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Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 for the Treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. J Pers Med 2018; 8:jpm8040038. [PMID: 30477208 PMCID: PMC6313657 DOI: 10.3390/jpm8040038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X-linked recessive neuromuscular disease prevalent in 1 in 3500 to 5000 males worldwide. As a result of mutations that interrupt the reading frame of the dystrophin gene (DMD), DMD is characterized by a loss of dystrophin protein that leads to decreased muscle membrane integrity, which increases susceptibility to degeneration. CRISPR/Cas9 technology has garnered interest as an avenue for DMD therapy due to its potential for permanent exon skipping, which can restore the disrupted DMD reading frame in DMD and lead to dystrophin restoration. An RNA-guided DNA endonuclease system, CRISPR/Cas9 allows for the targeted editing of specific sequences in the genome. The efficacy and safety of CRISPR/Cas9 as a therapy for DMD has been evaluated by numerous studies in vitro and in vivo, with varying rates of success. Despite the potential of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing for the long-term treatment of DMD, its translation into the clinic is currently challenged by issues such as off-targeting, immune response activation, and sub-optimal in vivo delivery. Its nature as being mostly a personalized form of therapy also limits applicability to DMD patients, who exhibit a wide spectrum of mutations. This review summarizes the various CRISPR/Cas9 strategies that have been tested in vitro and in vivo for the treatment of DMD. Perspectives on the approach will be provided, and the challenges faced by CRISPR/Cas9 in its road to the clinic will be briefly discussed.
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Lamas-Toranzo I, Ramos-Ibeas P, Pericuesta E, Bermejo-Álvarez P. Directions and applications of CRISPR technology in livestock research. Anim Reprod 2018; 15:292-300. [PMID: 34178152 PMCID: PMC8202460 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2018-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ablation (KO) or targeted insertion (KI) of specific genes or sequences has been essential
to test their roles on a particular biological process. Unfortunately, such genome modifications
have been largely limited to the mouse model, as the only way to achieve targeted mutagenesis
in other mammals required from somatic cell nuclear transfer, a time- and resource-consuming
technique. This difficulty has left research in livestock species largely devoided of KO
and targeted KI models, crucial tools to uncover the molecular roots of any physiological
or pathological process. Luckily, the eruption of site-specific endonucleases, and particularly
CRISPR technology, has empowered farm animal scientists to consider projects that could
not develop before. In this sense, the availability of genome modification in livestock species
is meant to change the way research is performed on many fields, switching from descriptive
and correlational approaches to experimental research. In this review we will provide some
guidance about how the genome can be edited by CRISPR and the possible strategies to achieve
KO or KI, paying special attention to an initially overlooked phenomenon: mosaicism. Mosaicism
is produced when the zygote´s genome edition occurs after its DNA has replicated,
and is characterized by the presence of more than two alleles in the same individual, an undesirable
outcome when attempting direct KO generation. Finally, the possible applications on different
fields of livestock research, such as reproduction or infectious diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Pericuesta
- Department Reproducción Animal, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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53
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Zhang Y, Long C, Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN. Myoediting: Toward Prevention of Muscular Dystrophy by Therapeutic Genome Editing. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1205-1240. [PMID: 29717930 PMCID: PMC6335101 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00046.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies represent a large group of genetic disorders that significantly impair quality of life and often progress to premature death. There is no effective treatment for these debilitating diseases. Most therapies, developed to date, focus on alleviating the symptoms or targeting the secondary effects, while the underlying gene mutation is still present in the human genome. The discovery and application of programmable nucleases for site-specific DNA double-stranded breaks provides a powerful tool for precise genome engineering. In particular, the CRISPR/Cas system has revolutionized the genome editing field and is providing a new path for disease treatment by targeting the disease-causing genetic mutations. In this review, we provide a historical overview of genome-editing technologies, summarize the most recent advances, and discuss potential strategies and challenges for permanently correcting genetic mutations that cause muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Chengzu Long
- Department of Molecular Biology, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Rhonda Bassel-Duby
- Department of Molecular Biology, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Senator Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
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54
