51
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Krishna D, Dhanashree B. Antibiogram, Virulence Genes, and Biofilm-Forming Ability of Clinical Salmonella enterica Serovars: An In Vitro Study. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 27:871-878. [PMID: 33305986 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi are causative agents of enteric fever. Salmonella Typhi persists as a biofilm on gallstones. Hence, we studied the biofilm formation, antibiogram, and virulence genes of S. enterica serovars. Antibiogram of S. enterica serovars from human blood and stool samples were studied by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and biofilm by microtiter plate method. We studied the minimum inhibitory concentration of the isolates by Vitek-2 semiautomated system. Polymerase chain reaction was done to detect invA and spvC genes. Of the 55 isolates studied, 36 (65.45%) were Salmonella Typhi, 13 (23.63%) were Salmonella Paratyphi A, 2 (3.64%) were Salmonella Typhimurium, and 4 (7.28%) were Salmonella spp. Resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid were found to be 81.8% and 92.7%, respectively. Chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole-susceptible strains were 98.18%. One each of Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, and S. enterica isolates formed weak biofilm at 28°C. However, at 37°C eight Salmonella Typhi produced weak biofilm in the presence of bile. One Salmonella Paratyphi A and two Salmonella spp. formed weak biofilm in the absence of bile. All the isolates had the invA gene. Salmonella Typhimurium had invA and spvC genes. Bile may contribute to biofilm formation and persistence of the Salmonella Typhi on gallstones, which may lead to carrier state. Changing antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella serovars is observed in our geographic area. The presence of invA and spvC genes indicate the ability of invasiveness and intracellular survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Krishna
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
| | - Biranthabail Dhanashree
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
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52
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The Impact of Mushroom Polysaccharides on Gut Microbiota and Its Beneficial Effects to Host: A Review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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53
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Lopez LR, Bleich RM, Arthur JC. Microbiota Effects on Carcinogenesis: Initiation, Promotion, and Progression. Annu Rev Med 2020; 72:243-261. [PMID: 33052764 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-080719-091604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a multistep process by which normal cells acquire genetic and epigenetic changes that result in cancer. In combination with host genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures, a prominent procarcinogenic role for the microbiota has recently emerged. In colorectal cancer (CRC), three nefarious microbes have been consistently linked to cancer development: (a) Colibactin-producing Escherichia coli initiates carcinogenic DNA damage, (b) enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis promotes tumorigenesis via toxin-induced cell proliferation and tumor-promoting inflammation, and (c) Fusobacterium nucleatum enhances CRC progression through two adhesins, Fap2 and FadA, that promote proliferation and antitumor immune evasion and may contribute to metastases. Herein, we use these three prominent microbes to discuss the experimental evidence linking microbial activities to carcinogenesis and the specific mechanisms driving this stepwise process. Precisely defining mechanisms by which the microbiota impacts carcinogenesis at each stage is essential for developing microbiota-targeted strategies for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey R Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; ,
| | - Rachel M Bleich
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 28608, USA;
| | - Janelle C Arthur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA; , .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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54
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Hartl K, Sigal M. Microbe-Driven Genotoxicity in Gastrointestinal Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7439. [PMID: 33050171 PMCID: PMC7587957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium serves as a barrier to discriminate the outside from the inside and is in constant exchange with the luminal contents, including nutrients and the microbiota. Pathogens have evolved mechanisms to overcome the multiple ways of defense in the mucosa, while several members of the microbiota can exhibit pathogenic features once the healthy barrier integrity of the epithelium is disrupted. This not only leads to symptoms accompanying the acute infection but may also contribute to long-term injuries such as genomic instability, which is linked to mutations and cancer. While for Helicobacter pylori a link between infection and cancer is well established, many other bacteria and their virulence factors have only recently been linked to gastrointestinal malignancies through epidemiological as well as mechanistic studies. This review will focus on those pathogens and members of the microbiota that have been linked to genotoxicity in the context of gastric or colorectal cancer. We will address the mechanisms by which such bacteria establish contact with the gastrointestinal epithelium-either via an existing breach in the barrier or via their own virulence factors as well as the mechanisms by which they interfere with host genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Hartl
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité-Universtitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Sigal
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité-Universtitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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55
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The interplay of the oral microbiome and alcohol consumption in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Oncol 2020; 110:105011. [PMID: 32980528 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.105011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer (OC) is among the top twenty occurring cancers in the world, with a mortality rate of 50%. A shift to a functionally inflammatory or a 'disease state' oral microbiome composition has been observed amongst patients with premalignant disorders and OC, with evidence suggesting alcohol could be exacerbating the inflammatory influence of the oral microorganisms. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, EC 1.1.1.1) converts alcohol into a known carcinogenic metabolite, acetaldehyde and while ADH levels in oral mucosa are low, several oral commensal species possess ADH and could produce genotoxic levels of acetaldehyde. With a direct association between oral microbiome status, alcohol and poor oral health status combining to induce chronic inflammation with increased acetaldehyde levels - this leads to a tumour promoting environment. This new disease state increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while impairing anti-oxidant systems thus activating the redox signalling required for the promotion and survival of tumours. This review aims to highlight the evidence linking these processes in the progression of oral cancer.
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56
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Abstract
Bacterial infections are increasingly being recognized as risk factors for the development of adenocarcinomas. The strong epidemiological evidence linking Helicobacter pylori infection to stomach cancer has paved the way to the demonstration that bacterial infections cause DNA damage in the host cells, initiating transformation. In this regard, the role of bacterial genotoxins has become more relevant. Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A have been clinically associated with gallbladder cancer. By harnessing the stem cell potential of cells from healthy human gallbladder explant, we regenerated and propagated the epithelium of this organ in vitro and used these cultures to model S. Paratyphi A infection. This study demonstrates the importance of the typhoid toxin, encoded only by these specific serovars, in causing genomic instability in healthy gallbladder cells, posing intoxicated cells at risk of malignant transformation. Carcinoma of the gallbladder (GBC) is the most frequent tumor of the biliary tract. Despite epidemiological studies showing a correlation between chronic infection with Salmonella enterica Typhi/Paratyphi A and GBC, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this fatal connection are still uncertain. The murine serovar Salmonella Typhimurium has been shown to promote transformation of genetically predisposed cells by driving mitogenic signaling. However, insights from this strain remain limited as it lacks the typhoid toxin produced by the human serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A. In particular, the CdtB subunit of the typhoid toxin directly induces DNA breaks in host cells, likely promoting transformation. To assess the underlying principles of transformation, we used gallbladder organoids as an infection model for Salmonella Paratyphi A. In this model, bacteria can invade epithelial cells, and we observed host cell DNA damage. The induction of DNA double-strand breaks after infection depended on the typhoid toxin CdtB subunit and extended to neighboring, non-infected cells. By cultivating the organoid derived cells into polarized monolayers in air-liquid interphase, we could extend the duration of the infection, and we observed an initial arrest of the cell cycle that does not depend on the typhoid toxin. Non-infected intoxicated cells instead continued to proliferate despite the DNA damage. Our study highlights the importance of the typhoid toxin in causing genomic instability and corroborates the epidemiological link between Salmonella infection and GBC.
