51
|
Wilms JN, Hare KS, Fischer-Tlustos AJ, Vahmani P, Dugan MER, Leal LN, Steele MA. Fatty acid profile characterization in colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk of primi- and multiparous cows during the first week of lactation. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2612-2630. [PMID: 35033345 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The specific fatty acid (FA) profile of colostrum may indicate a biological requirement for neonatal calves. The objective of this study was to characterize the FA profile and yields in colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk in primiparous (PP) and multiparous (MP) cows. Colostrum was milked from 10 PP and 10 MP Holstein cows fed the same pre- and postpartum rations. Milkings (M) 2 to 5 and 12 were respectively termed transition and mature milk. Overall, short-chain FA (C4:0 and C6:0) were 61 and 50% lower in colostrum than mature milk, respectively. A parity by milking interaction was also present, with higher C4:0 for PP cows at M2 and for MP cows at M12. Additionally, higher concentrations of C6:0 were present for PP cows at M2 through M4 and for MP cows at M12. Palmitic (C16:0) and myristic (C14:0) acids were 16% and 27% higher in colostrum than mature milk, respectively. However, total saturated FA remained relatively stable. Branched-chain FA were 13% lower in colostrum than mature milk and higher in PP than MP cows throughout the milking period. The proportion of trans-monounsaturated FA (MUFA) was 42% higher in PP cows throughout the milking period, as well as 15% lower in colostrum than mature milk. In contrast, cis-MUFA and total MUFA were not affected by milking nor parity. Linoleic acid (LA) was 13% higher in colostrum than transition and mature milks, but α-linolenic acid (ALA) did not differ. Consequently, the ratio of LA to ALA was 23% higher in colostrum than mature milk and 25% higher in MP cows. Linoleic acid was also 13% higher in MP cows, whereas ALA was 15% higher in PP cows. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, cis-9,trans-11) was 63% higher in PP cows, and no differences between colostrum and mature milk were detected. Overall, polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) from the n-6 and n-3 series were over 25% higher in colostrum compared with transition and mature milk. Milking by parity interactions were present for arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and total n-3 PUFA, translating to higher proportions in PP cows in M1 to M3, whereas proportions remained relatively stable throughout the milking period in MP cows. Despite increasing milk yields throughout the subsequent milkings, higher yields of EPA, ARA, DPA, and DHA were present in colostrum than in mature milk. Greater proportions and yields of n-3 and n-6 FA in colostrum may translate to specific requirements for newborn calves. Differences were also observed between PP and MP cows and may reflect different nutrient requirements and partitioning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J N Wilms
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - K S Hare
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - A J Fischer-Tlustos
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - P Vahmani
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - M E R Dugan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, AB T4L 1V7, Canada
| | - L N Leal
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Gámez-Valdez JS, García-Mazcorro JF, Montoya-Rincón AH, Rodríguez-Reyes DL, Jiménez-Blanco G, Rodríguez MTA, de Vaca RPC, Alcorta-García MR, Brunck M, Lara-Díaz VJ, Licona-Cassani C. Differential analysis of the bacterial community in colostrum samples from women with gestational diabetes mellitus and obesity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24373. [PMID: 34934118 PMCID: PMC8692321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03779-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and obesity affect the functioning of multiple maternal systems and influence colonization of the newborn gastrointestinal through the breastmilk microbiota (BMM). It is currently unclear how GDM and obesity affect the human BMM composition. Here, we applied 16S-rRNA high-throughput sequencing to human colostrum milk to characterize BMM taxonomic changes in a cohort of 43 individuals classified in six subgroups according to mothers patho-physiological conditions (healthy control (n = 18), GDM (n = 13), or obesity (n = 12)) and newborn gender. Using various diversity indicators, including Shannon/Faith phylogenetic index and UniFrac/robust Aitchison distances, we evidenced that BMM composition was influenced by the infant gender in the obesity subgroup. In addition, the GDM group presented higher microbial diversity compared to the control group. Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium 1, Anaerococcus and Prevotella were overrepresented in colostrum from women with either obesity or GDM, compared to control samples. Finally, Rhodobacteraceae was distinct for GDM and 5 families (Bdellovibrionaceae, Halomonadaceae, Shewanellaceae, Saccharimonadales and Vibrionaceae) were distinct for obesity subgroups with an absolute effect size greater than 1 and a q-value ≤ 0.05. This study represents the first effort to describe the impact of maternal GDM and obesity on BMM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Gámez-Valdez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México
| | - J F García-Mazcorro
- Research and Development, MNA de México, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, México
| | - A H Montoya-Rincón
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - D L Rodríguez-Reyes
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - G Jiménez-Blanco
