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Amodio G, Pagliara V, Moltedo O, Remondelli P. Structural and Functional Significance of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Unfolded Protein Response Transducers and Chaperones at the Mitochondria-ER Contacts: A Cancer Perspective. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:641194. [PMID: 33842465 PMCID: PMC8033034 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.641194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has emerged as a key coordinator of cellular homeostasis, thanks to its physical interconnection to almost all intracellular organelles. In particular, an intense and mutual crosstalk between the ER and mitochondria occurs at the mitochondria–ER contacts (MERCs). MERCs ensure a fine-tuned regulation of fundamental cellular processes, involving cell fate decision, mitochondria dynamics, metabolism, and proteostasis, which plays a pivotal role in the tumorigenesis and therapeutic response of cancer cells. Intriguingly, recent studies have shown that different components of the unfolded protein response (UPR) machinery, including PERK, IRE1α, and ER chaperones, localize at MERCs. These proteins appear to exhibit multifaceted roles that expand beyond protein folding and UPR transduction and are often related to the control of calcium fluxes to the mitochondria, thus acquiring relevance to cell survival and death. In this review, we highlight the novel functions played by PERK, IRE1α, and ER chaperones at MERCs focusing on their impact on tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Amodio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Valentina Pagliara
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Ornella Moltedo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Paolo Remondelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana," University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
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Prasad V, Greber UF. The endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response - homeostasis, cell death and evolution in virus infections. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6188392. [PMID: 33765123 PMCID: PMC8498563 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses elicit cell and organismic stress, and offset homeostasis. They trigger intrinsic, innate and adaptive immune responses, which limit infection. Viruses restore homeostasis by harnessing evolutionary conserved stress responses, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPRER). The canonical UPRER restores homeostasis based on a cell-autonomous signalling network modulating transcriptional and translational output. The UPRER remedies cell damage, but upon severe and chronic stress leads to cell death. Signals from the UPRER flow along three branches with distinct stress sensors, the inositol requiring enzyme (Ire) 1, protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), and the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). This review shows how both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses use the UPRER to control cell stress and metabolic pathways, and thereby enhance infection and progeny formation, or undergo cell death. We highlight how the Ire1 axis bypasses apoptosis, boosts viral transcription and maintains dormant viral genomes during latency and persistence periods concurrent with long term survival of infected cells. These considerations open new options for oncolytic virus therapies against cancer cells where the UPRER is frequently upregulated. We conclude with a discussion of the evolutionary impact that viruses, in particular retroviruses, and anti-viral defense has on the UPRER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhu Prasad
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Targeting the stress support network regulated by autophagy and senescence for cancer treatment. Adv Cancer Res 2021; 150:75-112. [PMID: 33858601 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy and cellular senescence are two potent tumor suppressive mechanisms activated by various cellular stresses, including the expression of activated oncogenes. However, emerging evidence has also indicated their pro-tumorigenic activities, strengthening the case for the complexity of tumorigenesis. More specifically, tumorigenesis is a systemic process emanating from the combined accumulation of changes in the tumor support pathways, many of which cannot cause cancer on their own but might still provide excellent therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss the dual roles of autophagy and senescence during tumorigenesis, with a specific focus on the stress support networks in cancer cells modulated by these processes. A deeper understanding of such context-dependent roles may help to enhance the effectiveness of cancer therapies targeting autophagy and senescence, while limiting their potential side effects. This will steer and accelerate the pace of research and drug development for cancer treatment.
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54
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A new horizon for the old antibacterial drug clofoctol. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1302-1310. [PMID: 33581321 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic antibacterial drug clofoctol (CFT) has long been used to treat respiratory tract infections in Europe. In recent years, the drug was found to target two biologically important proteins, the Cdc7/Dbf4 protein kinase complex and the mRNA-binding protein cold shock domain containing E1 (CSDE1), also known as upstream-of-N-Ras protein (UNR). These interactions are at the origin of the antitumor activity of CFT, recently evidenced in prostate cancer and neuroglioma. Drug-protein binding models provide a structural basis to guide the design of more potent anticancer compounds. A renewed interest in CFT can be anticipated for the treatment of cancers, and possibly Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).