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57
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Al-Hilu SA, Al-Shujairi WH. Dual Role of Bacteria in Carcinoma: Stimulation and Inhibition. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:4639761. [PMID: 32908523 PMCID: PMC7463420 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4639761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although what unifies the carcinogenic microorganisms has not been determined by multiple studies, the role of bacteria in the development of neoplasms has not been properly elucidated. In this review, we discuss links between the bacterial species and cancer, with focus on immune responses for the stimulation of tumor cells such as induction of inflammation. Finally, we will describe the potential therapeutic strategies of bacteria on target tumors to improve treatment while mitigating adverse reactions. Cancer is a series of genetic changes that transform normal cells into tumor cells. These changes come from several reasons, including smoking, drinking alcohol, sunlight, exposure to chemical or physical factors, and finally chronic infection with microorganisms, including bacteria. In fact, bacterial infections are not carcinogenic, but recently it was discovered that the association between bacteria and cancer is through two mechanisms, the first stimulating chronic inflammation and the second producing carcinogenic metabolites. While bacteria are carcinogenic agents also, they have a dual role eliminating and removing tumor cells. However, the traditional cancer treatments that include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy increase the chances of survival, and there are many side effects of these therapies, including the high toxicity of tissues and normal cells, could not penetrate the tumor cells, and resistance of these therapies by tumor cells. Therefore, the world has turned to an alternative solution, which is the use of genetically engineered microorganisms; thus, the use of living bacteria targeting cancerous cells is the unique option to overcome these challenges. Bacterial therapies, whether used alone or combination with chemotherapy, give a positive effect to treat multiple conditions of cancer. Also, bacteria can be used as vectors for drug, gene, or therapy, and this is a great step to treat cancer. Thus, we review the mechanisms underlying the interaction of the microbiota residents with cancer. Cancer-associated bacteria differ from those in healthy human and are linked with gene-expression profile. We also discuss how live bacteria interact with tumor microenvironments to induce tumor regression through colonization and spread. Finally, we provide past and ongoing clinical trials that include bacteria targeting tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suad A Al-Hilu
- Department of Biology/Faculty of Sciences, University of Kufa, 54001 Najaf, Iraq
| | - Wisam H Al-Shujairi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences/College of Pharmacy, University of Babylon, 51001 Hilla, Iraq
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58
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Park R, Umar S, Kasi A. Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer: Potential of Fecal Transplant and Microbiota-augmented Clinical Trials. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2020; 16:81-88. [PMID: 32607098 PMCID: PMC7325521 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-020-00456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the role of the microbiome in colorectal cancer (CRC) in the setting of immunotherapy and emphasizes the potential of microbiota-influencing strategies with a focus on the use of fecal microbiota transplant (FMT). RECENT FINDINGS Observations from preclinical and clinical studies suggest that the human gut microbiome is implicated in the CRC carcinogenesis and is integral in determining the clinical response and toxicity to immunotherapy. Among the therapeutic methods devised to exploit the microbiome, FMT is the most direct method and is backed by the highest level of evidence of efficacy in nonneoplastic disease settings. Furthermore, a favorable microbiome has the potential to overcome immunotherapy resistance and ameliorate immune-related adverse events (irAEs). To this end, clinical trials are underway to evaluate the potential of FMT and microbiota-augmented methods in the setting of immunotherapy in CRC. SUMMARY Evidence from animal studies, retrospective studies, and smaller-scale prospective human studies have led to initiation of a number of microbiota-augmented clinical trials in CRC. Given the intimate relationship between the gut microbiota and the immune system as well as antitumor immune responses, potentiating immunotherapy and managing its toxicity are major areas of research in microbiota-augmented therapies in cancer. Therefore, evaluation of the patient microbiome as a routine part of clinical outcome analysis is warranted in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Park
- Department of Medicine, MetroWest Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, Framingham, MA, U.S.A
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Surgery, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, U.S.A
| | - Anup Kasi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, U.S.A
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59
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Molecular Mechanisms Contributing Bacterial Infections to the Incidence of Various Types of Cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:4070419. [PMID: 32724295 PMCID: PMC7366195 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer causes a major health concern worldwide due to high incidence and mortality rates. To accomplish this purpose, the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched using the keywords bacteria and cancer. Most of published research addressed several different factors that induced cancer, such as toxins, medications, smoking, and obesity. Nonetheless, few studies are dealing with cancer induction via bacterial infection. In addition, mechanisms of cancer induction via bacterial infections are not well understood. Therefore, in this review, we will shed light on different bacteria that induced cancer via different molecular mechanisms. Among the bacterial infection that induced cancer, Helicobacter pylori was the first recognized bacteria which caused gastric cancer and might be also linked to extragastric cancer in humans. H. pylori has been associated with adenocarcinoma in the distal stomach by its ability to cause severe inflammations. It has been found that inflammations induced cancer via different mechanisms including induction of cell proliferation and production of high levels of free radicals. Recently, free radicals were found to induce and cause various types of cancer. Salmonella typhi has been found to be associated with gallbladder carcinoma (GBC). Also, intercellular infection of lungs with Chlamydia pneumoniae was found to contribute as one of the ethological factors of lung cancer. Moreover, infection of the urinary tract with Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp., and Proteus mirabilis has been found to cause bladder cancer. These microorganisms produce a high level of N-nitrosamines which are metabolically activated leading to the generation of alkylating agents that damage DNA and other macromolecules. It is concluded that a certain bacterium is linked with induction of a specific type of cancer via different molecular and biochemical mechanisms as discussed in the text in details. This infection could potentially affect human health in different ways. In addition, it is important to know the possible factors involved in cancer induction for better treatment of cancer patients.
