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Janíčková Z, Janeček Š. Fungal α-amylases from three GH13 subfamilies: their sequence-structural features and evolutionary relationships. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:763-772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Alkoxycarbonyl elimination of 3-O-substituted glucose and fructose by heat treatment under neutral pH. Carbohydr Res 2020; 496:108129. [PMID: 32858482 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
3-O-Substituted reducing aldoses are commonly unstable under heat treatment at neutral and alkaline pH. In this study, to evaluate the decomposition products, nigerose (3-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-d-glucose) and 3-O-methyl glucose were heated at 90 °C in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5). Decomposition via β-elimination was observed that formed a mixture of 3-deoxy-arabino-hexonic acid and 3-deoxy-ribo-hexonic acid; upon further acid treatment, it was converted to their γ-lactones. Similarly, turanose (3-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-d-fructose), a ketose isomer of nigerose, decomposed more rapidly than nigerose under the same conditions, forming the same products. These findings indicate that 3-O-substituted reducing glucose and fructose decompose via the same 1,2-enediol intermediate. The alkoxycarbonyl elimination of 3-O-substituted reducing glucose and fructose occurs readily if an O-glycosidic bond is located on the carbon adjacent to the 1,2-enediol intermediate. Following these experiments, we proposed a kinetic model for the3- decomposition of nigerose and turanose by heat treatment under neutral pH conditions. The proposed model showed a good fit with the experimental data collected in this study. The rate constant of the decomposition for nigerose was (1.2 ± 0.1) × 10-4 s-1, whereas that for turanose [(2.6 ± 0.2) × 10-4 s-1] was about 2.2 times higher.
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UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene affects mycelia growth and polysaccharide synthesis of Grifola frondosa. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1161-1170. [PMID: 32561281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate potential roles of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP) in mycelial growth and polysaccharide synthesis of Grifola frondosa, a putative 2036-bp UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene gfugp encoding a 53.17-kDa protein was cloned and re-annotated. Two dual promoter RNA silencing vectors of pAN7-iUGP-P-dual and pAN7-iUGP-C-dual were constructed to down-regulate gfugp expression by targeting its promoter or conserved functional sequences, respectively. Results showed that silence of gfugp promoter sequence had a higher down-regulating efficiency with slower mycelial growth and polysaccharide production than those of conserved sequence. The monosaccharide compositions/percentages of mycelial and exo-polysaccharides significantly changed with the increase of galactose and arabinose contents possibly due to block of UDP-glucose supply by gfugp silence and alteration of sugar metabolism via up-regulation of UDP-glucose-4-epimerase (gfuge) and UDP-xylose-4-epimerase (gfuxe) transcription. Our findings would provide a reference to know the biosynthesis pathway of mushroom polysaccharides and improve their production by metabolic regulation.
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Getachew A, Abejew TA, Wu J, Xu J, Yu H, Tan J, Wu P, Tu Y, Kang W, Wang Z, Xu S. Transcriptome profiling reveals insertional mutagenesis suppressed the expression of candidate pathogenicity genes in honeybee fungal pathogen, Ascosphaera apis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7532. [PMID: 32372055 PMCID: PMC7200787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chalkbrood disease is caused by Ascosphaera apis which severely affects honeybee brood. Spore inoculation experiments shown pathogenicity varies among different strains and mutants, however, the molecular mechanism of pathogenicity is unclear. We sequenced, assembled and annotated the transcriptomes of wild type (SPE1) and three mutants (SPE2, SPE3 and SPE4) with reduced pathogenicity that were constructed in our previous study. Illumina sequencing generated a total of 394,910,604 clean reads and de novo Trinity-based assembled into 12,989 unigenes, among these, 9,598 genes were successfully annotated to known proteins in UniProt database. A total of 172, 3,996, and 650 genes were up-regulated and 4,403, 2,845, and 3,016 genes were down-regulated between SPE2-SPE1, SPE3-SPE1, and SPE4-SPE1, respectively. Overall, several genes with a potential role in fungal pathogenicity were detected down-regulated in mutants including 100 hydrolytic enzymes, 117 transcriptional factors, and 47 cell wall related genes. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis reveals 216 genes involved in nine pathways were down-regulated in mutants compared to wild type. The down-regulation of more pathways involved in pathogenicity in SPE2 and SPE4 than SPE3 supports their lower pathogenicity during in-vitro bioassay experiment. Expression of 12 down-regulated genes in mutants was validated by quantitative real time PCR. This study provides valuable information on transcriptome variation caused by mutation for further functional validation of candidate pathogenicity genes in A. apis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awraris Getachew
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tessema Aynalem Abejew
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Jiangli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Tan
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Pengjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Tu
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Weipeng Kang
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China
| | - Shufa Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology, Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China.
