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Chen L, Hu JS, Xu JL, Shao CL, Wang GY. Biological and Chemical Diversity of Ascidian-Associated Microorganisms. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16100362. [PMID: 30275404 PMCID: PMC6212887 DOI: 10.3390/md16100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascidians are a class of sessile filter-feeding invertebrates, that provide unique and fertile niches harboring various microorganisms, such as bacteria, actinobacteria, cyanobacteria and fungi. Over 1000 natural products, including alkaloids, cyclic peptides, and polyketides, have been isolated from them, which display diverse properties, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. Strikingly, direct evidence has confirmed that ~8% of natural products from ascidians are actually produced by symbiotic microorganisms. In this review, we present 150 natural products from microorganisms associated with ascidians that have been reported up to 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Jin-Shuang Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Jia-Lei Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China.
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Guang-Yu Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai 264209, China.
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Muralidharan A, Josyula VR, Hariharapura RC. Exploring the potential of marine microbes in clinical management of Alzheimer's disease: A road map for bioprospecting and identifying promising isolates. Life Sci 2018; 208:149-160. [PMID: 30031811 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pervasiveness of Alzheimer's disease (AD) across the globe is on rise, devitalizing the essential brain functions of the afflicted individual. Multiple neurological pathways viz., cholinergic, amyloidogenic and tau protein pathways underlying the disease and interdependence make it more complex to develop effective treatment strategies. Existing drug treatments for Alzheimer's disease majorly belong to the class of cholinergic inhibitors which improve the behavioral symptoms. But there are no drugs that could arrest the disease progression. Inhibition of beta secretase enzyme could prevent the deposition of amyloid plaques in the neurons, thereby arresting the disease progression. Search for novel drugs to treat the underlying pathogenesis of the disease is pivotal in this day and age. The source of most active lead molecules discovered recently is from the nature. Marine ecosystem provides a plethora of pharmacologically lead molecules from various living organisms inhabiting the sea. Among all, marine microbes are the most under-explored and indispensable source of many bioactive metabolites. Studies have been reported on potent metabolites from marine microbes which could inhibit the key enzymes involved in the AD pathogenesis. The advancement in microbial bioprospecting and molecular biology techniques have eased the process of cultivation and identification of microbes, isolation of novel bioactive metabolites of clinical use. Exploring such marine natural resources for pharmacological lead molecules could give a breakthrough in the drug discovery domain for treating AD such debilitating diseases. In this review, a comprehensive account of bioprospecting methods and reports of marine microbial isolates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuraag Muralidharan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104 Udupi, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkata Rao Josyula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104 Udupi, Karnataka, India.
| | - Raghu Chandrashekhar Hariharapura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104 Udupi, Karnataka, India
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Khan RA. Natural products chemistry: The emerging trends and prospective goals. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:739-753. [PMID: 29991919 PMCID: PMC6036106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role and contributions of natural products chemistry in advancements of the physical and biological sciences, its interdisciplinary domains, and emerging of new avenues by providing novel applications, constructive inputs, thrust, comprehensive understanding, broad perspective, and a new vision for future is outlined. The developmental prospects in bio-medical, health, nutrition, and other interrelated sciences along with some of the emerging trends in the subject area are also discussed as part of the current review of the basic and core developments, innovation in techniques, advances in methodology, and possible applications with their effects on the sciences in general and natural products chemistry in particular. The overview of the progress and ongoing developments in broader areas of the natural products chemistry discipline, its role and concurrent economic and scientific implications, contemporary objectives, future prospects as well as impending goals are also outlined. A look at the natural products chemistry in providing scientific progress in various disciplines is deliberated upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riaz A. Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Manav Rachna International University, National Capital Region, Faridabad, HR 121 004, India
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Adnan M, Alshammari E, Patel M, Amir Ashraf S, Khan S, Hadi S. Significance and potential of marine microbial natural bioactive compounds against biofilms/biofouling: necessity for green chemistry. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5049. [PMID: 29967730 PMCID: PMC6026461 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products from the unique environments of sea water and oceans represent a largely unfamiliar source for isolation of new microbes, which are potent producers of secondary bioactive metabolites. These unique life-forms from the marine ecosphere have served as an important source of drugs since ancient times and still offer a valuable resource for novel findings by providing remedial treatments. Therefore, it can be expected that many naturally bioactive marine microbial compounds with novel structures and bioactivities against those from terrestrial environments may be found among marine metabolites. Biofilms in aquatic environment possess serious problems to naval forces and oceanic industries around the globe. Current anti-biofilm or anti-biofouling technology is based on the use of toxic substances that can be harmful to their surrounding natural locales. Comprehensive research has been done to examine the bioactive potential of marine microbes. Results are remarkably varied and dynamic, but there is an urgent need for bioactive compounds with environmentally friendly or "green" chemical activities. Marine microbes have the potential as upcoming and promising source of non-toxic compounds with sustainable anti-biofouling/anti-biofilm properties as they can produce substances that can inhibit not only the chemical components required for biofilm production but also the attachment, microorganism growth, and/or cell-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Adnan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eyad Alshammari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Department of Biosciences, Bapalal Vaidhya Botanical Research Centre, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, India
| | - Syed Amir Ashraf
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif Khan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sibte Hadi
- School of Forensic and Applied Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Hug JJ, Bader CD, Remškar M, Cirnski K, Müller R. Concepts and Methods to Access Novel Antibiotics from Actinomycetes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:E44. [PMID: 29789481 PMCID: PMC6022970 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinomycetes have been proven to be an excellent source of secondary metabolites for more than half a century. Exhibiting various bioactivities, they provide valuable approved drugs in clinical use. Most microorganisms are still untapped in terms of their capacity to produce secondary metabolites, since only a small fraction can be cultured in the laboratory. Thus, improving cultivation techniques to extend the range of secondary metabolite producers accessible under laboratory conditions is an important first step in prospecting underexplored sources for the isolation of novel antibiotics. Currently uncultured actinobacteria can be made available by bioprospecting extreme or simply habitats other than soil. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis of genomes reveals most producers to harbour many more biosynthetic gene clusters than compounds identified from any single strain, which translates into a silent biosynthetic potential of the microbial world for the production of yet unknown natural products. This review covers discovery strategies and innovative methods recently employed to access the untapped reservoir of natural products. The focus is the order of actinomycetes although most approaches are similarly applicable to other microbes. Advanced cultivation methods, genomics- and metagenomics-based approaches, as well as modern metabolomics-inspired methods are highlighted to emphasise the interplay of different disciplines to improve access to novel natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim J Hug
- Department Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Chantal D Bader
- Department Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Maja Remškar
- Department Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Katarina Cirnski
