51
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Ramsay E, Lajunen T, Bhattacharya M, Reinisalo M, Rilla K, Kidron H, Terasaki T, Urtti A. Selective drug delivery to the retinal cells: Biological barriers and avenues. J Control Release 2023; 361:1-19. [PMID: 37481214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Retinal drug delivery is a challenging, but important task, because most retinal diseases are still without any proper therapy. Drug delivery to the retina is hampered by the anatomical and physiological barriers resulting in minimal bioavailability after topical ocular and systemic administrations. Intravitreal injections are current method-of-choice in retinal delivery, but these injections show short duration of action for small molecules and low target bioavailability for many protein, gene based drugs and nanomedicines. State-of-art delivery systems are based on prolonged retention, controlled drug release and physical features (e.g. size and charge). However, drug delivery to the retina is not cell-specific and these approaches do not facilitate intracellular delivery of modern biological drugs (e.g. intracellular proteins, RNA based medicines, gene editing). In this focused review we highlight biological factors and mechanisms that form the basis for the selective retinal drug delivery systems in the future. Therefore, we are presenting current knowledge related to retinal membrane transporters, receptors and targeting ligands in relation to nanomedicines, conjugates, extracellular vesicles, and melanin binding. These issues are discussed in the light of retinal structure and cell types as well as future prospects in the field. Unlike in some other fields of targeted drug delivery (e.g. cancer research), selective delivery technologies have been rarely studied, even though cell targeted delivery may be even more feasible after local administration into the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramsay
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tatu Lajunen
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Madhushree Bhattacharya
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Rilla
- School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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52
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Fujimura NA, Fatima SE, Ahmed N, Akram M, Tahir S, Khan MA, Amirzada I, Nadeem T, Bashir H, Malik K. Evaluation of exosomes encapsulated recombinant Interleukin-29 for its in vitro anticancer studies. J Biotechnol 2023; 373:24-33. [PMID: 37394182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes have recently been considered ideal biotherapeutic nanocarriers that broaden the frontiers of current drug delivery systems to overcome the shortcomings associated with cytokine-based immunotherapy. Using this approach, the current study aimed to assess anti-proliferative activity of purified IL-29 and exosomes encapsulated IL-29. The IL-29+pET-28a construct was transformed into Rosetta 2(DE3) cells which was used for the large-scale production of IL-29. Exosomes isolated from H1HeLa, and SF-767 cells using Total Exosome Isolation reagent were loaded with IL-29 via sonication. Isolation of exosomes was validated using their core protein signature by western blotting and specific miRNA profiles by RT-PCR. The drug loading efficiency of exosomes derived from H1HeLa cells was higher than that of SF-767-derived exosomes. The drug release kinetics of IL-29 encapsulated exosomes exhibited stable release of the recombinant drug. Around 50% of all cancer cell lines survived when IL-29 was administered at a concentration of 20 µg/mL. A survival rate of less than 10% was observed when cells were treated with 20 µg/mL IL-29 loaded exosomes. It was concluded that IL-29 loaded exosomes had a more significant cytotoxic effect against cancer cells, which might be attributed to sustained drug release, improved half-life, superior targeting efficacy, capacity to harness endogenous intracellular trafficking pathways, and heightened biocompatibility of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Akusa Fujimura
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Seerat E Fatima
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Ahmed
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saad Tahir
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Ahmad Khan
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amirzada
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSAT University, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Nadeem
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Bashir
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kausar Malik
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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53
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Kadriya A, Falah M. Nanoscale Phytosomes as an Emerging Modality for Cancer Therapy. Cells 2023; 12:1999. [PMID: 37566078 PMCID: PMC10417745 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) research has expanded substantially over the years. EVs have been identified in all living organisms and are produced and released as a means of intercellular communication or as a defense mechanism. Recently, nano-scaled vesicles were successfully isolated from edible plant sources. Plant-derived EVs, referred to here as phytosomes, are of a size reported to range between 30 nm and 120 nm in diameter, similar to small mammalian extracellular vesicles, and carry various bioactive molecules such as mRNA, proteins, miRNA and lipids. Due to the availability of many plants, phytosomes can be easily isolated on a large scale. The methods developed for EV isolation from mammalian cells have been successfully applied for isolation and purification of phytosomes. The therapeutic effects of phytosomes on different disease models, such as inflammation and autoimmune disease, have been reported, and a handful of studies have suggested their therapeutic effects on cancer diseases. Overall, the research on phytosomes is still in its infancy and requires more exploration. This review will narrate the anti-cancer activity and characteristics of phytosomes derived from edible plants as well as describe studies which have utilized phytosomes as drug delivery vehicles for cancer with the ultimate objective of significantly reducing the adverse effects associated with conventional therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Kadriya
- Medical Research Institute, The Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth 1641100, Israel;
| | - Mizied Falah
- Medical Research Institute, The Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth 1641100, Israel;
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
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54
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Kronstadt SM, Patel DB, Born LJ, Levy D, Lerman MJ, Mahadik B, McLoughlin ST, Fasuyi A, Fowlkes L, Van Heyningen LH, Aranda A, Abadchi SN, Chang KH, Hsu ATW, Bengali S, Harmon JW, Fisher JP, Jay SM. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture within Perfusion Bioreactors Incorporating 3D-Printed Scaffolds Enables Improved Extracellular Vesicle Yield with Preserved Bioactivity. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300584. [PMID: 36930747 PMCID: PMC10505252 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are implicated as promising therapeutics and drug delivery vehicles in various diseases. However, successful clinical translation will depend on the development of scalable biomanufacturing approaches, especially due to the documented low levels of intrinsic EV-associated cargo that may necessitate repeated doses to achieve clinical benefit in certain applications. Thus, here the effects of a 3D-printed scaffold-perfusion bioreactor system are assessed on the production and bioactivity of EVs secreted from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a cell type widely implicated in generating EVs with therapeutic potential. The results indicate that perfusion bioreactor culture induces an ≈40-80-fold increase (depending on measurement method) in MSC EV production compared to conventional cell culture. Additionally, MSC EVs generated using the perfusion bioreactor system significantly improve wound healing in a diabetic mouse model, with increased CD31+ staining in wound bed tissue compared to animals treated with flask cell culture-generated MSC EVs. Overall, this study establishes a promising solution to a major EV translational bottleneck, with the capacity for tunability for specific applications and general improvement alongside advancements in 3D-printing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Kronstadt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Divya B Patel
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Louis J Born
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Max J Lerman
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Bhushan Mahadik
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shannon T McLoughlin
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Arafat Fasuyi
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Lauren Fowlkes
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | | | - Amaya Aranda
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Sanaz Nourmohammadi Abadchi
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Kai-Hua Chang
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Angela Ting Wei Hsu
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Sameer Bengali
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - John W Harmon
- Hendrix Burn and Wound Healing Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - John P Fisher
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Wang X, Zhou Z, Yu C, He K, Sun L, Kou Y, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Luo P, Wen L, Chen G. A prestin-targeting peptide-guided drug delivery system rearranging concentration gradient in the inner ear: An improved strategy against hearing loss. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 187:106490. [PMID: 37295658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hearing loss is mainly due to outer hair cell (OHC) damage in three cochlear turns. Local administration via the round window membrane (RWM) has considerable otological clinical potential in bypassing the blood-labyrinth barrier. However, insufficient drug distribution in the apical and middle cochlear turns results in unsatisfactory efficacy. We functionalized poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) with targeting peptide A665, which specifically bound to prestin, a protein uniquely expressed in OHCs. The modification facilitated the cellular uptake and RWM permeability of NPs. Notably, the guide of A665 towards OHCs enabled more NPs perfusion in the apical and middle cochlear turns without decreasing accumulation in the basal cochlear turn. Subsequently, curcumin (CUR), an appealing anti-ototoxic drug, was encapsulated in NPs. In aminoglycoside-treated guinea pigs with the worst hearing level, CUR/A665-PLGA NPs, with superior performance to CUR/PLGA NPs, almost completely preserved the OHCs in three cochlear turns. The lack of increased low-frequencies hearing thresholds further confirmed that the delivery system with prestin affinity mediated cochlear distribution rearrangement. Good inner ear biocompatibility and little or no embryonic zebrafish toxicity were observed throughout the treatment. Overall, A665-PLGA NPs act as desirable tools with sufficient inner ear delivery for improved efficacy against severe hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System & Class III Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Preparation & Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine of Education Department of Guangdong Province, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zeming Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System & Class III Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Preparation & Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine of Education Department of Guangdong Province, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chong Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System & Class III Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Preparation & Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine of Education Department of Guangdong Province, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kerui He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System & Class III Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Preparation & Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine of Education Department of Guangdong Province, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lifang Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System & Class III Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Preparation & Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine of Education Department of Guangdong Province, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuwei Kou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System & Class III Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Preparation & Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine of Education Department of Guangdong Province, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Guangdong Sunho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Zhongshan 528437, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 000853, China
| | - Pei Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 000853, China
| | - Lu Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery & Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System & Class III Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Preparation & Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine of Education Department of Guangdong Province, Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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56
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Greenberg ZF, Graim KS, He M. Towards artificial intelligence-enabled extracellular vesicle precision drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023:114974. [PMID: 37356623 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, recently exploded into nanomedicine as an emerging drug delivery approach due to their superior biocompatibility, circulating stability, and bioavailability in vivo. However, EV heterogeneity makes molecular targeting precision a critical challenge. Deciphering key molecular drivers for controlling EV tissue targeting specificity is in great need. Artificial intelligence (AI) brings powerful prediction ability for guiding the rational design of engineered EVs in precision control for drug delivery. This review focuses on cutting-edge nano-delivery via integrating large-scale EV data with AI to develop AI-directed EV therapies and illuminate the clinical translation potential. We briefly review the current status of EVs in drug delivery, including the current frontier, limitations, and considerations to advance the field. Subsequently, we detail the future of AI in drug delivery and its impact on precision EV delivery. Our review discusses the current universal challenge of standardization and critical considerations when using AI combined with EVs for precision drug delivery. Finally, we will conclude this review with a perspective on future clinical translation led by a combined effort of AI and EV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary F Greenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Kiley S Graim
- Department of Computer & Information Science & Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA.
