sacha Kacki
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, PACEA UMR 5199, Pessac, France.,Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, Durham. DH1 3LE. UK
| | - Sylvie Saintot
- INRAP, ARAR UMR 5138, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Petr Velemínský
- Department of Anthropology, The National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Limburský
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Louise Loe
- Oxford Archaeology South, Janus House, Osney Mead, Oxford, OX2 0ES, UK
| | | | - Rachel Clarke
- Oxford Archaeology East, Bar Hill, Cambridge, CB23 8SQ, UK
| | - Alice Lyons
- Oxford Archaeology East, Bar Hill, Cambridge, CB23 8SQ, UK
| | | | - Antti Sajantila
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Silvia Teresita Hernandez Godoy
- Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo, Dirección Provincial de Cultura, Matanzas, Cuba.,Universidad de Matanzas, Matanzas, Cuba
| | - Diana I Hernández-Zaragoza
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Mexico City, Mexico.,Immunogenetics Unit, Técnicas Genéticas Aplicadas a la Clínica (TGAC), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jessica Pearson
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7WZ, UK
| | - Didier Binder
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, CEPAM UMR 7264, Nice, France
| | - Philippe Lefranc
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Archimède UMR 7044, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anatoly R Kantorovich
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir E Maslov
- Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, , Moscow 117292, Russia
| | - Luca Lai
- Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Michaela Langová
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Danielisová
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tara Ingman
- Koç University, Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations, Istanbul 34433, Turkey
| | - Gabriel García Atiénzar
- Institute for Research in Archaeology and Historical Heritage (INAPH), University of Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Maria Paz de Miguel Ibáñez
- Institute for Research in Archaeology and Historical Heritage (INAPH), University of Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Institute for Research in Archaeology and Historical Heritage (INAPH), University of Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain.,Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alessandra Sperduti
- Bioarchaeology Service, Museum of Civilizations, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento Asia Africa e Mediterraneo, Università di Napoli L'Orientale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sophie Beckett
- Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Old Village Hall, Sedgeford, Hunstanton PE36 5LS, UK.,Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia.,Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Susannah J Salter
- Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Old Village Hall, Sedgeford, Hunstanton PE36 5LS, UK.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Emma D Zilivinskaya
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Kristin von Heyking
- SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Richard L Burger
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Lucy C Salazar
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Luc Amkreutz
- National Museum of Antiquities, 2301 EC Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Eva Rosenstock
- Freie Universität Berlin, Einstein Center Chronoi, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Biaslan Ch Atabiev
- Institute for Caucasus Archaeology, 361401 Nalchik, Republic Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia
| | - Elena Batieva
- Azov History, Archaeology and Palaeontology Museum-Reserve, Azov 346780, Russia
| | | | - Bastien Llamas
- Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Michael Schultz
- University Medical School Göttingen, Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Biology, University of Hildeshein, Germany
| | - Raiko Krauß
- Institute for Prehistory, Early History and Medieval Archaeology, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Francken
- State Office for Cultural Heritage Baden-Württemberg, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Svetlana Shnaider
- ArchaeoZoology in Siberia and Central Asia-ZooSCAn, CNRS-IAET SB RAS International Research Laboratory, IRL 2013, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Peter de Knijff
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZC, Netherlands
| | - Eveline Altena
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZC, Netherlands
| | - Katrien Van de Vijver
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.,Center for Archaeological Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium.,Dienst Archeologie-Stad Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Lars Fehren-Schmitz
- UCSC Paleogenomics Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.,UCSC Genomics Institute, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Tiffiny A Tung
- Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Sandra Lösch
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Dobrovolskaya
- Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, , Moscow 117292, Russia
| | - Nikolaj Makarov
- Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, , Moscow 117292, Russia
| | - Chris Read
- Applied Archaeology School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ireland
| | - Melanie Van Twest
- Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Old Village Hall, Sedgeford, Hunstanton PE36 5LS, UK
| | - Claudia Sagona
- School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter C Ramsl
- Institute of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Murat Akar
- Department of Archaeology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Alahan-Antakya, Hatay 31060, Turkey
| | - K Aslihan Yener
- Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW), New York University, New York, NY 10028, USA
| | - Eduardo Carmona Ballestero
- Territorial Service of Culture and Tourism from Valladolid, Castilla y León Regional Government, C/ San Lorenzo, 5, 47001, Valladolid, Spain.,Department of History, Geography and Comunication, University of Burgos, Paseo de Comendadores, s/n 09001 Burgos (Burgos), Spain
| | - Francesco Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica-CNR, Monserrato, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Pilar Utrilla
- Área de Prehistoria, P3A DGA Research Group, IPH, University of Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Kurt Rademaker
- Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Douglas Baird
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7WZ, UK
| | - Patrick Semal
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lourdes Márquez-Morfín
- Osteology Laboratory, Post Graduate Studies Division, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mirjana Roksandic
- Department of Anthropology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Caribbean Research Institute, Univeristy of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,DFG Center for Advanced Studies "Words, Bones, Genes, Tools," University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Steiner
- South Tyrol Provincial Heritage Service, South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Domingo Carlos Salazar-García
- Grupo de Investigación en Prehistoria IT-1223-19 (UPV-EHU)/IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Vitoria, Spain.,Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antiga, Universitat de València, València, Spain.,Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Natalia Shishlina
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.,State Historical Museum, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yilmaz Selim Erdal
- Human_G Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | | | - Yavor Boyadzhiev
- National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Kamen Boyadzhiev
- National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria
| | - Mario Küßner
- Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, 99423 Weimar, Germany
| | - Duncan Sayer
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Päivi Onkamo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Robin Skeates
- Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, Durham. DH1 3LE. UK
| | - Manuel Rojo-Guerra
- Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alexandra Buzhilova
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Arman Z Beisenov
- Institute of archaeology named after A. Kh. Margulan, 44 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zainolla Samashev
- Branch of Institute of Archaeology named after A.Kh. Margulan, 24 of 511 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.,State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve "Berel," Katon-Karagay district, East Kazakhstan region, Kazakhstan
| | - Ken Massy
- Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcello Mannino
- Department of Archeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University, 8270 Højbjerg, Denmark.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Oleg Balanovsky
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,Biobank of North Eurasia, Moscow, Russia.,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sabine Reinhold
- Eurasia Department, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svend Hansen