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Sui T, Lau YS, Liu D, Liu T, Xu L, Gao Y, Lai L, Li Z, Han R. A novel rabbit model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy generated by CRISPR/Cas9. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.032201. [PMID: 29871865 PMCID: PMC6031364 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.032201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked muscle-wasting disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, with an incidence of 1 in 3500 in new male births. Mdx mice are widely used as an animal model for DMD. However, these mice do not faithfully recapitulate DMD patients in many aspects, rendering the preclinical findings in this model questionable. Although larger animal models of DMD, such as dogs and pigs, have been generated, usage of these animals is expensive and only limited to several facilities in the world. Here, we report the generation of a rabbit model of DMD by co-injection of Cas9 mRNA and sgRNA targeting exon 51 into rabbit zygotes. The DMD knockout (KO) rabbits exhibit the typical phenotypes of DMD, including severely impaired physical activity, elevated serum creatine kinase levels, and progressive muscle necrosis and fibrosis. Moreover, clear pathology was also observed in the diaphragm and heart at 5 months of age, similar to DMD patients. Echocardiography recording showed that the DMD KO rabbits had chamber dilation with decreased ejection fraction and fraction shortening. In conclusion, this novel rabbit DMD model generated with the CRISPR/Cas9 system mimics the histopathological and functional defects in DMD patients, and could be valuable for preclinical studies. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: The DMD KO rabbit engineered by CRISPR genome editing faithfully recapitulates the DMD pathologies, and could be a valuable tool for basic and translational studies to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Sui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yeh Siang Lau
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, US
| | - Di Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Tingjun Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, US
| | - Yandi Gao
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, US
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Zhanjun Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Renzhi Han
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, US
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Abstract
Prokaryotic type II adaptive immune systems have been developed into the versatile CRISPR technology, which has been widely applied in site-specific genome editing and has revolutionized biomedical research due to its superior efficiency and flexibility. Recent studies have greatly diversified CRISPR technologies by coupling it with various DNA repair mechanisms and targeting strategies. These new advances have significantly expanded the generation of genetically modified animal models, either by including species in which targeted genetic modification could not be achieved previously, or through introducing complex genetic modifications that take multiple steps and cost years to achieve using traditional methods. Herein, we review the recent developments and applications of CRISPR-based technology in generating various animal models, and discuss the everlasting impact of this new progress on biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Ma
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine in Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Avery Sum-Yu Wong
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine in Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Hei-Yin Tam
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine in Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Samuel Yung-Kin Tsui
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine in Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Dittman Lai-Shun Chung
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine in Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Bo Feng
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine in Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Guangdong 510530, China.,SBS Core Laboratory, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen Guangdong 518057, China
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56
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Yu H, Long W, Zhang X, Xu K, Guo J, Zhao H, Li H, Qing Y, Pan W, Jia B, Zhao HY, Huang X, Wei HJ. Generation of GHR-modified pigs as Laron syndrome models via a dual-sgRNAs/Cas9 system and somatic cell nuclear transfer. J Transl Med 2018; 16:41. [PMID: 29482569 PMCID: PMC5828148 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laron syndrome is an autosomal disease resulting from mutations in the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene. The only therapeutic treatment for Laron syndrome is recombinant insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which has been shown to have various side effects. The improved Laron syndrome models are important for better understanding the pathogenesis of the disease and developing corresponding therapeutics. Pigs have become attractive biomedical models for human condition due to similarities in anatomy, physiology, and metabolism relative to humans, which could serve as an appropriate model for Laron syndrome. METHODS To further improve the GHR knockout (GHRKO) efficiency and explore the feasibility of precise DNA deletion at targeted sites, the dual-sgRNAs/Cas9 system was designed to target GHR exon 3 in pig fetal fibroblasts (PFFs). The vectors encoding sgRNAs and Cas9 were co-transfected into PFFs by electroporation and GHRKO cell lines were established by single cell cloning culture. Two biallelic knockout cell lines were selected as the donor cell line for somatic cell nuclear transfer for the generation of GHRKO pigs. The genotype of colonies, cloned fetuses and piglets were identified by T7 endonuclease I (T7ENI) assay and sequencing. The GHR expression in the fibroblasts and piglets was analyzed by confocal microscopy, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR), western blotting (WB) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The phenotype of GHRKO pigs was recapitulated through level detection of IGF-I and glucose, and measurement of body weight and body size. GHRKO F1 generation were generated by crossing with wild-type pigs, and their genotype was detected by T7ENI assay and sequencing. GHRKO F2 generation was obtained via self-cross of GHRKO F1 pigs. Their genotypes of GHRKO F2 generation was also detected by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS In total, 19 of 20 single-cell colonies exhibited biallelic modified GHR (95%), and the efficiency of DNA deletion mediated by dual-sgRNAs/Cas9 was as high as 90% in 40 GHR alleles of 20 single-cell colonies. Two types of GHR allelic single-cell colonies (GHR-47/-1, GHR-47/-46) were