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - M T Alanís Rodríguez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - R Pérez-Cabeza de Vaca
- Coordinación de Investigación y División de Investigación Biomédica, C.M.N. "20 de Noviembre", ISSSTE, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M R Alcorta-García
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México.,Departamento de Neonatología, Hospital Regional Materno Infantil, Servicios de Salud de Nuevo León, Guadalupe, México
| | - M Brunck
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México.,Division of Experimental Medicine, The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - V J Lara-Díaz
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - C Licona-Cassani
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 sur, Monterrey, NL, 64849, México. .,Division of Integrative Biology, The Institute for Obesity Research, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, México.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Cui R, Wang E. The effect of postpartum family visits on the promotion of breastfeeding and improvement of maternal and infant health. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:14089-14095. [PMID: 35035752 PMCID: PMC8748096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study was designed to explore the effect of postpartum family visits on the promotion of breastfeeding and the improvement of maternal and infant health. METHODS A total of 200 cases of parturients who gave birth in our hospital from January 2019 to January 2020 were selected as the research participants. According to a randomized, double-blinded and controlled manner, they were divided into a study group (n=100, with postpartum family visits) and a control group (n=100, without postpartum family visits). The amount of lactation, breastfeeding status, knowledge of breastfeeding health, and the incidence of maternal adverse events were compared between the two groups at different follow-up times after intervention. The physical development of infants and the occurrence of adverse events were also compared. RESULTS The lactation of the parturients in the study group at 28, 60, and 120 days after delivery was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding of the study group was higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The comparison of 120 days after delivery showed that the knowledge of breastfeeding health and self-confidence in breastfeeding in the study group were better than those in the control group (P<0.05). The 120-day postpartum evaluation showed that there was no significant difference in the height and weight of the infants between the two groups (P>0.05). The incidence of maternal and neonatal adverse events of the study group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Postpartum family visits for parturients can help improve breastfeeding, increase maternal knowledge of breastfeeding health, and also help reduce the incidence of various adverse events of parturients and infants, which is worthy of clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Cui
- Continuing Education Center, Ordos Institute of TechnologyOrdos 017010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - E Wang
- Department of Medicine, Ordos Institute of TechnologyOrdos 017010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Lamichhane S, Siljander H, Duberg D, Honkanen J, Virtanen SM, Orešič M, Knip M, Hyötyläinen T. Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances associates with an altered lipid composition of breast milk. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106855. [PMID: 34500360 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The composition of human breast milk is highly variable inter- and intra-individually. Environmental factors are suspected to contribute to such compositional variation, however, their impact on breast milk composition is currently poorly understood. We sought to (1) define the impact of maternal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on lipid composition of human breast milk, and (2) to study the combined impact of maternal PFAS exposure and breast milk lipid composition on the growth of the infants.In a mother-infant study (n = 44) we measured the levels of PFAS and lipids in maternal serum and conducted lipidomics analysis of breast milk collect 2-4 days after the delivery and at 3 months of infant age, by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Gastrointestinal biomarkers fecal calprotectin and human beta defensin 2 were measured in the stool samples at the age of 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Maternal diet was studied by a validated food frequency questionnaire. PFAS levels were inversely associated with total lipid levels in the breast milk collected after the delivery. In the high exposure group, the ratio of acylated saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in triacylglycerols was increased. Moreover, high exposure to PFAS associated with the altered phospholipid composition, which was indicative of unfavorable increase in the size of milk fat globules. These changes in the milk lipid composition were further associated with slower infant growth and with elevated intestinal inflammatory markers. Our data suggest that the maternal exposure to PFAS impacts the nutritional quality of the breast milk, which, in turn, may have detrimental impact on the health and growth of the children later in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Lamichhane
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Heli Siljander
- Peditaric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Duberg
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jarno Honkanen
- Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi M Virtanen
- Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Social Sciences, Unit of Health Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Matej Orešič
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Knip
- Peditaric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, 22520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, 702 81 Örebro, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Panahipour L, Moghaddam DM, Nasirzade J, Kargarpour Z, Gruber R. RNAseq of TGF-β receptor type I kinase-dependent genes in oral fibroblast exposed to milk. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:581. [PMID: 34789212 PMCID: PMC8597240 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Milk is a rich source of natural growth factors that may support oral tissue homeostasis and wound healing. We had shown earlier that blocking TGF-β receptor type I kinase with the inhibitor SB431542 abolished the expression of IL11 and other genes in human gingival fibroblasts exposed to the aqueous fraction of milk. Our aim was to identify the entire signature of TGF-β receptor type I kinase-dependent genes regulated by the aqueous fraction of human milk. Result RNAseq revealed 99 genes being strongly regulated by milk requiring activation of the SB431542-dependent TGF-β receptor type I kinase. Among the SB431542-dependent genes is IL11 but also cadherins, claudins, collagens, potassium channels, keratins, solute carrier family proteins, transcription factors, transmembrane proteins, tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily members, and tetraspanin family members. When focusing on our candidate gene, we could identify D609 to suppress IL11 expression, independent of phospholipase C, sphinosine-1 phosphate synthesis, and Smad-3 phosphorylation and its nuclear translocation. In contrast, genistein and blocking phosphoinositide 3-kinases by wortmannin and LY294002 increased the milk-induced IL11 expression in gingival fibroblasts. Conclusion Taken together, our data revealed TGF-β receptor type I kinase signaling to cause major changes of the genetic signature of gingival fibroblasts exposed to aqueous fraction of human milk. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-021-01913-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Layla Panahipour
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jila Nasirzade
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zahra Kargarpour
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Department of Oral Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis of Human Milk from Mothers of Preterm Infants. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103604. [PMID: 34684605 PMCID: PMC8540315 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of metabolomics in neonatology offers an approach to investigate the complex relationship between nutrition and infant health. Characterization of the metabolome of human milk enables an investigation into nutrients that affect the neonatal metabolism and identification of dietary interventions for infants at risk of diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). In this study, we aimed to identify differences in the metabolome of breast milk of 48 mothers with preterm infants with NEC and non-NEC healthy controls. A minimum significant difference was observed in the human milk metabolome between the mothers of infants with NEC and mothers of healthy control infants. However, significant differences in the metabolome related to fatty acid metabolism, oligosaccharides, amino sugars, amino acids, vitamins and oxidative stress-related metabolites were observed when comparing milk from mothers with control infants of ≤1.0 kg birth weight and >1.5 kg birth weight. Understanding the functional biological features of mothers’ milk that may modulate infant health is important in the future of tailored nutrition and care of the preterm newborn.
Collapse
|
57
|
The Association between Breastfeeding Duration and Lipid Profile among Children and Adolescents. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082728. [PMID: 34444888 PMCID: PMC8401711 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between breastfeeding duration and lipid profile among children and adolescents, a cross-sectional survey using random cluster sampling was performed, and a national sample of 12,110 Chinese children and adolescents aged 5–19 years were collected. Breastfeeding duration and sociodemographic factors were collected by questionnaires. Fasting blood samples were obtained to test the lipid profile. Linear regression and logistic regression models were employed to evaluate the association between breastfeeding duration and lipid profile. We found that prolonged breastfeeding was related with a low level of total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C, and TC/HDL-C in children and adolescents. With an increased duration of breastfeeding, the magnitude of the association between breastfeeding and lipid profile enlarged. The levels of TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TC/HDL-C in participants who were breastfed for more than 12 months decreased by 6.225 (95% CI: −8.390, −4.059), 1.956 (95% CI: −3.709, −0.204), 1.273 (95% CI: −2.106, −0.440) mg/dL, and 0.072 (95%CI: −0.129, −0.015), respectively, compared with those who were not breastfed. The corresponding risk of high TC declined by 43% (aOR: 0.570, 95% CI: 0.403, 0.808). The association was similar in both boys and girls, but only statistically significant in children and young adolescents aged 5–14 years. This suggested that prolonged breastfeeding duration was related with low lipid levels and decreased abnormal lipid risk, especially in children and young adolescents. These findings support the intervention of prompting a prolonged duration of breastfeeding to improve the childhood lipid profile.
