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Andersen TG, Nintemann SJ, Marek M, Halkier BA, Schulz A, Burow M. Improving analytical methods for protein-protein interaction through implementation of chemically inducible dimerization. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27766. [PMID: 27282591 PMCID: PMC4901268 DOI: 10.1038/srep27766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
When investigating interactions between two proteins with complementary reporter tags in yeast two-hybrid or split GFP assays, it remains troublesome to discriminate true- from false-negative results and challenging to compare the level of interaction across experiments. This leads to decreased sensitivity and renders analysis of weak or transient interactions difficult to perform. In this work, we describe the development of reporters that can be chemically induced to dimerize independently of the investigated interactions and thus alleviate these issues. We incorporated our reporters into the widely used split ubiquitin-, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC)- and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)- based methods and investigated different protein-protein interactions in yeast and plants. We demonstrate the functionality of this concept by the analysis of weakly interacting proteins from specialized metabolism in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Our results illustrate that chemically induced dimerization can function as a built-in control for split-based systems that is easily implemented and allows for direct evaluation of functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonni Grube Andersen
- Center for Dynamic Molecular Interactions (DynaMo), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sebastian J. Nintemann
- Center for Dynamic Molecular Interactions (DynaMo), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Magdalena Marek
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Barbara A. Halkier
- Center for Dynamic Molecular Interactions (DynaMo), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Center for Dynamic Molecular Interactions (DynaMo), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Meike Burow
- Center for Dynamic Molecular Interactions (DynaMo), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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52
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Xing S, Wallmeroth N, Berendzen KW, Grefen C. Techniques for the Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions in Vivo. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:727-58. [PMID: 27208310 PMCID: PMC4902627 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Identifying key players and their interactions is fundamental for understanding biochemical mechanisms at the molecular level. The ever-increasing number of alternative ways to detect protein-protein interactions (PPIs) speaks volumes about the creativity of scientists in hunting for the optimal technique. PPIs derived from single experiments or high-throughput screens enable the decoding of binary interactions, the building of large-scale interaction maps of single organisms, and the establishment of cross-species networks. This review provides a historical view of the development of PPI technology over the past three decades, particularly focusing on in vivo PPI techniques that are inexpensive to perform and/or easy to implement in a state-of-the-art molecular biology laboratory. Special emphasis is given to their feasibility and application for plant biology as well as recent improvements or additions to these established techniques. The biology behind each method and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed in detail, as are the design, execution, and evaluation of PPI analysis. We also aim to raise awareness about the technological considerations and the inherent flaws of these methods, which may have an impact on the biological interpretation of PPIs. Ultimately, we hope this review serves as a useful reference when choosing the most suitable PPI technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Xing
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Wallmeroth
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kenneth W Berendzen
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Grefen
- University of Tübingen, ZMBP Developmental Genetics (S.X., N.W., C.G.) and ZMBP Central Facilities (K.W.B.), D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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53
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Kudla J, Bock R. Lighting the Way to Protein-Protein Interactions: Recommendations on Best Practices for Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation Analyses. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1002-8. [PMID: 27099259 PMCID: PMC4904677 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Techniques to detect and verify interactions between proteins in vivo have become invaluable tools in functional genomic research. While many of the initially developed interaction assays (e.g., yeast two-hybrid system and split-ubiquitin assay) usually are conducted in heterologous systems, assays relying on bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC; also referred to as split-YFP assays) are applicable to the analysis of protein-protein interactions in most native systems, including plant cells. Like all protein-protein interaction assays, BiFC can produce false positive and false negative results. The purpose of this commentary is to (1) highlight shortcomings of and potential pitfalls in BiFC assays, (2) provide guidelines for avoiding artifactual interactions, and (3) suggest suitable approaches to scrutinize potential interactions and validate them by independent methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Kudla