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Zhou X, Xu Y, Gu Y, Sun M. 4-Phenylbutyric acid protects islet β cell against cellular damage induced by glucocorticoids. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1659-1665. [PMID: 33566227 PMCID: PMC7925466 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study, using the MIN6 cell line, examines the effect of glucocorticoids (GCs) on the expression and protein levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) related genes. Furthermore, we evaluated the protective role of 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) on the aforesaid GCs induced changes. Pancreatic islet MIN6 cells were treated with dexamethasone (DEX) at distinct concentrations (0.1 μmol/L and 0.5 μmol/L) for different periods (1 h, 4 h, 12 h, and 24 h). The mRNA and protein levels of ERS related genes were measured using real-time qPCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting. Similar evaluations were also carried out for the cells treated with 4-PBA combined with DEX. Upon DEX intervention which induces the unfolded protein response (UPR), the expression levels of BIP, ATF6, IRE1, and PERK increased in the MIN6 cells, both in concentration and time-dependent manner. Similarly, ERS associated gene CHOP, which is involved in the apoptotic pathway, also showed increased levels both in concentration and time-dependent manner. However, treatment with 4-PBA decreased the expression levels of ERS related proteins. Quantitative analysis found that all these results were statistically significant (P < 0.05). GCs markedly activates the ERS in the MIN6 cell line in vitro, however, this effect can be significantly alleviated upon treatment with 4-PBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Maanshan People's Hospital, Maanshan, 243000, China
| | - Yilin Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, Suzhou, 215008, China
| | - Yong Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Fatima N, Shen Y, Crassini K, Iwanowicz EJ, Lang H, Karanewsky DS, Christopherson RI, Mulligan SP, Best OG. The ClpP activator ONC-212 (TR-31) inhibits BCL2 and B-cell receptor signaling in CLL. EJHAEM 2021; 2:81-93. [PMID: 35846080 PMCID: PMC9175891 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in therapy, a significant proportion of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) relapse with drug resistant disease. Novel treatment approaches are required, particularly for high risk disease. The imipridones represent a new class of cancer therapy that has been investigated in pre-clinical and clinical trials against a range of different cancers. We investigated the effects of the imipridone, ONC-212, against CLL cells cultured under conditions that mimic aspects of the tumour microenvironment and a TP53ko CLL cell line (OSU-CLL-TP53ko). ONC-212 induced dose-dependent apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and reduced the migration of CLL cells in vitro, including cells from patients with TP53 lesions and OSU-CLL-TP53ko cells. The effects of ONC-212 were associated with protein changes consistent with activation of the mitochondrial protease, CIpP, and the integrated stress response. We also observed inhibition of pathways downstream of the B-cell receptor (BCR) (AKT and MAPK-ERK1/2) and a pro-apoptotic shift in the balance of proteins of the BCL2 family of proteins (BCL2, MCL1, BCLxL, BAX and NOXA). In conclusion, the study suggests ONC-212 may represent an effective treatment for high risk CLL disease by inhibiting multiple facets of the BCR signaling pathway and the pro-survival effects of the BCL2-family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjis Fatima
- Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchRoyal North Shore HospitalUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Yandong Shen
- Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchRoyal North Shore HospitalUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Kyle Crassini
- Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchRoyal North Shore HospitalUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | | | - Henk Lang
- Madera TherapeuticsLLCCaryNorth Carolina
| | | | | | - Stephen P. Mulligan
- Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchRoyal North Shore HospitalUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Oliver G. Best
- Kolling Institute of Medical ResearchRoyal North Shore HospitalUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and GeneticsFlinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI)College of Medicine and Public HealthFlinders UniversityAdelaideAustralia
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周 景, 周 琴, 陈 纯, 潘 景. [A Review of the Roles of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Cancer Cell Metastasis]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2021; 52:11-15. [PMID: 33474882 PMCID: PMC10408941 DOI: 10.12182/20210160503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a multistep and low-efficiency biological process driven by acquisition of genetic and/or epigenetic alterations within tumor cells. These evolutionary alterations enable tumor cells to thrive in the inhospitable microenvironment they encounter in the process of metastasis and eventually lead to macroscopic metastases in distant organs. The unfolded protein response (UPR) induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the most important mechanisms regulating cellular adaptation to an adverse microenvironment. UPR is involved in all stages of metastasis, playing an important role in tumor cell growth, survival, and differentiation and the process of maintaining protein hemostasis. Sustained activation of ER stress sensors endows tumor cells with better epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), survival, immune escape, angiogenesis, cellular adhesion, dormancy-to reactivation capacity in the process of metastasis. Here, we discussed the role of UPR in regulating the above-mentioned abilities of tumor cells during metastasis, providing a reference for development of new targets for the treatment of tumor metastasis.UPR in regulating the above-mentioned characteristics and mechanisms of tumor cells during metastasis, providing a reference for development of new targets for the treatment of tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- 景峰 周
- 中山大学中山眼科中心 眼科学国家重点实验室 (广州 510060)State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - 琴 周
- 中山大学中山眼科中心 眼科学国家重点实验室 (广州 510060)State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - 纯 陈
- 中山大学中山眼科中心 眼科学国家重点实验室 (广州 510060)State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - 景轩 潘
- 中山大学中山眼科中心 眼科学国家重点实验室 (广州 510060)State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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58