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60
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Toker J, Arora R, Wargo JA. The Microbiome in Immuno-oncology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1244:325-334. [PMID: 32301026 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41008-7_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The field of cancer therapy has been revolutionized through the use of immunotherapy, and treatment with these therapies now spans from early to late stage, and even into prevention. However, there are still a significant proportion of patients who do not derive long-term benefit from monotherapy and even combined therapy regimens, and novel approaches are needed to enhance therapeutic responses. Additionally, ideal biomarkers of response to immunotherapy are lacking and are critically needed. An emerging area of interest in immuno-oncology (IO) is the microbiome, which refers to the collection of microbes (and their genomes) that inhabit an individual and live in symbiosis. There is now evidence that these microbes (particularly those within the gut) impact host physiology and can impact responses to immunotherapy. The field of microbiome research in immuno-oncology is quickly emerging, with the potential use of the microbiome (in the gut as well as in the tumor) as a biomarker for response to IO as well as a therapeutic target. Notably, the microbiome may even have a role in toxicity to therapy. The state of the science in microbiome and IO are discussed and caveats and future directions are outlined to provide insights as we move forward as a field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Toker
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Reetakshi Arora
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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61
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Emerging role of microbiota in immunomodulation and cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 70:37-52. [PMID: 32580024 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota is emerging as a key modulator of the immune system. Alteration of gut microbiota impacts functioning of the immune system and pathophysiology of several diseases, including cancer. Growing evidence indicates that gut microbiota is not only involved in carcinogenesis but also has an impact on the efficacy and toxicity of cancer therapy. Recently, several pre-clinical and clinical studies across diverse cancer types reported the influence of gut microbiota on the host immune response to immunotherapy. Advancement in our understanding of the mechanism behind microbiota-mediated modulation of immune response is paramount for their utilization as cancer therapeutics. These microbial therapies in combination with conventional immunotherapeutic methods have the potential to transform the pre-existing treatment strategies to personalized cancer therapy. In this review, we have summarized the current status of research in the field and discussed the role of microbiota as an immune system modulator in context of cancer and their impact on immunotherapy.
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62
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Aindelis G, Chlichlia K. Modulation of Anti-Tumour Immune Responses by Probiotic Bacteria. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020329. [PMID: 32575876 PMCID: PMC7350223 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing amount of evidence to support the beneficial role of a balanced intestinal microbiota, or distinct members thereof, in the manifestation and progression of malignant tumours, not only in the gastrointestinal tract but also in distant tissues as well. Intriguingly, bacterial species have been demonstrated to be indispensable modulatory agents of widely-used immunotherapeutic or chemotherapeutic regiments. However, the exact contribution of commensal bacteria to immunity, as well as to neoplasia formation and response to treatment, has not been fully elucidated, and most of the current knowledge acquired from animal models has yet to be translated to human subjects. Here, recent advances in understanding the interaction of gut microbes with the immune system and the modulation of protective immune responses to cancer, either naturally or in the context of widely-used treatments, are reviewed, along with the implications of these observations for future therapeutic approaches. In this regard, bacterial species capable of facilitating optimal immune responses against cancer have been surveyed. According to the findings summarized here, we suggest that strategies incorporating probiotic bacteria and/or modulation of the intestinal microbiota can be used as immune adjuvants, aiming to optimize the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies and conventional anti-tumour treatments.
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63
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Song X, Wang X, Hu Y, Li H, Ren T, Li Y, Liu L, Li L, Li X, Wang Z, Huang W, Bao R, Zhang Y, Li M, Wang X, Liu F, Gu J, Zheng L, Wu W, Liu Y. A metagenomic study of biliary microbiome change along the cholecystitis-carcinoma sequence. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e97. [PMID: 32526082 PMCID: PMC7403721 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common cancer type of the biliary tract, and an association has been found between chronic calculous cholecystitis (CCC) and an increased incidence of GBC mortality. An understanding of the relationship between CCC and its carcinogenesis may enable us to prevent and cure GBC. In this study, we attempted to explore changes in the microbiome profile that take place during the transition from chronic cholecystitis mucosa to malignant lesions. Results Seven paired human GBC and CCC samples were provided by patients who had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy or radical cholecystectomy. Mucosal DNA extraction and metagenomic sequencing were performed to evaluate changes in the microbiota between the two groups. We found that GBC patients and CCC patients shared similar stable and permanent dominant species and showed apparent differences in their biliary microbial composition and gene function. Peptostreptococcus stomatis and Enterococcus faecium may potentially play a role in GBC progression. In addition, the metagenomic species profiles, co‐abundance and co‐exclusion correlations, and CAZyme prevalence showed significant differences between the CCC and GBC groups. Conclusion Our data suggested that changes in the microbiota between CCC and GBC may help deepen our understanding of the complex spectrum of different microbiotas involved in the development of GBC. Although the cohort size was small, this study has presented the first evidence of the existence of an altered biliary microbiota in GBC, which is clearly different from that in CCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Song
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu'an Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yunping Hu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaifeng Li
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tai Ren
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liguo Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuechuan Li
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Runfa Bao
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Maolan Li
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Emergency Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linhui Zheng
- Emergency Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenguang Wu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
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64
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Cheung MK, Yue GGL, Chiu PWY, Lau CBS. A Review of the Effects of Natural Compounds, Medicinal Plants, and Mushrooms on the Gut Microbiota in Colitis and Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:744. [PMID: 32499711 PMCID: PMC7243258 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a diverse array of microorganisms that play fundamental roles in health and disease. Imbalance in the gut microbiota, namely dysbiosis, can lead to various diseases, including cancer and gastrointestinal tract disorders. Approaches to improve gut dysbiosis, such as dietary intervention, intake of probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation are emerging strategies to treat these diseases. Various medicinal botanicals have reported anti-cancer and/or anti-inflammatory properties. Preclinical studies have illustrated that some of these natural products are also capable to modulate the gut microbiota, suggesting their use as possible alternative approach to improve gut dysbiosis and thereby assist diseases treatment. In this review article, we have summarized the current knowledge on the effects of natural compounds, medicinal plants, and mushrooms on the gut microbiota in various cancers and colitis in preclinical animal models. Challenges towards the clinical use of these medicinal botanicals as modulators of the gut microbiota in cancer and colitis treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Kit Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Grace Gar Lee Yue
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Philip Wai Yan Chiu
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Clara Bik San Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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65
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Rastogi YR, Saini AK, Thakur VK, Saini RV. New Insights into Molecular Links Between Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Literature Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3212. [PMID: 32370077 PMCID: PMC7246717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of exhaustive research on cancer, questions about cancer initiation, development, recurrence, and metastasis have still not been completely answered. One of the reasons is the plethora of factors acting simultaneously in a tumour microenvironment, of which not all have garnered attention. One such factor that has long remained understudied and has only recently received due attention is the host microbiota. Our sheer-sized microbiota exists in a state of symbiosis with the body and exerts significant impact on our body's physiology, ranging from immune-system development and regulation to neurological and cognitive development. The presence of our microbiota is integral to our development, but a change in its composition (microbiota dysbiosis) can often lead to adverse effects, increasing the propensity of serious diseases like cancers. In the present review, we discuss environmental and genetic factors that cause changes in microbiota composition, disposing of the host towards cancer, and the molecular mechanisms (such as β-catenin signalling) and biochemical pathways (like the generation of oncogenic metabolites like N-nitrosamines and hydrogen sulphide) that the microbiota uses to initiate or accelerate cancers, with emphasis on gastrointestinal cancers. Moreover, we discuss how microbiota can adversely influence the success of colorectal-cancer chemotherapy, and its role in tumour metastasis. We also attempted to resolve conflicting results obtained for the butyrate effect on tumour suppression in the colon, often referred to as the 'butyrate paradox'. In addition, we suggest the development of microbiota-based biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis, and a few target molecules of which the inhibition can increase the overall chances of cancer cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Raj Rastogi