- Eurasia Department, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Egor P Kitov
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of archaeology named after A. Kh. Margulan, 44 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Miroslav Dobeš
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Ernée
- Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Harald Meller
- State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany
| | - Kurt W Alt
- Danube Private University, Center of Natural and Cultural Human History, A - 3500 Krems-Stein, Austria.,Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Spalenring 145, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering (DBE), Universitätsspital Basel (HFZ), CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Kay Prüfer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christina Warinner
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp W Stockhammer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Kirsten Bos
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics group, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Denise Kühnert
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
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62
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Cruz JNMD, Villar LM, Mello FCDA, Lampe E, Hyppolito EB, Lima JMDC, Hyppolito SB, Pires Neto RDJ, Nicolete LDDF, Coelho ICB. Hepatitis B virus genotypes prevalence in patients from hepatology services in Ceará, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e08072020. [PMID: 34495262 PMCID: PMC8437444 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0807-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a public health problem; therefore, we aimed to report HBV genotypes in Ceará, Brazil. METHODS A total of 103 HBsAg-positive samples were subjected to HBV genotyping and subgenotyping. RESULTS The following genetic compositions of samples were found: F-54% (F2-83.33%), A-40% (A1-65%), D-6%, C2-1%, E-1%, and G-1%. CONCLUSIONS Some genotypes are only prevalent in certain parts of the world; however, the State of Ceará is a hub for migration and has one of the most important liver transplantation centers in Brazil, which can explain the prevalence of the F genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Napoleão Monte Da Cruz
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Lívia Melo Villar
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Elisabeth Lampe
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | - Silvia Bomfim Hyppolito
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Maternidade Escola Assis Chateaubriant, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | - Roberto Da Justa Pires Neto
- Hospital São José, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
| | | | - Ivo Castelo Branco Coelho
- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Patologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia, Fortaleza, CE, Brasil
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63
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Distribution of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes, Subgenotypes, and Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Mutations in Untreated Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B From Mekong Delta. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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64
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De Pooter D, Van Gulck E, Chen A, Evans CF, Neefs JM, Horton H, Boden D. A Therapeutic Hepatitis B Virus DNA Vaccine Induces Specific Immune Responses in Mice and Non-Human Primates. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9090969. [PMID: 34579206 PMCID: PMC8471825 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9090969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of an effective prophylactic vaccine for more than 30 years, nearly 300 million people worldwide are chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), leading to 1 death every 30 s mainly from viral hepatitis-related cirrhosis and liver cancer. Chronic HBV patients exhibit weak, transient, or dysfunctional CD8+ T-cell responses to HBV, which contrasts with high CD8+ T-cell responses seen for resolvers of acute HBV infection. Therefore, a therapeutic DNA vaccine was designed, expressing both HBV core and polymerase proteins, and was sequence optimized to ensure high protein expression and secretion. Although the vaccine, administered intramuscularly via electroporation, had no effect on plasma viral parameters in a mouse model of persistent HBV infection, it did induce robust HBV-specific immune responses in healthy and adeno-associated hepatitis B virus (AAV-HBV) infected mice as well as in healthy non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien De Pooter
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (E.V.G.); (A.C.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ellen Van Gulck
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (E.V.G.); (A.C.); (H.H.)
| | - Antony Chen
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (E.V.G.); (A.C.); (H.H.)
| | - Claire F. Evans
- Ichor Medical Systems Inc., 6310 Nancy Ridge Drive, Suite 107, San Diego, CA 92121, USA;
| | - Jean-Marc Neefs
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turn-houtseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium;
| | - Helen Horton
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Janssen Research and Development, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (E.V.G.); (A.C.); (H.H.)
| | - Daniel Boden
- Janssen Infectious Diseases, Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 260 E. Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
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65
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Bousali M, Papatheodoridis G, Paraskevis D, Karamitros T. Hepatitis B Virus DNA Integration, Chronic Infections and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1787. [PMID: 34442866 PMCID: PMC8398950 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is an Old World virus with a high mutation rate, which puts its origins in Africa alongside the origins of Homo sapiens, and is a member of the Hepadnaviridae family that is characterized by a unique viral replication cycle. It targets human hepatocytes and can lead to chronic HBV infection either after acute infection via horizontal transmission usually during infancy or childhood or via maternal-fetal transmission. HBV has been found in ~85% of HBV-related Hepatocellular Carcinomas (HCC), and it can integrate the whole or part of its genome into the host genomic DNA. The molecular mechanisms involved in the HBV DNA integration is not yet clear; thus, multiple models have been described with respect to either the relaxed-circular DNA (rcDNA) or the double-stranded linear DNA (dslDNA) of HBV. Various genes have been found to be affected by HBV DNA integration, including cell-proliferation-related genes, oncogenes and long non-coding RNA genes (lincRNAs). The present review summarizes the advances in the research of HBV DNA integration, focusing on the evolutionary and molecular side of the integration events along with the arising clinical aspects in the light of WHO's commitment to eliminate HBV and viral hepatitis by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bousali
- Bioinformatics and Applied Genomics Unit, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Papatheodoridis
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Laiko” General Hospital of Athens, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
| | - Timokratis Karamitros
- Bioinformatics and Applied Genomics Unit, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece;
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
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66
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Wang W, Lempp FA, Schlund F, Walter L, Decker CC, Zhang Z, Ni Y, Urban S. Assembly and infection efficacy of hepatitis B virus surface protein exchanges in 8 hepatitis D virus genotype isolates. J Hepatol 2021; 75:311-323. [PMID: 33845061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic HDV infections cause the most severe form of viral hepatitis. HDV requires HBV envelope proteins for hepatocyte entry, particle assembly and release. Eight HDV and 8 HBV genotypes have been identified. However, there are limited data on the replication competence of different genotypes and the effect that different HBV envelopes have on virion assembly and infectivity. METHODS We subcloned complementary DNAs (cDNAs) of all HDV and HBV genotypes and systematically studied HDV replication, assembly and infectivity using northern blot, western blot, reverse-transcription quantitative PCR, and in-cell ELISA. RESULTS The 8 HDV cDNA clones initiated HDV replication with noticeable differences regarding replication efficacy. The 8 HBV-HBsAg-encoding constructs all supported secretion of subviral particles, however variations in envelope protein stoichiometry and secretion efficacy were observed. Co-transfection of all HDV/HBV combinations supported particle assembly, however, the respective pseudo-typed HDVs differed with respect to assembly kinetics. The most productive combinations did not correlate with the natural geographic distribution, arguing against an evolutionary adaptation of HDV ribonucleoprotein complexes to HBV envelopes. All HDVs elicited robust and comparable innate immune responses. HBV envelope-dependent differences in the activity of the EMA-approved entry inhibitor bulevirtide were observed, however efficient inhibition could be achieved at therapeutically applied doses. Lonafarnib also showed pan-genotypic activity. CONCLUSIONS HDVs from different genotypes replicate with variable efficacies. Variations in HDV genomes and HBV envelope proteins are both major determinants of HDV egress and entry efficacy, and consequently assembly inhibition by lonafarnib or entry inhibition by bulevirtide. These differences possibly influence HDV pathogenicity, immune responses and the efficacy of novel drug regimens. LAY SUMMARY HDV requires the envelope protein of HBV for assembly and to infect human cells. We investigated the ability of different HDV genotypes to infect cells and replicate. We also assessed the effect that envelope proteins from different HBV genotypes had on HDV infectivity and replication. Herein, we confirmed that genotypic differences in HDV and HBV envelope proteins are major determinants of HDV assembly, de novo cell entry and consequently the efficacy of novel antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshi Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Florian A Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Schlund