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57
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Mooradian AD. Diabetes-related perturbations in the integrity of physiologic barriers. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108552. [PMID: 37356233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of health is the integrity of barriers at the cellular and tissue levels. The two cardinal functions of barriers include preventing access of deleterious elements of the environment (barrier function) while facilitating the transport of essential ions, signaling molecules and nutrients needed to maintain the internal milieu (transport function). There are several cellular and subcellular barriers and some of these barriers can be interrelated. The principal physiologic barriers include blood-retinal barrier, blood-brain barrier, blood-testis barrier, renal glomerular/tubular barrier, intestinal barrier, pulmonary blood-alveolar barrier, blood-placental barrier and skin barrier. Tissue specific barriers are the result of the vasculature, cellular composition of the tissue and extracellular matrix within the tissue. Uncontrolled diabetes and acute hyperglycemia may disrupt the integrity of physiologic barriers, primarily through altering the vascular integrity of the tissues and may well contribute to the clinically recognized complications of diabetes. Although diabetes is a systemic disease, some of the organs display clinically significant deterioration in function while others undergo subclinical changes. The pathophysiology of the disruption of these barriers is not entirely clear but it may be related to diabetes-related cellular stress. Understanding the mechanisms of diabetes related dysfunction of various physiologic barriers might help identifying novel therapeutic targets for reducing clinically significant complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshag D Mooradian
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Jacksonville College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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58
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Serri C, Cruz-Maya I, Bonadies I, Rassu G, Giunchedi P, Gavini E, Guarino V. Green Routes for Bio-Fabrication in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1744. [PMID: 37376192 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, significant advances in nanotechnologies, rising from increasing knowledge and refining of technical practices in green chemistry and bioengineering, enabled the design of innovative devices suitable for different biomedical applications. In particular, novel bio-sustainable methodologies are developing to fabricate drug delivery systems able to sagely mix properties of materials (i.e., biocompatibility, biodegradability) and bioactive molecules (i.e., bioavailability, selectivity, chemical stability), as a function of the current demands for the health market. The present work aims to provide an overview of recent developments in the bio-fabrication methods for designing innovative green platforms, emphasizing the relevant impact on current and future biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Serri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Iriczalli Cruz-Maya
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d'Oltremare Pad. 20, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Bonadies
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d'Oltremare Pad. 20, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Rassu
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Giunchedi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gavini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Guarino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Mostra d'Oltremare Pad. 20, V.le J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125 Naples, Italy
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Wu L, Zhou L, An J, Shao X, Zhang H, Wang C, Zhao G, Chen S, Cui X, Zhang X, Yang F, Li X, Zhang X. Comprehensive profiling of extracellular vesicles in uveitis and scleritis enables biomarker discovery and mechanism exploration. J Transl Med 2023; 21:388. [PMID: 37322475 PMCID: PMC10273650 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04228-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uveitis and posterior scleritis are sight-threatening diseases with undefined pathogenesis and accurate diagnosis remains challenging. METHODS Two plasma-derived extracellular vesicle (EV) subpopulations, small and large EVs, obtained from patients with ankylosing spondylitis-related uveitis, Behcet's disease uveitis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, and posterior scleritis were subjected to proteomics analysis alongside plasma using SWATH-MS. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was performed on the proteomic profiles of sEVs, lEVs, and plasma. Candidate biomarkers were validated in a new cohort using ELISA. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between clinical parameters and proteomic data. Connectivity map database was used to predict therapeutic agents. RESULTS In total, 3,668 proteins were identified and over 3000 proteins were quantified from 278 samples. When comparing diseased group to healthy control, the proteomic profiles of the two EV subgroups were more correlated with disease than plasma. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis highlighted potential pathogenic mechanisms for these diseases. Potential biomarker panels for four diseases were identified and validated. We found a negative correlation between plasma endothelin-converting enzyme 1 level and mean retinal thickness. Potential therapeutic drugs were proposed, and their targets were identified. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a proteomic landscape of plasma and EVs involved in ankylosing spondylitis-related uveitis, Behcet's disease uveitis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, and posterior scleritis, offers insights into disease pathogenesis, identifies valuable biomarker candidates, and proposes promising therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzi Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, School of Optometry, Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinying An
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xianfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Chunxi Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | | | - Shuang Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xuexue Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Fuhua Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, 300384, China.