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India;
| | - Adesh K. Saini
- Faculty of Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India;
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Reena V. Saini
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173229, India
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66
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Esfahani K, Roudaia L, Buhlaiga N, Del Rincon SV, Papneja N, Miller WH. A review of cancer immunotherapy: from the past, to the present, to the future. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:S87-S97. [PMID: 32368178 DOI: 10.3747/co.27.5223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Compared with previous standards of care (including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery), cancer immunotherapy has brought significant improvements for patients in terms of survival and quality of life. Immunotherapy has now firmly established itself as a novel pillar of cancer care, from the metastatic stage to the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings in numerous cancer types. In this review article, we highlight how the history of cancer immunotherapy paved the way for discoveries that are now part of the standard of care. We also highlight the current pitfalls and limitations of cancer checkpoint immunotherapy and how novel research in the fields of personalized cancer vaccines, autoimmunity, the microbiome, the tumour microenvironment, and metabolomics is aiming to solve those challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Esfahani
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Rossy Cancer Network, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - L Roudaia
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Rossy Cancer Network, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - N Buhlaiga
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Rossy Cancer Network, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - S V Del Rincon
- Department of Oncology, Lady Davis Institute, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - N Papneja
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Rossy Cancer Network, McGill University, Montreal, QC
| | - W H Miller
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Rossy Cancer Network, McGill University, Montreal, QC
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67
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Wang M, Qazi IH, Wang L, Zhou G, Han H. Salmonella Virulence and Immune Escape. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030407. [PMID: 32183199 PMCID: PMC7143636 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens causing morbidity, mortality, and burden of disease in all regions of the world. The introduction of antimicrobial agents and Salmonella-specific phages has been considered as an effective intervention strategy to reduce Salmonella contamination. However, data from the United States, European countries, and low- and middle-income countries indicate that Salmonella cases are still a commonly encountered cause of bacterial foodborne diseases globally. The control programs have not been successful and even led to the emergence of some multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. It is known that the host immune system is able to effectively prevent microbial invasion and eliminate microorganisms. However, Salmonella has evolved mechanisms of resisting host physical barriers and inhibiting subsequent activation of immune response through their virulence factors. There has been a high interest in understanding how Salmonella interacts with the host. Therefore, in the present review, we characterize the functions of Salmonella virulence genes and particularly focus on the mechanisms of immune escape in light of evidence from the emerging mainstream literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Izhar Hyder Qazi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Linli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangbin Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
| | - Hongbing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
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68
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Yi M, Jiao D, Qin S, Chu Q, Li A, Wu K. Manipulating Gut Microbiota Composition to Enhance the Therapeutic Effect of Cancer Immunotherapy. Integr Cancer Ther 2020; 18:1534735419876351. [PMID: 31517538 PMCID: PMC7242797 DOI: 10.1177/1534735419876351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, a growing set of immunotherapies including immune checkpoint
blockade, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and bispecific antibodies propelled
the advancement of oncology therapeutics. Accumulating evidence demonstrates
that immunotherapy could eliminate tumors better than traditional chemotherapy
or radiotherapy with lower risk of adverse events in numerous cancer types.
Unfortunately, a substantial proportion of patients eventually acquire
resistance to immunotherapy. By analyzing the differences between
immunotherapy-sensitive and immunotherapy-resistant populations, it was noticed
that the composition of gut microbiota is closely related to treatment effect.
Moreover, in xenograft models, interventional regulation of gut microbiota could
effectively enhance efficacy and relieve resistance during immunotherapy. Thus,
we believe that gut microbiota composition might be helpful to explain the
heterogeneity of treatment effect, and manipulating gut microbiota could be a
promising adjuvant treatment for cancer immunotherapy. In this mini review, we
focus on the latest understanding of the cross-talk between gut microbiota and
host immunity. Moreover, we highlight the role of gut microbiota in cancer
immunotherapy including immune checkpoint inhibitor and adoptive cell
transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dechao Jiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuang Qin
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Chu
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anping Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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69
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Ammanathan V, Vats S, Abraham IM, Manjithaya R. Xenophagy in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 66:163-170. [PMID: 32126260 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (herein autophagy) is an intracellular pathway in which cytoplasmic components are captured by double-membrane vesicles (autophagosomes) that eventually fuse with lysosomes to degrade the cargo. Basal levels of autophagy in all eukaryotic cells maintain cellular homeostasis and under conditions of stress, organelles and proteins not essential for survival are degraded. Apart from these functions, cargoes like aggregated proteins, damaged organelles and intracellular pathogens, which are otherwise harmful to cells, are also selectively captured by autophagy and are destined for degradation. In terms of infectious diseases, pathogens are cleared by a specific form of autophagy known as xenophagy. This lysosomal mediated degradation of pathogens also increases the antigen presentation of cells thereby inducing a further immune response. The process of xenophagy provides a broad spectrum of defense mechanism to capture bacterial, viral and protozoan pathogens. However, pathogens have developed ingenious mechanisms to modulate xenophagy to enhance their intracellular survival. Meanwhile, certain pathogens also induce deleterious effects such as chronic inflammation and overexpression of oncogenes in the host system. This over time can increase the susceptibility of the host for tumorigenesis. Hence targeting tumor through anti-microbial mechanisms like xenophagy could be a novel strategy for combinatorial anti-cancer therapy. The recent developments in understanding the role of xenophagy in combating cancer causing pathogens will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Ammanathan
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, 560064, Bangalore, India
| | - Somya Vats
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, 560064, Bangalore, India
| | - Irine Maria Abraham
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, 560064, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, 560064, Bangalore, India
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70
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The oncogenic roles of bacterial infections in development of cancer. Microb Pathog 2020; 141:104019. [PMID: 32006638 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Initiation of cancer is interconnected with different factors like infections. It has been estimated that infections, particularly viruses, participate in about 20% of all cancers. Bacteria as the most common infectious agents are also reported to be emerging players in the establishment of malignant cells. Microbial infections are able to modulate host cell transformation for promoting malignant features through the production of carcinogenic metabolites participating in inflammation responses, disruption of cell metabolism, and integrity and also genomic or epigenetic manipulations. It seems that the best example of the role of bacteria in cancer promotion is Helicobacter pylori infection, which is related to gastric cancer. World Health Organization (WHO) describes bacterium as class I carcinogens. Several bacterial infections have been reported in association with prevalent cancers. In this review, we will summarize the role of known bacterial infections in the initiation of the main common cancers, which show high mortality in the world. Examining the microbiomes in cancer patients is important and necessary to better understand the pathogenesis of this disease and also to plan therapeutic interventions.