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Walter
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charlotte C Decker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yi Ni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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67
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Wolf JM, Pereira VRZB, Simon D, Lunge VR. Temporal and geographic spreading of hepatitis B virus genotype A (HBV-A) in Brazil and the Americas. J Viral Hepat 2021; 28:1130-1140. [PMID: 33932242 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus genotype A (HBV-A) is disseminated in different countries around the world. It presents a high genetic diversity and is classified into seven subgenotypes (A1-A7). HBV-A1 and HBV-A2 are the most frequent and spread in almost all American countries. This study aimed to evaluate the molecular epidemiology of these two subgenotypes, with a special focus on the temporal and geographic spreading in the Americas and Brazil. Bayesian coalescent analyses with HBV-A1 and HBV-A2 whole-genome sequences were performed to study viral phylodynamic and phylogeography. HBV-A1 evolutionary history demonstrated that it was initially disseminated from Africa to other continents probably after the 1400s and mainly in the 17th-18th centuries. The whole viral population grew between the 1700s-1900s and then reached a stationary phase. In Brazil, HBV-A1 common ancestors dated back to the 1600s with successive introductions between the 17th-18th centuries. In contrast, HBV-A2 spread from Europe to other continents after the 1800s, with an increase in the viral population over decades. It was introduced in the 20th century in America and between the 1950s-1970s in Brazil, presenting a high increase in the viral population from the 1970s to the 1980s. The circulation continents for HBV-A1 are Africa and America, while for HBV-A2 are Europe and America. HBV-A is one of the predominant genotypes in America (including Brazil) because of the early introduction by human migration processes of the subgenotypes A1 and A2 between the 16th and 20th centuries and the continuous spreading inside the continent over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Michel Wolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Canoas, Brazil.,Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Simon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Canoas, Brazil.,Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Canoas, Brazil.,Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brazil
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68
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Ko C, Su J, Festag J, Bester R, Kosinska AD, Protzer U. Intramolecular recombination enables the formation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) cccDNA in mice after HBV genome transfer using recombinant AAV vectors. Antiviral Res 2021; 194:105140. [PMID: 34284057 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The mouse is not a natural host of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and - despite engraftment of hepatocytes with the HBV receptor - does not support formation of HBV covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA serving as a template for viral transcription and permitting persistent infection. In a recent study, cccDNA formation in mouse hepatocytes has been described following an HBV genome delivery by a recombinant, adeno-associated virus vector (rAAV) (Lucifora et al., 2017). The integrity of HBV cccDNA, its origin and functionality, however, remained open. In this study, we investigated the identity, origin, and functionality of cccDNA established in mice infected with rAAV carrying 1.3-fold overlength HBV genomes. We show that replication of HBV genotypes A, B, C and D can be initiated in mouse livers, and that cccDNA derived from all genotypes is detected. Restriction enzyme and exonuclease digestion as well as sequencing analysis of cccDNA amplicons revealed authentic HBV cccDNA without any detectable alteration compared to cccDNA established after HBV infection of human liver cells. Mouse livers transduced with a core protein-deficient HBV using rAAV still supported cccDNA formation demonstrating that the genesis of cccDNA was independent of HBV replication. When mice were infected with an rAAV-HBV1.3 carrying premature stop codons in the 5' but not in the 3' core protein open reading frame, the stop codon was partially replaced by the wild-type sequence. This strongly indicated that intramolecular recombination, based on >900 identical base pairs residing at the both ends of the HBV1.3 transgene was the origin of cccDNA formation. Accordingly, we observed a constant loss of cccDNA molecules from mouse livers over time, while HBeAg levels increased over the first two weeks after rAAV-HBV1.3 infection and remained constant thereafter, suggesting a minor contribution of the cccDNA molecules formed to viral transcription and protein expression. In summary, our results provide strong evidence that intramolecular recombination of an overlength, linear HBV genome, but not HBV genome recycling, enables cccDNA formation in rAAV-HBV mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunkyu Ko
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Therapeutics & Biotechnology Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinpeng Su
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Festag
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Romina Bester
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna D Kosinska
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Munich, Germany.
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69
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Phan NMH, Faddy HM, Flower RL, Dimech WJ, Spann KM, Roulis EV. Low Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Gene amongst Australian Blood Donors. Viruses 2021; 13:1275. [PMID: 34208852 PMCID: PMC8310342 DOI: 10.3390/v13071275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Variants in the small surface gene of hepatitis B virus (HBV), which codes for viral surface antigen (HBsAg), can affect the efficacy of HBsAg screening assays and can be associated with occult HBV infection (OBI). This study aimed to characterise the molecular diversity of the HBV small surface gene from HBV-reactive Australian blood donors. HBV isolates from 16 HBsAg-positive Australian blood donors' plasma were sequenced and genotyped by phylogenies of viral coding genes and/or whole genomes. An analysis of the genetic diversity of eight HBV small surface genes from our 16 samples was conducted and compared with HBV sequences from NCBI of 164 international (non-Australian) blood donors. Genotypes A-D were identified in our samples. The region of HBV small surface gene that contained the sequence encoding the 'a' determinant had a greater genetic diversity than the remaining part of the gene. No escape mutants or OBI-related variants were observed in our samples. Variant call analysis revealed two samples with a nucleotide deletion leading to truncation of polymerase and/or large/middle surface amino acid sequences. Overall, we found that HBV small surface gene sequences from Australian donors demonstrated a lower level of genetic diversity than those from non-Australian donor population included in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Minh Hien Phan
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; (H.M.F.); (R.L.F.); (K.M.S.); (E.V.R.)
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Helen M. Faddy
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; (H.M.F.); (R.L.F.); (K.M.S.); (E.V.R.)
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Sunshine Coast, Petrie, Queensland 4502, Australia
| | - Robert L. Flower
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; (H.M.F.); (R.L.F.); (K.M.S.); (E.V.R.)
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Wayne J. Dimech
- Scientific & Business Relations, National Serology Reference Laboratory, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia;
| | - Kirsten M. Spann
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; (H.M.F.); (R.L.F.); (K.M.S.); (E.V.R.)
| | - Eileen V. Roulis
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia; (H.M.F.); (R.L.F.); (K.M.S.); (E.V.R.)