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Wang C, Li TK, Zeng CH, Yang J, Wang Y, Lu J, Zhu GY, Guo JH. Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy Enhances the Anticancer Effect of Iodine-125 Seed Radiation on Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Radiat Res 2020; 194:236-245. [PMID: 32942301 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00057.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy has been reported to play a radioresistance role in high-dose-rate irradiation. However, its mechanisms and roles in continuous low-dose-rate (CLDR) irradiation have not been clearly understood. Iodine-125 (I-125) seed brachytherapy is a modality of CLDR irradiation and has been used in the treatment of various cancers. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms and roles of autophagy induced by I-125 seed radiation in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines (Eca-109 and EC-109) and a xenograft mouse model. The results of this work showed that I-125 seed radiation induced a dose-dependent increase in autophagy in both cell lines. In Eca-109 cells, I-125 seed radiation-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, manifesting as the increased levels of intracellular Ca2+ and Grp78/BiP, and activated PERK-eIF2α, IRE1, and ATF6 pathways of the unfolded protein response. Knockdown of PERK led to the decreased expression of autophagy marker, LC3B-II. Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine or knockdown of ATG5 enhanced I-125 seed radiation-induced cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis. Interestingly, chloroquine did not aggravate ER stress but promoted apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. The animal experiment showed that inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine improved the efficacy of I-125 seed radiation. In summary, our data demonstrate that I-125 seed CLDR radiation induces ER stress-mediated autophagy in ESCC. Autophagy plays a pro-survival role in I-125 seed CLDR irradiation, and chloroquine is a potential candidate for use in combination therapy with I-125 seed radiation treatment to improve efficacy against ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tian-Kuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chu-Hui Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Center of Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Center of Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guang-Yu Zhu
- Center of Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jin-He Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Center of Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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59
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Damen MPF, van Rheenen J, Scheele CLGJ. Targeting dormant tumor cells to prevent cancer recurrence. FEBS J 2020; 288:6286-6303. [PMID: 33190412 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, developments in oncology led to significantly improved clinical outcome for cancer patients. However, cancer recurrence after initial treatment response still poses a major challenge, as it often involves more aggressive, metastatic disease. The presence of dormant cancer cells is associated with recurrence, metastasis, and poor clinical outcome, suggesting that these cells may play a crucial role in the process of disease relapse. Cancer cell dormancy typically presents as growth arrest while retaining proliferative capacity and can be induced or reversed by a wide array of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors. Conventional therapies preferentially target fast-dividing cells, leaving dormant cancer cells largely insensitive to these treatments. In this review, we discuss the role of dormant cancer cells in cancer recurrence and highlight how novel therapy strategies based on cell-cycle modulation, modifications of existing drugs, or enhanced drug-delivery vehicles may be used to specifically target this subpopulation of tumor cells, and thereby have the potential to prevent disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje P F Damen
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bhardwaj M, Leli NM, Koumenis C, Amaravadi RK. Regulation of autophagy by canonical and non-canonical ER stress responses. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 66:116-128. [PMID: 31838023 PMCID: PMC7325862 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells encounter numerous stresses that pose a threat to their survival. Tumor microenviroment stresses that perturb protein homeostasis can produce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which can be counterbalanced by triggering the unfolded protein response (UPR) which is considered the canonical ER stress response. The UPR is characterized by three major proteins that lead to specific changes in transcriptional and translational programs in stressed cells. Activation of the UPR can induce apoptosis, but also can induce cytoprotective programs such as autophagy. There is increasing appreciation for the role that UPR-induced autophagy plays in supporting tumorigenesis and cancer therapy resistance. More recently several new pathways that connect cell stresses, components of the UPR and autophagy have been reported, which together can be viewed as non-canonical ER stress responses. Here we review recent findings on the molecular mechanisms by which canonical and non-canonical ER stress responses can activate cytoprotective autophagy and contribute to tumor growth and therapy resistance. Autophagy has been identified as a druggable pathway, however the components of autophagy (ATG genes) have proven difficult to drug. It may be the case that targeting the UPR or non-canonical ER stress programs can more effectively block cytoprotective autophagy to enhance cancer therapy. A deeper understanding of these pathways could provide new therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bhardwaj
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nektaria Maria Leli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Transdermal Delivery Systems of Natural Products Applied to Skin Therapy and Care. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215051. [PMID: 33143260 PMCID: PMC7662758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are favored because of their non-toxicity, low irritants, and market reacceptance. We collected examples, according to ancient wisdom, of natural products to be applied in transdermal delivery. A transdermal delivery system, including different types of agents, such as ointments, patches, and gels, has long been used for skin concerns. In recent years, many novel transdermal applications, such as nanoemulsions, liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, and microneedles, have been reported. Nanosized drug delivery systems are widely applied in natural product deliveries. Nanosized materials notably enhance bioavailability and solubility, and are reported to improve the transdermal permeation of many substances compared with conventional topical formulations. Natural products have been made into nanosized biomaterials in order to enhance the penetration effect. Before introducing the novel transdermal applications of natural products, we present traditional methods within this article. The descriptions of novel transdermal applications are classified into three parts: liposomes, emulsions, and lipid nanoparticles. Each section describes cases that are related to promising natural product transdermal use. Finally, we summarize the outcomes of various studies on novel transdermal agents applied to skin treatments.