- Department Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Akbar N, Siddiqui R, Iqbal M, Sagathevan K, Khan NA. Gut bacteria of cockroaches are a potential source of antibacterial compound(s). Lett Appl Microbiol 2018; 66:416-426. [PMID: 29457249 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Here, we hypothesized that the microbial gut flora of animals/pests living in polluted environments, produce substances to thwart bacterial infections. The overall aim of this study was to source microbes inhabiting unusual environmental niches for potential antimicrobial activity. Two cockroach species, Gromphadorhina portentosa (Madagascar) and Blaptica dubia (Dubia) were selected. The gut bacteria from these species were isolated and grown in RPMI 1640 and conditioned media were prepared. Conditioned media were tested against a panel of Gram-positive (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli K1, Salmonella enterica, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria, as well as the protist pathogen, Acanthamoeba castellanii. The results revealed that the gut bacteria of cockroaches produce active molecule(s) with potent antibacterial properties, as well as exhibit antiamoebic effects. However, heat-inactivation at 95°C for 10 min had no effect on conditioned media-mediated antibacterial and antiamoebic properties. These results suggest that bacteria from novel sources i.e. from the cockroach's gut produce molecules with bactericidal as well as amoebicidal properties that can ultimately lead to the development of therapeutic drugs. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The bacteria isolated from unusual dwellings such as the cockroaches' gut are a useful source of antibacterial and antiamoebal molecules. These are remarkable findings that will open several avenues in our search for novel antimicrobials from unique sources. Furthermore studies will lead to the identification of molecules to develop future antibacterials from insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Akbar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - R Siddiqui
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - M Iqbal
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - K Sagathevan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - N A Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Rajalaxmi M, Beema Shafreen R, Chithiraiselvi K, Karutha Pandian S. An in vitro and in silico identification of antibiofilm small molecules from seawater metaclone SWMC166 against Vibrio cholerae O1. Mol Cell Probes 2018; 39:14-24. [PMID: 29574083 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the antibiofilm activity of seawater microbes against Vibrio cholerae (VCO1) through functional metagenomics approach. A metagenomic library was constructed from Palk Bay seawater and the library was screened to identify the biofilm inhibitory metaclone. Metaclone SWMC166 (harbouring ∼30 kb metagenomic insert) was found to exhibit antibiofilm activity against VCO1. The biofilm inhibitory potential of partially purified ethyl acetate extract of SWMC166 (EA166) was further evaluated through microscopic studies and biochemical assays. Further, EA166 treated VCO1 divulged up-regulation of genes involved in high cell density-mediated quorum sensing (QS) pathway which was analysed by real-time PCR. In order to identify the genes of interest (within ∼30 kb insert), subcloning was performed through shotgun approach. Small molecules from positive subclones SC5 and SC8 were identified through HRLC-MS analysis. Resulted small molecules were docked against QS receptors of V. cholerae to identify the bioactive metabolites. Docking studies revealed that totally seven metabolites were able to interact with QS receptors that can possibly trigger the QS cascade and sequentially inhibit the biofilm formation and virulence factors of VCO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Rajalaxmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630 003, India
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Uzair B, Menaa F, Khan BA, Mohammad FV, Ahmad VU, Djeribi R, Menaa B. Isolation, purification, structural elucidation and antimicrobial activities of kocumarin, a novel antibiotic isolated from actinobacterium Kocuria marina CMG S2 associated with the brown seaweed Pelvetia canaliculata. Microbiol Res 2018; 206:186-197. [PMID: 29146256 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Screening of seaweed-associated bacteria capable of producing antimicrobials. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifteen microbial strains, associated to the brown seaweed Pelvetia canaliculata (Linnaeus) attached to the rocks of Sonmiani Beach (Karachi, Pakistan), were screened. Crude extract filtrates of CMG S2 strain grew on Zobell marine agar (ZMA) had the most remarkable antimicrobial activity. Based on its phenotypic aspects (e.g. Gram-positive, microccoid form), biochemical characteristics (e.g. halotolerance) and genetic analyses, CMG S2 is identified as a putatively new Kocuria marina type strain belonging to the actinobacteria's class and micrococcaceae family. Thereby, the nucleotide sequence analysis of its full-length 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene (GenBank accession number EU073966.1) displayed highest identity (i.e. 99%) and score (2630) with K. marina KMM 3905. Phylogenic trees analysis using the neighbor-joining method showed closest evolutionary distance of CMG S2 with KMM 3905 strain and K. carniphila (DC2201) specie. Interestingly, a unique ultraviolet (UV)-bioactive compound was purified from CMG S2 crude extracts by flash silica gel column and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) techniques. Its chemical structure was unraveled as 4-[(Z)-2 phenyl ethenyl] benzoic acid (PEBA, later named kocumarin) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques. Importantly, kocumarin demonstrated prominent and rapid growth inhibition against all tested fungi and pathogenic bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with a minimal fungal inhibitory concentration (MFC) of 15-25μg/mL and a minimal (bacterial) inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10-15μg/mL. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Kocumarin represents a new promising natural antibiotic for in vivo and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Uzair
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Farid Menaa
- Department of Advanced Technologies, California Innovations Corporation, San Diego, CA, United States.
| | - Barkat Ali Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Viqar Uddin Ahmad
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Biological and Chemical Science, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ryad Djeribi
- Biofilms and Biocontamination of Materials, Annaba University, Algeria
| | - Bouzid Menaa
- Department of Advanced Technologies, California Innovations Corporation, San Diego, CA, United States
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Guo H, Rischer M, Sperfeld M, Weigel C, Menzel KD, Clardy J, Beemelmanns C. Natural products and morphogenic activity of γ-Proteobacteria associated with the marine hydroid polyp Hydractinia echinata. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6088-6097. [PMID: 28893599 PMCID: PMC5675742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to profile the associated bacterial community of the marine hydroid Hydractinia echinata, a long-standing model system in developmental biology. 56 associated bacteria were isolated and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity. Three strains were selected for further in-depth chemical analysis leading to the identification of 17 natural products. Several γ-Proteobacteria were found to induce settlement of the motile larvae, but only six isolates induced the metamorphosis to the primary polyp stage within 24h. Our study paves the way to better understand how bacterial partners contribute to protection, homeostasis and propagation of the hydroid polyp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Guo
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraβe 11a, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maja Rischer
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraβe 11a, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Sperfeld
- Department of Applied and Ecological Microbiology, Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christiane Weigel
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraβe 11a, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Dieter Menzel
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraβe 11a, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jon Clardy
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, 240 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraβe 11a, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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60
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Symbiotic Microbes from Marine Invertebrates: Driving a New Era of Natural Product Drug Discovery. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/d9040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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An Overview on Marine Sponge-Symbiotic Bacteria as Unexhausted Sources for Natural Product Discovery. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/d9040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microbial symbiotic communities of marine macro-organisms carry functional metabolic profiles different to the ones found terrestrially and within surrounding marine environments. These symbiotic bacteria have increasingly been a focus of microbiologists working in marine environments due to a wide array of reported bioactive compounds of therapeutic importance resulting in various patent registrations. Revelations of symbiont-directed host specific functions and the true nature of host-symbiont interactions, combined with metagenomic advances detecting functional gene clusters, will inevitably open new avenues for identification and discovery of novel bioactive compounds of biotechnological value from marine resources. This review article provides an overview on bioactive marine symbiotic organisms with specific emphasis placed on the sponge-associated ones and invites the international scientific community to contribute towards establishment of in-depth information of the environmental parameters defining selection and acquisition of true symbionts by the host organisms.
