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Saad El-Din S, Rashed L, Medhat E, Emad Aboulhoda B, Desoky Badawy A, Mohammed ShamsEldeen A, Abdelgwad M. Active form of vitamin D analogue mitigates neurodegenerative changes in Alzheimer's disease in rats by targeting Keap1/Nrf2 and MAPK-38p/ERK signaling pathways. Steroids 2020; 156:108586. [PMID: 31982424 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor2 (Nrf2), a chief transcriptional regulator of antioxidant response element (ARE), is considered a promising target for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Vitamin D has been recognized to have a crucial role in improving AD cognitive functions. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of active vitamin D analogue, Maxacalcitol, on Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway in experimental Alzheimer's disease in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on thirty female white albino rats divided equally into 3 groups: control group, Alzheimer group induced by Lipopolysaccharide and Alzheimer group treated with active vitamin D3 analogue, Maxacalcitol. The following parameters were assessed in rat brain tissues: Gene expression of Nrf2, Keap1 and MAF by RT-PCR, protein levels of phosphorylated MAPK-38p and ERK1/2 by Western Blot Technique, estimation of HO-1, Amyloid β, p-Tau levels and serum levels of TNFα, IL-10 and total 25-hydroxyvitamin D, serum calcium levels, GSH and MDA levels were also estimated in addition to cognitive function tests and histo-pathological examination of rat brain tissues. RESULTS In Alzheimer group, there was a significant deficit in cognition along with down-regulation of gene expression of Nrf2 and the protein levels of its downstream antioxidant effectors (HO-1 and GSH) with increased levels of the lipid peroxidation biomarker MDA. Also, there was increased neuro-inflammation as evidenced by increased levels of TNFα and decreased levels of IL-10. Moreover, there were increased amyloid β load and enhanced levels of phosphorylation of MAPK-38 and ERK1/2 leading to hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein. In addition, there were decreased serum levels of both total 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium. Treatment with vitamin D3 analogue, Maxacalcitol significantly improved cognitive dysfunction and histopathological picture of the brains of Alzheimer rats. Also, Vitamin D analogue significantly increased expression of Nrf2 and its downstream effectors (HO-1 and GSH), improved serum levels of total 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium, decreased neuro-inflammation and Amyloid β load as well as hyperphosphorylation of MAPK-38, ERK1/2 and tau proteins were also observed. Therefore, these data suggest that vitamin D analogue, Maxacalcitol could be used as a therapeutic agent in treatment of Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Saad El-Din
- The Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Laila Rashed
- The Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Engy Medhat
- The Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Desoky Badawy
- The Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, Egypt
| | | | - Marwa Abdelgwad
- The Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Wang L, Zhao XM, Yuan XZ, Wang FY, Shen J, Wang Y. Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with White Matter Lesions: A Cross-Sectional Study. Med Princ Pract 2020; 29:451-457. [PMID: 32126568 PMCID: PMC7511684 DOI: 10.1159/000506864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to observe the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-[OH] D) and different cognitive domains, and to evaluate the predictive value of 25-(OH) D level for cognitive impairment in patients with white matter lesions (WML). METHODS The differences in clinical data including 25-(OH) D were analyzed between cognitive normality (n = 87) and impairment (n = 139) groups, and variant cognitive domains were analyzed between groups of different levels of serum 25-(OH) D. Risk factors for cognitive impairments were evaluated with multivariate logistic regression analysis; a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 25-(OH) D levels was used to examine the association between 25-(OH) D and WML with cognitive dysfunction. RESULTS As the severity of WML increased, the proportion of patients with a low level of serum 25-(OH) D increased (p < 0.05). The total MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) scores and all domain scores except naming were significantly lower in patients with low levels of serum 25-(OH) D than in patients with high levels of serum 25-(OH) D (p < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that serum 25-(OH) D levels were independently correlated with cognitive impairment. In the ROC analysis, the optimal cut-off value for 25-(OH) D was 17.53 with 76% sensitivity and 70% specificity (AUC =0.751, 95% CI: 0.674-0.819, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION We observed that vitamin D deficiency is associated with multiple areas of cognitive impairment and that it is an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment in WML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xue-Min Zhao
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Wanbei Coal and Electrical Group, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Zheng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Wanbei Coal and Electrical Group, Suzhou, China
| | - Fu-Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Wanbei Coal and Electrical Group, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yi ji shan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China,