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Simvastatin Induces Unfolded Protein Response and Enhances Temozolomide-Induced Cell Death in Glioblastoma Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112339. [PMID: 33105603 PMCID: PMC7690447 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent malignant primary brain tumor with a very poor survival rate. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the common chemotherapeutic agent used for GBM treatment. We recently demonstrated that simvastatin (Simva) increases TMZ-induced apoptosis via the inhibition of autophagic flux in GBM cells. Considering the role of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway in the regulation of autophagy, we investigated the involvement of UPR in Simva–TMZ-induced cell death by utilizing highly selective IRE1 RNase activity inhibitor MKC8866, PERK inhibitor GSK-2606414 (PERKi), and eIF2α inhibitor salubrinal. Simva–TMZ treatment decreased the viability of GBM cells and significantly increased apoptotic cell death when compared to TMZ or Simva alone. Simva–TMZ induced both UPR, as determined by an increase in GRP78, XBP splicing, eukaryote initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation, and inhibited autophagic flux (accumulation of LC3β-II and inhibition of p62 degradation). IRE1 RNase inhibition did not affect Simva–TMZ-induced cell death, but it significantly induced p62 degradation and increased the microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3 (LC3)β-II/LC3β-I ratio in U87 cells, while salubrinal did not affect the Simva–TMZ induced cytotoxicity of GBM cells. In contrast, protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) inhibition significantly increased Simva–TMZ-induced cell death in U87 cells. Interestingly, whereas PERK inhibition induced p62 accumulation in both GBM cell lines, it differentially affected the LC3β-II/LC3β-I ratio in U87 (decrease) and U251 (increase) cells. Simvastatin sensitizes GBM cells to TMZ-induced cell death via a mechanism that involves autophagy and UPR pathways. More specifically, our results imply that the IRE1 and PERK signaling arms of the UPR regulate Simva–TMZ-mediated autophagy flux inhibition in U251 and U87 GBM cells.
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Calreticulin promotes EMT in pancreatic cancer via mediating Ca 2+ dependent acute and chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:209. [PMID: 33028359 PMCID: PMC7542892 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Our previous study showed that calreticulin (CRT) promoted EGF-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in pancreatic cancer (PC) via Integrin/EGFR-ERK/MAPK signaling. We next investigated the novel signal pathway and molecular mechanism involving the oncogenic role of CRT in PC. Methods We investigated the potential role and mechanism of CRT in regulating intracellular free Ca2+ dependent acute and chronic endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-induced EMT in PC in vitro and vivo. Results Thapsigargin (TG) induced acute ERS via increasing intracellular free Ca2+ in PC cells, which was reversed by CRT silencing. Additionally, CRT silencing inhibited TG-induced EMT in vitro by reversing TG-induced changes of the key proteins in EMT signaling (ZO-1, E-cadherin and Slug) and ERK/MAPK signaling (pERK). TG-promoted cell invasion and migration was also rescued by CRT silencing but enhanced by IRE1α silencing (one of the key stressors in unfolded protein response). Meanwhile, CRT was co-immunoprecipitated and co-localized with IRE1α in vitro and its silencing led to the chronic ERS via upregulating IRE1α independent of IRE1-XBP1 axis. Moreover, CRT silencing inhibited IRE1α silencing-promoted EMT, including inhibiting the activation of EMT and ERK/MAPK signaling and the promotion of cell mobility. In vivo, CRT silencing decreased subcutaneous tumor size and distant liver metastasis following with the increase of IRE1α expression. A negative relationship between CRT and IRE1α was also observed in clinical PC samples, which coordinately promoted the advanced clinical stages and poor prognosis of PC patients. Conclusions CRT promotes EMT in PC via mediating intracellular free Ca2+ dependent TG-induced acute ERS and IRE1α-mediated chronic ERS via Slug and ERK/MAPK signaling.