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Cumsille A, Undabarrena A, González V, Claverías F, Rojas C, Cámara B. Biodiversity of Actinobacteria from the South Pacific and the Assessment of Streptomyces Chemical Diversity with Metabolic Profiling. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E286. [PMID: 28892017 PMCID: PMC5618425 DOI: 10.3390/md15090286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, bioprospecting in underexplored habitats has gained enhanced focus, since new taxa of marine actinobacteria can be found, and thus possible new metabolites. Actinobacteria are in the foreground due to their versatile production of secondary metabolites that present various biological activities, such as antibacterials, antitumorals and antifungals. Chilean marine ecosystems remain largely unexplored and may represent an important source for the discovery of bioactive compounds. Various culture conditions to enrich the growth of this phylum were used and 232 bacterial strains were isolated. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences led to identifying genetic affiliations of 32 genera, belonging to 20 families. This study shows a remarkable culturable diversity of actinobacteria, associated to marine environments along Chile. Furthermore, 30 streptomycete strains were studied to establish their antibacterial activities against five model strains, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, demonstrating abilities to inhibit bacterial growth of Gram-positive bacteria. To gain insight into their metabolic profiles, crude extracts were submitted to liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis to assess the selection of streptomycete strains with potentials of producing novel bioactive metabolites. The combined approach allowed for the identification of three streptomycete strains to pursue further investigations. Our Chilean marine actinobacterial culture collection represents an important resource for the bioprospection of novel marine actinomycetes and its metabolites, evidencing their potential as producers of natural bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Cumsille
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química & Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile.
| | - Agustina Undabarrena
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química & Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile.
| | - Valentina González
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química & Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile.
| | - Fernanda Claverías
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química & Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile.
| | - Claudia Rojas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química & Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile.
| | - Beatriz Cámara
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química & Centro de Biotecnología Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile.
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Pereira LB, Palermo BRZ, Carlos C, Ottoboni LMM. Diversity and antimicrobial activity of bacteria isolated from different Brazilian coral species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:4058407. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia B. Pereira
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, CP 6010, Campinas, S.P., Brazil
| | - Bruna R. Z. Palermo
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, CP 6010, Campinas, S.P., Brazil
| | - Camila Carlos
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, CP 6010, Campinas, S.P., Brazil
| | - Laura M. M. Ottoboni
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering (CBMEG), State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, CP 6010, Campinas, S.P., Brazil
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Romano G, Costantini M, Sansone C, Lauritano C, Ruocco N, Ianora A. Marine microorganisms as a promising and sustainable source of bioactive molecules. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 128:58-69. [PMID: 27160988 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to discover new drug entities due to the increased incidence of severe diseases as cancer and neurodegenerative pathologies, and reducing efficacy of existing antibiotics. Recently, there is a renewed interest in exploring the marine habitat for new pharmaceuticals also thanks to the advancement in cultivation technologies and in molecular biology techniques. Microorganisms represent a still poorly explored resource for drug discovery. The possibility of obtaining a continuous source of bioactives from marine microorganisms, more amenable to culturing compared to macro-organisms, may be able to meet the challenging demands of pharmaceutical industries. This would enable a more environmentally-friendly approach to drug discovery and overcome the over-utilization of marine resources and the use of destructive collection practices. The importance of the topic is underlined by the number of EU projects funded aimed at improving the exploitation of marine organisms for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Romano
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - M Costantini
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - C Sansone
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - C Lauritano
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | - N Ruocco
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy; Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, Naples 80078, Italy
| | - A Ianora
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
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Ma Q, Ding W, Chen Z, Ma Z. Bisamides and rhamnosides from mangrove actinomycete Streptomyces sp. SZ-A15. Nat Prod Res 2017; 32:761-766. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1315578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Ma
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Wanjing Ding
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongjun Ma
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
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Wang F, Fu SN, Bao YX, Yang Y, Shen HF, Lin BR, Zhou GX. Kitamycin C, a new antimycin-type antibiotic from Streptomyces antibioticus strain 200-09. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:1819-1824. [PMID: 28278640 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1295240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An actinomycete strain 200-09, isolated from a soil sample collected from the coast of Hawaii, USA, was identified as Streptomyces antibioticus on the basis of its morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics as well as 16S rDNA analysis. A new antimycin-type antibiotic, kitamycin C (1), together with kitamycin A (2), kitamycin B (3), urauchmycin B (4), deisovaleryblastomycin (5) was isolated from a cultured broth of strain 200-09. The structure of the new compound was determined by spectroscopic data, including HR-ESI-MS and NMR. All the compounds exhibited antifungal activities against Candida albicans with MIC of about 25.0 μg mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- a Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research , Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Shu-Na Fu
- a Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research , Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yi-Xuan Bao
- a Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research , Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yu Yang
- a Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research , Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hui-Fang Shen
- b Key Laboratory of New Technique for Plant Protection in Guangdong , Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Bi-Run Lin
- b Key Laboratory of New Technique for Plant Protection in Guangdong , Institute of Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Guang-Xiong Zhou
- a Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research , Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University , Guangzhou , China
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Pinzón-Espinosa A, Martinez-Matamoros D, Castellanos L, Duque C, Rodríguez J, Jiménez C, Ramos FA. Cereusitin A, a cyclic tetrapeptide from a Bacillus cereus strain isolated from the soft coral Antillogorgia (syn. Pseudopterogorgia) elisabethae. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Hulikere MM, Joshi CG, Ananda D, Poyya J, Nivya T. Antiangiogenic, wound healing and antioxidant activity of Cladosporium cladosporioides (Endophytic Fungus) isolated from seaweed ( Sargassum wightii). Mycology 2016; 7:203-211. [PMID: 30123632 PMCID: PMC6059081 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2016.1263688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi from marine seaweeds are the less studied group of organisms with vast medical applications. The aim of the present study was to evaluate antioxidant, antiangiogenic as well as wound healing potential of the endophytic fungus isolated from the seaweed Sargassum wightii. The morphological characters and the rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequence analysis (BLAST search in Gen Bank database) was used for the identification of endophytic fungus. The antioxidant potential of the ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungus was assessed by, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging method. The fungal extract was also analysed for reducing power, total phenolic and flavonoid content. Antiangiogenic activity of the fungal extract was studied in vitro by inhibition of wound healing scratch assay and in vivo by Chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. The endophytic fungus was identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides (Gen Bank ID - KT384175). The ethyl acetate extract of C. cladosporioides showed a significant antioxidant and angiosuppressive activity. The ESI-LC-MS analysis of the extract revealed the presence of wide range of secondary metabolites. Results suggest that C. cladosporioides extract could be exploited as a potential source for angiogenic modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath M. Hulikere