selected as donor cells for the generation of GHRKO pigs. The reconstructed embryos were transferred into 15 recipient gilts, resulting in 15 GHRKO newborn piglets and 2 fetuses. The GHRKO pigs exhibited slow growth rates and small body sizes. From birth to 13 months old, the average body weight of wild-type pigs varied from 0.6 to 89.5 kg, but that of GHRKO pigs varied from only 0.9 to 37.0 kg. Biochemically, the knockout pigs exhibited decreased serum levels of IGF-I and glucose. Furthermore, the GHRKO pigs had normal reproduction ability, as eighteen GHRKO F1 piglets were obtained via mating a GHRKO pig with wild-type pigs and five GHRKO F2 piglets were obtained by self-cross of F1 generation, indicating that modified GHR alleles can pass to the next generation via germline transmission. CONCLUSION The dual-sgRNAs/Cas9 is a reliable system for DNA deletion and that GHRKO pigs conform to typical phenotypes of those observed in Laron patients, suggesting that these pigs could serve as an appropriate model for Laron syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghao Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Rd., Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201210 China
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541100 China
| | - Weihu Long
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Xuezeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Kaixiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Jianxiong Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Heng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Honghui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Yubo Qing
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Weirong Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Baoyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Hong-Ye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
| | - Xingxu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Rd., Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201210 China
| | - Hong-Jiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201 China
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57
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Perleberg C, Kind A, Schnieke A. Genetically engineered pigs as models for human disease. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/1/dmm030783. [PMID: 29419487 PMCID: PMC5818075 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified animals are vital for gaining a proper understanding of disease mechanisms. Mice have long been the mainstay of basic research into a wide variety of diseases but are not always the most suitable means of translating basic knowledge into clinical application. The shortcomings of rodent preclinical studies are widely recognised, and regulatory agencies around the world now require preclinical trial data from nonrodent species. Pigs are well suited to biomedical research, sharing many similarities with humans, including body size, anatomical features, physiology and pathophysiology, and they already play an important role in translational studies. This role is set to increase as advanced genetic techniques simplify the generation of pigs with precisely tailored modifications designed to replicate lesions responsible for human disease. This article provides an overview of the most promising and clinically relevant genetically modified porcine models of human disease for translational biomedical research, including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We briefly summarise the technologies involved and consider the future impact of recent technical advances. Summary: An overview of porcine models of human disease, including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We summarise the technologies involved and potential future impact of recent technical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Perleberg
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Alexander Kind
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- Chair of Livestock Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
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58
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Martinez CA, Martinez EA, Gil MA. Importance of oil overlay for production of porcine embryos in vitro. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 53:281-286. [PMID: 29164713 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Technologies to edit the zygote genome have revolutionized biomedical research not only for the creation of animal models for the study of human disease but also for the generation of functional human cells and tissues through interspecies blastocyst complementation technology. The pig is the ideal species for these purposes due to its great similarity in anatomy and physiology to humans. Emerging biotechnologies require the use of oocytes and/or embryos of good quality, which might be obtained using in vitro production (IVP) techniques. However, the current porcine embryo IVP systems are still suboptimal and result in low monospermic fertilization and blastocyst formation rates and poor embryo quality. During recent years, intensive investigations have been performed to evaluate the influence of specific compounds on gametes and embryos and to avoid the use of undefined supplements (serum and serum derivate) in the incubation media. However, little consideration has been given to the use of the mineral oil (MO) to overlay incubation droplets, which, albeit being a routine component of the IVP systems, is a totally undefined and thus problematic product for the safety of gametes and embryos. In this review, we provide an overview on the advantages and disadvantages of using MO to cover the incubation media. We also review one important concern in IVP laboratories: the use of oils containing undetected contamination. Finally, we discuss the effects of different types of oils on the in vitro embryo production outcomes and the transfer of compounds from oil into the culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Martinez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - E A Martinez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - M A Gil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
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59