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
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70
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Wolf JM, Pereira VRZB, Simon D, Lunge VR. Evolutionary history of hepatitis B virus genotype H. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4004-4009. [PMID: 32852054 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus genotype H (HBV-H) molecular evolution was studied by comparing all published whole-genome sequences. Bayesian coalescent analysis was performed to estimate phylogenetic relationships, time to the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA), and viral population dynamics along the time. Phylogenetic tree demonstrated two main clades or lineages: HBV-H I (with sequences from Central and North America) and HBV-H II (with sequences from North and South America, and Asia). HBV-H II had more genome sequences (n = 26; 83.9%), including one specific subclade with all sequences outside of the Americas. Overall HBV-H tMRCA dated back to 1933 (95% highest posterior density interval [HPD 95%]: 1875-1957) with a very probable origin in Mexico and posterior dissemination to other American and Asian countries. The temporal analysis demonstrated that HBV-H I spread only in Mexico and the neighbor country of Nicaragua probably in the 1960s to the 1970s (1968; HPD 95%: 1908-1981), while HBV-II disseminated to other American and Asian countries around one decade later (1977; HPD 95%: 1925-1985). The phylogeographic analysis reinforced the Mexican origin of this genotype. The whole HBV-H population increased from the 1980s to the 2000s. In conclusion, HBV-H has two main lineages with a common origin in Mexico approximately nine decades ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Michel Wolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Simon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, ULBRA, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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71
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Ma Y, Ou J, Lin T, Chen L, Chen J, Wang M. Next Generation Sequencing-Based Identification of T-Cell Receptors for Immunotherapy Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:1106-1119. [PMID: 34141993 PMCID: PMC8183181 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a global health concern, and HBV proteins may be ideal targets for T cell-based immunotherapy for HCC. There is a need for fast and efficient identification of HBV-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) for the development of TCR-transduced T (TCR-T) cell-based immunotherapy. Two widely employed TCR identification approaches, T cell clonal expansion and single-cell sequencing, involve a TCR singularization process for the direct identification of Vα and Vβ pairs of TCR chains. Clonal expansion of T cells is well known to have tedious time and effort requirements due to the use of T cell cultures, whereas single-cell sequencing is limited by the requirements of cell sorting and the preparation of a single-cell immune-transcriptome library as well as the massive cost of the whole procedure. Here, we present a next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based HBV-specific TCR identification that does not require the TCR singularization process. Conclusion: Two pairing strategies, ranking-based strategy and α-β chain mixture-based strategy, have proved to be useful for NGS-based TCR identification, particularly for polyclonal T cells purified by a peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) multimer-based approach. Functional evaluation confirmed the specificity and avidity of two identified HBV-specific TCRs, which may potentially be used to produce TCR-T cells to treat patients with HBV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Ma
- Department of Research and DevelopmentShenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational MedicineShenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial ParkShenzhenChina
| | - Jiayu Ou
- Department of Research and DevelopmentShenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational MedicineShenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial ParkShenzhenChina
| | - Tong Lin
- Department of Research and DevelopmentShenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational MedicineShenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial ParkShenzhenChina
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Research and DevelopmentShenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational MedicineShenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial ParkShenzhenChina
| | - Junhui Chen
- Intervention and Cell Therapy CenterPeking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhenChina
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Department of Research and DevelopmentShenzhen Institute for Innovation and Translational MedicineShenzhen International Biological Valley-Life Science Industrial ParkShenzhenChina
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Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Brazil: Introduction and dissemination. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 93:104936. [PMID: 34023512 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B is a viral infectious disease highly spread worldwide with a long evolutionary history associated with human migrations through the continents and countries. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was disseminated probably from Africa and diverged into ten genotypes (HBV-A to HBV-J) distributed around the world. In Brazil, almost all HBV genotypes were already reported, with a predominance of three ones: A (52.1%), D (36.8%), and F (7.7%). This review aimed to evaluate the introduction and dissemination of the main HBV genotypes and subgenotypes in Brazil over the last centuries to explain the current epidemic scenario. The highest frequency of HBV-A is a consequence of the introduction and spreading of HBV-A1 in the 16th to 19th centuries due to the African slave trade, but the more recent introduction of HBV-A2 from Europe also contributed to the current situation. HBV-D is the second most frequent genotype because it was consecutively introduced by migrations from Europe (mainly subgenotype D3, but also D2) and the Middle East (D1) in the 19th to 20th centuries. On contrary, HBV-F (F1a, F1b, F2a, F2b, F3, and F4) was disseminated by the Amerindians in all South American countries, including Brazil, by migrations inside the continent for more than three centuries ago. Other HBV genotypes are rare and eventually frequent in some human groups because of the dissemination by very specific epidemiological routes. In conclusion, the current scenario of the HBV epidemics is a consequence of the introduction and dissemination of some subgenotypes from the three main genotypes A, D, and F over the last five centuries.
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Castaneda D, Gonzalez AJ, Alomari M, Tandon K, Zervos XB. From hepatitis A to E: A critical review of viral hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:1691-1715. [PMID: 33967551 PMCID: PMC8072198 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i16.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections affecting the liver have had an important impact on humanity, as they have led to significant morbidity and mortality in patients with acute and chronic infections. Once an unknown etiology, the discovery of the viral agents triggered interest of the scientific community to establish the pathogenesis and diagnostic modalities to identify the affected population. With the rapid scientific and technological advances in the last centuries, controlling and even curing the infections became a possibility, with a large focus on preventive medicine through vaccination. Hence, a comprehensive understanding of hepatitis A, B, C, D and E is required by primary care physicians and gastroenterologists to provide care to these patients. The review article describes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic tools and current medication regimens, with a focus on upcoming treatment options and the role of liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castaneda
- Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL 33331, United States
| | | | - Mohammad Alomari
- Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL 33331, United States
| | - Kanwarpreet Tandon
- Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL 33331, United States
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Velkov S, Protzer U, Michler T. Global Occurrence of Clinically Relevant Hepatitis B Virus Variants as Found by Analysis of Publicly Available Sequencing Data. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111344. [PMID: 33238650 PMCID: PMC7700573 DOI: 10.3390/v12111344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viral factors impact the natural course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the sensitivity of diagnostic tests, or treatment response to interferon-α and nucleos(t)ide analogues. These factors include the viral genotype and serotype but also mutations affecting the HBV surface antigen, basal core promoter/pre-core region, or reverse transcriptase. However, a comprehensive overview of the distribution of HBV variants between HBV genotypes or different geographical locations is lacking. To address this, we performed an in silico analysis of publicly available HBV full-length genome sequences. We found that not only the serotype frequency but also the majority of clinically relevant mutations are primarily associated with specific genotypes. Distinct mutations enriched in certain world regions are not explained by the local genotype distribution. Two HBV variants previously identified to confer resistance to the nucleotide analogue tenofovir in vitro were not identified, questioning their translational relevance. In summary, our work elucidates the differences in the clinical manifestation of HBV infection observed between genotypes and geographical locations and furthermore helps identify suitable diagnostic tests and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Velkov
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstrasse 30, D-81675 München, Germany; (S.V.); (U.P.)