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Janitschke D, Nelke C, Lauer AA, Regner L, Winkler J, Thiel A, Grimm HS, Hartmann T, Grimm MOW. Effect of Caffeine and Other Methylxanthines on Aβ-Homeostasis in SH-SY5Y Cells. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E689. [PMID: 31684105 PMCID: PMC6920871 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylxanthines (MTX) are alkaloids derived from the purine-base xanthine. Whereas especially caffeine, the most prominent known MTX, has been formerly assessed to be detrimental, this point of view has changed substantially. MTXs are discussed to have beneficial properties in neurodegenerative diseases, however, the mechanisms of action are not completely understood. Here we investigate the effect of the naturally occurring caffeine, theobromine and theophylline and the synthetic propentofylline and pentoxifylline on processes involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). All MTXs decreased amyloid-β (Aβ) level by shifting the amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing from the Aβ-producing amyloidogenic to the non-amyloidogenic pathway. The α-secretase activity was elevated whereas β-secretase activity was decreased. Breaking down the molecular mechanism, caffeine increased protein stability of the major α-secretase ADAM10, downregulated BACE1 expression and directly decreased β-secretase activity. Additionally, APP expression was reduced. In line with literature, MTXs reduced oxidative stress, decreased cholesterol and a decreased in Aβ1-42 aggregation. In conclusion, all MTXs act via the pleiotropic mechanism resulting in decreased Aβ and show beneficial properties with respect to AD in neuroblastoma cells. However, the observed effect strength was moderate, suggesting that MTXs should be integrated in a healthy diet rather than be used exclusively to treat or prevent AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Janitschke
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Christopher Nelke
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Anna Andrea Lauer
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Liesa Regner
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Jakob Winkler
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Andrea Thiel
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Heike Sabine Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
| | - Marcus Otto Walter Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Saarland University, 66424 Homburg/Saar, Germany.
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Ayyagari R, Chen YDI, Zangwill LM, Holman M, Dirkes K, Hai Y, Arzumanyan Z, Slight R, Hammel N, Girkin CA, Liebmann JM, Feldman R, Dubiner H, Taylor KD, Rotter JI, Guo X, Weinreb RN. Association of severity of primary open-angle glaucoma with serum vitamin D levels in patients of African descent. Mol Vis 2019; 25:438-445. [PMID: 31523121 PMCID: PMC6707754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To study the relationship between primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in a cohort of patients of African descent (AD) and serum vitamin D levels. Methods A subset of the AD and glaucoma evaluation study III (ADAGES III) cohort, consisting of 357 patients with a diagnosis of POAG and 178 normal controls of self-reported AD, were included in this analysis. Demographic information, family history, and blood samples were collected from all the participants. All the subjects underwent clinical evaluation, including visual field (VF) mean deviation (MD), central cornea thickness (CCT), intraocular pressure (IOP), and height and weight measurements. POAG patients were classified into early and advanced phenotypes based on the severity of their visual field damage, and they were matched for age, gender, and history of hypertension and diabetes. Serum 25-Hydroxy (25-OH) vitamin D levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The association of serum vitamin D levels with the development and severity of POAG was tested by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the paired t-test. Results The 178 early POAG subjects had a visual field MD of better than -4.0 dB, and the 179 advanced glaucoma subjects had a visual field MD of worse than -10 dB. The mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) levels of vitamin D of the subjects in the control (8.02 ± 6.19 pg/ml) and early phenotype (7.56 ± 5.74 pg/ml) groups were significantly or marginally significantly different from the levels observed in subjects with the advanced phenotype (6.35 ± 4.76 pg/ml; p = 0.0117 and 0.0543, respectively). In contrast, the mean serum vitamin D level in controls was not significantly different from that of the subjects with the early glaucoma phenotype (p = 0.8508). Conclusions In this AD cohort, patients with advanced glaucoma had lower serum levels of vitamin D compared with early glaucoma and normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Ayyagari
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yii-der I. Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Linda M. Zangwill
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Matt Holman
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Keri Dirkes
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yang Hai
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Zorayr Arzumanyan
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Rigby Slight
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Naama Hammel
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Jeffrey M. Liebmann
- Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Research Laboratory, Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Robert Feldman
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Kent D. Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Robert N. Weinreb
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, Hamilton Glaucoma Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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Fan YG, Guo T, Han XR, Liu JL, Cai YT, Xue H, Huang XS, Li YC, Wang ZY, Guo C. Paricalcitol accelerates BACE1 lysosomal degradation and inhibits calpain-1 dependent neuronal loss in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. EBioMedicine 2019; 45:393-407. [PMID: 31303501 PMCID: PMC6642335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have revealed that vitamin D deficiency may increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease, and vitamin D supplementation may be effective strategy to ameliorate the neurodegenerative process in Alzheimer's disease patients. Paricalcitol (PAL), a low-calcemic vitamin D receptor agonist, is clinically used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism. However, the potential application of PAL for treating neurodegenerative disorders remains unexplored. METHODS The APP/PS1 mice were intraperitoneally injected with PAL or vehicle every other day for 15 weeks. The β-amyloid (Aβ) production was confirmed using immunostaining and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The underlying mechanism was verified by western blot and immunostaining in vivo and in vitro. FINDINGS Long-term PAL treatment clearly reduced β-amyloid (Aβ) generation and neuronal loss in APP/PS1 transgenic mouse brains. PAL stimulated the expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) possibly through inhibiting sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP2); PAL also promoted LRP1-mediated β-site APP cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) transport to late endosomes, thus increasing the lysosomal degradation of BACE1. Furthermore, PAL diminished 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG) generation in neuronal mitochondria via enhancing base excision repair (BER), resulting in the attenuation of calpain-1-mediated neuronal loss. INTERPRETATION The present data demonstrate that PAL can reduce Aβ generation through accelerating BACE1 lysosomal degradation and can inhibit neuronal loss through suppressing mitochondrial 8-OHdG generation. Hence, PAL might be a promising agent for treating Alzheimer's disease. FUND: This study was financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (U1608282).