Collapse
|
58
|
Bosco A, Toto M, Pintus R, Fanos V, Dessì A. Human milk sphingomyelins and metabolomics: an enigma to be discovered. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:7649-7661. [PMID: 34362283 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1958314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelins, the most abundant sphingolipids in most mammalian cells, appear to be among the most represented polar lipids in breast milk. Despite the variability of the data reported in the literature, human milk sphingomyelins are qualitatively unique and their quantities are five times higher than in most formula milk. The structural and functional role within the milk fat globule membranes, the involvement in neonatal neurological maturation both in neuro-typical development and in some pathological circumstances, together with the possible contribution in the intestinal development of newborns, are certainly among the main characteristics that have fueled the curiosity of the scientific world. Metabolomics studies, providing a unique metabolic fingerprint, allow an in-depth analysis of the role of these molecules in the extreme variability and uniqueness of breast milk. In the perspective of preventive medicine, at the base of which there is certainly personalized nutrition, it is possible, in the presence of particular conditions, such as neonatal growth retardation or in preterm infants, to consider supplementation of some target nutrients, such as certain sphingomyelins. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to more accurately assess whether and how the type and quantity of sphingomyelins present in breast milk could affect the metabolic health of newborns.HIGHLIGHTSBreast milk is the golden standard for infants' nutritionSphingomyelins are the most represented polar lipids in breast milkThese molecules are involved in both intestinal and neural developments of newbornsMetabolomics is a very useful tool to investigate their precise roleFurther studies are needed to provide eventual nutritional treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Bosco
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Martina Toto
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberta Pintus
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angelica Dessì
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AOU Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Herrmann F, Nieto-Ruiz A, Sepúlveda-Valbuena N, Miranda MT, Diéguez E, Jiménez J, De-Castellar R, García-Ricobaraza M, García-Santos JA, G. Bermúdez M, Campoy C. Infant formula enriched with milk fat globule membrane, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, synbiotics, gangliosides, nucleotides and sialic acid reduces infections during the first 18 months of life: The COGNIS study. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
60
|
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the composition, structure, and biological activities of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) compounds with focus on the future application of this compound as a food ingredient. MFGM is a particular component of mammalian milks and is comprised of a tri-layer of polar lipids, glycolipids and proteins. In recent years, MFGM has been extensively studied for the purpose of enhancing the efficacy of infant nutrition formula. For example, infant formulas supplemented with bovine MFGM have shown promising results with regard to neurodevelopment and defense against infections. Components of MFGM have been shown to present several health benefits as the proteins of the membrane have shown antiviral activity and a reduction in the incidence of diarrhea. Moreover, the presence of sphingomyelin, a phospholipid, implies beneficial effects on human health such as enhanced neuronal development in infants and the protection of neonates from bacterial infections. The development of a lipid that is similar to human milk fat would represent a significant advance for the infant formula industry and would offer high technology formulas for those infants that depend on infant formula. The complexity of the structure of MFGM and its nutritional and technological properties is critically examined in this review with a focus on issues relevant to the dairy industry.
Collapse
|
61
|
Brink LR, Chichlowski M, Pastor N, Thimmasandra Narayanappa A, Shah N. In the Age of Viral Pandemic, Can Ingredients Inspired by Human Milk and Infant Nutrition Be Repurposed to Support the Immune System? Nutrients 2021; 13:870. [PMID: 33800961 PMCID: PMC7999376 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, with the advent of a pandemic touching all aspects of global life, there is a renewed interest in nutrition solutions to support the immune system. Infants are vulnerable to infection and breastfeeding has been demonstrated to provide protection. As such, human milk is a great model for sources of functional nutrition ingredients, which may play direct roles in protection against viral diseases. This review aims to summarize the literature around human milk (lactoferrin, milk fat globule membrane, osteopontin, glycerol monolaurate and human milk oligosaccharides) and infant nutrition (polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics and postbiotics) inspired ingredients for support against viral infections and the immune system more broadly. We believe that the application of these ingredients can span across all life stages and thus apply to both pediatric and adult nutrition. We highlight the opportunities for further research in this field to help provide tangible nutrition solutions to support one's immune system and fight against infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R. Brink
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (M.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Maciej Chichlowski
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (M.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Nitida Pastor
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Evansville, IN 47721, USA; (M.C.); (N.P.)