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60
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Kim R, Kim JH. Engineered Extracellular Vesicles with Compound-Induced Cargo Delivery to Solid Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119368. [PMID: 37298320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient delivery of functional factors into target cells remains challenging. Although extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered to be potential therapeutic delivery vehicles, a variety of efficient therapeutic delivery tools are still needed for cancer cells. Herein, we demonstrated a promising method to deliver EVs to refractory cancer cells via a small molecule-induced trafficking system. We generated an inducible interaction system between the FKBP12-rapamycin-binding protein (FRB) domain and FK506 binding protein (FKBP) to deliver specific cargo to EVs. CD9, an abundant protein in EVs, was fused to the FRB domain, and the specific cargo to be delivered was linked to FKBP. Rapamycin recruited validated cargo to EVs through protein-protein interactions (PPIs), such as the FKBP-FRB interaction system. The released EVs were functionally delivered to refractory cancer cells, triple negative breast cancer cells, non-small cell lung cancer cells, and pancreatic cancer cells. Therefore, the functional delivery system driven by reversible PPIs may provide new possibilities for a therapeutic cure against refractory cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeyeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
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Mansur S, Habib S, Hawkins M, Brown SR, Weinman ST, Bao Y. Preparation of Nanoparticle-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles Using Direct Flow Filtration. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051551. [PMID: 37242792 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown great potential as cell-free therapeutics and biomimetic nanocarriers for drug delivery. However, the potential of EVs is limited by scalable, reproducible production and in vivo tracking after delivery. Here, we report the preparation of quercetin-iron complex nanoparticle-loaded EVs derived from a breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231br, using direct flow filtration. The morphology and size of the nanoparticle-loaded EVs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis of those EVs showed several protein bands in the range of 20-100 kDa. The analysis of EV protein markers by a semi-quantitative antibody array confirmed the presence of several typical EV markers, such as ALIX, TSG101, CD63, and CD81. Our EV yield quantification suggested a significant yield increase in direct flow filtration compared with ultracentrifugation. Subsequently, we compared the cellular uptake behaviors of nanoparticle-loaded EVs with free nanoparticles using MDA-MB-231br cell line. Iron staining studies indicated that free nanoparticles were taken up by cells via endocytosis and localized at a certain area within the cells while uniform iron staining across cells was observed for cells treated with nanoparticle-loaded EVs. Our studies demonstrate the feasibility of using direct flow filtration for the production of nanoparticle-loaded EVs from cancer cells. The cellular uptake studies suggested the possibility of deeper penetration of the nanocarriers because the cancer cells readily took up the quercetin-iron complex nanoparticles, and then released nanoparticle-loaded EVs, which can be further delivered to regional cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shomit Mansur
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Shahriar Habib
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Mikayla Hawkins
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Spenser R Brown
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Steven T Weinman
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yuping Bao
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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Aseervatham J. Dynamic Role of Exosome microRNAs in Cancer Cell Signaling and Their Emerging Role as Noninvasive Biomarkers. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050710. [PMID: 37237523 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate from endosomes and are released by all cells irrespective of their origin or type. They play an important role in cell communication and can act in an autocrine, endocrine, or paracrine fashion. They are 40-150 nm in diameter and have a similar composition to the cell of origin. An exosome released by a particular cell is unique since it carries information about the state of the cell in pathological conditions such as cancer. miRNAs carried by cancer-derived exosomes play a multifaceted role by taking part in cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and immune evasion. Depending on the type of miRNA that it carries as its cargo, it can render cells chemo- or radiosensitive or resistant and can also act as a tumor suppressor. Since the composition of exosomes is affected by the cellular state, stress, and changes in the environment, they can be used as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Their unique ability to cross biological barriers makes them an excellent choice as vehicles for drug delivery. Because of their easy availability and stability, they can be used to replace cancer biopsies, which are invasive and expensive. Exosomes can also be used to follow the progression of diseases and monitor treatment strategies. A better understanding of the roles and functions of exosomal miRNA can be used to develop noninvasive, innovative, and novel treatments for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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63
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Nazari H, Shrestha J, Naei VY, Bazaz SR, Sabbagh M, Thiery JP, Warkiani ME. Advances in TEER measurements of biological barriers in microphysiological systems. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 234:115355. [PMID: 37159988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Biological barriers are multicellular structures that precisely regulate the transport of ions, biomolecules, drugs, cells, and other organisms. Transendothelial/epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) is a label-free method for predicting the properties of biological barriers. Understanding the mechanisms that control TEER significantly enhances our knowledge of the physiopathology of different diseases and aids in the development of new drugs. Measuring TEER values within microphysiological systems called organ-on-a-chip devices that simulate the microenvironment, architecture, and physiology of biological barriers in the body provides valuable insight into the behavior of barriers in response to different drugs and pathogens. These integrated systems should increase the accuracy, reproducibility, sensitivity, resolution, high throughput, speed, cost-effectiveness, and reliable predictability of TEER measurements. Implementing advanced micro and nanoscale manufacturing techniques, surface modification methods, biomaterials, biosensors, electronics, and stem cell biology is necessary for integrating TEER measuring systems with organ-on-chip technology. This review focuses on the applications, advantages, and future perspectives of integrating organ-on-a-chip technology with TEER measurement methods for studying biological barriers. After briefly reviewing the role of TEER in the physiology and pathology of barriers, standard techniques for measuring TEER, including Ohm's law and impedance spectroscopy, and commercially available devices are described. Furthermore, advances in TEER measurement are discussed in multiple barrier-on-a-chip system models representing different organs. Finally, we outline future trends in implementing advanced technologies to design and fabricate nanostructured electrodes, complicated microfluidic chips, and membranes for more advanced and accurate TEER measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojjatollah Nazari
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jesus Shrestha
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vahid Yaghoubi Naei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Milad Sabbagh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, 2007, New South Wales, Australia; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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64
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Huang X, Kou X, Zhan T, Wei G, He F, Mao X, Yang H. Apoptotic vesicles resist oxidative damage in noise-induced hearing loss through activation of FOXO3a-SOD2 pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:88. [PMID: 37061707 PMCID: PMC10105953 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach for noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). As the indispensable role of apoptosis in MSC transplantation was raised, the benefits of MSC-derived apoptotic vesicles (apoVs) in several disease models have been proved. However, whether apoVs benefit in NIHL have not been studied yet. METHODS Female CBA/J mice and HEI-OC1 cells were used in this study. Flow cytometry, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize apoVs. Proteomic analysis was used to identify function proteins in apoVs. Immunofluorescence was used to reveal distribution pattern. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) test was used to measure the effect of apoVs treatment. DCFH-DA staining and MitoSOX staining were used to indicate oxidative damage. Western-blot and qRT-PCR were used to study the signaling pathways. RESULTS We found that apoVs can be endocytosed by hair cells through systemic administration. Importantly, apoVs administration effectively attenuated NIHL and reduced hair cell loss by resisting oxidative damage in vivo. Further, apoVs application activated forkhead box o3 (FOXO3a)-mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2(SOD2) pathway, which may relate to signal transduction and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) in apoVs. CONCLUSIONS These findings uncovered the role of apoVs in preventing NIHL and resisting oxidative damage, indicating that apoVs is a promising way for inner ear delivery and a prospective cell-free therapy for NIHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiaoxing Kou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ting Zhan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510285, China
| | - Guokun Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Feinan He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Xueli Mao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510055, China.
| | - Haidi Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
- Department of Hearing and Speech Science, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, 510310, China.
