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Gidari A, Sabbatini S, Bastianelli S, Pierucci S, Busti C, Bartolini D, Stabile AM, Monari C, Galli F, Rende M, Cruciani G, Francisci D. SARS-CoV-2 Survival on Surfaces and the Effect of UV-C Light. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030408. [PMID: 33807521 PMCID: PMC7998261 DOI: 10.3390/v13030408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish the persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on inanimate surfaces such as plastic, stainless steel, and glass during UV-C irradiation which is a physical means commonly utilized in sanitization procedures. The viral inactivation rate, virus half-life, and percentage of titer reduction after UV-C irradiation were assessed. Infectivity was maintained on plastic and glass until 120 h and on stainless steel until 72 h. The virus half-life was 5.3, 4.4, and 4.2 h on plastic, stainless steel, and glass, respectively. In all cases, titer decay was >99% after drop drying. UV-C irradiation efficiently reduced virus titer (99.99%), with doses ranging from 10.25 to 23.71 mJ/cm2. Plastic and stainless steel needed higher doses to achieve target reduction. The total inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on glass was obtained with the lower dose applied. SARS-CoV-2 survival can be long lasting on inanimate surfaces. It is worth recommending efficient disinfection protocols as a measure of prevention of viral spread. UV-C can provide rapid, efficient and sustainable sanitization procedures of different materials and surfaces. The dosages and mode of irradiation are important parameters to consider in their implementation as an important means to fight the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gidari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, “Santa Maria della Misericordia” Hospital, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (S.B.); (S.P.); (C.B.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Samuele Sabbatini
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (S.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Sabrina Bastianelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, “Santa Maria della Misericordia” Hospital, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (S.B.); (S.P.); (C.B.); (D.F.)
| | - Sara Pierucci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, “Santa Maria della Misericordia” Hospital, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (S.B.); (S.P.); (C.B.); (D.F.)
| | - Chiara Busti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, “Santa Maria della Misericordia” Hospital, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (S.B.); (S.P.); (C.B.); (D.F.)
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Unit of Nutrition and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy; (D.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Anna Maria Stabile
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Claudia Monari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Medical Microbiology Section, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (S.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Unit of Nutrition and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Perugia, 06122 Perugia, Italy; (D.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Mario Rende
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Unit of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Gabriele Cruciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Daniela Francisci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, “Santa Maria della Misericordia” Hospital, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (S.B.); (S.P.); (C.B.); (D.F.)
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Minamikawa T, Koma T, Suzuki A, Mizuno T, Nagamatsu K, Arimochi H, Tsuchiya K, Matsuoka K, Yasui T, Yasutomo K, Nomaguchi M. Quantitative evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation using a deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5070. [PMID: 33658595 PMCID: PMC7930116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation technology for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is certainly a critical measure to mitigate the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV-LED) would be a promising candidate to inactivate SARS-CoV-2, based on the well-known antiviral effects of DUV on microorganisms and viruses. However, due to variations in the inactivation effects across different viruses, quantitative evaluations of the inactivation profile of SARS-CoV-2 by DUV-LED irradiation need to be performed. In the present study, we quantify the irradiation dose of DUV-LED necessary to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. For this purpose, we determined the culture media suitable for the irradiation of SARS-CoV-2 and optimized the irradiation apparatus using commercially available DUV-LEDs that operate at a center wavelength of 265, 280, or 300 nm. Under these conditions, we successfully analyzed the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and the irradiation dose of the DUV-LEDs at each wavelength without irrelevant biological effects. In conclusion, total doses of 1.8 mJ/cm2 for 265 nm, 3.0 mJ/cm2 for 280 nm, and 23 mJ/cm2 for 300 nm are required to inactivate 99.9% of SARS-CoV-2. Our results provide quantitative antiviral effects of DUV irradiation on SARS-CoV-2, serving as basic knowledge of inactivation technologies against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Minamikawa
- Department of Post-LED Photonics Research, Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan.
- Department of Mechanical Science, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan.
- Research Cluster on "Multi-Scale Vibrational Microscopy for Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer", Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Koma
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Akihiro Suzuki
- Department of Post-LED Photonics Research, Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takahiko Mizuno
- Department of Post-LED Photonics Research, Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagamatsu
- Department of Post-LED Photonics Research, Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Hideki Arimochi
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kaoru Matsuoka
- Department of Post-LED Photonics Research, Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasui
- Department of Post-LED Photonics Research, Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Science, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
- Research Cluster on "Multi-Scale Vibrational Microscopy for Comprehensive Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer", Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan
| | - Koji Yasutomo
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
- Department of Interdisciplinary Researches for Medicine and Photonics, Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
- Research Cluster On "Immunological Diseases", Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
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Casillas Santana MÁ, Martínez Zumarán A, Patiño Marín N, Castillo Silva BE, Sámano Valencia C, Salas Orozco MF. How Dentists Face the COVID-19 in Mexico: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1750. [PMID: 33670181 PMCID: PMC7916932 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: on 7 January 2020, a new type of coronavirus was isolated, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2), the organism causing the outbreak that has affected the lives of all humans and has modified the rules of coexistence around the world. In Mexico, from 3 January 2020 to 9 January 2021, there have been 1439, 569 confirmed cases of COVID-19 with 131,031 deaths. The World Health Organization reported that Mexico was ranked twelfth, in terms of confirmed cases of COVID-19 by country. Aim: the objective of this study was to determine what modifications dentists from the Mexican Republic have made to their dental practice during theCOVID-19 pandemic. Methods: the study was conducted based on a questionnaire to evaluate the dentists' response and knowledge on the modifications in their dental practice to combat the new coronavirus's cross-transmission. The questionnaire was piloted before it was distributed. The questionnaire was disseminated through the social network Facebook. The questionnaire was distributed to groups of dentists on Facebook, in each of the Mexican Republic states. The survey was carried out during June 2020. Results and Conclusions: from the 32 states of the Mexican Republic, 29 participated with at least one respondent. The results of the applied survey suggest that dentists, at least the population of surveyed ones, have proper knowledge of detection methods of patients suspected of COVID-19, preventive measures that must be applied in the dental office to decrease the risk of infection, and the appropriate procedures and solutions for dental office disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Martínez Zumarán
- Department of the Orthodontic Specialty, Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78290, Mexico;
| | - Nuria Patiño Marín
- Department of Clinical Research, Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78290, Mexico;
| | | | - Carolina Sámano Valencia
- Dental Materials and Biomaterials Laboratory, Facultad de Estomatología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla C.P. 72000, Mexico;
| | - Marco Felipe Salas Orozco
- Department of Clinical Research, Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78290, Mexico;
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