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Characterization of a PERK Kinase Inhibitor with Anti-Myeloma Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102864. [PMID: 33028016 PMCID: PMC7601861 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to increased immunoglobulin production and uncontrolled proliferation, multiple myeloma (MM) plasma cells develop a phenotype of deregulated unfolded protein response (UPR). The eIF2-alpha kinase 3 [EIF2αK3, protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK)], the third known sensor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, is a serine-threonine kinase and, like the other two UPR-related proteins, i.e., IRE1 and ATF6, it is bound to the ER membrane. MM, like other tumors showing uncontrolled protein secretion, is highly dependent to UPR for survival; thus, inhibition of PERK can be an effective strategy to suppress growth of malignant plasma cells. Here, we have used GSK2606414, an ATP-competitive potent PERK inhibitor, and found significant anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects in a panel of MM cell lines. These effects were accompanied by the downregulation of key components of the PERK pathway as well as of other UPR elements. Consistently, PERK gene expression silencing significantly increased cell death in MM cells, highlighting the importance of PERK signaling in MM biology. Moreover, GSK2606414, in combination with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, exerted an additive toxic effect in MM cells. Overall, our data suggest that PERK inhibition could represent a novel combinatorial therapeutic approach in MM.
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Rozpędek W, Pytel D, Wawrzynkiewicz A, Siwecka N, Dziki A, Dziki Ł, Diehl JA, Majsterek I. Use of Small-molecule Inhibitory Compound of PERK-dependent Signaling Pathway as a Promising Target-based Therapy for Colorectal Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 20:223-238. [PMID: 31906838 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666200106114826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer constitutes one of the most common cancer with a high mortality rate. The newest data has reported that activation of the pro-apoptotic PERK-dependent unfolded protein response signaling pathway by small-molecule inhibitors may constitute an innovative anti-cancer treatment strategy. OBJECTIVE In the presented study, we evaluated the effectiveness of the PERK-dependent unfolded protein response signaling pathway small-molecule inhibitor 42215 both on HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma and CCD 841 CoN normal human colon epithelial cell lines. METHODS Cytotoxicity of the PERK inhibitor was evaluated by the resazurin-based and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) tests. Apoptotic cell death was measured by flow cytometry using the FITCconjugated Annexin V to indicate apoptosis and propidium iodide to indicate necrosis as well as by colorimetric caspase-3 assay. The effect of tested PERK inhibitor on cell cycle progression was measured by flow cytometry using the propidium iodide staining. The level of the phosphorylated form of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha was detected by the Western blot technique. RESULTS Obtained results showed that investigated PERK inhibitor is selective only toward cancer cells, since inhibited their viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner and induced their apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, 42215 PERK inhibitor evoked significant inhibition of eIF2α phosphorylation within HT-29 cancer cells. CONCLUSION Highly-selective PERK inhibitors may provide a ground-breaking, anti-cancer treatment strategy via activation of the pro-apoptotic branch of the PERK-dependent unfolded protein response signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Rozpędek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Pytel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Adam Wawrzynkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Natalia Siwecka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Dziki
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Dziki
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Han S, Wang Y, Ma J, Wang Z, Wang HMD, Yuan Q. Sulforaphene inhibits esophageal cancer progression via suppressing SCD and CDH3 expression, and activating the GADD45B-MAP2K3-p38-p53 feedback loop. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:713. [PMID: 32873775 PMCID: PMC7463232 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02859-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is one of the most common cancer with limited therapeutic strategies, thus it is important to develop more effective strategies to against it. Sulforaphene (SFE), an isothiocyanate isolated from radish seeds, was proved to inhibit esophageal cancer progression in the current study. Flow cytometric analysis showed SFE induced cell apoptosis and cycle arrest in G2/M phase. Also, scrape motility and transwell assays presented SFE reduced esophageal cancer cell metastasis. Microarray results showed the influence of SFE on esophageal cancer cells was related with stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), cadherin 3 (CDH3), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MAP2K3) and growth arrest and DNA damage inducible beta (GADD45B). SCD and CDH3 could promote esophageal cancer metastasis via activating the Wnt pathway, while the latter one was involved in a positive feedback loop, GADD45B-MAP2K3-p38-p53, to suppress esophageal cancer growth. GADD45B was known to be the target gene of p53, and we proved in this study, it could increase the phosphorylation level of MAP2K3 in esophageal cancer cells, activating p38 and p53 in turn. SFE treatment elevated MAP2K3 and GADD45B expression and further stimulated this feedback loop to better exert antitumor effect. In summary, these results demonstrated that SFE had the potential for developing as a chemotherapeutic agent because of its inhibitory effects on esophageal cancer metastasis and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yandong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, 402, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan.