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65
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Wu KY, Ahmad H, Lin G, Carbonneau M, Tran SD. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Ophthalmology: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041167. [PMID: 37111652 PMCID: PMC10142951 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the field of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has exhibited rapid growth. Due to their regenerative, reparatory, and immunomodulatory capacities, MSCs have been widely investigated as therapeutic agents in the cell-based treatment of chronic ophthalmic pathologies. However, the applicability of MSC-based therapy is limited by suboptimal biocompatibility, penetration, and delivery to the target ocular tissues. An emerging body of research has elucidated the role of exosomes in the biological functions of MSCs, and that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) possess anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, tissue repairing, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory properties similar to MSCs. The recent advances in MSCs-derived exosomes can serve as solutions to the challenges faced by MSCs-therapy. Due to their nano-dimensions, MSC-derived exosomes can rapidly penetrate biological barriers and reach immune-privileged organs, allowing for efficient delivery of therapeutic factors such as trophic and immunomodulatory agents to ocular tissues that are typically challenging to target by conventional therapy and MSCs transplantation. In addition, the use of EVs minimizes the risks associated with mesenchymal stem cell transplantation. In this literature review, we focus on the studies published between 2017 and 2022, highlighting the characteristics of EVs derived from MSCs and their biological functions in treating anterior and posterior segment ocular diseases. Additionally, we discuss the potential use of EVs in clinical settings. Rapid advancements in regenerative medicine and exosome-based drug delivery, in conjunction with an increased understanding of ocular pathology and pharmacology, hold great promise for the treatment of ocular diseases. The potential of exosome-based therapies is exciting and can revolutionize the way we approach these ocular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y Wu
- Department of Surgery-Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada
| | - Hamza Ahmad
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Grace Lin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marjorie Carbonneau
- Department of Surgery-Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada
| | - Simon D Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
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66
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Niu X, Xia Y, Luo L, Chen Y, Yuan J, Zhang J, Zheng X, Li Q, Deng Z, Wang Y. iPSC-sEVs alleviate microglia senescence to protect against ischemic stroke in aged mice. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100600. [PMID: 36936398 PMCID: PMC10020681 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The polarization of microglia plays an important role in the outcome of ischemic stroke (IS). In the aged population, senescent microglia show a predominant pro-inflammatory phenotype, which leads to worse outcomes in aged ischemic stroke compared to young ischemic stroke. Recent research demonstrated that inducible pluripotent stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (iPSC-sEVs) possess the significant anti-ageing ability. We hypothesized that iPSC-sEVs could alleviate microglia senescence to regulate microglia polarization in aged ischemic stroke. In this study, we showed that treatment with iPSC-sEVs significantly alleviated microglia senescence as indicated by the decreased senescence-associated proteins including P16, P21, P53, and γ-H2AX as well as the activity of SA-β-gal, and inhibited pro-inflammatory activation of microglia both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, iPSC-sEVs shifted microglia from pro-inflammatory phenotype to anti-inflammatory phenotype, which reduced the apoptosis of neurons, and improved the outcome of aged stroke mice. Mechanism studies showed that iPSC-sEVs reversed the loss of Rictor and downstream p-AKT (s473) in senescent microglia, which was involved in the senescence and pro-inflammatory phenotype regulation of microglia. Inhibition of Rictor abolished the iPSC-sEVs-afforded phosphorylation of AKT and alleviation of inflammation of senescent microglia. Proteomics results indicated that iPSC-sEVs carried transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) to upregulate Rictor and p-AKT in senescent microglia, which could be hindered by blocking TGF-β1. Taken together, our work demonstrates iPSC-sEVs reverse the senescent characteristic of microglia in aged brains and therefore improve the outcome after stroke, at least, via delivering TGF-β1 to upregulate Rictor and p-AKT. Our data suggest that iPSC-sEVs might be a novelty therapeutic method for aged ischemic stroke and other diseases involving senescent microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yuguo Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Lei Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954, Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yu Chen
- The Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ji Yuan
- The Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Juntao Zhang
- The Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xianyou Zheng
- The Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
- Corresponding author. Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Department of Orthopedic Surgery Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qing Li
- The Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
- Corresponding author. Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Department of Orthopedic Surgery Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhifeng Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Neurosurgery Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
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67
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Sen S, Xavier J, Kumar N, Ahmad MZ, Ranjan OP. Exosomes as natural nanocarrier-based drug delivery system: recent insights and future perspectives. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:101. [PMID: 36860361 PMCID: PMC9970142 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03521-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized (size ~ 30-150 nm) natural vesicular structures released from cells by physiological processes or pathological circumstances. Exosomes are growing in popularity as a result of their many benefits over conventional nanovehicles, including their ability to escape homing in the liver or metabolic destruction and their lack of undesired accumulation before reaching their intended targets. Various therapeutic molecules, including nucleic acids, have been incorporated into exosomes by different techniques, many of which have shown satisfactory performance in various diseases. Surface-modified exosomes are a potentially effective strategy, and it increases the circulation time and produces the specific drug target vehicle. In this comprehensive review, we describe composition exosomes biogenesis and the role of exosomes in intercellular signaling and cell-cell communications, immune responses, cellular homeostasis, autophagy, and infectious diseases. In addition, we discuss the role of exosomes as diagnostic markers, and their therapeutic and clinical implications. Furthermore, we addressed the challenges and outstanding developments in exosome research and discuss future perspectives. In addition to the current status of exosomes as a therapeutic carrier, the lacuna in the clinical development lifecycles along with the possible strategies to fill the lacuna have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijita Sen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam 781101 India
| | - Joyal Xavier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar 844102 India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar 844102 India
| | - Mohammad Zaki Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 11001 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Om Prakash Ranjan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Assam 781101 India
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68
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Ma Y, Ma QW, Sun Y, Chen XF. The emerging role of extracellular vesicles in the testis. Hum Reprod 2023; 38:334-351. [PMID: 36728671 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane-bounded particles, released by all cells and capable of transporting bioactive cargoes, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, to regulate a variety of biological functions. Seminal plasma is enriched in EVs, and extensive evidence has revealed the role of EVs (e.g. prostasomes and epididymosomes) in the male genital tract. Recently, EVs released from testicular cells have been isolated and identified, and some new insights have been generated on their role in maintaining normal spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in the testis. In the seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cell-derived EVs can promote the differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), and EVs secreted from undifferentiated A spermatogonia can inhibit the proliferation of SSCs. In the testicular interstitium, EVs have been identified in endothelial cells, macrophages, telocytes, and Leydig cells, although their roles are still elusive. Testicular EVs can also pass through the blood-testis barrier and mediate inter-compartment communication between the seminiferous tubules and the interstitium. Immature Sertoli cell-derived EVs can promote survival and suppress the steroidogenesis of Leydig cells. Exosomes isolated from macrophages can protect spermatogonia from radiation-induced injury. In addition to their role in intercellular communication, testicular EVs may also participate in the removal of aberrant proteins and the delivery of antigens for immune tolerance. EVs released from testicular cells can be detected in seminal plasma, which makes them potential biomarkers reflecting testicular function and disease status. The testicular EVs in seminal plasma may also affect the female reproductive tract to facilitate conception and may even affect early embryogenesis through modulating sperm RNA. EVs represent a new type of intercellular messenger in the testis. A detailed understanding of the role of testicular EV may contribute to the discovery of new mechanisms causing male infertility and enable the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of infertile men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ma
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Wen Ma
- Shanghai Xinzhu Middle School, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Feng Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Human Sperm Bank, Shanghai, China
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69
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Colvett I, Saternos H, Coughlan C, Vielle A, Ledreux A. Extracellular vesicles from the CNS play pivotal roles in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration: lessons from in vitro experiments. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 4:72-89. [PMID: 37859665 PMCID: PMC10586524 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2023.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication between diverse cell types is crucial for the maintenance of the central nervous system, and exosomes have been shown to play an important role in this process. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are released by all cell types and carry cargoes that can elicit downstream effects in recipient cells. Exosomal communication in the central nervous system has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases, ranging from Alzheimer's disease to major depressive disorder. Though there remain many unknowns in the field of EV biology, in vitro experiments can provide many insights into their potential roles in health and disease. In this review, we discuss the findings of many in vitro EV experiments, with a focus on the potential roles in regulating cell viability, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurite integrity in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Colvett
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus,12700 E 19th Ave Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Hannah Saternos
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus,12700 E 19th Ave Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Christina Coughlan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus,12700 E 19th Ave Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Anne Vielle
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus,12700 E 19th Ave Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Aurélie Ledreux
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus,12700 E 19th Ave Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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70
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Li Y, Xing L, Wang L, Liu X, Wu L, Ni M, Zhou Z, Li L, Liu X, Huang Y. Milk-Derived Exosomes as a Promising Vehicle for Oral Delivery of Hydrophilic Biomacromolecule Drugs. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100797. [PMID: 37035132 PMCID: PMC10073618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, as promising vehicles, have been widely used in the research of oral drug delivery, but the generally low drug loading efficiency of exosomes seriously limits its application and transformation. In this study, we systematically investigated the effects of drug loading methods and physicochemical properties (lipophilicity and molecular weight) on drug loading efficiency of milk-derived exosomes to explore the most appropriate loading conditions. Our finding revealed that the drug loading efficiency of exosomes was closely related to the drug loading method, drug lipophilicity, drug molecular weight and exosome/drug proportions. Of note, we demonstrated the universality that hydrophilic biomacromolecule drugs were the most appropriate loading drugs for milk-derived exosomes, which was attributed to the efficient loading capacity and sustained release behavior. Furthermore, milk-derived exosomes could significantly improve the transepithelial transport and oral bioavailability of model hydrophilic biomacromolecule drugs (octreotide, exendin-4 and salmon calcitonin). Collectively, our results suggested that the encapsulation of hydrophilic biomacromolecule drugs might be the most promising direction for milk exosomes as oral drug delivery vehicles.