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Lamas-Toranzo I, Guerrero-Sánchez J, Miralles-Bover H, Alegre-Cid G, Pericuesta E, Bermejo-Álvarez P. CRISPR is knocking on barn door. Reprod Domest Anim 2017; 52 Suppl 4:39-47. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - G Alegre-Cid
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal; INIA; Madrid Spain
| | - E Pericuesta
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal; INIA; Madrid Spain
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60
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Nelson CE, Robinson-Hamm JN, Gersbach CA. Genome engineering: a new approach to gene therapy for neuromuscular disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13:647-661. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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61
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Gil MA, Martinez CA, Nohalez A, Parrilla I, Roca J, Wu J, Ross PJ, Cuello C, Izpisua JC, Martinez EA. Developmental competence of porcine genome-edited zygotes. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:814-821. [PMID: 28471514 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing in pigs has tremendous practical applications for biomedicine. The advent of genome editing technology, with its use of site-specific nucleases-including ZFNs, TALENs, and the CRISPR/Cas9 system-has popularized targeted zygote genome editing via one-step microinjection in several mammalian species. Here, we review methods to optimize the developmental competence of genome-edited porcine embryos and strategies to improve the zygote genome-editing efficiency in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Gil
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina A Martinez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alicia Nohalez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Parrilla
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jordi Roca
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jun Wu
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Pablo J Ross
- Department of Animal Science, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Cristina Cuello
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan C Izpisua
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Emilio A Martinez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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62
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Pini V, Morgan JE, Muntoni F, O’Neill HC. Genome Editing and Muscle Stem Cells as a Therapeutic Tool for Muscular Dystrophies. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2017; 3:137-148. [PMID: 28616376 PMCID: PMC5445179 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-017-0076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Muscular dystrophies are a group of severe degenerative disorders characterized by muscle fiber degeneration and death. Therapies designed to restore muscle homeostasis and to replace dying fibers are being experimented, but none of those in clinical trials are suitable to permanently address individual gene mutation. The purpose of this review is to discuss genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated), which enable direct sequence alteration and could potentially be adopted to correct the genetic defect leading to muscle impairment. Recent Findings Recent findings show that advances in gene therapy, when combined with traditional viral vector-based approaches, are bringing the field of regenerative medicine closer to precision-based medicine. Summary The use of such programmable nucleases is proving beneficial for the creation of more accurate in vitro and in vivo disease models. Several gene and cell-therapy studies have been performed on satellite cells, the primary skeletal muscle stem cells involved in muscle regeneration. However, these have mainly been based on artificial replacement or augmentation of the missing protein. Satellite cells are a particularly appealing target to address these innovative technologies for the treatment of muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pini
- Molecular and Developmental Neurosciences Program, The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Jennifer E. Morgan
- Molecular and Developmental Neurosciences Program, The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Molecular and Developmental Neurosciences Program, The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Helen C. O’Neill
- Embryology, IVF and Reproductive Genetics Group, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX UK
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63
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Wu Y, Xu K, Ren C, Li X, Lv H, Han F, Wei Z, Wang X, Zhang Z. Enhanced CRISPR/Cas9-mediated biallelic genome targeting with dual surrogate reporter-integrated donors. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:903-913. [PMID: 28214366 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has recently emerged as a simple, yet powerful genome engineering tool, which has been widely used for genome modification in various organisms and cell types. However, screening biallelic genome-modified cells is often time-consuming and technically challenging. In this study, we incorporated two different surrogate reporter cassettes into paired donor plasmids, which were used as both the surrogate reporters and the knock-in donors. By applying our dual surrogate reporter-integrated donor system, we demonstrate high frequency of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated biallelic genome integration in both human HEK293T and porcine PK15 cells (34.09% and 18.18%, respectively). Our work provides a powerful genetic tool for assisting the selection and enrichment of cells with targeted biallelic genome modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Biology, Zun Yi Normal College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chonghua Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huijiao Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Furong Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zehui Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiying Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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