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Utama GL, Irena F, Lembong E, Kayaputri IL, Tensiska T, Balia RL. The Utilization of Vegetable and Fruit Wastes for Saccharomyces cerevisieae Cell Wall Based β-Glucan Production with Antioxidant Activity. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun202068010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Initial Analysis on the Characteristics and Synthesis of Exopolysaccharides from Sclerotium rolfsii with Different Sugars as Carbon Sources. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020348. [PMID: 32033463 PMCID: PMC7077393 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Scleroglucan is widely used in the food and chemical industries because of its good rheological property, stability, and emulsification activity. To investigate the influence of different carbon sources on the properties and synthesis of exopolysaccharides (EPS), the three EPSs (GEPS, glucose was used as the carbon source; LEPS, lactose was used as the carbon source; and SEPS, sucrose was used as the carbon source) were determined, respectively. It was found that the yield and viscosity of exopolysaccharides were different. When sucrose and glucose were used as the carbon sources, the viscosity and yield of EPS were both higher than lactose. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the three EPSs had different morphologies, but the monosaccharide analysis showed that they were all composed of glucose units. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) proved that there were no additional substituents for the three EPSs. Furthermore, the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that SEPS and LEPS had two fractions. Through the analysis of proteomics data, there were few differences in the metabolic pathways between GEPS and SEPS, but a significant difference between LEPS and SEPS. Our study provides a theoretical basis and reference for understanding the biosynthesis of exopolysaccharides and the development of different types of EPS products.
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Ibrahim E, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Hossain A, Qiu W, Chen Y, Wang Y, Wu W, Sun G, Li B. Green-Synthesization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Garlic and Its Antifungal Activity against Wheat Fusarium Head Blight Pathogen Fusarium Graminearum. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E219. [PMID: 32012732 PMCID: PMC7074875 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are expected to play a vital role in the management of future plant diseases, and they are expected to provide an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional synthetic fungicides. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were green synthesized through the mediation by using the endophytic bacterium Pseudomonas poae strain CO, which was isolated from garlic plants (Allium sativum). Following a confirmation analysis that used UV-Vis, we examined the in vitro antifungal activity of the biosynthesized AgNPs with the size of 19.8-44.9 nm, which showed strong inhibition in the mycelium growth, spore germination, the length of the germ tubes, and the mycotoxin production of the wheat Fusarium head blight pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Furthermore, the microscopic examination showed that the morphological of mycelia had deformities and collapsed when treated with AgNPs, causing DNA and proteins to leak outside cells. The biosynthesized AgNPs with strong antifungal activity were further characterized based on analyses of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, EDS profiles, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Overall, the results from this study clearly indicate that the biosynthesized AgNPs may have a great potential in protecting wheat from fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezzeldin Ibrahim
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (E.I.); (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (A.H.); (W.Q.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Vegetable Diseases Research, Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Giza 12916, Egypt
| | - Muchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (E.I.); (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (A.H.); (W.Q.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (E.I.); (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (A.H.); (W.Q.); (Y.C.)
| | - Afsana Hossain
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (E.I.); (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (A.H.); (W.Q.); (Y.C.)
- Department of Plant Pathology and Seed Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Wen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (E.I.); (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (A.H.); (W.Q.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (E.I.); (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (A.H.); (W.Q.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
| | - Wenge Wu
- Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Guochang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China;
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (E.I.); (M.Z.); (Y.Z.); (A.H.); (W.Q.); (Y.C.)