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71
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Wu KY, Kulbay M, Toameh D, Xu AQ, Kalevar A, Tran SD. Retinitis Pigmentosa: Novel Therapeutic Targets and Drug Development. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:685. [PMID: 36840007 PMCID: PMC9963330 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a heterogeneous group of hereditary diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal photoreceptors leading to progressive visual decline. It is the most common type of inherited retinal dystrophy and has a high burden on both patients and society. This condition causes gradual loss of vision, with its typical manifestations including nyctalopia, concentric visual field loss, and ultimately bilateral central vision loss. It is one of the leading causes of visual disability and blindness in people under 60 years old and affects over 1.5 million people worldwide. There is currently no curative treatment for people with RP, and only a small group of patients with confirmed RPE65 mutations are eligible to receive the only gene therapy on the market: voretigene neparvovec. The current therapeutic armamentarium is limited to retinoids, vitamin A supplements, protection from sunlight, visual aids, and medical and surgical interventions to treat ophthalmic comorbidities, which only aim to slow down the progression of the disease. Considering such a limited therapeutic landscape, there is an urgent need for developing new and individualized therapeutic modalities targeting retinal degeneration. Although the heterogeneity of gene mutations involved in RP makes its target treatment development difficult, recent fundamental studies showed promising progress in elucidation of the photoreceptor degeneration mechanism. The discovery of novel molecule therapeutics that can selectively target specific receptors or specific pathways will serve as a solid foundation for advanced drug development. This article is a review of recent progress in novel treatment of RP focusing on preclinical stage fundamental research on molecular targets, which will serve as a starting point for advanced drug development. We will review the alterations in the molecular pathways involved in the development of RP, mainly those regarding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptotic pathways, maintenance of the redox balance, and genomic stability. We will then discuss the therapeutic approaches under development, such as gene and cell therapy, as well as the recent literature identifying novel potential drug targets for RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y. Wu
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada
| | - Merve Kulbay
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Dana Toameh
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada
| | - An Qi Xu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ananda Kalevar
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada
| | - Simon D. Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
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Pattabiraman PP, Feinstein V, Beit-Yannai E. Profiling the miRNA from Exosomes of Non-Pigmented Ciliary Epithelium-Derived Identifies Key Gene Targets Relevant to Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020405. [PMID: 36829964 PMCID: PMC9952153 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) on tissues is a major pathological insult leading to elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Aqueous humor (AH) produced by the non-pigmentary ciliary epithelium (NPCE) drains out via the trabecular meshwork (TM) outflow pathway in the anterior chamber. The exosomes are major constituents of AH, and exosomes can modulate the signaling events, as well as the responses of their target TM tissue. Despite the presence of molecular mechanisms to negate OS, oxidative damage directly, as well as indirectly, influences TM health, AH drainage, and IOP. We proposed that the expression of microRNA (miRNAs) carried by exosomes in the AH can be affected by OS, and this can modulate the pathways in target cells. To assess this, we subjected NPCE to acute and chronic OS (A-OS and C-OS), enriched miRNAs, performed miRNA microarray chip analyses, and miRNA-based gene targeting pathway prediction analysis. We found that various miRNA families, including miR27, miR199, miR23, miR130b, and miR200, changed significantly. Based on pathway prediction analysis, we found that these miRNAs can regulate the genes including Nrf2, Keap1, GSK3B, and serine/threonine-protein phosphatase2A (PP2A). We propose that OS on the NPCE exosomal miRNA cargo can modulate the functionality of the TM tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanabhan Paranji Pattabiraman
- Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1160 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5209, USA
- Correspondence: (P.P.P.); (E.B.-Y.)
| | - Valeria Feinstein
- Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Elie Beit-Yannai
- Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Correspondence: (P.P.P.); (E.B.-Y.)
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73
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Muthukutty P, Woo HY, Ragothaman M, Yoo SY. Recent Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy Delivery Modalities. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020504. [PMID: 36839825 PMCID: PMC9967630 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is crucial in fighting cancer and achieving successful remission. Many novel strategies have recently developed, but there are still some obstacles to overcome before we can effectively attack the cancer cells and decimate the cancer environment by inducing a cascade of immune responses. To successfully demonstrate antitumor activity, immune cells must be delivered to cancer cells and exposed to the immune system. Such cutting-edge technology necessitates meticulously designed delivery methods with no loss or superior homing onto cancer environments, as well as high therapeutic efficacy and fewer adverse events. In this paper, we discuss recent advances in cancer immunotherapy delivery techniques, as well as their future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniyandi Muthukutty
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Woo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea
| | - Murali Ragothaman
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Yoo
- BIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +82-51-510-3402
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Elsayed R, Elashiry M, Liu Y, Morandini AC, El-Awady A, Elashiry MM, Hamrick M, Cutler CW. Microbially-Induced Exosomes from Dendritic Cells Promote Paracrine Immune Senescence: Novel Mechanism of Bone Degenerative Disease in Mice. Aging Dis 2023; 14:136-151. [PMID: 36818565 PMCID: PMC9937696 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the aging population grows, chronic age-related bone degenerative diseases become more prevalent and severe. One such disease, periodontitis (PD), rises to 70.1% prevalence in Americans 65 years and older. PD has been linked to increased risk of other age-related diseases with more serious mortality and morbidity profiles such as Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease, but the cellular and biological mechanisms remain unclear. Recent in vitro studies from our group indicate that murine dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells are vulnerable to immune senescence. This occurs through a distinct process involving invasion of DCs by dysbiotic pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) activating the senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Exosomes of the Pg-induced SASP transmit senescence to normal bystander DC and T cells, ablating antigen presentation. The biological significance of these findings in vivo and the mechanisms involved were examined in the present study using young (4-5mo) or old (22-24mo) mice subjected to ligature-induced PD, with or without dysbiotic oral pathogen and injection of Pg-induced DC exosomes. Senescence profiling of gingiva and draining lymph nodes (LN) corroborates role of advanced age and PD in elevation of senescence biomarkers beta galactosidase (SA-β-Gal), p16 INK4A p21Waf1/Clip1, IL6, TNFα, and IL1β, with attendant increase in alveolar bone loss, reversed by senolytic agent rapamycin. Immunophenotyping of gingiva and LN revealed that myeloid CD11c+ DCs and T cells are particularly vulnerable to senescence in vivo under these conditions. Moreover, Pg-induced DC exosomes were the most potent inducers of alveolar bone loss and immune senescence, and capable of overcoming senescence resistance of LN T cells in young mice. We conclude that immune senescence, compounded by advanced age, and accelerated by oral dysbiosis and its induced SASP exosomes, plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of experimental periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranya Elsayed
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA.
| | - Mahmoud Elashiry
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA.
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, GA, USA.
| | - Ana C. Morandini
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA.
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, GA, USA.
| | - Ahmed El-Awady
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA.
| | - Mohamed M. Elashiry
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo Egypt.
| | - Mark Hamrick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, GA, USA.
| | - Christopher W. Cutler
- Department of Periodontics, Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, GA, USA.
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Al-Jipouri A, Almurisi SH, Al-Japairai K, Bakar LM, Doolaanea AA. Liposomes or Extracellular Vesicles: A Comprehensive Comparison of Both Lipid Bilayer Vesicles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020318. [PMID: 36679199 PMCID: PMC9866119 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid and non-invasive pulmonary drug delivery (PDD) has attracted great attention compared to the other routes. However, nanoparticle platforms, like liposomes (LPs) and extracellular vesicles (EVs), require extensive reformulation to suit the requirements of PDD. LPs are artificial vesicles composed of lipid bilayers capable of encapsulating hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances, whereas EVs are natural vesicles secreted by cells. Additionally, novel LPs-EVs hybrid vesicles may confer the best of both. The preparation methods of EVs are distinguished from LPs since they rely mainly on extraction and purification, whereas the LPs are synthesized from their basic ingredients. Similarly, drug loading methods into/onto EVs are distinguished whereby they are cell- or non-cell-based, whereas LPs are loaded via passive or active approaches. This review discusses the progress in LPs and EVs as well as hybrid vesicles with a special focus on PDD. It also provides a perspective comparison between LPs and EVs from various aspects (composition, preparation/extraction, drug loading, and large-scale manufacturing) as well as the future prospects for inhaled therapeutics. In addition, it discusses the challenges that may be encountered in scaling up the production and presents our view regarding the clinical translation of the laboratory findings into commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Jipouri
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.A.-J.); (A.A.D.)
| | - Samah Hamed Almurisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia
| | - Khater Al-Japairai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang 26300, Malaysia
| | - Latifah Munirah Bakar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Selangor, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
| | - Abd Almonem Doolaanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University College MAIWP International (UCMI), Kuala Lumpur 68100, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.A.-J.); (A.A.D.)