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Llorca CM, Berendzen KW, Malik WA, Mahn S, Piepho HP, Zentgraf U. The Elucidation of the Interactome of 16 Arabidopsis bZIP Factors Reveals Three Independent Functional Networks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139884. [PMID: 26452049 PMCID: PMC4599898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the bZIP transcription factors is strictly dependent on their ability to dimerize. Heterodimerization has proven to be highly specific and is postulated to operate as a combinatorial mechanism allowing the generation of a large variety of dimers with unique qualities by specifically combining a small set of monomers; an assumption that has not yet been tested systematically. Here, the interaction pattern and the transactivation properties of 16 Arabidopsis thaliana bZIPs are examined in transiently transformed Arabidopsis protoplasts to deliver a perspective on the relationship between bZIP dimerization and function. An interaction matrix of bZIPs belonging to the C, G, H, and S1 bZIP groups was resolved by Bimolecular Fluorescent Complementation (BiFC) coupled to quantitative flow cytometric analysis, while an extensive GUS reporter gene assay was carried out to determine the effect of different bZIP pairs on the expression of four different known bZIP-targeted promoters. Statistical data treatment and complementary bioinformatic analysis were performed to substantiate the biological findings. According to these results, the 16 bZIPs interact in three isolated networks, within which their members dimerize non-specifically and exhibit a significant level of functional redundancy. A coherent explanation for these results is supported by in silico analysis of differences in the length, structure and composition of their leucine zippers and appears to explain their dimerization specificity and dynamics observed in vivo quite well. A model in which the bZIP networks act as functional units is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Marco Llorca
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Waqas Ahmed Malik
- Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Mahn
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Piepho
- Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zentgraf
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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55
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Sun J, Eklund DM, Montes-Rodriguez A, Kost B. In vivo Rac/Rop localization as well as interaction with RhoGAP and RhoGDI in tobacco pollen tubes: analysis by low-level expression of fluorescent fusion proteins and bimolecular fluorescence complementation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:83-98. [PMID: 26252733 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Polarized Rac/Rop GTPase signaling plays a key role in polar cell growth, which is essential for plant morphogenesis. The molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the polarization of Rac/Rop signaling during polar cell growth are only partially understood. Mutant variants of Rac/Rop GTPases lacking specific functions are important tools to investigate these mechanisms, and have been employed to develop a model suggesting that RhoGAP (GTPase activating protein) and RhoGDI (Guanine Nucleotide Dissociation Inhibitor) mediated recycling of Rac/Rop GTPases maintains apical polarization of Rac/Rop activity in pollen tubes, which elongate by 'tip growth' (an extreme form of polar cell growth). Despite the importance of these mutant variants for Rac/Rop functional characterization, their distinct intracellular distributions have not been thoroughly comparatively and quantitatively analyzed. Furthermore, support for the proposed RhoGAP and RhoGDI functions in apical polarization of Rac/Rop activity based on the analysis of in vivo interactions between these proteins and Rac/Rop GTPases has been missing. Here, extensive fluorescent protein tagging and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analyses are described of the intracellular distributions of wild type and mutant variants of the tobacco pollen tube Rac/Rop GTPase Nt-Rac5, as well as of interactions of these Nt-Rac5 variants with RhoGAP and RhoGDI proteins, in normally growing transiently transformed pollen tubes. Presented results substantially enhance our understanding of apical dynamics of pollen tube Rac/Rop signaling proteins, confirm previously proposed RhoGAP and RhoGDI functions in Rac/Rop polarization and provide important technical insights facilitating future in vivo protein localization and BiFC experiments in pollen tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sun
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7080, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - D Magnus Eklund
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7080, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Benedikt Kost
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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56