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstrasse 30, D-81675 München, Germany; (S.V.); (U.P.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Michler
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstrasse 30, D-81675 München, Germany; (S.V.); (U.P.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, D-81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4140-6814
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75
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Su QD, Zhang S, Wang F, Liu H, Zhang GM, Zheng H, Qiu F, Sun XJ, Liang XF, Bi SL, Shen LP, Wang FZ. Epidemiological distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in 1-29-year-olds in the mainland of China. Vaccine 2020; 38:8238-8246. [PMID: 33187763 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To analyze the epidemiological distribution of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype in the mainland of China following the implementation of effective preventive measures. METHODS Five hundred and seventeen HBsAg-positive subjects aged 1-29 years surveyed in the 2014 national HBV sero-survey in the mainland of China were enrolled in the study. The full-length HBV genome was obtained by PCR amplification and sequencing. The HBV genotype was determined by phylogenetic analysis. Combined with questionnaire information, HBV genotype distribution was analyzed. RESULTS Of the 517 HBsAg-positive subjects, 369 (71.4%) were included in the analysis. HBV genotypes found were B (45.0%), C (36.6%), D (6.0%), C/D (9.8%), B/C (2.2%), and I (0.5%). Geographic differences in HBV genotype were significant for seven regions. Three serotypes were found: adw (47.2%), adr (35.5%), and ayw (17.3%). B2 (43.9%) and C2 (25.2%) were the two major subgenotypes. The predominant genotypes differed between the Han group and the other ethnic groups. No statistical differences in genotype distribution were found by gender, age group, or hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination history. CONCLUSION The prevalence of HBV genotype B was higher than that of genotype C with subgenotypes B2 and C2 endemic in 1-29-year-olds in the mainland of China, after HBV prevalence has reduced significantly due to the implementation of preventive measures. HepB vaccination or other factors did not interfere with HBV genotype distribution. The surveillance of HBV genotype was essential for responding to the potential changes and impact on the preventive policies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Dong Su
- National Institute For Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- National Institute For Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Feng Wang
- National Institute For Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - He Liu
- National Institute For Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Guo-Min Zhang
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100051, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100051, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- National Institute For Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Sun
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100051, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Liang
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100051, China
| | - Sheng-Li Bi
- National Institute For Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Li-Ping Shen
- National Institute For Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Fu-Zhen Wang
- National Immunization Program, Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100051, China
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76
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Glebe D, Goldmann N, Lauber C, Seitz S. HBV evolution and genetic variability: Impact on prevention, treatment and development of antivirals. Antiviral Res 2020; 186:104973. [PMID: 33166575 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) poses a major global health burden with 260 million people being chronically infected and 890,000 dying annually from complications in the course of the infection. HBV is a small enveloped virus with a reverse-transcribed DNA genome that infects hepatocytes and can cause acute and chronic infections of the liver. HBV is endemic in humans and apes representing the prototype member of the viral family Hepadnaviridae and can be divided into 10 genotypes. Hepadnaviruses have been found in all vertebrate classes and constitute an ancient viral family that descended from non-enveloped progenitors more than 360 million years ago. The de novo emergence of the envelope protein gene was accompanied with the liver-tropism and resulted in a tight virus-host association. The oldest HBV genomes so far have been isolated from human remains of the Bronze Age and the Neolithic (~7000 years before present). Despite the remarkable stability of the hepadnaviral genome over geological eras, HBV is able to rapidly evolve within an infected individual under pressure of the immune response or during antiviral treatment. Treatment with currently available antivirals blocking intracellular replication of HBV allows controlling of high viremia and improving liver health during long-term therapy of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), but they are not sufficient to cure the disease. New therapy options that cover all HBV genotypes and emerging viral variants will have to be developed soon. In addition to the antiviral treatment of chronically infected patients, continued efforts to expand the global coverage of the currently available HBV vaccine will be one of the key factors for controlling the rising global spread of HBV. Certain improvements of the vaccine (e.g. inclusion of PreS domains) could counteract known problems such as low or no responsiveness of certain risk groups and waning anti-HBs titers leading to occult infections, especially with HBV genotypes E or F. But even with an optimal vaccine and a cure for hepatitis B, global eradication of HBV would be difficult to achieve because of an existing viral reservoir in primates and bats carrying closely related hepadnaviruses with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Glebe
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Giessen, Heidelberg, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Nora Goldmann
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Chris Lauber
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Computational Virology, Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Giessen, Heidelberg, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Seitz
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Giessen, Heidelberg, Hannover, Germany.
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Meier-Stephenson V, Deressa T, Genetu M, Damtie D, Braun S, Fonseca K, Swain MG, van Marle G, Coffin CS. Prevalence and molecular characterization of occult hepatitis B virus in pregnant women from Gondar, Ethiopia. CANADIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2020; 3:323-333. [PMID: 35990510 PMCID: PMC9202741 DOI: 10.3138/canlivj-2019-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The greatest risk of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is from mother-to-child transmission. Approximately 20% of individuals in sub-Saharan Africa are hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen–positive (HBsAg+), but the prevalence of occult hepatitis B (OHB) is unknown. Aim: This study investigated CHB and OHB prevalence and viral variants in a cohort of pregnant women in Gondor, Ethiopia. METHODS: Patients were prospectively recruited from the University of Gondar Hospital ( N = 200; median age 27 [inter-quartile range] 8.3y) from March through June 2016. Data were collected using an investigator-administered questionnaire. Plasma was tested for HBsAg and HBV core antibody (anti-HBc), and HBV genotype and presence of HBV variants (ie, vaccine escape mutants [VEMs]) were determined by polymerase chain reaction, Sanger sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: Of women tested, 1% (2/200) were HBsAg+; 26.8% (47/182) of HBsAg-negative patients were anti-HBc+, of whom 37/47 (78.7%) had detectable HBV DNA. The overall rate of OHB was 20.3%. Both HBsAg+ cases were HBV genotype D, and 36/37 (97.3%) of OHB individuals were genotype D. None carried VEM, but both HBsAg+ cases and 32/37 (86.5%) of the OHB cases showed lamivudine-resistant mutations. CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-seven percent of pregnant women in this cohort showed evidence of CHB or prior HBV exposure (ie, HBsAg+ or anti-HBc+) and clinically relevant HBV variants. Data from this single-centre study suggests high HBV prevalence, reinforcing the World Health Organization’s recommendation for universal prenatal HBV screening and infant vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Meier-Stephenson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- co-first authors