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76
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Lucci C, De Groef L. On the other end of the line: Extracellular vesicle-mediated communication in glaucoma. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1148956. [PMID: 37113676 PMCID: PMC10126352 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1148956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising field of research due to their ability to participate in cell-to-cell communication via the transfer of their very diverse and complex cargo. The latter reflects the nature and physiological state of the cell of origin and, as such, EVs may not only play a pivotal role in the cellular events that culminate into disease, but also hold great potential as drug delivery vehicles and biomarkers. Yet, their role in glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, has not been fully studied. Here, we provide an overview of the different EV subtypes along with their biogenesis and content. We elaborate on how EVs released by different cell types can exert a specific function in the context of glaucoma. Finally, we discuss how these EVs provide opportunities to be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring of disease.
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Han J, Zhang Y, Ge P, Dakal TC, Wen H, Tang S, Luo Y, Yang Q, Hua B, Zhang G, Chen H, Xu C. Exosome-derived CIRP: An amplifier of inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1066721. [PMID: 36865547 PMCID: PMC9971932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1066721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) is an intracellular stress-response protein and a type of damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) that responds to various stress stimulus by altering its expression and mRNA stability. Upon exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light or low temperature, CIRP get translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm through methylation modification and stored in stress granules (SG). During exosome biogenesis, which involves formation of endosomes from the cell membrane through endocytosis, CIRP also gets packaged within the endosomes along with DNA, and RNA and other proteins. Subsequently, intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are formed following the inward budding of the endosomal membrane, turning the endosomes into multi-vesicle bodies (MVBs). Finally, the MVBs fuse with the cell membrane to form exosomes. As a result, CIRP can also be secreted out of cells through the lysosomal pathway as Extracellular CIRP (eCIRP). Extracellular CIRP (eCIRP) is implicated in various conditions, including sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion damage, lung injury, and neuroinflammation, through the release of exosomes. In addition, CIRP interacts with TLR4, TREM-1, and IL-6R, and therefore are involved in triggering immune and inflammatory responses. Accordingly, eCIRP has been studied as potential novel targets for disease therapy. C23 and M3, polypeptides that oppose eCIRP binding to its receptors, are beneficial in numerous inflammatory illnesses. Some natural molecules such as Luteolin and Emodin can also antagonize CIRP, which play roles similar to C23 in inflammatory responses and inhibit macrophage-mediated inflammation. This review aims to provide a better understanding on CIRP translocation and secretion from the nucleus to the extracellular space and the mechanisms and inhibitory roles of eCIRP in diverse inflammatory illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrun Han
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Peng Ge
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Tikam Chand Dakal
- Genome and Computational Biology Lab, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Haiyun Wen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuangfeng Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yalan Luo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Bianca Hua
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Biomedical Research Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, CA, United States
| | - Guixin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Hailong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Caiming Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Department of Molecular Diagnostics and Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Biomedical Research Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Monrovia, CA, United States
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78
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New Therapeutics for Extracellular Vesicles: Delivering CRISPR for Cancer Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415758. [PMID: 36555398 PMCID: PMC9779094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers are defined by genetic defects, which underlines the prospect of using gene therapy in patient care. During the past decade, CRISPR technology has rapidly evolved into a powerful gene editing tool with high fidelity and precision. However, one of the impediments slowing down the clinical translation of CRISPR-based gene therapy concerns the lack of ideal delivery vectors. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane sacs naturally released from nearly all types of cells. Although EVs are secreted for bio-information conveyance among cells or tissues, they have been recognized as superior vectors for drug or gene delivery. Recently, emerging evidence has spotlighted EVs in CRISPR delivery towards cancer treatment. In this review, we briefly introduce the biology and function of the CRISPR system and follow this with a summary of current delivery methods for CRISPR applications. We emphasize the recent progress in EV-mediated CRISPR editing for various cancer types and target genes. The reported strategies for constructing EV-CRISPR vectors, as well as their limitations, are discussed in detail. The review aims to throw light on the clinical potential of engineered EVs and encourage the expansion of our available toolkit to defeat cancer.
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79
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Overcoming tumor and mucosal barriers through active-loaded nanocarriers: nanoparticles and exosomes. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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80
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Soni N, Tripathi A, Mukherjee S, Gupta S, Mohanty S, Basu A, Banerjee A. Bone marrow-derived extracellular vesicles modulate the abundance of infiltrating immune cells in the brain and exert an antiviral effect against the Japanese encephalitis virus. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:798-815. [PMID: 36479206 PMCID: PMC9721092 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have regenerative capacity and have reported a beneficial effect on the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in an encephalitis model. However, the MSCs do not cross the blood-brain barrier and have other disadvantages limiting their therapeutic utility scope. Recently, there has been a shift in concept from a cell-based to a cell-free approach using MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). The MSC-EVs retain regenerative and immunomodulatory capacity as their parental cells. However, the role of MSC-EVs in limiting JEV pathology remains elusive. In this study, we have used Bone marrow (BM)-derived EV (BM-EVs) and assessed their effect on JEV replication and pathogenesis in primary neuronal stem cells and a murine model. The in vitro and in vivo studies suggested that BM-derived EVs delay JEV-induced symptoms and death in mice, improve the length of survival, accelerate neurogenesis in primary neuronal stem cells, reduce JEV-induced neuronal death, and attenuate viral replication. BM-EVs treatment upregulated interferon-stimulated genes. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a reduction in the frequency of macrophages. At the same time, CD4+ T cells and neutrophils were significantly augmented, accompanied by the alteration of cytokine expression with the administration of BM-EVs, reinforcing the immunomodulatory role of EVs during JEV-induced encephalitis. In conclusion, our study describes the beneficial role of BM-EVs in limiting JEV pathology by attenuating virus replication, enhancing antiviral response, and neurogenesis in primary neuronal stem cells. However, BM-EVs do not seem to protect BBB integrity and alter immune cell infiltration into the treated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Soni
- Laboratory of VirologyRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
| | - Aarti Tripathi
- Laboratory of VirologyRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
| | - Sriparna Mukherjee
- National Brain Research CentreManesarIndia
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyPavilion Roger‐Gaudry, Universite de MontréalMontréalQuébecCanada
| | - Suchi Gupta
- DBT‐Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Stem Cell FacilityAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Sujata Mohanty
- DBT‐Centre of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Stem Cell FacilityAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Arup Banerjee
- Laboratory of VirologyRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
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Mahmoudvand S, Shokri S, Nakhaie M, Jalilian FA, Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi A, Yarani R, Shojaeian A. Small extracellular vesicles as key players in cancer development caused by human oncogenic viruses. Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:58. [DOI: 10.1186/s13027-022-00471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Exosomes are the smallest group of extracellular vesicles in size from 30 to 150 nm, surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane, and originate from multivesicular bodies secreted by different types of cells, such as virus-infected cells. The critical role of exosomes is information transfer among cells, representing a unique way for intercellular communication via a load of many kinds of molecules, including various signaling proteins and nucleic acids. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively investigate the role of exosomes in promoting human oncogenic viruses-associated cancers.
Methods
Our search was conducted for published researches between 2000 and 2022 by using several international databases includeing Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science as well as Google scholar. We also reviewed additional evidence from relevant published articles.