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71
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Lee H, Lee HK, Min SK, Lee WH. 16S rDNA microbiome composition pattern analysis as a diagnostic biomarker for biliary tract cancer. World J Surg Oncol 2020; 18:19. [PMID: 31980025 PMCID: PMC6982396 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-020-1793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to investigate the composition of microbiota in biliary tract cancer patients and healthy adults by metagenome analysis and evaluate its potential values as biomarkers for biliary tract cancer. METHODS Patients who were diagnosed with biliary tract cancer or benign inflammation were enrolled in this study. The control group consisted of healthy adults who presented with no history of significant medical issues. We isolated bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles in the plasma. The microbiome composition was investigated with 16S rDNA metagenome analysis. We evaluated each microbiome to ensure suitability for the biliary tract cancer prediction model. RESULTS A total of 155 patients were included in this study: 24 patients with diagnosed biliary tract cancers, 43 diagnosed with cholecystitis or cholangitis, and 88 healthy adults. The microbiome composition pattern of the biliary tract cancer differed from the microbiome composition pattern seen in healthy adult group in beta diversity analysis. The percent composition of microbiota was found to be different from the phylum to genus level. Differences in the composition of the Bifidobacteriaceae and Pseudomonaceae families and Corynebacteriaceae Corynebacterium, Oxalobacteraceae Ralstonia and Comamonadaceae Comamonas species may be used to develop predictive models for biliary tract cancer. CONCLUSION Biliary tract cancer patients have altered microbiome composition, which represents a promising biomarker to differentiate malignant biliary tract disease from normal control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Kook Lee
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, South Korea.
| | - Seog Ki Min
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, South Korea
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Balakrishnan S, Ibrahim KS, Duraisamy S, Sivaji I, Kandasamy S, Kumarasamy A, Kumar NS. Antiquorum sensing and antibiofilm potential of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles of Myristica fragrans seed extract against MDR Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from asymptomatic typhoid carriers and typhoid patients. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:2844-2856. [PMID: 31836973 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Globally, Salmonella infection poses a major public health problem. Here, we report antibiofilm activity and quorum sensing inhibition of aqueous seeds extract of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) and biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) isolated from typhoid patients and asymptomatic carriers. S. Typhi isolates revealed higher percentage (46%) of biofilm production identified by tissue culture plate (TCP) than Congo red agar (CRA) and tube adherence (TA) methods. The inhibition of biofilm-producing MDR S. Typhi isolates and pigment production of Chromobacterium violaceum (indicator bacteria) demonstrated the quorum sensing potential of nutmeg. The aqueous seed extract of nutmeg exhibited 87% of antibiofilm activity, while the biosynthesized AgNPs showed 99.1% of antibiofilm activity. Molecular docking studies of bioactive compounds of nutmeg against transcriptional regulatory protein RcsB and sensor kinase protein RcsC revealed interaction with the target proteins. It is proposed that biosynthesized AgNPs could be used as one of the effective candidates in treating asymptomatic typhoid carriers or typhoid patients and to control the subsistence of biofilm-producing S. Typhi strains or other pathogenic bacteria in the environment or industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Balakrishnan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar Campus, P.O. Box 235, Harar, Ethiopia.
| | - Kalibulla Syed Ibrahim
- PG and Research Department of Botany, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641014, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India
| | - Senbagam Duraisamy
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
| | - Ilakkia Sivaji
- Department of Biotechnology, Muthayammal College of Arts & Science, Rasipuram, Tamil Nadu, 637408, India
| | - Selvam Kandasamy
- PG & Research Department of Biotechnology, Mahendra Arts and Science College (Autonomous), Kalippatti, Tamil Nadu, 637501, India
| | - Anbarasu Kumarasamy
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India
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Orlandi E, Iacovelli NA, Tombolini V, Rancati T, Polimeni A, De Cecco L, Valdagni R, De Felice F. Potential role of microbiome in oncogenesis, outcome prediction and therapeutic targeting for head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2019; 99:104453. [PMID: 31683170 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2019.104453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, human microbiome research is rapidly growing involving several fields of clinical medicine and population health. Although the microbiome seems to be linked to all sorts of diseases, cancer has the biggest potential to be investigated. Following the publication of the National Institute of Health - Human Microbiome Project (NIH-HMP), the link between Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) and microbiome seems to be a fast-moving field in research area. However, robust evidence-based literature is still quite scarce. Nevertheless the relationship between oral microbiome and HNC could have important consequences for prevention and early detection of this type of tumors. The aims of the present review are: (i) to discuss current pre-clinical evidence of a role of oral microbiome in HNC; (ii) to report recent developments in understanding the human microbiome's relationship with HNC oncogenesis; (iii) to explore the issue of treatment response and treatment toxicity; (iv) to describe the role of microbiota as potentially modifiable factor suitable for targeting by therapeutics. Further studies are needed to better establish the causal relationship between oral microbiome and HNC oncogenesis. Future trials should continue to explore oral microbiome in order to build the scientific and clinical rationale of HNC preventative and ameliorate treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Orlandi
- Department of Radiotherapy 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Radiotherapy 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Vincenzo Tombolini
- Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rancati
- Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Polimeni
- Department of Oral and Maxillo Facial Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Integrated Biology Platform, Department of Applied Research and Technology Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Valdagni
- Department of Radiotherapy 1, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy; Prostate Cancer Program, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy; Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca De Felice
- Department of Radiotherapy, Policlinico Umberto I, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Di Domenico EG, Rimoldi SG, Cavallo I, D’Agosto G, Trento E, Cagnoni G, Palazzin A, Pagani C, Romeri F, De Vecchi E, Schiavini M, Secchi D, Antona C, Rizzardini G, Dichirico RB, Toma L, Kovacs D, Cardinali G, Gallo MT, Gismondo MR, Ensoli F. Microbial biofilm correlates with an increased antibiotic tolerance and poor therapeutic outcome in infective endocarditis. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:228. [PMID: 31638894 PMCID: PMC6802308 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infective endocarditis (IE) is associated with high rates of mortality. Prolonged treatments with high-dose intravenous antibiotics often fail to eradicate the infection, frequently leading to high-risk surgical intervention. By providing a mechanism of antibiotic tolerance, which escapes conventional antibiotic susceptibility profiling, microbial biofilm represents a key diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for clinicians. This study aims at assessing a rapid biofilm identification assay and a targeted antimicrobial susceptibility profile of biofilm-growing bacteria in patients with IE, which were unresponsive to antibiotic therapy. RESULTS Staphylococcus aureus was the most common isolate (50%), followed by Enterococcus faecalis (25%) and Streptococcus gallolyticus (25%). All microbial isolates were found to be capable of producing large, structured biofilms in vitro. As expected, antibiotic treatment either administered on the basis of antibiogram or chosen empirically among those considered first-line antibiotics for IE, including ceftriaxone, daptomycin, tigecycline and vancomycin, was not effective at eradicating biofilm-growing bacteria. Conversely, antimicrobial susceptibility profile of biofilm-growing bacteria indicated that teicoplanin, oxacillin and fusidic acid were most effective against S. aureus biofilm, while ampicillin was the most active against S. gallolyticus and E. faecalis biofilm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that biofilm-producing bacteria, from surgically treated IE, display a high tolerance to antibiotics, which is undetected by conventional antibiograms. The rapid identification and antimicrobial tolerance profiling of biofilm-growing bacteria in IE can provide key information for both antimicrobial therapy and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enea Gino Di Domenico
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatology Institute, IRCCS, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), via Elio Chianesi, 53 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Giordana Rimoldi