| | - Tekalign Deressa
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- co-first authors
| | - Meaza Genetu
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Debasu Damtie
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Sheila Braun
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin Fonseca
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark G Swain
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guido van Marle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carla S Coffin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Ingasia LAO, Kostaki EG, Paraskevis D, Kramvis A. Global and regional dispersal patterns of hepatitis B virus genotype E from and in Africa: A full-genome molecular analysis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240375. [PMID: 33031453 PMCID: PMC7544117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Description of the spatial characteristics of viral dispersal is important in understanding the history of infections. Nine hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes (A-I), and a putative 10th genotype (J), with distinct geographical distribution, are recognized. In sub-Saharan Africa (sub)-genotypes A1, D3 and E circulate, with E predominating in western Africa (WA), where HBV is hyperendemic. The low genetic diversity of genotype E (HBV/E) suggests its recent emergence. Our aim was to study the dispersal of HBV/E using full-length, non-redundant and non-recombinant sequences available in public databases. HBV/E was confirmed, and the phylogeny reconstruction performed using maximum likelihood (ML) with bootstrapping. Phylogeographic analysis was conducted by reconstruction of ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony on the estimated ML phylogeny. 46.5% of HBV/E sequences were found within monophyletic clusters. Country-wise analysis revealed the existence of 50 regional clusters. Sequences from WA were located close to the root of the tree, indicating this region as the most probable origin of the HBV/E epidemic and expanded to other geographical regions, within and outside of Africa. A localized dispersal was observed with sequences from Nigeria and Guinea as compared to other WA countries. Based on the sequences available in the databases, the phylogenetic results suggest that European strains originated primarily from WA whereas a majority of American strains originated in Western Central Africa. The differences in regional dispersal patterns of HBV/E suggest limited cross-border transmissions because of restricted population movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luicer Anne Olubayo Ingasia
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Evangelia Georgia Kostaki
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Paraskevis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Kramvis
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Tulaeva I, Cornelius C, Zieglmayer P, Zieglmayer R, Schmutz R, Lemell P, Weber M, Focke-Tejkl M, Karaulov A, Henning R, Valenta R. Quantification, epitope mapping and genotype cross-reactivity of hepatitis B preS-specific antibodies in subjects vaccinated with different dosage regimens of BM32. EBioMedicine 2020; 59:102953. [PMID: 32855110 PMCID: PMC7502672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are a global health problem. There is a need for therapeutic strategies blocking continuous infection of liver cells. The grass pollen allergy vaccine BM32 containing the preS domain of the large HBV surface protein (LHBs) as immunogenic carrier induced IgG antibodies in human subjects inhibiting HBV infection in vitro. Aim of this study was the quantification, epitope mapping and investigation of HBV genotype cross-reactivity of preS-specific antibodies in subjects treated with different dosage regimens of BM32 Methods Hundred twenty eight grass pollen allergic patients received in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial five monthly injections of placebo (aluminum hydroxide, n= 34) or different courses of BM32 (2 placebo + 3 BM32, n= 33; 1 placebo + 4 BM32, n= 30; 5 BM32, n= 31). Recombinant Escherichia coli-expressed preS was purified. Overlapping peptides spanning preS and the receptor-binding sites from consensus sequences of genotypes A–H were synthesized and purified. Isotype (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE) and IgG subclass (IgG1-IgG4) responses to preS and peptides were determined by ELISA at baseline, one and four months after the last injection. IgG1 and IgG4 subclass concentrations specific for preS and the receptor-binding site were measured by quantitative ELISA. Findings Five monthly injections induced the highest levels of preS-specific IgG consisting mainly of IgG1 and IgG4, with a sum of median preS-specific IgG1 and IgG4 concentrations of >135 μg/ml reaching up to 1.8 mg/ml. More than 20% of preS-specific IgG was directed against the receptor-binding site. BM32-induced IgG cross-reacted with the receptor-binding domains from all eight HBV genotypes A-H. Interpretation BM32 induces high levels of IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies against the receptor binding sites of all eight HBV genotypes and hence might be suitable for therapeutic HBV vaccination. Funding This study was supported by the PhD program IAI (KPW01212FW), by Viravaxx AG and by the Danube-ARC funded by the Government of Lower Austria. Rudolf Valenta is a recipient of a Megagrant of the Government of the Russian Federation, grant No 14.W03.31.0024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Tulaeva
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, WähringerGürtel 18-20, 3Q, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Carolin Cornelius
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, WähringerGürtel 18-20, 3Q, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Milena Weber
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, WähringerGürtel 18-20, 3Q, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Margarete Focke-Tejkl
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, WähringerGürtel 18-20, 3Q, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Karaulov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Rudolf Valenta
- Division of Immunopathology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, WähringerGürtel 18-20, 3Q, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation; NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation; Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria.
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80
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Tracing back hepatitis B virus genotype D introduction and dissemination in South Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 82:104294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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81
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Verbinnen T, Tan Y, Wang G, Dehertogh P, Vergauwen K, Neefs JM, Jacoby E, Lenz O, Berke JM. Anti-HBV activity of the HBV capsid assembly modulator JNJ-56136379 across full-length genotype A–H clinical isolates and core site-directed mutants in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 75:2526-2534. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To characterize antiviral activity of the capsid assembly modulator (CAM-N) JNJ-56136379 against HBV genotypes and variants carrying amino acid substitutions in the core protein.
Methods
Anti-HBV activity of JNJ-56136379 was investigated against a diverse panel of 53 HBV clinical isolates (genotypes A–H). The impact of core amino acid substitutions using site-directed mutants (SDMs) was assessed in a transient replication assay.
Results
JNJ-56136379 median 50% effective concentration (EC50) values across all genotypes were 10–33 nM versus 17 nM (genotype D reference). JNJ-56136379 remained active against isolates carrying nucleos(t)ide analogue resistance mutations (median EC50 2–25 nM) or basal core promoter (BCP) ± precore (PC) mutations (median EC50 13–20 nM) or PC mutations (median EC50 11 nM), representing activity against isolates from HBeAg-positive and -negative hepatitis B patients. Core amino acid substitutions in the CAM-binding pocket, when tested as SDMs at positions 23, 25, 30, 33, 37, 106, 110, 118, 124, 127 and 128, reduced JNJ-56136379 anti-HBV activity; EC50 fold increases ranged from 3.0 (S106T) to 85 (T33N). All substitutions were rare in a public database of >7600 HBV core sequences (frequencies 0.01%–0.3%). Nucleos(t)ide analogues retained full activity against these core SDMs.