Results
It has been shown that exosomes can create the conditions for viral spread in viral infections. Exosome secretion in a human tumor virus can switch on the cell signaling pathways by transferring exosome-encapsulated molecules, including viral oncoproteins, signal transduction molecules, and virus-encoded miRNAs, into various cells.
Conclusion
Given the role of exosomes in viruses-associated cancers, they can also be considered as molecular targets in diagnosis and treatment.
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Arthur P, Muok L, Nathani A, Zeng EZ, Sun L, Li Y, Singh M. Bioengineering Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Organoids and Optic Vesicle-Containing Brain Organoids for Ocular Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:3429. [PMID: 36359825 PMCID: PMC9653705 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal organoids are three-dimensional (3D) structures derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) that mimic the retina's spatial and temporal differentiation, making them useful as in vitro retinal development models. Retinal organoids can be assembled with brain organoids, the 3D self-assembled aggregates derived from hPSCs containing different cell types and cytoarchitectures that resemble the human embryonic brain. Recent studies have shown the development of optic cups in brain organoids. The cellular components of a developing optic vesicle-containing organoids include primitive corneal epithelial and lens-like cells, retinal pigment epithelia, retinal progenitor cells, axon-like projections, and electrically active neuronal networks. The importance of retinal organoids in ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt disease, retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetic retinopathy are described in this review. This review highlights current developments in retinal organoid techniques, and their applications in ocular conditions such as disease modeling, gene therapy, drug screening and development. In addition, recent advancements in utilizing extracellular vesicles secreted by retinal organoids for ocular disease treatments are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Arthur
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Laureana Muok
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Aakash Nathani
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Eric Z. Zeng
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
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Cho YE, Vorn R, Chimenti M, Crouch K, Shaoshuai C, Narayanaswamy J, Harken A, Schmidt R, Gill J, Lee H. Extracellular vesicle miRNAs in breast milk of obese mothers. Front Nutr 2022; 9:976886. [PMID: 36313069 PMCID: PMC9597365 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.976886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast milk has abundant extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing various biological molecules (cargo), including miRNAs. EVs are not degraded in the gastrointestinal system and circulation; thus, breast milk EVs (bEVs) are expected to interact with other organs in breastfed infants and modify the gene expression of recipient cells using miRNAs. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI is a critical factor influencing the composition of breast milk. Thus, in mothers with obesity, miRNAs in bEVs can be altered, which might be associated with adverse health outcomes in infants. In this study, we examined 798 miRNAs to determine which miRNAs are altered in the bEVs of mothers with obesity and their potential impact on breastfed infants. Methods We recruited healthy nursing mothers who were either of normal weight (BMI < 25) or with obesity (BMI ≥ 30) based on their pre-pregnancy BMI, and delivered a singleton baby in the prior 6 months. EVs were isolated from breast milk with ultracentrifugation. bEV characteristics were examined by flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging of EV markers. A total of 798 miRNAs were screened using a NanoString human miRNA panel to find differentially expressed miRNAs in bEVs of mothers with obesity compared to mothers of normal weight. Results We included 65 nursing mothers: 47 of normal weight and 18 with obesity based on pre-pregnancy BMI. After bEV isolation, we confirmed the expression of various EV markers. Out of 37 EV markers, CD326 (EpCaM) was the most highly expressed in bEVs. The most abundant miRNAs in bEVs include miR-30b-5p, miR-4454, miR-494-3p, and let-7 miRNAs. Target genes of the top 10 miRNAs were associated with cancer, prolactin pathway, EGFR, ErbB, and FoxO signaling pathway. In bEVs of mothers with obesity, 19 miRNAs were differentially expressed (adjusted p < 0.05 cut-off), which include miR-575, miR-630, miR-642a-3p, and miR-652-5p. These miRNAs and their target genes were associated with neurological diseases and psychological disorders. Conclusion In this study, we characterized bEVs and demonstrated altered miRNAs in bEVs of mothers with obesity and identified the pathways of their potential target genes. Our findings will provide insight for future studies investigating the role of bEVs in breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Cho
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Young-Eun Cho,
| | - Rany Vorn
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michael Chimenti
- College of Medicine The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Keith Crouch
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Chen Shaoshuai
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | | | - Alaria Harken
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Reegan Schmidt
- College of Nursing, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jessica Gill
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hyangkyu Lee
- Mo-Im Kim Nursing Research Institute, College of Nursing, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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84
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Applications of Exosomes in Diagnosing Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102027. [PMID: 36297462 PMCID: PMC9607910 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC) is a subset of bladder cancer with a significant risk for metastases and death. It accounts for nearly 25% of bladder cancer diagnoses. A diagnostic work-up for MIBC is inclusive of urologic evaluation, radiographic imaging with a CT scan, urinalysis, and cystoscopy. These evaluations, especially cystoscopy, are invasive and carry the risk of secondary health concerns. Non-invasive diagnostics such as urine cytology are an attractive alternative currently being investigated to mitigate the requirement for cystoscopy. A pitfall in urine cytology is the lack of available options with high reliability, specificity, and sensitivity to malignant bladder cells. Exosomes are a novel biomarker source which could resolve some of the concerns with urine cytology, due to the high specificity as the surrogates of tumor cells. This review serves to define muscle invasive bladder cancer, current urine cytology methods, the role of exosomes in MIBC, and exosomes application as a diagnostic tool in MIBC. Urinary exosomes as the specific populations of extracellular vesicles could provide additional biomarkers with specificity and sensitivity to bladder malignancies, which are a consistent source of cellular information to direct clinicians for developing treatment strategies. Given its strong presence and differentiation ability between normal and cancerous cells, exosome-based urine cytology is highly promising in providing a perspective of a patient’s bladder cancer.