- Department of Biochemistry, Mangalore University, P.G.Centre, Chikka Aluvara, Kodagu, India
| | | | - D. Ananda
- Department of Biochemistry, Mangalore University, P.G.Centre, Chikka Aluvara, Kodagu, India
| | - Jagadeesh Poyya
- Department of Biochemistry, Mangalore University, P.G.Centre, Chikka Aluvara, Kodagu, India
| | - T. Nivya
- Department of Biochemistry, Mangalore University, P.G.Centre, Chikka Aluvara, Kodagu, India
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AlMatar M, Eldeeb M, Makky EA, Köksal F, Var I, Kayar B. Are There Any Other Compounds Isolated From Dermacoccus spp at All? Curr Microbiol 2016; 74:132-144. [PMID: 27785553 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbial-derived natural products have functional and structural diversity and complexity. For several decades, they have provided the basic foundation for most drugs available to modern medicine. Microbial-derived natural products have wide-ranging applications, especially as chemotherapeutics for various diseases and disorders. By exploring distinct microorganisms in different environments, small novel bioactive molecules with unique functionalities and biological or biomedical significance can be identified. Aquatic environments, such as oceans or seas, are considered to be sources of abundant novel bioactive compounds. Studies on marine microorganisms have revealed that several bioactive compounds extracted from marine algae and invertebrates are eventually generated by their associated bacteria. These findings have prompted intense research interest in discovering novel compounds from marine microorganisms. Natural products derived from Dermacoccus exhibit antibacterial, antitumor, antifungal, antioxidant, antiviral, antiparasitic, and eventually immunosuppressive bioactivities. In this review, we discussed the diversity of secondary metabolites generated by genus Dermacoccus with respect to their chemical structure, biological activity, and origin. This brief review highlights and showcases the pivotal importance of Dermacoccus-derived natural products and sheds light on the potential venues of discovery of new bioactive compounds from marine microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaf AlMatar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences (Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü), Cukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Mohamed Eldeeb
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Essam A Makky
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Gambang, 26300, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Fatih Köksal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, 01100, Adana, Turkey
| | - Işıl Var
- Department of Food Engineering, Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova University, 01100, Adana, Turkey
| | - Begüm Kayar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, 01100, Adana, Turkey
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Viszwapriya D, Prithika U, Deebika S, Balamurugan K, Pandian SK. In vitro and in vivo antibiofilm potential of 2,4-Di- tert -butylphenol from seaweed surface associated bacterium Bacillus subtilis against group A streptococcus. Microbiol Res 2016; 191:19-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Serpi M, Ferrari V, Pertusati F. Nucleoside Derived Antibiotics to Fight Microbial Drug Resistance: New Utilities for an Established Class of Drugs? J Med Chem 2016; 59:10343-10382. [PMID: 27607900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel antibiotics are urgently needed to combat the rise of infections due to drug-resistant microorganisms. Numerous natural nucleosides and their synthetically modified analogues have been reported to have moderate to good antibiotic activity against different bacterial and fungal strains. Nucleoside-based compounds target several crucial processes of bacterial and fungal cells such as nucleoside metabolism and cell wall, nucleic acid, and protein biosynthesis. Nucleoside analogues have also been shown to target many other bacterial and fungal cellular processes although these are not well characterized and may therefore represent opportunities to discover new drugs with unique mechanisms of action. In this Perspective, we demonstrate that nucleoside analogues, cornerstones of anticancer and antiviral treatments, also have great potential to be repurposed as antibiotics so that an old drug can learn new tricks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Serpi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Ferrari
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3NB Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Catalani E, Proietti Serafini F, Zecchini S, Picchietti S, Fausto AM, Marcantoni E, Buonanno F, Ortenzi C, Perrotta C, Cervia D. Natural products from aquatic eukaryotic microorganisms for cancer therapy: Perspectives on anti-tumour properties of ciliate bioactive molecules. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:409-420. [PMID: 27650755 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several modern drugs, including those for cancer therapy, have been isolated from natural sources, are based on natural products and its derivatives, or mime natural products. Some of them are in clinical use, others in clinical trials. The success of natural products in drug discovery is related to their biochemical characteristics and to the technologic methods used to study their feature. Natural compounds may acts as chemo-preventive agents and as factors that increase therapeutic efficacy of existing drugs, thus overcoming cancer cell drug resistance that is the main factor determining the failure in conventional chemotherapy. Water environment, because of its physical and chemical conditions, shows an extraordinary collection of natural biological substances with an extensive structural and functional diversity. The isolation of bioactive molecules has been reported from a great variety of aquatic organisms; however, the therapeutic application of molecules from eukaryotic microorganisms remains inadequately investigated and underexploited on a systematic basis. Herein we describe the biological activities in mammalian cells of selected substances isolated from ciliates, free-living protozoa common almost everywhere there is water, focusing on their anti-tumour actions and their possible therapeutic activity. In particular, we unveil the cellular and molecular machine mediating the effects of cell type-specific signalling protein pheromone Er-1 and secondary metabolites, i.e. euplotin C and climacostol, in cancer cells. To support the feasibility of climacostol-based approaches, we also present novel findings and report additional mechanisms of action using both in vitro and in vivo models of mouse melanomas, with the scope of highlighting new frontiers that can be explored also in a therapeutic perspective. The high skeletal chemical difference of ciliate compounds, their sustainability and availability, also through the use of new organic synthesis/modifications processes, and the results obtained so far in biological studies provide a rationale to consider some of them a potential resource for the design of new anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Catalani
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francesca Proietti Serafini
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvia Zecchini
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital "Luigi Sacco"-ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Simona Picchietti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Enrico Marcantoni
- School of Sciences and Technologies, Section of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Italy
| | - Federico Buonanno
- Laboratory of Protistology and Biology Education, Department of Education, Cultural Heritage and Tourism, Università degli Studi di Macerata, Italy
| | - Claudio Ortenzi
- Laboratory of Protistology and Biology Education, Department of Education, Cultural Heritage and Tourism, Università degli Studi di Macerata, Italy
| | - Cristiana Perrotta
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
| | - Davide Cervia
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (DIBIC), Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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Silva LN, Zimmer KR, Macedo AJ, Trentin DS. Plant Natural Products Targeting Bacterial Virulence Factors. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9162-236. [PMID: 27437994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Decreased antimicrobial efficiency has become a global public health issue. The paucity of new antibacterial drugs is evident, and the arsenal against infectious diseases needs to be improved urgently. The selection of plants as a source of prototype compounds is appropriate, since plant species naturally produce a wide range of secondary metabolites that act as a chemical line of defense against microorganisms in the environment. Although traditional approaches to combat microbial infections remain effective, targeting microbial virulence rather than survival seems to be an exciting strategy, since the modulation of virulence factors might lead to a milder evolutionary pressure for the development of resistance. Additionally, anti-infective chemotherapies may be successfully achieved by combining antivirulence and conventional antimicrobials, extending the lifespan of these drugs. This review presents an updated discussion of natural compounds isolated from plants with chemically characterized structures and activity against the major bacterial virulence factors: quorum sensing, bacterial biofilms, bacterial motility, bacterial toxins, bacterial pigments, bacterial enzymes, and bacterial surfactants. Moreover, a critical analysis of the most promising virulence factors is presented, highlighting their potential as targets to attenuate bacterial virulence. The ongoing progress in the field of antivirulence therapy may therefore help to translate this promising concept into real intervention strategies in clinical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nunes Silva