Conclusions
JNJ-56136379, a potent HBV CAM-N, currently in Phase 2 clinical development, was generally fully active against an extensive panel of genotype A–H clinical isolates, regardless of the presence of nucleos(t)ide analogue resistance or BCP/PC mutations. JNJ-56136379 activity was reduced by some core amino acid substitutions in the CAM-binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Verbinnen
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ying Tan
- Janssen China Research & Development Center, 5F North Building #1 Jinchuang Mansion, 4560 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Gengyan Wang
- Janssen China Research & Development Center, 5F North Building #1 Jinchuang Mansion, 4560 Jinke Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Pascale Dehertogh
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Karen Vergauwen
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Neefs
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Edgar Jacoby
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Oliver Lenz
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jan Martin Berke
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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82
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In silico Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Human Hepatitis B Virus in Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040427. [PMID: 32283837 PMCID: PMC7232418 DOI: 10.3390/v12040427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The extent of whole genome diversity amongst hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes is not well described. This study aimed to update the current distribution of HBV types and to investigate mutation rates and nucleotide diversity between genotypes in Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand. We retrieved 930 human HBV complete genomes from these regions from the NCBI nucleotide database for genotyping, detection of potential recombination, serotype prediction, mutation identification and comparative genome analyses. Overall, HBV genotypes B (44.1%) and C (46.2%) together with predicted serotypes adr (36%), adw2 (29%) and ayw1 (19.9%) were the most commonly circulating HBV types in the studied region. The three HBV variants identified most frequently were p.V5L, c.1896G>A and double mutation c.1762A>T/c.1764G>A, while genotypes B and C had the widest range of mutation types. The study also highlighted the distinct nucleotide diversity of HBV genotypes for whole genome and along the genome length. Therefore, this study provided a robust update to HBV currently circulating in Southeast Asia, Australia and New Zealand as well as an insight into the association of HBV genetic hypervariability and prevalence of well reported mutations.
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83
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In Vitro Systems for Studying Different Genotypes/Sub-Genotypes of Hepatitis B Virus: Strengths and Limitations. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030353. [PMID: 32210021 PMCID: PMC7150782 DOI: 10.3390/v12030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects the liver resulting in end stage liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite an effective vaccine, HBV poses a serious health problem globally, accounting for 257 million chronic carriers. Unique features of HBV, including its narrow virus-host range and its hepatocyte tropism, have led to major challenges in the development of suitable in vivo and in vitro model systems to recapitulate the HBV replication cycle and to test various antiviral strategies. Moreover, HBV is classified into at least nine genotypes and 35 sub-genotypes with distinct geographical distributions and prevalence, which have different natural histories of infection, clinical manifestation, and response to current antiviral agents. Here, we review various in vitro systems used to study the molecular biology of the different (sub)genotypes of HBV and their response to antiviral agents, and we discuss their strengths and limitations. Despite the advances made, no system is ideal for pan-genotypic HBV research or drug development and therefore further improvement is required. It is necessary to establish a centralized repository of HBV-related generated materials, which are readily accessible to HBV researchers, with international collaboration toward advancement and development of in vitro model systems for testing new HBV antivirals to ensure their pan-genotypic and/or customized activity.
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84
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Abstract
Abstract
Background: The risk of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is recognized worldwide, a reason for which the World Health Organization aims to reduce this public health issue of major concern in the next ten years. The aim of our study was to detect circulating HBV genotypes in a selected population of pregnant women, as scientific evidence to recommend personalized antiviral therapy and to obtain updated epidemiological information.
Methods: HBsAg positive pregnant women were selected by the National Institute of Public Health Romania. Blood samples were collected after signing the informed consent. The HBV genotypes were tested by INNO LiPA HBV genotyping method.
Results. The D genotype was detected in 9/18 (50%) patients, genotype A in 3/18 (16.7%), and genotype F in 3/18 (16.7%) patients. Three patients had double infection, 11 had unique infection, and 4 had no detectable genotype.
Conclusion. This study confirmed the results of previous studies regarding HBV genotype circulation in our country, with the mention that F genotype was a new one for our area. These data are useful from an epidemiological point of view and also for therapeutical reasons, as it is known that therapy should be genotype guided.
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85
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Mohsen RT, Al-azzawi RH, Ad'hiah AH. Hepatitis B virus genotypes among chronic hepatitis B patients from Baghdad, Iraq and their impact on liver function. GENE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2019.100548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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86
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Lei SC, Xiao X, Liu JW, Han HJ, Gong XQ, Zhao M, Wang LJ, Qin XR, Yu XJ. High prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis B viruses in insectivorous bats from China. Acta Trop 2019; 199:105130. [PMID: 31400300 PMCID: PMC7092808 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We found that 6.6% (13/197) bats from Shandong and Hubei provinces of China carried hepatis B virus (HBVs). HBVs from bats in the two places were phylogenetically in the same cluster, but distinct from bat HBVs from other places. HBVs were highly prevalent and genetic diversified in bats, supporting the hypothesis that bats may be the origin of primate hepadnaviruses.
Bats have been identified as the hosts of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in recent years and bats HBV can infect human hepatocyte. We investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of HBV in bats in China. In this study, a total of 197 insectivorous bats belonging to 10 bat species were captured from karst caves in Mengyin County, Shandong Province and Xianning City, Hubei Province, China. PCR amplification indicated that in total 6.6% (13/197) bats were positive to HBVs. The HBV positive rate in bats was 7.1% (9/127) and 5.7% (4/70) in Shandong Province and Hubei Province, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that HBV from the two places were in the same cluster with 90.5%–99.5% homology, but distinct from bat HBVs from other places in China and other countries. We concluded that HBV was prevalent and genetic diversified in bats, supporting the hypothesis that bats may be the origin of primate hepadnaviruses.