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gang Fan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, NO.195, Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Tian Guo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, NO.195, Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Xiao-Ran Han
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, NO.195, Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Jun-Lin Liu
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, NO.195, Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Yu-Ting Cai
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, NO.195, Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Han Xue
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, NO.195, Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Xue-Shi Huang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, NO.195, Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110169, China
| | - Yan-Chun Li
- Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, NO.195, Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110169, China; Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Chuang Guo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, NO.195, Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang 110169, China.
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Yan L, Wu P, Gao DM, Hu J, Wang Q, Chen NF, Tong SQ, Rao L, Liu J. The Impact of Vitamin D on Cognitive Dysfunction in Mice with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:4716-4722. [PMID: 31281179 PMCID: PMC6607939 DOI: 10.12659/msm.915355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A growing body of evidence suggests that systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may result in reversible cognitive dysfunction. Vitamin D is considered important for neurons. The therapeutic effect of vitamin D was evaluated in a rat model of SLE. Material/Methods There were 20 male MRL/lpr mice randomly divided into the SLE model group and the vitamin D group, in addition, 10 male C57BL 6J mice were used as the control (CON) group. Vitamin D was administered intraperitoneally (2 μg/kg) for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of continuing intervention, we tested the cognitive function using the Morris water maze. The expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR), amyloid-β, caspase-3, and Bcl-2 were detected by western blot analysis. Results In the present study, we observed that vitamin D treatment alleviated neurobehavioral deficits in the mice with SLE. At the molecular levels, administration of vitamin D activated the expression of VDR and reduced the number of dead cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus as well as regulated caspase-3 and Bcl-2 expression. Conclusions In conclusion, our results indicated that vitamin D played a protective role by suppressing inflammatory cytokines, thereby ultimately inhibiting the progression of apoptosis in a mouse model of SLE. Vitamin D may be promising as a protective intervention in SLE with cognitive dysfunction, and more and more experiments are warranted for its clinical testing in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yan
- Department of Rheumatology, Tangshan Gongren Hospita, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Dong-Mei Gao
- Department of Rheumatology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Rheumatology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital Group Rehabilitation Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital Group Rehabilitation Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Nan-Fang Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital Group Rehabilitation Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Sheng-Quan Tong
- Department of Rheumatology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Li Rao
- Department of Rheumatology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei, China (mainland)
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Andrade S, Ramalho MJ, Loureiro JA, Pereira MDC. Natural Compounds for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2313. [PMID: 31083327 PMCID: PMC6539304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder related with the increase of age and it is the main cause of dementia in the world. AD affects cognitive functions, such as memory, with an intensity that leads to several functional losses. The continuous increase of AD incidence demands for an urgent development of effective therapeutic strategies. Despite the extensive research on this disease, only a few drugs able to delay the progression of the disease are currently available. In the last years, several compounds with pharmacological activities isolated from plants, animals and microorganisms, revealed to have beneficial effects for the treatment of AD, targeting different pathological mechanisms. Thus, a wide range of natural compounds may play a relevant role in the prevention of AD and have proven to be efficient in different preclinical and clinical studies. This work aims to review the natural compounds that until this date were described as having significant benefits for this neurological disease, focusing on studies that present clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Andrade
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria João Ramalho
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Angélica Loureiro
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria do Carmo Pereira