| | | | - Neil Shah
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Nutrition, Reckitt Benckiser, Slough SL1 3UH, UK;
- University College London, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Cheng AA, Li W, Walker TM, Silvers C, Arendt LM, Hernandez LL. Investigating the complex interplay between genotype and high-fat-diet feeding in the lactating mammary gland using the Tph1 and Ldlr knockout models. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E438-E452. [PMID: 33427054 PMCID: PMC7988787 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00456.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a prevailing problem across the globe. Women who are obese have difficulty initiating and sustaining lactation. However, the impact of genetics and diet on breastfeeding outcomes is understudied. Here we explore the effect of diet and genotype on lactation. We utilized the low-density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr-KO) transgenic mouse model as an obesity and hypercholesterolemia model. Additionally, we used the tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1-KO) mouse, recently identified as a potential anti-obesogenic model, to investigate if addition of Tph1-KO could ameliorate negative effects of obesity in Ldlr-KO mice. We created a novel transgenic mouse line by combining the Ldlr and Tph1 [double knockout (DKO)] mice to study the interaction between the two genotypes. Female mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD; 10% fat) or high-fat diet (HFD; 60% fat) from 3 wk of age through early [lactation day 3 (L3)] or peak lactation [lactation day 11 (L11)]. After 4 wk of consuming either LFD or HFD, female mice were bred. On L2 and L10, dams were milked to investigate the effect of diet and genotype on milk composition. Dams were euthanized on L3 or L11. There was no impact of diet or genotype on milk protein or triglycerides (TGs) on L2; however, by L10, Ldlr-KO and DKO dams had increased TG levels in milk. RNA-sequencing of L11 mammary glands demonstrated Ldlr-KO dams fed HFD displayed enrichment of genes involved in immune system pathways. Interestingly, the DKO may alter vesicle budding and biogenesis during lactation. We also quantified macrophages by immunostaining for F4/80+ cells at L3 and L11. Diet played a significant role on L3 (P = 0.013), but genotype played a role at L11 (P < 0.0001) on numbers of F4/80+ cells. Thus the impact of diet and genotype on lactation differs depending on stage of lactation, illustrating complexities of understanding the intersection of these parameters.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have created a novel mouse model that is focused on understanding the intersection of diet and genotype on mammary gland function during lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne A Cheng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Wenli Li
- US Department of Agriculture-Dairy Forage, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Teresa M Walker
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Caylee Silvers
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lisa M Arendt
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Laura L Hernandez
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
The Gut‒Breast Axis: Programming Health for Life. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020606. [PMID: 33673254 PMCID: PMC7917897 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut is a pivotal organ in health and disease. The events that take place in the gut during early life contribute to the programming, shaping and tuning of distant organs, having lifelong consequences. In this context, the maternal gut plays a quintessence in programming the mammary gland to face the nutritional, microbiological, immunological, and neuroendocrine requirements of the growing infant. Subsequently, human colostrum and milk provides the infant with an impressive array of nutrients and bioactive components, including microbes, immune cells, and stem cells. Therefore, the axis linking the maternal gut, the breast, and the infant gut seems crucial for a correct infant growth and development. The aim of this article is not to perform a systematic review of the human milk components but to provide an insight of their extremely complex interactions, which render human milk a unique functional food and explain why this biological fluid still truly remains as a scientific enigma.
Collapse
|
64
|
Lipid Composition, Digestion, and Absorption Differences among Neonatal Feeding Strategies: Potential Implications for Intestinal Inflammation in Preterm Infants. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020550. [PMID: 33567518 PMCID: PMC7914900 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the neonatal population. Formula feeding is among the many risk factors for developing the condition, a practice often required in the cohort most often afflicted with NEC, preterm infants. While the virtues of many bioactive components of breast milk have been extolled, the ability to digest and assimilate the nutritional components of breast milk is often overlooked. The structure of formula differs from that of breast milk, both in lipid composition and chemical configuration. In addition, formula lacks a critical digestive enzyme produced by the mammary gland, bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL). The gastrointestinal system of premature infants is often incapable of secreting sufficient pancreatic enzymes for fat digestion, and pasteurization of donor milk (DM) has been shown to inactivate BSSL, among other important compounds. Incompletely digested lipids may oxidize and accumulate in the distal gut. These lipid fragments are thought to induce intestinal inflammation in the neonate, potentially hastening the development of diseases such as NEC. In this review, differences in breast milk, pasteurized DM, and formula lipids are highlighted, with a focus on the ability of those lipids to be digested and subsequently absorbed by neonates, especially those born prematurely and at risk for NEC.