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Garcia-Rubio R, de Oliveira HC, Rivera J, Trevijano-Contador N. The Fungal Cell Wall: Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus Species. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2993. [PMID: 31993032 PMCID: PMC6962315 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is located outside the plasma membrane and is the cell compartment that mediates all the relationships of the cell with the environment. It protects the contents of the cell, gives rigidity and defines the cellular structure. The cell wall is a skeleton with high plasticity that protects the cell from different stresses, among which osmotic changes stand out. The cell wall allows interaction with the external environment since some of its proteins are adhesins and receptors. Since, some components have a high immunogenic capacity, certain wall components can drive the host's immune response to promote fungus growth and dissemination. The cell wall is a characteristic structure of fungi and is composed mainly of glucans, chitin and glycoproteins. As the components of the fungal cell wall are not present in humans, this structure is an excellent target for antifungal therapy. In this article, we review recent data on the composition and synthesis, influence of the components of the cell wall in fungi-host interaction and the role as a target for the next generation of antifungal drugs in yeasts (Candida and Cryptococcus) and filamentous fungi (Aspergillus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Garcia-Rubio
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | | | - Johanna Rivera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nuria Trevijano-Contador
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Itoh T, Intuy R, Suyotha W, Hayashi J, Yano S, Makabe K, Wakayama M, Hibi T. Structural insights into substrate recognition and catalysis by glycoside hydrolase family 87 α‐1,3‐glucanase from
Paenibacillus glycanilyticus
FH11. FEBS J 2019; 287:2524-2543. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Itoh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Fukui Prefectural University Eiheiji‐cho Japan
| | - Rattanaporn Intuy
- Department of Biotechnology College of Life Sciences Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Japan
| | - Wasana Suyotha
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology Faculty of Agro‐industry Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai Thailand
| | - Junji Hayashi
- Department of Biotechnology College of Life Sciences Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Japan
| | - Shigekazu Yano
- Department of Biochemical Engineering Graduate School of Science and Engineering Yamagata University Yonezawa Japan
| | - Koki Makabe
- Department of Biochemical Engineering Graduate School of Science and Engineering Yamagata University Yonezawa Japan
| | - Mamoru Wakayama
- Department of Biotechnology College of Life Sciences Ritsumeikan University Kusatsu Japan
| | - Takao Hibi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Fukui Prefectural University Eiheiji‐cho Japan
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Złotko K, Wiater A, Waśko A, Pleszczyńska M, Paduch R, Jaroszuk-Ściseł J, Bieganowski A. A Report on Fungal (1→3)-α-d-glucans: Properties, Functions and Application. Molecules 2019; 24:E3972. [PMID: 31684030 PMCID: PMC6864487 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell walls of fungi are composed of glycoproteins, chitin, and α- and β-glucans. Although there are many reports on β-glucans, α-glucan polysaccharides are not yet fully understood. This review characterizes the physicochemical properties and functions of (1→3)-α-d-glucans. Particular attention has been paid to practical application and the effect of glucans in various respects, taking into account unfavourable effects and potential use. The role of α-glucans in plant infection has been proven, and collected facts have confirmed the characteristics of Aspergillus fumigatus infection associated with the presence of glucan in fungal cell wall. Like β-glucans, there are now evidence that α-glucans can also stimulate the immune system. Moreover, α-d-glucans have the ability to induce mutanases and can thus decompose plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Złotko
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adam Waśko
- Department of Biotechnology, Human Nutrition and Food Commodity Science, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Pleszczyńska
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Roman Paduch
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, ul. Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
- Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University, Chmielna 1, 20-079 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Jaroszuk-Ściseł