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Clinica, Virologia e Diagnostica delle Bioemergenze, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Polo Universitario, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cavallo
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatology Institute, IRCCS, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), via Elio Chianesi, 53 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna D’Agosto
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatology Institute, IRCCS, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), via Elio Chianesi, 53 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Trento
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatology Institute, IRCCS, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), via Elio Chianesi, 53 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cagnoni
- UOC Cardiochirurgia, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Polo Universitario, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Palazzin
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Clinica, Virologia e Diagnostica delle Bioemergenze, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Polo Universitario, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Pagani
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Clinica, Virologia e Diagnostica delle Bioemergenze, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Polo Universitario, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Romeri
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Clinica, Virologia e Diagnostica delle Bioemergenze, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Polo Universitario, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena De Vecchi
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Schiavini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Polo Universitario, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Secchi
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Clinica, Virologia e Diagnostica delle Bioemergenze, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Polo Universitario, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Antona
- UOC Cardiochirurgia, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Polo Universitario, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuliano Rizzardini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Polo Universitario, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Barbara Dichirico
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Clinica, Virologia e Diagnostica delle Bioemergenze, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Polo Universitario, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Toma
- Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics, and Technological Innovation, Translational Research Area, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), via Elio Chianesi, 53 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Kovacs
- Cutaneous Physiopathology Lab, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), via Elio Chianesi, 53 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Cardinali
- Cutaneous Physiopathology Lab, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), via Elio Chianesi, 53 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Gallo
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatology Institute, IRCCS, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), via Elio Chianesi, 53 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Gismondo
- Laboratorio di Microbiologia Clinica, Virologia e Diagnostica delle Bioemergenze, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Polo Universitario, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ensoli
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatology Institute, IRCCS, Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri (IFO), via Elio Chianesi, 53 00144 Rome, Italy
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75
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Picardo SL, Coburn B, Hansen AR. The microbiome and cancer for clinicians. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 141:1-12. [PMID: 31202124 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome is an emerging target in cancer development and therapeutics. It may be directly oncogenic, through promotion of mucosal inflammation or systemic dysregulation, or may alter anti-cancer immunity/therapy. Microorganisms within, adjacent to and distant from tumors may affect cancer progression, and interactions and differences between these populations can influence the course of disease. Here we review the microbiome as it pertains to cancer for clinicians. The microbiota of cancers including colorectal, pancreas, breast and prostate are discussed. We examine "omics" technologies, microbiota associated with tumor tissue and tumor-site fluids such as feces and urine, as well as indirect effects of the gut microbiome. We describe roles of the microbiome in immunotherapy, and how it can be modulated to improve cancer therapeutics. While research is still at an early stage, there is potential to exploit the microbiome, as modulation may increase efficacy of treatments, reduce toxicities and prevent carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Picardo
- Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 700 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A1, Canada.
| | - Bryan Coburn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Aaron R Hansen
- Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 700 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A1, Canada.
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76
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Di Domenico EG, Cavallo I, Capitanio B, Ascenzioni F, Pimpinelli F, Morrone A, Ensoli F. Staphylococcus aureus and the Cutaneous Microbiota Biofilms in the Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E301. [PMID: 31470558 PMCID: PMC6780378 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm is the dominant mode of growth of the skin microbiota, which promotes adhesion and persistence in the cutaneous microenvironment, thus contributing to the epidermal barrier function and local immune modulation. In turn, the local immune microenvironment plays a part in shaping the skin microbiota composition. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an immune disorder characterized by a marked dysbiosis, with a sharp decline of microbial diversity. During AD flares biofilm-growing Staphylococcus aureus emerges as the major colonizer in the skin lesions, in strict association with disease severity. The chronic production of inflammatory cytokines in the skin of AD individuals concurs at supporting S. aureus biofilm overgrowth at the expense of other microbial commensals, subverting the composition of the healthy skin microbiome. The close relationship between the host and microbial biofilm resident in the skin has profound implications on human health, making skin microbiota an attractive target for the therapeutic management of different skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enea Gino Di Domenico
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Cavallo
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Capitanio
- Division of Dermatology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorentina Ascenzioni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology C. Darwin, University of Rome Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvia Pimpinelli
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Morrone
- Scientific Director San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ensoli
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
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77
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Pasqua M, Grossi M, Zennaro A, Fanelli G, Micheli G, Barras F, Colonna B, Prosseda G. The Varied Role of Efflux Pumps of the MFS Family in the Interplay of Bacteria with Animal and Plant Cells. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090285. [PMID: 31443538 PMCID: PMC6780985 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efflux pumps represent an important and large group of transporter proteins found in all organisms. The importance of efflux pumps resides in their ability to extrude a wide range of antibiotics, resulting in the emergence of multidrug resistance in many bacteria. Besides antibiotics, multidrug efflux pumps can also extrude a large variety of compounds: Bacterial metabolites, plant-produced compounds, quorum-sensing molecules, and virulence factors. This versatility makes efflux pumps relevant players in interactions not only with other bacteria, but also with plant or animal cells. The multidrug efflux pumps belonging to the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) are widely distributed in microbial genomes and exhibit a large spectrum of substrate specificities. Multidrug MFS efflux pumps are present either as single-component transporters or as tripartite complexes. In this review, we will summarize how the multidrug MFS efflux pumps contribute to the interplay between bacteria and targeted host cells, with emphasis on their role in bacterial virulence, in the colonization of plant and animal host cells and in biofilm formation. We will also address the complexity of these interactions in the light of the underlying regulatory networks required for the effective activation of efflux pump genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pasqua
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Milena Grossi
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zennaro
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Fanelli
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Micheli
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Frederic Barras
- Département de Microbiologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