Collapse
|
65
|
Khor GL, Tan SS, Stoutjesdijk E, Ng KWT, Khouw I, Bragt M, Schaafsma A, Dijck-Brouwer DAJ, Muskiet FAJ. Temporal Changes in Breast Milk Fatty Acids Contents: A Case Study of Malay Breastfeeding Women. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010101. [PMID: 33396781 PMCID: PMC7824650 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of human breast milk changes in the first two months of life, adapting itself to the evolving needs of the growing new-born. Lipids in milk are a source of energy, essential fatty acids (FA), fat-soluble vitamins, and vital bioactive components. Information on breast milk FA of Malaysian lactating women is scarce. Based on convenience sampling, a total of 20 Malay breastfeeding women who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited. Breast milk was collected three times from each subject at consecutive intervals of 2–3 weeks apart. A total of 60 breast milk samples were collected and classified into “transitional milk” (n = 8), “early milk” (n = 26) and “mature milk” (n = 26). All milk samples were air freighted to University of Groningen, Netherlands for analysis. The dominant breast milk FA were oleic acid, constituting 33% of total fatty acids, followed by palmitic acid (26%). Both these FA and the essential FA, linoleic acid (10%) and alpha-linolenic acid (0.4%), showed no significant changes from transitional to mature milk. Breast milk ratio of n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was comparatively high, exceeding 10 throughout the lactation period, suggesting a healthier balance of PUFA intake is needed in pregnancy and at postpartum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geok Lin Khor
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (S.S.T.); (K.W.T.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Seok Shin Tan
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (S.S.T.); (K.W.T.N.)
| | - Eline Stoutjesdijk
- Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.S.); (D.A.J.D.-B.); (F.A.J.M.)
| | - Kock Wai Tony Ng
- Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (S.S.T.); (K.W.T.N.)
| | - Ilse Khouw
- FrieslandCampina, 3800 BN Amersfoort, The Netherlands; (I.K.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Marjolijn Bragt
- FrieslandCampina, 3800 BN Amersfoort, The Netherlands; (I.K.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Anne Schaafsma
- FrieslandCampina, 3800 BN Amersfoort, The Netherlands; (I.K.); (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - D. A. Janneke Dijck-Brouwer
- Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.S.); (D.A.J.D.-B.); (F.A.J.M.)
| | - Frits A. J. Muskiet
- Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.S.); (D.A.J.D.-B.); (F.A.J.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Gila-Díaz A, Herranz Carrillo G, Cañas S, Saenz de Pipaón M, Martínez-Orgado JA, Rodríguez-Rodríguez P, López de Pablo ÁL, Martin-Cabrejas MA, Ramiro-Cortijo D, Arribas SM. Influence of Maternal Age and Gestational Age on Breast Milk Antioxidants During the First Month of Lactation. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092569. [PMID: 32854220 PMCID: PMC7551022 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk (BM) is beneficial due to its content in a wide range of different antioxidants, particularly relevant for preterm infants, who are at higher risk of oxidative stress. We hypothesize that BM antioxidants are adapted to gestational age and are negatively influenced by maternal age. Fifty breastfeeding women from two hospitals (Madrid, Spain) provided BM samples at days 7, 14 and 28 of lactation to assess total antioxidant capacity (ABTS), thiol groups, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA + 4-Hydroxy-Trans-2-Nonenal, HNE), protein oxidation (carbonyl groups) (spectrophotometry) and melatonin (ELISA). Mixed random-effects linear regression models were used to study the influence of maternal and gestational ages on BM antioxidants, adjusted by days of lactation. Regression models evidenced a negative association between maternal age and BM melatonin levels (β = -7.4 ± 2.5; p-value = 0.005); and a negative association between gestational age and BM total antioxidant capacity (β = -0.008 ± 0.003; p-value = 0.006), SOD activity (β = -0.002 ± 0.001; p-value = 0.043) and protein oxidation (β = -0.22 ± 0.07; p-value = 0.001). In conclusion, BM antioxidants are adapted to gestational age providing higher levels to infants with lower degree of maturation; maternal ageing has a negative influence on melatonin, a key antioxidant hormone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gila-Díaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-D.); (P.R.-R.); (Á.L.L.d.P.)