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Bieganowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
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Miyazawa K, Yoshimi A, Sano M, Tabata F, Sugahara A, Kasahara S, Koizumi A, Yano S, Nakajima T, Abe K. Both Galactosaminogalactan and α-1,3-Glucan Contribute to Aggregation of Aspergillus oryzae Hyphae in Liquid Culture. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2090. [PMID: 31572319 PMCID: PMC6753227 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi generally form aggregated hyphal pellets in liquid culture. We previously reported that α-1,3-glucan-deficient mutants of Aspergillus nidulans did not form hyphal pellets and their hyphae were fully dispersed, and we suggested that α-1,3-glucan functions in hyphal aggregation. However, Aspergillus oryzae α-1,3-glucan-deficient (AGΔ) mutants still form small pellets; therefore, we hypothesized that another factor responsible for forming hyphal pellets remains in these mutants. Here, we identified an extracellular matrix polysaccharide galactosaminogalactan (GAG) as such a factor. To produce a double mutant of A. oryzae (AG-GAGΔ), we disrupted the genes required for GAG biosynthesis in an AGΔ mutant. Hyphae of the double mutant were fully dispersed in liquid culture, suggesting that GAG is involved in hyphal aggregation in A. oryzae. Addition of partially purified GAG fraction to the hyphae of the AG-GAGΔ strain resulted in formation of mycelial pellets. Acetylation of the amino group in galactosamine of GAG weakened GAG aggregation, suggesting that hydrogen bond formation by this group is important for aggregation. Genome sequences suggest that α-1,3-glucan, GAG, or both are present in many filamentous fungi and thus may function in hyphal aggregation in these fungi. We also demonstrated that production of a recombinant polyesterase, CutL1, was higher in the AG-GAGΔ strain than in the wild-type and AGΔ strains. Thus, controlling hyphal aggregation factors of filamentous fungi may increase productivity in the fermentation industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- ABE-Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Genome Biotechnology Laboratory, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Hakusan, Japan
| | - Fuka Tabata
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Asumi Sugahara
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin Kasahara
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University, Taiwa, Japan
| | - Ami Koizumi
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Yano
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - Tasuku Nakajima
- ABE-Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keietsu Abe
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,ABE-Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Beltran-Villegas DJ, Intriago D, Kim KHC, Behabtu N, Londono JD, Jayaraman A. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of α-1,3-glucan. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4669-4681. [PMID: 31112203 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00580c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present a computational study of aggregation in aqueous solutions of α-1,3-glucan captured using a coarse-grained (CG) model that can be extended to other polysaccharides. This CG model captures atomistic geometry (i.e., relative placement of the hydrogen bonding donors and acceptors within the monomer) of the α-1,3-glucan monomer, the directional interactions due to the donor-acceptor hydrogen bonds, and their effect on aggregation of multiple α-1,3-glucan chains without the extensive computational resources needed for simulations with atomistic models. Using this CG model, we conduct molecular dynamics simulations to assess the effect of varying α-1,3-glucan chain length and hydrogen bond interaction strengths on the aggregation of multiple chains at finite concentrations in implicit solvent. We quantify the hydrogen bonding strength needed for multiple chains to aggregate, the distribution of inter- and intra-chain hydrogen bonds within the aggregate and in some cases, the shapes of the aggregate. We also explore the effect of substitution/silencing of some randomly selected or specific hydrogen bonding sites in the chain on the aggregation and aggregate structure. In the unmodified α-1,3-glucan solution, the inter-chain hydrogen bonds cause the chains to aggregate into sheets. Random silencing of hydrogen bonding donor sites only increases the hydrogen bond strength needed for aggregation but retains the same aggregate structure as the unmodified chains. Specific silencing of the hydrogen-bonding site on the C6 carbon leads to the chains aggregating into planar sheets that then fold over to form hollow cylinders at intermediate hydrogen bond strength - 4.7 to 5.3 kcal mol-1. These cylindrical aggregates assemble end-to-end to form larger aggregates at higher hydrogen bond strengths.