- Équipe de Recherche Labellisée (ERL) Microbiology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Bianca Colonna
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianni Prosseda
- Istituto Pasteur Italia, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza Università di Roma, Via dei Sardi 70, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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78
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Juma F, Cave JJ, Gonzales H, Moore LSP. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis presenting as acute calculus cholecystitis. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/7/e230186. [PMID: 31326908 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-230186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp.are Gram-negative bacilli, which typically cause a clinical picture of gastroenteritis and, less commonly, patients may become a chronic carrier of the pathogen within their gallbladder. We describe a rare clinical presentation of a non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. infection as acute calculus cholecystitis in an adult patient. Salmonella enterica subsp. Salamae (ST P4271) was grown from cholecystostomy fluid, and the patient subsequently underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy that demonstrated a necrotic gallbladder fundus. We advise that microbiological sampling of bile is essential, especially in the context of foreign travel, to detect unusual pathogens as in this case or common pathogens that may have unusual antimicrobial resistance. Given the necrotic gallbladder as in this case, we also advise that early cholecystectomy should be strongly considered in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Juma
- London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust , Harrow, UK
| | - Joshua J Cave
- Department of General Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hector Gonzales
- Department of General Surgery, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Luke Stephen Prockter Moore
- Department of Microbiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.,HPRU in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Clinical Infection Department, Chelsea & Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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79
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Induction of CD8 T cell cytotoxicity by fecal bacteria from healthy individuals and colorectal cancer patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:1007-1012. [PMID: 31277945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Commensal microbiota modulates the anti-tumor immune response and alters the tumor infiltration of T cells in numerous human malignancies. Moreover, the existence of commensals and microbial metabolites has been directly observed inside numerous epithelial tumors. Their effects on the host immune system, independent of the pre-existing malignancy, are not completely understood. To resolve this issue, we compared immune modulatory roles of the fecal bacteria from healthy individuals and the fecal bacteria from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells that were provided by healthy donors were used as study systems. Overall, fecal bacteria could potently activate the degranulation and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, fecal bacteria from CRC patients in general induced higher degranulation and higher cytotoxicity than fecal bacteria from healthy individuals. These effects were dependent on the presence of antigen-presenting cells, such as monocytes and B cells, as fecal bacteria added directly to isolated CD8+ T cells failed to induce high cytotoxicity. Additionally, fecal bacteria from CRC patients induced stronger upregulation of CD80 and NOS2 expression in monocytes than fecal bacteria from healthy individuals. On the other hand, the viability of CD8+ T cells was significantly reduced with increasing levels of bacterial stimulation. Overall, we demonstrated that fecal bacteria from CRC patients could upregulate degranulation and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells in a manner that was dependent on antigen-presenting cells, and was more proinflammatory than fecal bacteria from healthy individuals.
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80
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Rizzato C, Torres J, Kasamatsu E, Camorlinga-Ponce M, Bravo MM, Canzian F, Kato I. Potential Role of Biofilm Formation in the Development of Digestive Tract Cancer With Special Reference to Helicobacter pylori Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:846. [PMID: 31110496 PMCID: PMC6501431 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are highly social organisms that communicate via signaling molecules and can assume a multicellular lifestyle to build biofilm communities. Until recently, complications from biofilm-associated infection have been primarily ascribed to increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics and host immune evasion, leading to persistent infection. In this theory and hypothesis article we present a relatively new argument that biofilm formation has potential etiological role in the development of digestive tract cancer. First, we summarize recent new findings suggesting the potential link between bacterial biofilm and various types of cancer to build the foundation of our hypothesis. To date, evidence has been particularly convincing for colorectal cancer and its precursor, i.e., polyps, pointing to several key individual bacterial species, such as Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. Gallolyticus. Then, we further extend this hypothesis to one of the most common bacterial infection in humans, Helicobacter pylori (Hp), which is considered a major cause of gastric cancer. Thus far, there has been no direct evidence linking in vivo Hp gastric biofilm formation to gastric carcinogenesis. Yet, we synthesize the information to support an argument that biofilm associated-Hp is potentially more carcinogenic, summarizing biological characteristics of biofilm-associated bacteria. We also discuss mechanistic pathways as to how Hp or other biofilm-associated bacteria control biofilm formation and highlight recent findings on Hp genes that influence biofilm formation, which may lead to strain variability in biofilm formation. This knowledge may open a possibility of developing targeted intervention. We conclude, however, that this field is still in its infancy. To test the hypothesis rigorously and to link it ultimately to gastric pathologies (e.g., premalignant lesions and cancer), studies are needed to learn more about Hp biofilms, such as compositions and biological properties of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), presence of non-Hp microbiome and geographical distribution of biofilms in relation to gastric gland types and structures. Identification of specific Hp strains with enhanced biofilm formation would be helpful not only for screening patients at high risk for sequelae from Hp infection, but also for development of new antibiotics to avoid resistance, regardless of its association with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmeri Rizzato
- Department of Translation Research and of New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Javier Torres
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Unidades Médicas de Alta Especialidad Pediatría, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elena Kasamatsu
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, National University of Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Margarita Camorlinga-Ponce
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Unidades Médicas de Alta Especialidad Pediatría, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Mercedes Bravo
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Federico Canzian
- Genomic Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ikuko Kato
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
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81
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Zha L, Garrett S, Sun J. Salmonella Infection in Chronic Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Cancer. Diseases 2019; 7:E28. [PMID: 30857369 PMCID: PMC6473780 DOI: 10.3390/diseases7010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella not only causes acute infections, but can also cause patients to become chronic "asymptomatic" carriers. Salmonella has been verified as a pathogenic factor that contributes to chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis. This review summarizes the acute and chronic Salmonella infection and describes the current research progress of Salmonella infection contributing to inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. Furthermore, this review explores the underlying biological mechanism of the host signaling pathways manipulated by Salmonella effector molecules. Using experimental animal models, researchers have shown that Salmonella infection is related to host biological processes, such as host cell transformation, stem cell maintenance, and changes of the gut microbiota (dysbiosis). Finally, this review discusses the current challenges and future directions in studying Salmonella infection and its association with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Zha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Shari Garrett
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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82
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Helmink BA, Khan MAW, Hermann A, Gopalakrishnan V, Wargo JA. The microbiome, cancer, and cancer therapy. Nat Med 2019; 25:377-388. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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83