- LEPABE, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Silva MVF, Loures CDMG, Alves LCV, de Souza LC, Borges KBG, Carvalho MDG. Alzheimer's disease: risk factors and potentially protective measures. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:33. [PMID: 31072403 PMCID: PMC6507104 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and typically manifests through a progressive loss of episodic memory and cognitive function, subsequently causing language and visuospatial skills deficiencies, which are often accompanied by behavioral disorders such as apathy, aggressiveness and depression. The presence of extracellular plaques of insoluble β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein (P-tau) in the neuronal cytoplasm is a remarkable pathophysiological cause in patients' brains. Approximately 70% of the risk of developing AD can be attributed to genetics. However, acquired factors such as cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes, hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia increase the risk of AD development. The aim of the present minireview was to summarize the pathophysiological mechanism and the main risk factors for AD. As a complement, some protective factors associated with a lower risk of disease incidence, such as cognitive reserve, physical activity and diet will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Vinícius Ferreira Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Cristina de Mello Gomide Loures
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luan Carlos Vieira Alves
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Cruz de Souza
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190 - Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Karina Braga Gomes Borges
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Carvalho
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
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Profiling of Alzheimer’s disease related genes in mild to moderate vitamin D hypovitaminosis. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 67:123-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Tobore TO. On the central role of mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. Neurol Sci 2019; 40:1527-1540. [PMID: 30982132 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-03863-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the commonest cause of dementia, with approximately 5 million new cases occurring annually. Despite decades of research, its complex pathophysiology and etiopathogenesis presents a major hindrance to the development of an effective treatment and prevention strategy. Aging is the biggest risk factor for the development of AD, and the total number of older people in the population is going to significantly increase in the next decades, suggesting that AD incidence and prevalence is likely to increase in the future. This makes the need for a better understanding of the disease to be extremely urgent. METHODS A search was done by accessing PubMed/Medline, EBSCO, and PsycINFO databases. The search string used was "(dementia* OR Alzheimer's) AND (pathophysiology* OR pathogenesis)". New key terms were identified (new term included "vitamin D, thyroid hormone, mitochondria dysfunction, oxidative stress, testosterone, estrogen, melatonin, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, amyloid-β (Aβ), and hyperphosphorylated tau"). The electronic databases were searched for titles or abstracts containing these terms in all published articles between January 1, 1965, and January 31, 2019. The search was limited to studies published in English and other languages involving both animal and human subjects. RESULTS Mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress play a critical role in AD etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology. CONCLUSION AD treatment and prevention strategies must be geared towards improving mitochondrial function and attenuating oxidative stress.
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Power R, Prado-Cabrero A, Mulcahy R, Howard A, Nolan JM. The Role of Nutrition for the Aging Population: Implications for Cognition and Alzheimer's Disease. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2019; 10:619-639. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030216-030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Improved life expectancy worldwide has resulted in a significant increase in age-related diseases. Dementia is one of the fastest growing age-related diseases, with 75 million adults globally projected to develop the condition by 2030. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and represents the most significant stage of cognitive decline. With no cure identified to date for AD, focus is being placed on preventative strategies to slow progression, minimize the burden of neurological disease, and promote healthy aging. Accumulating evidence suggests that nutrition (e.g., via fruit, vegetables, fish) is important for optimizing cognition and reducing risk of AD. This review examines the role of nutrition on cognition and AD, with specific emphasis on the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) and key nutritional components of the MeDi, namely xanthophyll carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids. Given their selective presence in the brain and their ability to attenuate proposed mechanisms involved in AD pathogenesis (namely oxidative damage and inflammation), these nutritional compounds offer potential for optimizing cognition and reducing the risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Power
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland X91 K236
| | - Alfonso Prado-Cabrero
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland X91 K236
| | - Ríona Mulcahy
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland X91 K236
- Age-Related Care Unit, University Hospital Waterford, Waterford, Ireland X91 ER8E
| | - Alan Howard
- Howard Foundation, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB22 5LA
| | - John M. Nolan
- Nutrition Research Centre Ireland, School of Health Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland X91 K236
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Gezen-Ak D, Dursun E. Molecular basis of vitamin D action in neurodegeneration: the story of a team perspective. Hormones (Athens) 2019; 18:17-21. [PMID: 30484097 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-018-0087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D, a secosteroid hormone, has, over the years, mainly been known for its classic role in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis of the human body. However, there is increasing understanding that vitamin D contributes to the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, especially via voltage-gated calcium channels, in another major organ that uses calcium, the brain. Almost 30 years ago, the role of dysregulation in the aging brain and in Alzheimer's disease (AD) gave rise to the Ca2+ hypothesis of brain aging and dementia. We thus made calcium homeostasis the starting point of our studies, proposing the notion that the consequences of long-term deficiency and/or inefficient utilization of vitamin D may cause the disruption of calcium homeostasis in neurons, this creating a vulnerability of neurons to aging and neurodegeneration. In this mini-review, we aim to describe the potential of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) as a neurosteroid based on our findings and conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Gezen-Ak