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Safaei M, Taran M, Imani MM. Preparation, structural characterization, thermal properties and antifungal activity of alginate-CuO bionanocomposite. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 101:323-329. [PMID: 31029325 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the antifungal activity rate of alginate-CuO bionanocomposite was assessed against Aspergillus niger using colony forming units (CFU) and disc diffusion methods. Employing the Taguchi method, nine experiments were designed for the synthesis of alginate-CuO nanocomposite with the highest antifungal activity. The nanocomposite synthesized under the conditions of experiment 5 (4 mg/mL CuO nanoparticles and 1 mg/mL alginate biopolymer with stirring time of 90 min) showed the greatest inhibition rate on fungal growth (83.17%). In the optimum conditions for the synthesis of alginate-CuO nanocomposite with the highest antifungal activity the second level of CuO NPs (14.14%), alginate biopolymer (8.16%) and stirring time (5.63%) showed the best improvement performance on inhibiting the fungal growth. The results of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of alginate-CuO nanocomposite. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) indicated that the thermal stability of alginate biopolymer and CuO nanoparticles were improved by the formation of the nanocomposite. Due to the favorable properties of alginate-CuO nanocomposite, its antifungal feature can be used in various biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Safaei
- Oral and Dental Sciences Research Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Taran
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moslem Imani
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Wang L, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. Reagent Controlled Stereoselective Assembly of α-(1,3)-Glucans. European J Org Chem 2019; 2019:1994-2003. [PMID: 31007571 PMCID: PMC6470887 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pre-activation based glycosylations have become a very powerful tool in the assembly of oligosaccharides and the use of nucleophilic additives allows for the in situ generation of reactive intermediates with tailored reactivity. We here use a glycosylation strategy that is based on the use of per-benzylated imidate building blocks for the fully stereoselective construction of a spacer equipped Aspergillus fumigatus α-1,3-octaglucan. We have used the trimethylsilyl iodide (TMSI)-triphenylphosphine oxide (Ph3P=O) for the stereoselective installation of an azidopropanol spacer and triflic acid (TfOH)-dimethyl formamide (DMF) enabled glycosylations for the coupling reactions with the secondary glucosyl C-3-alcohols. An operationally simple in situ activation coupling procedure is introduced and used for the final glycosylation events towards the octasaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333CC LeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333CC LeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden UniversityEinsteinweg 552333CC LeidenThe Netherlands
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Abstract
In many yeast and fungi, β-(1,3)-glucan and chitin are essential components of the cell wall, an important structure that surrounds cells and which is responsible for their mechanical protection and necessary for maintaining the cellular shape. In addition, the cell wall is a dynamic structure that needs to be remodelled along with the different phases of the fungal life cycle or in response to extracellular stimuli. Since β-(1,3)-glucan and chitin perform a central structural role in the assembly of the cell wall, it has been postulated that β-(1,3)-glucanases and chitinases should perform an important function in cell wall softening and remodelling. This review focusses on fungal glucanases and chitinases and their role during fungal morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Roncero
- Instituto de Biología Funcional Y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos R Vázquez de Aldana
- Instituto de Biología Funcional Y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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66
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Pariona N, Mtz-Enriquez AI, Sánchez-Rangel D, Carrión G, Paraguay-Delgado F, Rosas-Saito G. Green-synthesized copper nanoparticles as a potential antifungal against plant pathogens. RSC Adv 2019; 9:18835-18843. [PMID: 35516870 PMCID: PMC9065100 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03110c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fabrication of fungicides in cost-effective and eco-friendly ways is particularly important for agriculture. Plant pathogenic fungi produce many economic and ecological problems worldwide, which must be controlled with potent fungicides. Here we propose the green synthesis of fungicides, which consist of copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) prepared in aqueous media. Through in vitro experiments, the antifungal efficacy against Fusarium solani, Neofusicoccum sp., and Fusarium oxysporum was investigated. Although the antifungal activity differs for each fungal species, it was found that the Cu-NPs induce strong morphological changes in the mycelium. Additionally, the damage of the cell membranes of the pathogens was revealed by microscopic observations. For the three evaluated fungi, fluorescence microscopy demonstrated the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species in the mycelium. This work proves that the green-synthesized Cu-NPs are potential fungicides against F. solani, Neofusicoccum sp., and F. oxysporum. The fabrication of fungicides in cost-effective and eco-friendly ways is particularly important for agriculture.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaza Pariona
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados
- Instituto de Ecología A. C
- 91070 Xalapa
- Mexico
| | | | - D. Sánchez-Rangel