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Sun L, Jiang W, Zhang H, Guo Y, Chen W, Jin Y, Chen H, Du K, Dai H, Ji J, Wang B. Photosensitizer-Loaded Multifunctional Chitosan Nanoparticles for Simultaneous in Situ Imaging, Highly Efficient Bacterial Biofilm Eradication, and Tumor Ablation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:2302-2316. [PMID: 30596498 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, bacterial and viral infections and chronic inflammatory response have emerged as important causes of cancer. Also, infections remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. In this work, carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles (CMC NPs) were synthesized in a facile and green way and further combined with ammonium methylbenzene blue (MB) as a cross-linking agent as well as a fluorescent molecule and a photosensitizer for self-imaging photodynamic therapy (PDT). The obtained CMC-MB NPs exhibited an apparent pH-responsive release behavior of MB, which was released for a prolonged period in a simulated physiological environment (pH 7.4) for more than 15 days and the time reduced to only 3.5 h in acidic conditions (pH 5.5). When irradiated by a 650 nm laser at 202 mW/cm2 for 5 min, the CMC-MB NPs showed efficient bactericidal and biofilm eradication properties as well as suppression of tumor cell growth in a similar acidified microenvironment. Furthermore, in an in vivo rabbit wound bacterial infection model, the rapid sterilization of CMC-MB NPs played a crucial role in bacterial infections, inflammation inhibition, and wound healing. As a PDT treatment against cancer, the CMC-MB NPs also exhibited an efficient antitumor therapeutic effect in a subcutaneous tumor mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
| | - Wenya Jiang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
| | - Hengrui Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenzhou 325000 , China
| | - Yishun Guo
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenzhou 325000 , China
| | - Yingying Jin
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
| | - Hao Chen
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenzhou 325000 , China
| | - Kanghui Du
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
| | - Hangdong Dai
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , China
| | - Bailiang Wang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Eye Hospital , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325027 , China
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenzhou 325000 , China
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84
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Modulatory Effect of Lippia alba Essential Oil on the Activity of Clinically Used Antimicrobial Agents on Salmonella typhi and Shigella dysenteriae Biofilm. Sci Pharm 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm86040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oil obtained from the leaves of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown (Verbenaceae) has shown great pharmacological potential as an analgesic, antispasmodic, and antimicrobial agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modulatory effect of Lippia alba essential oil (LaEO I) on the activity of clinically used antimicrobial agents on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (Salmonella typhi) and Shigella dysenteriae biofilms. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of LaEO I (MICLaEO I) was determined by the microdilution method, and the effect of LaEO I on the activity of clinically used antimicrobials was assessed by the Checkboard method. The values obtained from MICLaEO I and ciprofloxacin were used to evaluate the effect of time of exposure on cell viability. LaEO I main components were geranial (34.2%), neral (25.9%), and myrcene (12.5%). The MICLaEO I was 1 mg/mL for both strains. LaEO I positively modulated the action of ciprofloxacin, cefepime, and ceftriaxone. After the first hour of treatment with MICLaEO I, the cell viability of the strains showed a 5 log10 CFU/mL reduction, and the LaEO I-CIP association was able to inhibit growth during the first 6 h of the test. Regarding the anti-biofilm activity, MICLaEO I was able to reduce the biofilm mass of Salmonella typhi by 61.2% and of Shigella dysenteriae by 38.9%. MICLaEO I was not able to eradicate the preformed biofilm; however, there was a reduction in the biofilm microbial viability. LaEO I has the potential to be used as an antimicrobial agent and interferes with biofilm formation; also, it is able to reduce cell viability in preformed biofilm and synergistically modulate the activity of ciprofloxacin.
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85
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Cordero OJ, Varela-Calviño R. Oral hygiene might prevent cancer. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00879. [PMID: 30417145 PMCID: PMC6218413 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many evidences support that species from the Human Oral Microbiome Database such as Fusobacterium nucleatum or Bacteroides, linked previously to periodontitis and appendicitis, play a role in colorectal cancer (CRC), including metastasis. These typically oral species are invasive anaerobes that form biofilms in their virulent state. Aspirin (a NSAID) has been recently included into routine CRC prevention rationale. NSAIDs can prevent the growth of neoplastic lesions by inhibiting COX enzymes and another set of recently identified COX-independent targets, which include the WNT, AMPK and MTOR signaling pathways, the crosstalk between nucleoli and NF-κB transcriptional activity in apoptosis, and the biochemistry of platelets. These are signaling pathways related to tumor-promoting inflammation. In this process, pathogens or simple deregulation of the microbiota play an important role in CRC. Aspirin and other NSAIDs are efficient inhibitors of biofilm formation and able to control periodontitis development preventing inflammation related to the microbiota of the gingival tissue, so its seems plausible to include this pathway in the mechanisms that aspirin uses to prevent CRC. We propose arguments suggesting that current oral hygiene methods and other future developments against periodontitis might prevent CRC and probably other cancers, alone or in combination with other options; and that the multidisciplinary studies needed to prove this hypothesis might be relevant for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J. Cordero
- University of Santiago de Compostela, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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86
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Geiger T, Pazos M, Lara-Tejero M, Vollmer W, Galán JE. Peptidoglycan editing by a specific LD-transpeptidase controls the muramidase-dependent secretion of typhoid toxin. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:1243-1254. [PMID: 30250245 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein secretion mechanisms are essential for the virulence of most bacterial pathogens. Typhoid toxin is an essential virulence factor for Salmonella Typhi, the cause of typhoid fever in humans. This toxin is unique in that it is only produced within mammalian cells, and it must be trafficked to the extracellular space before intoxicating target cells. An essential and poorly understood aspect of this transport pathway is the secretion of typhoid toxin from the bacterium into the S. Typhi-containing vacuole. We show here that typhoid toxin secretion requires its translocation to the trans side of the peptidoglycan layer at the bacterial poles for subsequent release through the outer membrane. This translocation process depends on a specialized muramidase, the activity of which requires the localized editing of peptidoglycan by a specific ld-transpeptidase. These studies describe a protein export mechanism that is probably conserved in other bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Geiger
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Manuel Pazos
- The Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Maria Lara-Tejero
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- The Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jorge E Galán
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Sahan AZ, Hazra TK, Das S. The Pivotal Role of DNA Repair in Infection Mediated-Inflammation and Cancer. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:663. [PMID: 29696001 PMCID: PMC5904280 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic and commensal microbes induce various levels of inflammation and metabolic disease in the host. Inflammation caused by infection leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent oxidative DNA damage. These in turn cause further inflammation and exacerbation of DNA damage, and pose a risk for cancer development. Helicobacter pylori-mediated inflammation has been implicated in gastric cancer in many previously established studies, and Fusobacterium nucleatum presence has been observed with greater intensity in colorectal cancer patients. Despite ambiguity in the exact mechanism, infection-mediated inflammation may have a link to cancer development through an accumulation of potentially mutagenic DNA damage in surrounding cells. The multiple DNA repair pathways such as base excision, nucleotide excision, and mismatch repair that are employed by cells are vital in the abatement of accumulated mutations that can lead to carcinogenesis. For this reason, understanding the role of DNA repair as an important cellular mechanism in combatting the development of cancer will be essential to characterizing the effect of infection on DNA repair proteins and to identifying early cancer biomarkers that may be targeted for cancer therapies and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Z Sahan
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tapas K Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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