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen City, 361021, Fujian Province, P.R. China.
- Undergraduate Program Study of Biomedical Engineering, Physics Department, Airlangga University, Surabaya City, 60115, Indonesia.
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P.R. China.
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Hsu SK, Chang WT, Lin IL, Chen YF, Padalwar NB, Cheng KC, Teng YN, Wang CH, Chiu CC. The Role of Necroptosis in ROS-Mediated Cancer Therapies and Its Promising Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2185. [PMID: 32764483 PMCID: PMC7465132 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, promising therapies targeting different signaling pathways have emerged. Among these pathways, apoptosis has been well investigated and targeted to design diverse chemotherapies. However, some patients are chemoresistant to these therapies due to compromised apoptotic cell death. Hence, exploring alternative treatments aimed at different mechanisms of cell death seems to be a potential strategy for bypassing impaired apoptotic cell death. Emerging evidence has shown that necroptosis, a caspase-independent form of cell death with features between apoptosis and necrosis, can overcome the predicament of drug resistance. Furthermore, previous studies have also indicated that there is a close correlation between necroptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS); both necroptosis and ROS play significant roles both under human physiological conditions such as the regulation of inflammation and in cancer biology. Several small molecules used in experiments and clinical practice eliminate cancer cells via the modulation of ROS and necroptosis. The molecular mechanisms of these promising therapies are discussed in detail in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Kai Hsu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Tsan Chang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - I-Ling Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Fung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Nitin Balkrushna Padalwar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamilnadu, India;
| | - Kai-Chun Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiaokang Hospital, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ni Teng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan 700, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Huei Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- The Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Multiple Myeloma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Induce Osteoclastogenesis through the Activation of the XBP1/IRE1α Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082167. [PMID: 32759820 PMCID: PMC7465175 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone disease severely affects the quality of life of over 70% of multiple myeloma (MM) patients, which daily experience pain, pathological fractures, mobility issues and an increased mortality. Recent data have highlighted the crucial role of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated unfolded protein response (UPR) in malignant transformation and tumor progression; therefore, targeting of UPR-related molecules may open novel therapeutic avenues. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and UPR pathways are constitutively activated in MM cells, which are characterized by an increased protein turnover as a consequence of high production of immunoglobulins and high rates of protein synthesis. A great deal of scientific data also evidenced that a mild activation of UPR pathway can regulate cellular differentiation. Our previous studies revealed that MM cell-derived small extracellular vesicle (MM-EV) modulated osteoclasts (OCs) function and induced OCs differentiation. Here, we investigated the role of the UPR pathway, and in particular of the IRE1α/XBP1 axis, in osteoclastogenesis induced by MM-EVs. By proteomic analysis, we identified UPR signaling molecules as novel MM-EV cargo, prompting us to evaluate the effects of the MM-EVs on osteoclastogenesis through UPR pathway. MM-EVs administration in a murine macrophage cell line rapidly induced activation of IRE1α by phosphorylation in S724; accordingly, Xbp1 mRNA splicing was increased and the transcription of NFATc1, a master transcription factor for OCs differentiation, was activated. Some of these results were also validated using both human primary OC cultures and MM-EVs from MM patients. Notably, a chemical inhibitor of IRE1α (GSK2850163) counteracted MM-EV-triggered OC differentiation, hampering the terminal stages of OCs differentiation and reducing bone resorption.