| | - Gloria Herranz Carrillo
- Division of Neonatology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.H.C.); (J.A.M.-O.)
| | - Silvia Cañas
- Department of Agricultural and Food Chemistry-CIAL, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (M.A.M.-C.)
| | - Miguel Saenz de Pipaón
- Department of Neonatology, Hospital La Paz, Paseo de la Castellana 216, 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José Antonio Martínez-Orgado
- Division of Neonatology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (G.H.C.); (J.A.M.-O.)
| | - Pilar Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-D.); (P.R.-R.); (Á.L.L.d.P.)
| | - Ángel Luis López de Pablo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-D.); (P.R.-R.); (Á.L.L.d.P.)
| | - María A. Martin-Cabrejas
- Department of Agricultural and Food Chemistry-CIAL, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (S.C.); (M.A.M.-C.)
| | - David Ramiro-Cortijo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-D.); (P.R.-R.); (Á.L.L.d.P.)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline avenue, 02215 Boston, MA, USA
- Correspondence: (D.R.-C.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Silvia M. Arribas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Arzobispo Morcillo 2, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-D.); (P.R.-R.); (Á.L.L.d.P.)
- Correspondence: (D.R.-C.); (S.M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Zmora O, Gutzeit O, Segal L, Boulos S, Millo Z, Ginsberg Y, Khatib N, Dabbah-Assad F, Fainaru O, Weiner Z, Beloosesky R. Prophylactic antenatal N-Acetyl Cysteine administration combined with postnatal administration can decrease mortality and injury markers associated with necrotizing enterocolitis in a rat model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233612. [PMID: 32479520 PMCID: PMC7263616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating gastrointestinal disease of neonates, especially premature neonates. To date, there is no prophylactic treatment against NEC, except breast milk and slow increase in enteral feeding, and there is no antenatal prophylaxis. AIMS To assess possible protective effects of antenatal N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) against the intestinal pathophysiological changes associated with NEC in a rat model of NEC and against its associated mortality. METHODS Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: control (n = 33); NEC (n = 32)-subjected to hypoxia and formula feeding for 4 days to induce NEC; NEC-NAC (n = 34)-with induced NEC and concomitant postnatal NAC administration; NAC-NEC (n = 33)-born to dams treated with NAC for the last 3 days of pregnancy starting at gestational age of 18 days, and then subjected to induced NEC after birth; NAC-NEC-NAC (n = 36)-subjected to induced NEC with both prenatal and postnatal NAC treatment. At day of life 5, weight and survival of pups in the different groups were examined, and pups were euthanized. Ileal TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, NFkB p65, iNOS and cleaved caspase 3 protein levels (western blot) and mRNA expression (RT-PCR) were compared between groups. RESULTS Pup mortality was significantly reduced in the NAC-NEC-NAC group compared to NEC (11% vs. 34%, P<0.05). Ileal protein levels and mRNA expression of all injury markers tested except IL-10 were significantly increased in NEC compared to control. These markers were significantly reduced in all NAC treatment groups (NEC-NAC, NAC-NEC, and NAC-NEC-NAC) compared to NEC. The most pronounced decrease was observed in the NAC-NEC NAC group. CONCLUSIONS Antenatal NAC decreases injury markers and mortality associated with NEC in a rat model. Antenatal administration of NAC may present a novel approach for NEC prophylaxis in pregnancies with risk for preterm birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Zmora
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Ola Gutzeit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Linoy Segal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sari Boulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zvika Millo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yuval Ginsberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nizar Khatib
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Fadwa Dabbah-Assad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Fainaru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zeev Weiner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ron Beloosesky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Zhang X, Wu Y, Ye H, Feng C, Han D, Tao S, Pi Y, Zhao J, Chen L, Wang J. Dietary milk fat globule membrane supplementation during late gestation increased the growth of neonatal piglets by improving their plasma parameters, intestinal barriers, and fecal microbiota. RSC Adv 2020; 10:16987-16998. [PMID: 35521473 PMCID: PMC9053443 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02618b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal supplementation of MFGM transgenerationally improves the intestinal microecology and growth performance of their neonatal piglets.
Collapse
|