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Karine Rigon Zimmer
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional do Semiárido , Campina Grande, Paraı́ba 58429-970, Brazil
| | - Danielle Silva Trentin
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90610-000, Brazil.,Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 91501-970, Brazil
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Ismail A, Ktari L, Ahmed M, Bolhuis H, Boudabbous A, Stal LJ, Cretoiu MS, El Bour M. Antimicrobial Activities of Bacteria Associated with the Brown Alga Padina pavonica. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1072. [PMID: 27462308 PMCID: PMC4940378 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroalgae belonging to the genus Padina are known to produce antibacterial compounds that may inhibit growth of human- and animal pathogens. Hitherto, it was unclear whether this antibacterial activity is produced by the macroalga itself or by secondary metabolite producing epiphytic bacteria. Here we report antibacterial activities of epiphytic bacteria isolated from Padina pavonica (Peacocks tail) located on northern coast of Tunisia. Eighteen isolates were obtained in pure culture and tested for antimicrobial activities. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences the isolates were closely related to Proteobacteria (12 isolates; 2 Alpha- and 10 Gammaproteobacteria), Firmicutes (4 isolates) and Actinobacteria (2 isolates). The antimicrobial activity was assessed as inhibition of growth of 12 species of pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas salmonicida, A. hydrophila, Enterobacter xiangfangensis, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus sp., Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp., Vibrio alginoliticus, V. proteolyticus, V. vulnificus) and one pathogenic yeast (Candida albicans). Among the Firmicutes, isolate P8, which is closely related to Bacillus pumilus, displayed the largest spectrum of growth inhibition of the pathogenic bacteria tested. The results emphasize the potential use of P. pavonica associated antagonistic bacteria as producers of novel antibacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Ismail
- National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies Salammbô, Tunisia
| | - Leila Ktari
- National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies Salammbô, Tunisia
| | - Mehboob Ahmed
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht UniversityYerseke, Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the PunjabLahore, Pakistan
| | - Henk Bolhuis
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University Yerseke, Netherlands
| | - Abdellatif Boudabbous
- Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lucas J Stal
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht UniversityYerseke, Netherlands; Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mariana Silvia Cretoiu
- Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University Yerseke, Netherlands
| | - Monia El Bour
- National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies Salammbô, Tunisia
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76
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Ser HL, Tan LTH, Palanisamy UD, Abd Malek SN, Yin WF, Chan KG, Goh BH, Lee LH. Streptomyces antioxidans sp. nov., a Novel Mangrove Soil Actinobacterium with Antioxidative and Neuroprotective Potentials. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:899. [PMID: 27379040 PMCID: PMC4909769 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel strain, Streptomyces antioxidans MUSC 164T was recovered from mangrove forest soil located at Tanjung Lumpur, Malaysia. The Gram-positive bacterium forms yellowish-white aerial and brilliant greenish yellow substrate mycelium on ISP 2 agar. A polyphasic approach was used to determine the taxonomy status of strain MUSC 164T. The strain showed a spectrum of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic properties consistent with those of the members of the genus Streptomyces. The cell wall peptidoglycan was determined to contain LL-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8), while the identified polar lipids consisted of aminolipid, diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and lipid. The cell wall sugars consist of galactose, glucose and ribose. The predominant cellular fatty acids (>10.0%) were identified as iso-C15:0 (34.8%) and anteiso-C15:0(14.0%). Phylogenetic analysis identified that closely related strains for MUSC 164T as Streptomyces javensis NBRC 100777T (99.6% sequence similarity), Streptomyces yogyakartensis NBRC 100779T (99.6%) and Streptomyces violaceusniger NBRC 13459T (99.6%). The DNA–DNA relatedness values between MUSC 164T and closely related type strains ranged from 23.8 ± 0.3% to 53.1 ± 4.3%. BOX-PCR fingerprints comparison showed that MUSC 164T exhibits a unique DNA profile, with DNA G + C content determined to be 71.6 mol%. Based on the polyphasic study of MUSC 164T, it is concluded that this strain represents a novel species, for which the name Streptomyces antioxidans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MUSC 164T (=DSM 101523T = MCCC 1K01590T). The extract of MUSC 164T showed potent antioxidative and neuroprotective activities against hydrogen peroxide. The chemical analysis of the extract revealed that the strain produces pyrazines and phenolic-related compounds that could explain for the observed bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi-Leng Ser
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Loh Teng-Hern Tan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Uma D Palanisamy
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Sri N Abd Malek
- Biochemistry Program, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wai-Fong Yin
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
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Roth-Schulze AJ, Zozaya-Valdés E, Steinberg PD, Thomas T. Partitioning of functional and taxonomic diversity in surface-associated microbial communities. Environ Microbiol 2016; 18:4391-4402. [PMID: 27062175 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Surfaces, including those submerged in the marine environment, are subjected to constant interactions and colonisation by surrounding microorganisms. The principles that determine the assembly of those epibiotic communities are however poorly understood. In this study, we employed a hierarchical design to assess the functionality and diversity of microbial communities on different types of host surfaces (e.g. macroalgae, seagrasses). We found that taxonomic diversity was unique to each type of host, but that the majority of functions (> 95%) could be found in any given surface community, suggesting a high degree of functional redundancy. However, some community functions were enriched on certain surfaces and were related to host-specific properties (e.g. the degradation of specific polysaccharides). Together these observations support a model, whereby communities on surfaces are assembled from guilds of microorganisms with a functionality that is partitioned into general properties for a surface-associated life-style, but also specific features that mediate host-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Roth-Schulze
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Enrique Zozaya-Valdés
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Peter D Steinberg
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 2 Chowder Bay Rd., Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Gomes NGM, Dasari R, Chandra S, Kiss R, Kornienko A. Marine Invertebrate Metabolites with Anticancer Activities: Solutions to the "Supply Problem". Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E98. [PMID: 27213412 PMCID: PMC4882572 DOI: 10.3390/md14050098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine invertebrates provide a rich source of metabolites with anticancer activities and several marine-derived agents have been approved for the treatment of cancer. However, the limited supply of promising anticancer metabolites from their natural sources is a major hurdle to their preclinical and clinical development. Thus, the lack of a sustainable large-scale supply has been an important challenge facing chemists and biologists involved in marine-based drug discovery. In the current review we describe the main strategies aimed to overcome the supply problem. These include: marine invertebrate aquaculture, invertebrate and symbiont cell culture, culture-independent strategies, total chemical synthesis, semi-synthesis, and a number of hybrid strategies. We provide examples illustrating the application of these strategies for the supply of marine invertebrate-derived anticancer agents. Finally, we encourage the scientific community to develop scalable methods to obtain selected metabolites, which in the authors' opinion should be pursued due to their most promising anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson G M Gomes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ramesh Dasari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
| | - Sunena Chandra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
| | - Robert Kiss
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie et de Toxicologie Expérimentale, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, CP205/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Alexander Kornienko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