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SNX-2112, an Hsp90 inhibitor, suppresses cervical cancer cells proliferation, migration, and invasion by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02534-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Romeo MA, Gilardini Montani MS, Benedetti R, Garufi A, D’Orazi G, Cirone M. PBA Preferentially Impairs Cell Survival of Glioblastomas Carrying mutp53 by Reducing Its Expression Level, Stabilizing wtp53, Downregulating the Mevalonate Kinase and Dysregulating UPR. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040586. [PMID: 32290231 PMCID: PMC7226434 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylbutyrate (PBA) is a derivative of Butyric Acid (BA), which has the characteristics of being a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and acting as a chemical chaperone. It has the potential to counteract a variety of different diseases, from neurodegeneration to cancer. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic effect of PBA against glioblastoma cells carrying wt or mutant (mut) p53 and found that it exerted a higher cytotoxic effect against the latter in comparison with the former. This could be due to the downregulation of mutp53, to whose pro-survival effects cancer cells become addicted. In correlation with mutp53 reduction and wtp53 activation, PBA downregulated the expression level of mevalonate kinase (MVK), a key kinase of the mevalonate pathway strongly involved in cancer cell survival. Here we differentiated the chaperoning function of PBA from the others anti-cancer potentiality by comparing its effects to those exerted by NaB, another HDACi that derives from BA but, lacking the phenyl group, cannot act as a chemical chaperone. Interestingly, we observed that PBA induced a stronger cytotoxic effect compared to NaB against U373 cells as it skewed the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) towards cell death induction, upregulating CHOP and downregulating BIP, and was more efficient in downregulating MVK. The findings of this study suggest that PBA represents a promising molecule against glioblastomas, especially those carrying mutp53, and its use, approved by FDA for urea cycle disorders, should be extended to the glioblastoma anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Maria Saveria Gilardini Montani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Rossella Benedetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.)
| | - Alessia Garufi
- Department of Research, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (G.D.)
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio”, 66013 Chieti, Italy
| | - Gabriella D’Orazi
- Department of Research, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.G.); (G.D.)
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Italy, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.A.R.); (M.S.G.M.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4997-3319; Fax: +39-06-4456-229
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Rich AM, Hussaini HM, Seo B, Zain RB. Understanding the complex microenvironment in oral cancer: the contribution of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago over the last 100 years. J R Soc N Z 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2020.1736586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Mary Rich
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Haizal Mohd Hussaini
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Benedict Seo
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rosnah Bt Zain
- Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia
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Antiangiogenesis Efficacy of Ethanol Extract from Amomum tsaoko in Ovarian Cancer through Inducing ER Stress to Suppress p-STAT3/NF-kB/IL-6 and VEGF Loop. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:2390125. [PMID: 32190078 PMCID: PMC7066415 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2390125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural plants are considered as a huge treasure for anticancer. Amomum tsaoko, a plant of Zingiberaceae, is used widely as a food and traditional medicine in East Asia. In previous studies, Amomum tsaoko has antitumor effect on liver cancer cells, but the mechanism is not clear. Here, we demonstrated that ethanol extract from Amomum tsaoko (At-EE) could inhibit ovarian cancer and decrease angiogenesis in vivo. At-EE did not influence vascular endothelial cells directly, but decreased IL-6 and VEGF secreted by ovarian cancer cells to inhibit angiogenesis through inhibition of p-STAT3 and NF-kB activation. In addition, we demonstrated that p-STAT3 and NF-kB could adjust each other and IL-6 and VEGF also mediate p-STAT3 and NF-kB too, which created a loop. In addition, At-EE interrupted p-STAT3/NF-kB/IL-6 and VEGF loop through induced ER stress. These results reveal that p-STAT3/NF-kB/IL-6 and VEGF is a cascade amplification loop in ovarian cancer for angiogenesis, and induced ER stress can interrupt it. Taken together, this work explored the anticancer activities of Amomum tsaoko, which could be a potential therapeutic candidate in the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Xu H, Liu P, Yan Y, Fang K, Liang D, Hou X, Zhang X, Wu S, Ma J, Wang R, Li T, Piao H, Meng S. FKBP9 promotes the malignant behavior of glioblastoma cells and confers resistance to endoplasmic reticulum stress inducers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:44. [PMID: 32111229 PMCID: PMC7048151 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-1541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background FK506-binding protein 9 (FKBP9) is amplified in high-grade gliomas (HGGs). However, the roles and mechanism(s) of FKBP9 in glioma are unknown. Methods The expression of FKBP9 in clinical glioma tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The correlation between FKBP9 expression levels and the clinical prognosis of glioma patients was examined by bioinformatic analysis. Glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines stably depleted of FKBP9 were established using lentiviruses expressing shRNAs against FKBP9. The effects of FKBP9 on GBM cells were determined by cell-based analyses, including anchorage-independent growth, spheroid formation, transwell invasion assay, confocal microscopy, immunoblot (IB) and coimmunoprecipitation assays. In vivo tumor growth was determined in both chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and mouse xenograft models. Results High FKBP9 expression correlated with poor prognosis in glioma patients. Knockdown of FKBP9 markedly suppressed the malignant phenotype of GBM cells in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, FKBP9 expression induced the activation of p38MAPK signaling via ASK1. Furthermore, ASK1-p38 signaling contributed to the FKBP9-mediated effects on GBM cell clonogenic growth. In addition, depletion of FKBP9 activated the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway, which played a role in the FKBP9-mediated oncogenic effects. Importantly, FKBP9 expression conferred GBM cell resistance to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducers that caused FKBP9 ubiquitination and degradation. Conclusions Our findings suggest an oncogenic role for FKBP9 in GBM and reveal FKBP9 as a novel mediator in the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhe Xu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, 9 Lvshun Road South, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, No. 1098, Xueyuan avenue, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yumei Yan