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Decock M, El Haylani L, Stanga S, Dewachter I, Octave JN, Smith SO, Constantinescu SN, Kienlen-Campard P. Analysis by a highly sensitive split luciferase assay of the regions involved in APP dimerization and its impact on processing. FEBS Open Bio 2015; 5:763-73. [PMID: 26500837 PMCID: PMC4588712 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) dimerizes more than its C-terminal fragments in cells. Mutations of membrane GXXXG motifs affect Aβ production but not APP dimerization. Deletion of the APP intracellular domain increases APP dimerization.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive loss of cognitive functions, leading to dementia. Two types of lesions are found in AD brains: neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. The latter are composed mainly of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) generated by amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Several studies have suggested that dimerization of APP is closely linked to Aβ production. Nevertheless, the mechanisms controlling APP dimerization and their role in APP function are not known. Here we used a new luciferase complementation assay to analyze APP dimerization and unravel the involvement of its three major domains: the ectodomain, the transmembrane domain and the intracellular domain. Our results indicate that within cells full-length APP dimerizes more than its α and β C-terminal fragments, confirming the pivotal role of the ectodomain in this process. Dimerization of the APP transmembrane (TM) domain has been reported to regulate processing at the γ-cleavage site. We show that both non-familial and familial AD mutations in the TM GXXXG motifs strongly modulate Aβ production, but do not consistently change dimerization of the C-terminal fragments. Finally, we found for the first time that removal of intracellular domain strongly increases APP dimerization. Increased APP dimerization is linked to increased non-amyloidogenic processing.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- AICD, APP intracellular domain
- APP
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- Alzheimer disease
- Amyloid beta peptide
- Aβ, β-amyloid peptide
- CHO, chinese hamster ovary
- CTF, C-terminal fragment
- DAPT, N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- Dimerization
- ECL, enzymatic chemi-luminescence
- ECLIA, electro-chemiluminescence immuno-assay
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- GXXXG motifs
- KPI, Kunitz-type protease inhibitor
- NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PS1/PS2, presenilin1/presenilin2
- RLU, relative light unit
- SP, signal peptide
- Split luciferase
- TM, transmembrane
- YFP, yellow fluorescent protein
- sAPPα, soluble APPα
- sAPPβ, soluble APPβ
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Decock
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Laetitia El Haylani
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Serena Stanga
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Ilse Dewachter
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Jean-Noël Octave
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Steven O Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- de Duve Institute and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
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57
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Coll A, Wilson ML, Gruden K, Peccoud J. Rule-Based Design of Plant Expression Vectors Using GenoCAD. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132502. [PMID: 26148190 PMCID: PMC4492961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant synthetic biology requires software tools to assist on the design of complex multi-genic expression plasmids. Here a vector design strategy to express genes in plants is formalized and implemented as a grammar in GenoCAD, a Computer-Aided Design software for synthetic biology. It includes a library of plant biological parts organized in structural categories and a set of rules describing how to assemble these parts into large constructs. Rules developed here are organized and divided into three main subsections according to the aim of the final construct: protein localization studies, promoter analysis and protein-protein interaction experiments. The GenoCAD plant grammar guides the user through the design while allowing users to customize vectors according to their needs. Therefore the plant grammar implemented in GenoCAD will help plant biologists take advantage of methods from synthetic biology to design expression vectors supporting their research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Coll
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mandy L. Wilson
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jean Peccoud
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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58
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Steffens A, Bräutigam A, Jakoby M, Hülskamp M. The BEACH Domain Protein SPIRRIG Is Essential for Arabidopsis Salt Stress Tolerance and Functions as a Regulator of Transcript Stabilization and Localization. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002188. [PMID: 26133670 PMCID: PMC4489804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the highly conserved class of BEACH domain containing proteins (BDCPs) have been established as broad facilitators of protein-protein interactions and membrane dynamics in the context of human diseases like albinism, bleeding diathesis, impaired cellular immunity, cancer predisposition, and neurological dysfunctions. Also, the Arabidopsis thaliana BDCP SPIRRIG (SPI) is important for membrane integrity, as spi mutants exhibit split vacuoles. In this work, we report a novel molecular function of the BDCP SPI in ribonucleoprotein particle formation. We show that SPI interacts with the P-body core component DECAPPING PROTEIN 1 (DCP1), associates to mRNA processing bodies (P-bodies), and regulates their assembly upon salt stress. The finding that spi mutants exhibit salt hypersensitivity suggests that the local function of SPI at P-bodies is of biological relevance. Transcriptome-wide analysis revealed qualitative differences in the salt stress-regulated transcriptional response of Col-0 and spi. We show that SPI regulates the salt stress-dependent post-transcriptional stabilization, cytoplasmic agglomeration, and localization to P-bodies of a subset of salt stress-regulated mRNAs. Finally, we show that the PH-BEACH domains of SPI and its human homolog FAN (Factor Associated with Neutral sphingomyelinase activation) interact with DCP1 isoforms from plants, mammals, and yeast, suggesting the evolutionary conservation of an association of BDCPs and P-bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc Jakoby