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79
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Mazard S, Penesyan A, Ostrowski M, Paulsen IT, Egan S. Tiny Microbes with a Big Impact: The Role of Cyanobacteria and Their Metabolites in Shaping Our Future. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E97. [PMID: 27196915 PMCID: PMC4882571 DOI: 10.3390/md14050097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are among the first microorganisms to have inhabited the Earth. Throughout the last few billion years, they have played a major role in shaping the Earth as the planet we live in, and they continue to play a significant role in our everyday lives. Besides being an essential source of atmospheric oxygen, marine cyanobacteria are prolific secondary metabolite producers, often despite the exceptionally small genomes. Secondary metabolites produced by these organisms are diverse and complex; these include compounds, such as pigments and fluorescent dyes, as well as biologically-active compounds with a particular interest for the pharmaceutical industry. Cyanobacteria are currently regarded as an important source of nutrients and biofuels and form an integral part of novel innovative energy-efficient designs. Being autotrophic organisms, cyanobacteria are well suited for large-scale biotechnological applications due to the low requirements for organic nutrients. Recent advances in molecular biology techniques have considerably enhanced the potential for industries to optimize the production of cyanobacteria secondary metabolites with desired functions. This manuscript reviews the environmental role of marine cyanobacteria with a particular focus on their secondary metabolites and discusses current and future developments in both the production of desired cyanobacterial metabolites and their potential uses in future innovative projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mazard
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Anahit Penesyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Martin Ostrowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Suhelen Egan
- Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation and School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
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80
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Dobretsov S, Tamimi Y, Al-Kindi MA, Burney I. Screening for Anti-Cancer Compounds in Marine Organisms in Oman. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2016; 16:e168-74. [PMID: 27226907 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2016.16.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Marine organisms are a rich source of bioactive molecules with potential applications in medicine, biotechnology and industry; however, few bioactive compounds have been isolated from organisms inhabiting the Arabian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. This study aimed to isolate and screen the anti-cancer activity of compounds and extracts from 40 natural products of marine organisms collected from the Gulf of Oman. METHODS This study was carried out between January 2012 and December 2014 at the Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman. Fungi, bacteria, sponges, algae, soft corals, tunicates, bryozoans, mangrove tree samples and sea cucumbers were collected from seawater at Marina Bandar Al-Rowdha and Bandar Al-Khayran in Oman. Bacteria and fungi were isolated using a marine broth and organisms were extracted with methanol and ethyl acetate. Compounds were identified from spectroscopic data. The anti-cancer activity of the compounds and extracts was tested in a Michigan Cancer Foundation (MCF)-7 cell line breast adenocarcinoma model. RESULTS Eight pure compounds and 32 extracts were investigated. Of these, 22.5% showed strong or medium anti-cancer activity, with malformin A, kuanoniamine D, hymenialdisine and gallic acid showing the greatest activity, as well as the soft coral Sarcophyton sp. extract. Treatment of MCF-7 cells at different concentrations of Sarcophyton sp. extracts indicated the induction of concentration-dependent cell death. Ultrastructural analysis highlighted the presence of nuclear fragmentation, membrane protrusion, blebbing and chromatic segregation at the nuclear membrane, which are typical characteristics of cell death by apoptosis induction. CONCLUSION Some Omani marine organisms showed high anti-cancer potential. The efficacy, specificity and molecular mechanisms of anti-cancer compounds from Omani marine organisms on various cancer models should be investigated in future in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Dobretsov
- Department of Marine Science & Fisheries, College of Agricultural & Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University;; Centre of Excellence in Marine Biotechnology, Sultan Qaboos University
| | - Yahya Tamimi
- Departments of Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University
| | - Mohamed A Al-Kindi
- Pathology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University
| | - Ikram Burney
- Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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81
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Satheesh S, Ba-akdah MA, Al-Sofyani AA. Natural antifouling compound production by microbes associated with marine macroorganisms — A review. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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82
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Karuppiah V, Sun W, Li Z. Natural Products of Actinobacteria Derived from Marine Organisms. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63602-7.00013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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83
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Azman AS, Othman I, Velu SS, Chan KG, Lee LH. Mangrove rare actinobacteria: taxonomy, natural compound, and discovery of bioactivity. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:856. [PMID: 26347734 PMCID: PMC4542535 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacteria are one of the most important and efficient groups of natural metabolite producers. The genus Streptomyces have been recognized as prolific producers of useful natural compounds as they produced more than half of the naturally-occurring antibiotics isolated to-date and continue as the primary source of new bioactive compounds. Lately, Streptomyces groups isolated from different environments produced the same types of compound, possibly due to frequent genetic exchanges between species. As a result, there is a dramatic increase in demand to look for new compounds which have pharmacological properties from another group of Actinobacteria, known as rare actinobacteria; which is isolated from special environments such as mangrove. Recently, mangrove ecosystem is becoming a hot spot for studies of bioactivities and the discovery of natural products. Many novel compounds discovered from the novel rare actinobacteria have been proven as potential new drugs in medical and pharmaceutical industries such as antibiotics, antimicrobials, antibacterials, anticancer, and antifungals. This review article highlights the latest studies on the discovery of natural compounds from the novel mangrove rare actinobacteria and provides insight on the impact of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adzzie-Shazleen Azman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Saraswati S Velu
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus Selangor, Malaysia
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84
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Zhao C, Wu Y, Yang C, Liu B, Huang Y. Hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects of bioactive compounds from microalgae and marine micro-organisms. Int J Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou 350002 China
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Yijing Wu
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou 350002 China
- Department of Chemistry; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Chengfeng Yang
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou 350002 China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO; Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Yifan Huang
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou 350002 China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO; Fuzhou 350002 China
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85
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Hassan STS, Masarčíková R, Berchová K. Bioactive natural products with anti-herpes simplex virus properties. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67:1325-36. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
In this review, we highlight and summarise the most promising extracts, fractions and pure compounds as potential anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV) agents derived from microorganisms, marine organisms, fungi, animals and plants. The role of natural products in the development of anti-HSV drugs will be discussed.
Key findings
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and -2) are common human pathogens that remain a serious threat to human health. In recent years, a great interest has been devoted to the search for integrated management of HSV infections. Acyclovir and related nucleoside analogues have been licensed for the therapy that target viral DNA polymerase. Although these drugs are currently effective against HSV infections, the intensive use of these drugs has led to the problem of drug-resistant strains. Therefore, the search for new sources to develop new antiherpetic agents has gained major priority to overcome the problem.