- The First Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116021, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Kun Fang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, 9 Lvshun Road South, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dapeng Liang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, 9 Lvshun Road South, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiukun Hou
- The First Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116021, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, 9 Lvshun Road South, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Songyan Wu
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, 9 Lvshun Road South, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jianmei Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Dalian Medical University, 9 Lvshun Road South, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No.6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, 116001, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No. 222 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116011, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Haozhe Piao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Songshu Meng
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University Cancer Center, 9 Lvshun Road South, Dalian, 116044, Liaoning Province, China.
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Uddin MA, Akhter MS, Singh SS, Kubra KT, Schally AV, Jois S, Barabutis N. GHRH antagonists support lung endothelial barrier function. Tissue Barriers 2019; 7:1669989. [PMID: 31578921 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1669989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) regulates the release of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. GHRH also acts as a growth and inflammatory factor in a variety of experimental models in oncology. In the current study, we used bovine pulmonary arterial cells in order to investigate the effects of GHRH and its antagonistic and agonistic analogs in key intracellular pathways that regulate endothelial permeability. GHRH antagonists suppressed the activation of MLC2, ERK1/2, JAK2/STAT3 pathway and increased the intracellular P53 and pAMPK levels. In contrast, both GHRH and GHRH agonist MR409 exerted the opposite effects. Furthermore, GHRH antagonists supported the integrity of endothelial barrier, while GHRH and GHRH agonists had the contrary effects, as reflected in measurements of transendothelial resistance. Our observations support the evidence for the anti - inflammatory role of GHRH antagonists in the vasculature. Moreover, our results suggest that GHRH antagonists should be considered as promising therapeutic agents for treating severe respiratory abnormalities, such as the lethal Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Uddin
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Mohammad S Akhter
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Sitanshu S Singh
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Khadeja-Tul Kubra
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Andrew V Schally
- Endocrine, Polypeptide, and Cancer Institute, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA.,Divisions of Medical Oncology and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Seetharama Jois
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Nektarios Barabutis
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA
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PUM1 knockdown prevents tumor progression by activating the PERK/eIF2/ATF4 signaling pathway in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:595. [PMID: 31395860 PMCID: PMC6687830 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1839-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a malignant tumor with very poor prognosis. Therefore, it is important to fully understand the molecular mechanism underlying its occurrence and development. Pumilio RNA-binding family member 1 (PUM1) has been reported to function as an oncogene in ovarian cancer and nonsmall cell lung cancer. However, its role and mechanism in PDAC have not been fully illuminated. Here, we found that the PUM1 protein levels were higher in PDAC tissues than in adjacent tissues and that PUM1 levels were significantly associated with TNM stage and overall survival time, indicating a correlation between high PUM1 expression and poor prognosis in patients with PDAC. In vitro and in vivo assays showed that PUM1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and promoted apoptosis in MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells. Through cDNA microarrays and ingenuity pathway analysis, we found that the activation of the eIF2 signaling pathway significantly correlated with PUM1 knockdown. These results were further confirmed by the increased levels of key components of the eIF2 signaling pathway, p-PERK, p-EIF2A, and ATF4 in PUM1 knockdown cells. We also found that PUM1 levels have a significant negative correlation with p-PERK levels in PDAC tissues and that PERK overexpression inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT, and promoted apoptosis in vitro. Moreover, a PERK inhibitor alleviated the effects of PUM1 knockdown on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and EMT. Taken together, our results revealed that PUM1 knockdown suppressed cell growth, invasion, and metastasis, and promoted apoptosis by activating the PERK/eIF2/ATF4 signaling pathway in PDAC cells. PUM1 could be a potential target to develop pharmaceuticals and novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of PDAC.
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