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87
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Cagliani R, Forni D, Sironi M. Mode and tempo of human hepatitis virus evolution. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:1384-1395. [PMID: 31768229 PMCID: PMC6872792 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human viral hepatitis, a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, is caused by highly diverse viruses with different genetic, ecological, and pathogenetic features. Technological advances that allow throughput sequencing of viral genomes, as well as the development of computational tools to analyze such genome data, have largely expanded our knowledge on the host range and evolutionary history of human hepatitis viruses. Thus, with the exclusion of hepatitis D virus, close or distant relatives of these human pathogens were identified in a number of domestic and wild mammals. Also, sequences of human viral strains isolated from different geographic locations and over different time-spans have allowed the application of phylogeographic and molecular dating approaches to large viral phylogenies. In this review, we summarize the most recent insights into our understanding of the evolutionary events and ecological contexts that determined the origin and spread of human hepatitis viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Cagliani
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Diego Forni
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute, IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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88
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Sumer U, Sayan M. Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus in Turkish Cypriot. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 68:449-456. [PMID: 31880889 PMCID: PMC7260636 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2019-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increased demand for molecular and epidemiological information regarding Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection as the disease severity depends on these specifications. We have aimed to analyze nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA) resistance and typical HBsAg escape mutations with the dispersion of HBV genotype/subgenotype/HBsAg serotypes on overlapping pol/S gene regions in the Turkish population. Samples were collected in Northern Cyprus. Reverse transcriptase (rt) region between 80–250 amino acids were amplified. Typical HBsAg escape mutations were determined as HBIg escape (6.48%), vaccine escape (8.34%), HBsAg misdiagnosis (9.25%), and immune escape mutations (8.34%). NAs resistances were determined as primary (2.78%), partial (2.78%), and compensatory mutations (26.85%) in overlapping pol/S gene region. The study patients were predominantly infected with HBV genotype D/D1 (98%). However, the predominant HBsAg serotype was ayw2 (99%). The most common NA resistance mutation was rtQ215H/P/S (16.67%), however, for S gene the misdiagnosis mutations were observed most frequently (9.25%). We can conclude that HBV D/D1 is the dominant strain and ayw2 is the dominant serotype in the Turkish Cypriot. Cyprus is an island located in the Eastern Mediterranean region, and it is, therefore, a key location for human trafficking and immigration; as a result of this reputation, it is necessary to analyze HBV phylogenetically for local dynamics, and our results indicate that treatment naïve population is prone to these pol/S gene mutations. However, if HBV strains were also analyzed among Greek Cypriots too, this would enable a complete island survey. With this work, we believe that we have enlightened this subject for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unal Sumer
- Near East University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology , Nicosia , Northern Cyprus
| | - Murat Sayan
- Kocaeli University, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Laboratory, PCR Unit , Kocaeli , Turkey ; Near East University, Research Centre of Experimental Health Sciences , Nicosia , Northern Cyprus
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89
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Fanning GC, Zoulim F, Hou J, Bertoletti A. Therapeutic strategies for hepatitis B virus infection: towards a cure. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:827-844. [PMID: 31455905 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a common cause of liver disease globally, with a disproportionately high burden in South-East Asia. Vaccines and nucleoside or nucleotide drugs are available and reduce both new infection rates and the development of liver disease in HBV-positive persons who adhere to long-term suppressive treatment. Although there is still considerable value in optimizing access to virus-suppressing regimens, the scientific and medical communities have embarked on a concerted journey to identify new antiviral drugs and immune interventions aimed at curing infection. The mechanisms and drug targets being explored are diverse; however, the field universally recognizes the importance of addressing the persistence of episomal covalently closed circular DNA, the existence of integrated HBV DNA in the host genome and the large antigen load, particularly of hepatitis B surface antigen. Another major challenge is to reinvigorate the exhausted immune response within the liver microenvironment. Ultimately, combinations of new drugs will be required to cure infection. Here we critically review the recent literature that describes the rationale for curative therapies and the resulting compounds that are being tested in clinical trials for hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C Fanning
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals, China Research & Development, Shanghai, China.
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, INSERM U1052, Lyon University, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jinlin Hou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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90
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Pettersson JHO, Piorkowski G, Mayxay M, Rattanavong S, Vongsouvath M, Davong V, Alfsnes K, Eldholm V, de Lamballerie X, Holmes EC, Newton PN, Dubot-Pérès A. Meta-transcriptomic identification of hepatitis B virus in cerebrospinal fluid in patients with central nervous system disease. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 95:114878. [PMID: 31451314 PMCID: PMC6892275 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Determining the etiological basis of central nervous system (CNS) infections is inherently challenging, primarily due to the multi-etiological nature. Using RNA sequencing, we aimed to identify microbes present in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of two patients suffering CNS infection, previously diagnosed with Cryptococcus sp. and Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, respectively. After meta-transcriptomic analysis, and confirmation with real-time PCR, hepatitis B virus (HBV) was detected in the CSF of two patients diagnosed with CNS syndrome. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial HBV genomes from these patients showed that they belonged to genotypes B and C and clustered with other viruses of Asian origin. In countries with high levels of HBV endemicity, the virus is likely to be found in patients diagnosed with CNS infections, although whether it contributes to symptoms and pathology, or is simply a coincidental infection, is unknown and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H-O Pettersson
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life & Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Public Health Agency of Sweden, Nobels väg 18, SE-171 82, Solna, Sweden; Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, Oslo 0456, Norway.
| | - Geraldine Piorkowski
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Mayfong Mayxay
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR; Institute of Research and Education Development (IRED), University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Lao PDR; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sayaphet Rattanavong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Manivanh Vongsouvath
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Viengmon Davong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Kristian Alfsnes
- Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, Oslo 0456, Norway
| | - Vegard Eldholm
- Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, Oslo 0456, Norway
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life & Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul N Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Dubot-Pérès
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France; Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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91
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Mojsiejczuk L, Elizalde MM, López G, Figueredo D, Marquez N, Campos RH, Flichman D. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Paraguay. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 71:91-97. [PMID: 30910532 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of severe chronic liver disease worldwide. The HBV epidemiology in Latin American countries is complex and the data is still scanty and fragmentary. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of HBV genotypes in Paraguay and to estimate the viral population dynamic and spread pattern of the main phylogenetic group. To this end, partial and complete genome sequences were obtained from 60 blood donor candidates and analysed by phylogenetic and Bayesian phylodynamic approaches. The phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of partial Polymerase/Pre-S1 overlapping region showed a predominance of the Native American subgenotype F4 (81.7%), the presence of the European subgenotypes A2 (1.7%) and D3 (8.3%), the African subgenotype A1 (3, 5%) and the Asian subgenotypes B2 (1.7%) and C2 (1.7%). The distribution of HBV genotypes was in accordance with the ethnic composition of the population. The phylogeographic analysis of subgenotype F4 complete genomes suggests that this lineage emerged and spread in the last 300 years. Paraguay was the most probable location of the common ancestor. The lineage diverged into two main clades and spread to neighbor regions, mainly Bolivia and Northwest Argentina, and Buenos Aires. The phylogeny showed a scanty geographical structure and a complex migratory pattern. In conclusion, the HBV genotypes circulating in Paraguay reflect the ethnic origin of the population. The distribution of genotypes and the phylogeographic reconstruction showed the impact of both global and local migrations in shaping the HBV molecular epidemiology in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mojsiejczuk
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Virología, Junín 956 4to piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Mercedes Elizalde
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Virología, Junín 956 4to piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Gladys López
- Laboratorio de Referencia del Programa Nacional de Control de VIH y otras ITS, Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social. Avda. Pettirossi esq. Brasil, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Diego Figueredo
- Red Nacional de Servicios de Sangre del Programa Nacional de Sangre, Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social. Avda. Pettirossi esq. Brasil, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Nelson Marquez
- Red Nacional de Servicios de Sangre del Programa Nacional de Sangre, Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social. Avda. Pettirossi esq. Brasil, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Rodolfo Héctor Campos
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Virología, Junín 956 4to piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Diego Flichman
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética, Cátedra de Virología, Junín 956 4to piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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