Summary
Natural products as potential, new anti-HSV drugs provide several advantages such as reduced side effects, less resistance, low toxicity and various mechanisms of action. This paper aims to provide an overview of natural products that possess antiviral activity against HSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif T S Hassan
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Masarčíková
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Berchová
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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86
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Kumar P, Selvi SS, Govindaraju M. In vitro anti-biofilm and anti-bacterial activity of Junceella juncea for its biomedical application. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:930-5. [PMID: 23593571 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-biofilm and anti-bacterial activity of Junceella juncea (J. juncea) against biofilm forming pathogenic strains. METHODS Gorgonians were extracted with methanol and analysed with fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biofilm forming pathogens were identified by Congo red agar supplemented with sucrose. A quantitative spectrophotometric method was used to monitor in vitro biofilm reduction by microtitre plate assay. Anti-bacterial activity of methanolic gorgonian extract (MGE) was carried out by disc diffusion method followed by calculating the percentage of increase with crude methanol (CM). RESULTS The presence of active functional group was exemplified by FT-IR spectroscopy. Dry, black, crystalline colonies confirm the production of extracellular polymeric substances responsible for biofilm formation in Congo red agar. MGE exhibited potential anti-biofilm activity against all tested bacterial strains. The anti-bacterial activity of methanolic extract was comparably higher in Salmonella typhii followed by Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and Shigella flexneri. The overall percentage of increase was higher by 50.2% to CM. CONCLUSIONS To conclude, anti-biofilm and anti-bacterial efficacy of J. juncea is impressive over biofilm producing pathogens and are good source for novel anti-bacterial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kumar
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-24, Tamil Nadu, India
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87
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Antibacterial products of marine organisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:4145-73. [PMID: 25874533 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6553-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms comprising microbes, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates elaborate an impressive array of structurally diverse antimicrobial products ranging from small cyclic compounds to macromolecules such as proteins. Some of these biomolecules originate directly from marine animals while others arise from microbes associated with the animals. It is noteworthy that some of the biomolecules referred to above are structurally unique while others belong to known classes of compounds, peptides, and proteins. Some of the antibacterial agents are more active against Gram-positive bacteria while others have higher effectiveness on Gram-negative bacteria. Some are efficacious against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and against drug-resistant strains as well. The mechanism of antibacterial action of a large number of the chemically identified antibacterial agents, possible synergism with currently used antibiotics, and the issue of possible toxicity on mammalian cells and tissues await elucidation. The structural characteristics pivotal to antibacterial activity have been ascertained in only a few studies. Demonstration of efficacy of the antibacterial agents in animal models of bacterial infection is highly desirable. Structural characterization of the active principles present in aqueous and organic extracts of marine organisms with reportedly antibacterial activity would be desirable.
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88
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Penesyan A, Gillings M, Paulsen IT. Antibiotic discovery: combatting bacterial resistance in cells and in biofilm communities. Molecules 2015; 20:5286-98. [PMID: 25812150 PMCID: PMC6272253 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20045286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance is a rapidly escalating threat to public health as our arsenal of effective antibiotics dwindles. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new antibiotics. Drug discovery has historically focused on bacteria growing in planktonic cultures. Many antibiotics were originally developed to target individual bacterial cells, being assessed in vitro against microorganisms in a planktonic mode of life. However, towards the end of the 20th century it became clear that many bacteria live as complex communities called biofilms in their natural habitat, and this includes habitats within a human host. The biofilm mode of life provides advantages to microorganisms, such as enhanced resistance towards environmental stresses, including antibiotic challenge. The community level resistance provided by biofilms is distinct from resistance mechanisms that operate at a cellular level, and cannot be overlooked in the development of novel strategies to combat infectious diseases. The review compares mechanisms of antibiotic resistance at cellular and community levels in the light of past and present antibiotic discovery efforts. Future perspectives on novel strategies for treatment of biofilm-related infectious diseases are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahit Penesyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Michael Gillings
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Ian T Paulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Cardoso-Martínez F, de la Rosa JM, Díaz-Marrero AR, Darias J, D'Croz L, Cerella C, Diederich M, Cueto M. Oximoaspergillimide, a Fungal Derivative from a Marine Isolate ofAspergillussp. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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90
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The Kolumbo submarine volcano of Santorini island is a large pool of bacterial strains with antimicrobial activity. Arch Microbiol 2015; 197:539-52. [PMID: 25627249 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Microbes in hydrothermal vents with their unique secondary metabolism may represent an untapped potential source of new natural products. In this study, samples were collected from the hydrothermal field of Kolumbo submarine volcano in the Aegean Sea, in order to isolate bacteria with antimicrobial activity. Eight hundred and thirty-two aerobic heterotrophic bacteria were isolated and then differentiated through BOX-PCR analysis at the strain level into 230 genomic fingerprints, which were screened against 13 different type strains (pathogenic and nonpathogenic) of Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Forty-two out of 176 bioactive-producing genotypes (76 %) exhibited antimicrobial activity against at least four different type strains and were selected for 16S rDNA sequencing and screening for nonribosomal peptide (NRPS) and polyketide (PKS) synthases genes. The isolates were assigned to genus Bacillus and Proteobacteria, and 20 strains harbored either NRPS, PKS type I or both genes. This is the first report on the diversity of culturable mesophilic bacteria associated with antimicrobial activity from Kolumbo area; the extremely high proportion of antimicrobial-producing strains suggested that this unique environment may represent a potential reservoir of novel bioactive compounds.
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91
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Mitra S, Gachhui R, Mukherjee J. Enhanced biofilm formation and melanin synthesis by the oyster settlement-promoting Shewanella colwelliana is related to hydrophobic surface and simulated intertidal environment. BIOFOULING 2015; 31:283-296. [PMID: 25959367 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1038705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A direct relationship between biofilm formation and melanogenesis in Shewanella colwelliana with increased oyster recruitment is already established. Previously, S. colwelliana was grown in a newly patented biofilm-cultivation device, the conico-cylindrical flask (CCF), offering interchangeable hydrophobic/hydrophilic surfaces. Melanization was enhanced when S. colwelliana was cultivated in a hydrophobic vessel compared with a hydrophilic vessel. In the present study, melanogenesis in the CCF was positively correlated with increased architectural parameters of the biofilm (mean thickness and biovolume obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy) and melanin gene (melA) expression observed by densitometry. Niche intertidal conditions were mimicked in a process operated in an ultra-low-speed rotating disk bioreactor, which demonstrated enhanced biofilm formation, melanogenesis, exopolysaccharide synthesis and melA gene expression compared with a process where 12-h periodic immersion and emersion was prevented. The wettability properties of the settling plane as well as intermittent wetting and drying, which influenced biofilm formation and melA expression, may affect oyster settlement in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Mitra
- a School of Environmental Studies , Jadavpur University , Kolkata , India
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92
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Antimicrobial compounds from seaweeds-associated bacteria and fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:1571-86. [PMID: 25549621 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent decade, seaweeds-associated microbial communities have been significantly evaluated for functional and chemical analyses. Such analyses let to conclude that seaweeds-associated microbial communities are highly diverse and rich sources of bioactive compounds of exceptional molecular structure. Extracting bioactive compounds from seaweed-associated microbial communities have been recently increased due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-settlement, antiprotozoan, antiparasitic, and antitumor. These allelochemicals not only provide protection to host from other surrounding pelagic microorganisms, but also ensure their association with the host. Antimicrobial compounds from marine sources are promising and priority targets of biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications. This review describes the bioactive metabolites reported from seaweed-associated bacterial and fungal communities and illustrates their bioactivities. Biotechnological application of metagenomic approach for identifying novel bioactive metabolites is also dealt, in view of their future development as a strong tool to discover novel drug targets from seaweed-associated microbial communities.