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34098, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Erdinç Dursun
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34098, Istanbul, Turkey
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63
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Dursun E, Gezen-Ak D. Vitamin D basis of Alzheimer's disease: from genetics to biomarkers. Hormones (Athens) 2019; 18:7-15. [PMID: 30484096 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-018-0086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder seen mostly in the elderly population. While to date AD research has focused on either neurochemical disruptions, genetic studies, or the pathological hallmarks, little has been done to establish a novel approach that would encompass all three aspects, one that would overcome the current barriers in AD research and determine the cause of AD and, eventually, discover a treatment. Meanwhile, there have been strong indications in recent years that vitamin D, a secosteroid hormone, and its receptors are fundamentally involved in neurodegenerative mechanisms. Observational studies have pointed to vitamin D deficiency as a genetic risk factor for AD, Parkinson's disease (PD), vascular dementia, and multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as other neurological disorders, brought about by alterations in genes involved in metabolism, transportation, and actions of vitamin D. Molecular studies have demonstrated that vitamin D treatments prevent amyloid production while also increasing its clearance from the brain in AD. Finally, recent vitamin D intervention studies have reported significant improvement in cognitive performance in subjects with senile dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and AD. This review aims to describe how a vitamin D research strategy, fully integrating all aspects of present-day AD research, would elucidate the genetic, molecular, and biochemical background of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdinç Dursun
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34098, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Duygu Gezen-Ak
- Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34098, Istanbul, Turkey
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64
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Iacopetta K, Collins-Praino LE, Buisman-Pijlman FTA, Liu J, Hutchinson AD, Hutchinson MR. Are the protective benefits of vitamin D in neurodegenerative disease dependent on route of administration? A systematic review. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 23:251-280. [PMID: 29985117 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1493807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: The clinical and preclinical exploration of the therapeutic properties of vitamin D have significantly increased in the past decade, owing to the growing associative evidence suggesting vitamin D is neuroprotective. However, whether depletion of vitamin D contributes to the onset of neurological disorders or is a symptom of neurological disease has yet to be defined. Much remains unclear about the causal role of vitamin D and the method of use and forms of vitamin D.Objectives: We sought to quantitatively assess if neuroprotective benefits from vitamin D in neurodegenerative diseases are dependent on route of administration: comparing the effect of endogenously sourced vitamin D from UV exposure to exogenously derived vitamin D through synthetic supplementation.Design: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase and PsycInfo databases which included both pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating vitamin D in neurodegenerative diseases. Articles were subject to strict inclusion criteria and objectively assessed for quality. Additionally, Medline data was analysed to identify trends in topic publications and linguistic characteristics of papers.Results: From a total of 231 screened articles, we identified 73 appropriate for review based on inclusion criteria: original studies that investigated vitamin D levels or levels of vitamin D supplementation in neurodegenerative diseases or investigated past/present sun exposure in disease cohorts. Results indicate there is insufficient evidence to comprehensively reflect on a potential neuroprotective role for vitamin D and if this was dependent on route of administration. The majority of current data supporting neuroprotective benefits from vitamin D are based on pre-clinical and observational studies. Solid evidence is lacking to support the current hypothesis that the beneficial effect of UV exposure results from the synthesis of vitamin D. Sun exposure, independent of vitamin D production, may be protective against multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Yet, further research is required to elucidate the beneficial mechanism of actions of UV exposure. The literature of vitamin D and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was limited, and no conclusions were drawn. Therefore, in cases where UV-derived vitamin D was hypothesized to be the beneficial mediator in the neuroprotective effects of sun exposure, we propose results are based only on associative evidence.Conclusion: On the basis of this systematic review, strong recommendations regarding therapeutic benefits of vitamin D in neurodegenerative disease cannot be made. It is unclear if vitamin D mediates a protective benefit in neurodegenerative disease or whether it is an associative marker of UV exposure, which may contribute to as of yet unidentified neuroprotective factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal Iacopetta
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E Collins-Praino
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Femke T A Buisman-Pijlman
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jiajun Liu
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amanda D Hutchinson
- School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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