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados
- Instituto de Ecología A. C
- 91070 Xalapa
- Mexico
- Cátedra CONACYT en el Instituto de Ecología A. C
| | - Gloria Carrión
- Red de Biodiversidad y Sistemática
- Instituto de Ecología A. C
- 91070 Xalapa
- Mexico
| | - F. Paraguay-Delgado
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados SC (CIMAV)
- Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología
- Mexico
| | - Greta Rosas-Saito
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados
- Instituto de Ecología A. C
- 91070 Xalapa
- Mexico
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67
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Miyazawa K, Yoshimi A, Kasahara S, Sugahara A, Koizumi A, Yano S, Kimura S, Iwata T, Sano M, Abe K. Molecular Mass and Localization of α-1,3-Glucan in Cell Wall Control the Degree of Hyphal Aggregation in Liquid Culture of Aspergillus nidulans. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2623. [PMID: 30459735 PMCID: PMC6232457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
α-1,3-Glucan is one of the main polysaccharides in the cell wall of filamentous fungi. Aspergillus nidulans has two α-1,3-glucan synthase genes, agsA and agsB. We previously revealed that AgsB is a major α-1,3-glucan synthase in vegetative hyphae, but the function of AgsA remained unknown because of its low expression level and lack of phenotypic alteration upon gene disruption. To clarify the role of α-1,3-glucan in hyphal aggregation, we constructed strains overexpressing agsA (agsAOE) or agsB (agsBOE), in which the other α-1,3-glucan synthase gene was disrupted. In liquid culture, the wild-type and agsBOE strains formed tightly aggregated hyphal pellets, whereas agsAOE hyphae aggregated weakly. We analyzed the chemical properties of cell wall α-1,3-glucan from the agsAOE and agsBOE strains. The peak molecular mass of α-1,3-glucan from the agsAOE strain (1,480 ± 80 kDa) was much larger than that from the wild type (147 ± 52 kDa) and agsBOE (372 ± 47 kDa); however, the peak molecular mass of repeating subunits in α-1,3-glucan was almost the same (after Smith degradation: agsAOE, 41.6 ± 5.8 kDa; agsBOE, 38.3 ± 3.0 kDa). We also analyzed localization of α-1,3-glucan in the cell wall of the two strains by fluorescent labeling with α-1,3-glucan-binding domain–fused GFP (AGBD-GFP). α-1,3-Glucan of the agsBOE cells was clearly located in the outermost layer, whereas weak labeling was detected in the agsAOE cells. However, the agsAOE cells treated with β-1,3-glucanase were clearly labeled with AGBD-GFP. These observations suggest that β-1,3-glucan covered most of α-1,3-glucan synthesized by AgsA, although a small amount of α-1,3-glucan was still present in the outer layer. We also constructed a strain with disruption of the amyG gene, which encodes an intracellular α-amylase that synthesizes α-1,4-glucooligosaccharide as a primer for α-1,3-glucan biosynthesis. In this strain, the hyphal pellets and peak molecular mass of α-1,3-glucan (94.5 ± 1.4 kDa) were smaller than in the wild-type strain, and α-1,3-glucan was still labeled with AGBD-GFP in the outermost layer. Overall, these results suggest that hyphal pellet formation depends on the molecular mass and spatial localization of α-1,3-glucan as well as the amount of α-1,3-glucan in the cell wall of A. nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- ABE-Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shin Kasahara
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University, Taiwa, Japan
| | - Asumi Sugahara
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ami Koizumi
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Yano
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kimura
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tadahisa Iwata
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Genome Biotechnology Laboratory, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Hakusan, Japan
| | - Keietsu Abe
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,ABE-Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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68
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Pérez P, Cortés JC, Cansado J, Ribas JC. Fission yeast cell wall biosynthesis and cell integrity signalling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:1-9. [PMID: 32743131 PMCID: PMC7388972 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall is a structure external to the plasma membrane that is essential for the survival of the fungi. This polysaccharidic structure confers resistance to the cell internal turgor pressure and protection against mechanical injury. The fungal wall is also responsible for the shape of these organisms due to different structural polysaccharides, such as β-(1,3)-glucan, which form fibers and confer rigidity to the cell wall. These polysaccharides are not present in animal cells and therefore they constitute excellent targets for antifungal chemotherapies. Cell wall damage leads to the activation of MAPK signaling pathways, which respond to the damage by activating the repair of the wall and the maintenance of the cell integrity. Fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a model organism for the study morphogenesis, cell wall, and how different inputs might regulate this structure. We present here a short overview of the fission yeast wall composition and provide information about the main biosynthetic activities that assemble this cell wall. Additionally, we comment the recent advances in the knowledge of the cell wall functions and discuss the role of the cell integrity MAPK signaling pathway in the regulation of fission yeast wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Corresponding author.
| | - Juan C.G. Cortés
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose Cansado
- Yeast Physiology Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan C. Ribas
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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