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93
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Lafleur JE, Rice SA. Induction of resistance to S. aureus in an environmental marine biofilm grown in Sydney Harbor, NSW, Australia. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 31:353-8. [PMID: 25526959 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The study of environmental biofilms is complicated by the difficulty of working with them under lab conditions. Nonetheless, knowledge of cellular activity and interactions within environmental biofilms could lead to novel biomedical applications. To address this problem we previously proposed a new technique for inducing resistance to Staphylococcus aureus in an intact environmental biofilm. In the current follow-up study we applied the new technique in a biogeographically distinct environment using a different strain of S. aureus. The proposed technique for inducing resistance to S. aureus in an environmental biofilm involves growing the environmental biofilms over several days in media reflecting their natural habitat on agar that contains spent culture supernatant from S. aureus over-night culture. We found in this second study that it was possible to induce resistance to S. aureus in an environmental biofilm from a biogeographically distinct environment, though not in the same way as we had previously observed. Environmental consortia from Sydney Harbor, Australia display an ability to inhibit biofilm formation by S. aureus; only in the case where the environmental biofilms were pretreated with UV radiation was there a difference in activity between environmental consortia grown on plain agar, and that grown on S. aureus agar. Application of the new technique in the current study also differs in that significant killing of cells within an established S. aureus biofilm by environmental consortia grown on S. aureus agar was possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Lafleur
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert School of Medicine of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,
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94
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Crowley SP, O'Gara F, O'Sullivan O, Cotter PD, Dobson ADW. Marine Pseudovibrio sp. as a novel source of antimicrobials. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5916-29. [PMID: 25501794 PMCID: PMC4278209 DOI: 10.3390/md12125916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microorganisms is becoming ever more common. Unfortunately, the development of new antibiotics which may combat resistance has decreased. Recently, however the oceans and the marine animals that reside there have received increased attention as a potential source for natural product discovery. Many marine eukaryotes interact and form close associations with microorganisms that inhabit their surfaces, many of which can inhibit the attachment, growth or survival of competitor species. It is the bioactive compounds responsible for the inhibition that is of interest to researchers on the hunt for novel bioactives. The genus Pseudovibrio has been repeatedly identified from the bacterial communities isolated from marine surfaces. In addition, antimicrobial activity assays have demonstrated significant antimicrobial producing capabilities throughout the genus. This review will describe the potency, spectrum and possible novelty of the compounds produced by these bacteria, while highlighting the capacity for this genus to produce natural antimicrobial compounds which could be employed to control undesirable bacteria in the healthcare and food production sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P Crowley
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | - Fergal O'Gara
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Orla O'Sullivan
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy Co. Cork, Ireland.
| | - Alan D W Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland.
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96
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Chatterjee S, Guchhait S, Goswami RK. Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Cytospolide P. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7689-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501184t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shamba Chatterjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Sandip Guchhait
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Rajib Kumar Goswami
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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Karadeniz F, Kang KH, Park JW, Park SJ, Kim SK. Anti-HIV-1 activity of phlorotannin derivative 8,4‴-dieckol from Korean brown alga Ecklonia cava. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1151-8. [PMID: 25229850 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.923282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
8,4‴-dieckol is a natural product which has been isolated from brown alga, Ecklonia cava. This polyphenolic compound is a phlorotannin derivative with a broad range of bioactivities. Its inhibitory activity on human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) was tested and the results indicated that 8,4‴-dieckol inhibited HIV-1 induced syncytia formation, lytic effects, and viral p24 antigen production at noncytotoxic concentrations. Furthermore, it was found that 8,4‴-dieckol selectively inhibited the activity of HIV-1 reverse trancriptase (RT) enzyme with 91% inhibition ratio at the concentration of 50 μM. HIV-1 entry was also inhibited by 8,4‴-dieckol. According to data from this study, 8,4‴-dieckol is an effective compound against HIV-1 with high potential for further studies. These results suggest that it might be used as a drug candidate for the development of new generation therapeutic agents, although further studies on the mechanism of inhibition should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Karadeniz
- a Marine Bioprocess Research Center , Pukyong National University , Busan , Republic of Korea
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98
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Abstract
Drug discovery from marine organisms has been underway for > 60 years and there have been notable successes in discovering, developing and introducing clinical agents derived from marine sources. Such examples include: the analgesic ziconotide and the anti cancer compound trabectedin. However, in light of the pressing need for new drugs, particularly those with anti-infective and anticancer properties, there is strong justification for increased exploration of marine organisms as sources of novel compounds. This article considers approaches that might enhance our chances of delivering new medicines from marine-based drug discovery efforts. Consideration is given to the organisms and habitats deserving of more attention and how we might make best use of these marine genetic resources. In particular, the opportunities offered by synthetic biology are highlighted because these methods allow drug discoverers to explore pathways in 'non-culturable' species and turn on natural product biosynthesis genes that are difficult to activate under laboratory conditions (so-called 'silent' gene clusters).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Desbois
- University of Stirling, Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, Marine Biotechnology Group , Stirlingshire, FK9 4LA , UK +44 01786 467894 ; +44 01786 472133 ;
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99
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Bao J, Zhang XY, Dong JJ, Xu XY, Nong XH, Qi SH. Cyclopentane-condensed Chromones from Marine-derived Fungus Penicillium oxalicum. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Material Medical, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiao-Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Material Medical, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jie-jie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Material Medical, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xin-ya Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Material Medical, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xu-Hua Nong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Material Medical, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Shu-Hua Qi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Material Medical, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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100
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In situ detection of antibiotic amphotericin B produced in Streptomyces nodosus using Raman microspectroscopy. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2827-39. [PMID: 24828290 PMCID: PMC4052319 DOI: 10.3390/md12052827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of spatial distribution of secondary metabolites within microbial cells facilitates the screening of candidate strains from marine environments for functional metabolites and allows for the subsequent assessment of the production of metabolites, such as antibiotics. This paper demonstrates the first application of Raman microspectroscopy for in situ detection of the antifungal antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB) produced by actinomycetes—Streptomyces nodosus. Raman spectra measured from hyphae of S. nodosus show the specific Raman bands, caused by resonance enhancement, corresponding to the polyene chain of AmB. In addition, Raman microspectroscopy enabled us to monitor the time-dependent change of AmB production corresponding to the growth of mycelia. The Raman images of S. nodosus reveal the heterogeneous distribution of AmB within the mycelia and individual hyphae. Moreover, the molecular association state of AmB in the mycelia was directly identified by observed Raman spectral shifts. These findings suggest that Raman microspectroscopy could be used for in situ monitoring of antibiotic production directly in marine microorganisms with a method that is non-destructive and does not require labeling.
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