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Hülskamp
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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59
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Zehrmann A, Härtel B, Glass F, Bayer-Császár E, Obata T, Meyer E, Brennicke A, Takenaka M. Selective homo- and heteromer interactions between the multiple organellar RNA editing factor (MORF) proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6445-56. [PMID: 25583991 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.602086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA editing in plastids and mitochondria of flowering plants requires pentatricopeptide repeat proteins (PPR proteins) for site recognition and proteins of the multiple organellar RNA editing factor (MORF) family as cofactors. Two MORF proteins, MORF5 and MORF8, are dual-targeted to plastids and mitochondria; two are targeted to plastids, and five are targeted to mitochondria. Pulldown assays from Arabidopsis thaliana tissue culture extracts with the mitochondrial MORF1 and the plastid MORF2 proteins, respectively, both identify the dual-targeted MORF8 protein, showing that these complexes can assemble in the organelles. We have now determined the scope of potential interactions between the various MORF proteins by yeast two-hybrid, in vitro pulldown, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. The resulting MORF-MORF interactome identifies specific heteromeric MORF protein interactions in plastids and in mitochondria. Heteromers are observed for MORF protein combinations affecting a common site, suggesting their functional relevance. Most MORF proteins also undergo homomeric interactions. Submolecular analysis of the MORF1 protein reveals that the MORF-MORF protein connections require the C-terminal region of the central conserved MORF box. This domain has no similarity to known protein modules and may form a novel surface for protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Zehrmann
- From the Molekulare Botanik, Universität Ulm, 89069 Ulm and
| | - Barbara Härtel
- From the Molekulare Botanik, Universität Ulm, 89069 Ulm and
| | | | | | - Toshihiro Obata
- the Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Etienne Meyer
- the Max-Planck-Institut für Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Axel Brennicke
- From the Molekulare Botanik, Universität Ulm, 89069 Ulm and
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60
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Horstman A, Fukuoka H, Muino JM, Nitsch L, Guo C, Passarinho P, Sanchez-Perez G, Immink R, Angenent G, Boutilier K. AIL and HDG proteins act antagonistically to control cell proliferation. Development 2015; 142:454-64. [PMID: 25564655 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Aintegumenta-like (AIL) transcription factors are key regulators of cell proliferation and meristem identity. Although AIL functions have been well described, the direct signalling components of this pathway are largely unknown. We show that baby boom (BBM) and other AIL proteins physically interact with multiple members of the L1-expressed homeodomain glabrous (HDG) transcription factor family, including HDG1, HDG11 and HDG12. Overexpression of HDG1, HDG11 and HDG12 restricts growth due to root and shoot meristem arrest, which is associated with reduced expression of genes involved in meristem development and cell proliferation pathways, whereas downregulation of multiple HDG genes promotes cell overproliferation. These results suggest a role for HDG proteins in promoting cell differentiation. We also reveal a transcriptional network in which BBM and HDG1 regulate several common target genes, and where BBM/AIL and HDG regulate the expression of each other. Taken together, these results suggest opposite roles for AIL and HDG proteins, with AILs promoting cell proliferation and HDGs stimulating cell differentiation, and that these functions are mediated at both the protein-protein interaction and transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Horstman
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bioscience, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Hiroyuki Fukuoka
- Vegetable Breeding and Genome Research Division, NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (NIVTS), 360 Kusawa, Ano, Tsu, Mie 514-2392, Japan
| | - Jose M Muino
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin D-14195, Germany
| | - Lisette Nitsch
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Dreijenlaan 3, Wageningen 6703 HA, The Netherlands
| | - Changhua Guo
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bioscience, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Passarinho
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bioscience, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Gabino Sanchez-Perez
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bioscience, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands Wageningen University, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Immink
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bioscience, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco Angenent
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bioscience, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands Wageningen University, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bioscience, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
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