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85
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Mougenot MF, Pereira VS, Costa ALR, Lancellotti M, Porcionatto MA, da Silveira JC, de la Torre LG. Biomimetic Nanovesicles—Sources, Design, Production Methods, and Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102008. [PMID: 36297442 PMCID: PMC9610935 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite all the progress in the field of liposomes and nanoparticles for applications as drug and gene delivery systems, the specific targeting and immune system escape capabilities of these systems are still limited. Biomimetic nanovesicles emerged as a strategy to overcome these and other limitations associated with synthetic carriers, such as short circulation time, cytotoxicity, and difficulty in crossing biological barriers, since many of the desirable abilities of drug delivery systems are innate characteristics of biological vesicles. Thus, the question arises: would biomimetic nanovesicles be responsible for addressing these advances? It is currently known that biomimetic nanovesicles (BNV) can combine the intrinsic advantages of natural materials with the well-known production methods and controllability of synthetic systems. Besides, the development of the biotechnology and nanotechnology fields has provided a better understanding of the functionalities of biological vesicles and the means for the design and production of biomimetic nanovesicles (BNV). Based on this, this work will focus on tracking the main research on biomimetic nanovesicles (BNV) applied as drug and gene delivery systems, and for vaccines applications. In addition, it will describe the different sources of natural vesicles, the technical perspectives on obtaining them, and the possibility of their hybridization with synthetic liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Franco Mougenot
- Department of Materials and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Sousa Pereira
- Department of Materials and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Letícia Rodrigues Costa
- Department of Materials and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Exact and Technological Sciences, Campus Florestal, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Florestal 35690-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Lancellotti
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-871, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Coelho da Silveira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Lucimara Gaziola de la Torre
- Department of Materials and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-19-3521-0397
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86
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Parsaei H, Moosavifar MJ, Eftekharzadeh M, Ramezani R, Barati M, Mirzaei S, Nobakht M. Exosomes to control glioblastoma multiforme: Investigating the effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on C6 cells in vitro. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:2028-2040. [PMID: 36098338 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a common, aggressive, fast-growing tumor of the central nervous system that currently has no effective treatment. Although stem cell therapy has shown promising in vitro achievements, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has always been a major hurdle to clinical success. To overcome this challenge, exosomes have been targeted as attractive drug delivery agents in numerous studies since they are small enough to enter the BBB. Furthermore, exosomes' characteristics and compositions are directly determined by the parent cell and these heritable traits affect their cell interactions. This article focuses on exosomes as an alternative to stem cell therapy to regulate glioma cell activity. Exosomes were isolated from rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) by ultracentrifugation method and then characterized via western blot, dynamic light scattering, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Next, various concentrations of the exosomes were incubated with C6 cells and their effects at different time points were evaluated in vitro. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and Annexin/Pi assay results confirmed that the isolated exosomes cause cell death mostly through apoptosis, and a linear correlation was observed between exosomes' concentration and their cytotoxicity. Following that, the scratch test, colony formation test, and Transwell assay confirmed exosomes' significant impact on the migration and invasion behavior of C6 cells. For the first time, rBMMSC-derived exosomes have been used as a single treatment for GBM rather than in combination with other treatments or as a pharmaceutical carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Parsaei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Javad Moosavifar
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Eftekharzadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Ramezani
- Department of Family Therapy, Women Research Center, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Barati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheil Mirzaei
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Nobakht
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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87
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Pollalis D, Kim D, Nair GKG, Kang C, Nanda AV, Lee SY. Intraocular RGD-Engineered Exosomes and Active Targeting of Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV). Cells 2022; 11:cells11162573. [PMID: 36010651 PMCID: PMC9406786 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the transretinal penetration of intravitreally injected retinal multicell-derived exosomes and to develop exosome-based active targeting of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) by bioengineering with ASL, which is composed of a membrane Anchor (BODIPY), Spacer (PEG), and targeting Ligands (cyclic RGD peptide). Methods: Retinal multicell-derived exosomes were recovered from a whole mouse retina using differential ultracentrifugation. Their size, number, and morphology were characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Exosome markers were confirmed using an exosome detection antibody array. Intravitreal injection of fluorescent (PKH-26)-labeled or engineered ASL exosomes (1 × 106 exosomes/μL) were given to the wild-type mouse or laser-induced CNV mouse model. Retinal uptake of exosomes was assessed by in vivo retinal imaging microscopy and histological staining with DAPI, GSA, and anti-integrin αv for retinal sections or choroid/RPE flat mounts. Active targeting of CNV was assessed by comparing retinal uptake between areas with and without CNV and by colocalization analysis of ASL exosomes with integrin αv within CNV. Staining with anti-F4/80, anti-ICAM-1, and anti-GFAP antibodies on retinal sections were performed to identify intracellular uptake of exosomes and immediate reactive retinal gliosis after exosome treatment. Results: An average of 2.1 × 109 particles/mL with a peak size of 140 nm exosomes were recovered. Rapid retinal penetration of intravitreally injected exosomes was confirmed by retinal imaging microscopy at 3 and 24 h post-injection. Intravitreally delivered PKH-26-labeled exosomes reached inner and outer retinal layers including IPL, INL, OPL, and ONL at 1 and 7 days post-injection. Intravitreally injected ASL exosomes were predominantly delivered to the area of CNV including ONL, RPE, and choroid in laser-induced CNV mouse models with 89.5% of colocalization with integrin αv. Part of exosomes was also taken intracellularly to vascular endothelial cells and macrophages. After intravitreal injection, neither naive exosomes nor ASL exosomes induced immediate reactive gliosis. Conclusions: Intravitreally delivered retinal multicell-derived exosomes have good retinal penetration, and ASL modification of exosomes actively targets CNV with no immediate reactive gliosis. ASL exosomes have a great potential to serve as an intraocular drug delivery vehicle, allowing an active targeting strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Pollalis
- USC Roski Eye Institute, USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Dongin Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Gopa Kumar Gopinadhan Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Changsun Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Arjun V. Nanda
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sun Young Lee
- USC Roski Eye Institute, USC Ginsburg Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Correspondence:
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88
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Fang Z, Ding Y, Xue Z, Li P, Li J, Li F. Roles of exosomes as drug delivery systems in cancer immunotherapy: a mini-review. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:74. [PMID: 35962862 PMCID: PMC9375799 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes can be released by a variety of cells and participate in intercellular communication in many physiological processes in the body. They can be used as carriers of cancer therapeutic drugs and have natural delivery capabilities. Some biologically active substances on exosomes, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC), have been shown to be involved in exosome-mediated anticancer immune responses and have important regulatory effects on the immune system. Exosome-based drug delivery systems hold great promise in future cancer immunotherapy. However, there are still substantial challenges to be overcome in the clinical application of exosomes as drug carriers. This article reviews the biological characteristics of exosome drug delivery systems and their potential applications and challenges in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yixuan Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zhigang Xue
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Peijuan Li
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Fei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
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89
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Exosomes as Crucial Players in Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:8286498. [PMID: 35910853 PMCID: PMC9328965 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8286498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects multiple systems. Its clinical manifestation varies across patients, from skin mucosa to multiorgan damage to severe central nervous system involvement. The exosome has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including SLE. We review the recent knowledge of exosomes, including their biology, functions, mechanism, and standardized extraction and purification methods in SLE, to highlight potential therapeutic targets for SLE.
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90
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Shapira S, Shimon MB, Hay-Levi M, Shenberg G, Choshen G, Bannon L, Tepper M, Kazanov D, Seni J, Lev-Ari S, Peer M, Boubas D, Stebbing J, Tsiodras S, Arber N. A novel platform for attenuating immune hyperactivity using EXO-CD24 in Covid-19 and beyond. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15997. [PMID: 35776000 PMCID: PMC9349550 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202215997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A small but significant proportion of Covid19 patients develop life-threatening cytokine storm. We have developed a new anti-inflammatory drug, EXO-CD24, a combination of an immune checkpoint (CD24) and a delivery platform (exosomes). CD24 inhibits the NF-kB pathway and the production of cytokines/chemokines. EXO-CD24 discriminates Damage- from Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs and PAMPs) therefore does not interfere with viral clearance. EXO-CD24 was produced and purified from CD24-expressing 293-TREx™ cells. Exosomes displaying murine CD24 (mCD24) were also created. EXO-CD24/mCD24 were characterized and examined, for safety and efficacy, in vitro and in vivo. In a phase Ib/IIa study, 35 patients with moderate-high severity COVID-19 were recruited and given escalating doses, 108 -1010 , of EXO-CD24 by inhalation, QD, for five days. No adverse events related to the drug were observed up to 443-575 days. EXO-CD24 effectively reduced inflammatory markers and cytokine/chemokine, though randomized studies are required. EXO CD24 may be a treatment strategy to suppress the hyper-inflammatory response in the lungs of Covid-19 patients and further serve as a therapeutic platform for other pulmonary and systemic diseases characterized by cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Shapira
- The Health Promotion Center and Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marina Ben Shimon
- The Health Promotion Center and Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mori Hay-Levi
- The Health Promotion Center and Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gil Shenberg
- The Health Promotion Center and Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Guy Choshen
- Department of Internal Medicine H, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lian Bannon
- Department of 4Internal Medicine F, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Tepper
- The Health Promotion Center and Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dina Kazanov
- The Health Promotion Center and Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Seni
- The Health Promotion Center and Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shahar Lev-Ari
- The Health Promotion Center and Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Peer
- Thoracic Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dimitrios Boubas
- 4th Dept of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4th Dept of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Nadir Arber
- The Health Promotion Center and Integrated Cancer Prevention Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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91
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Farley JT, Eldahshoury MK, de Marcos Lousa C. Unconventional Secretion of Plant Extracellular Vesicles and Their Benefits to Human Health: A Mini Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:883841. [PMID: 35721490 PMCID: PMC9198543 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.883841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms devoted to the secretion of proteins via extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been found in mammals, yeasts, and plants. Since they transport a number of leader-less proteins to the plasma membrane or the extracellular space, EVs are considered part of Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) routes. UPS involving EVs are a relatively new field in plants. Aside from their role in plant physiology and immunity, plant extracts containing EVs have also been shown to be beneficial for human health. Therefore, exploring the use of plant EVs in biomedicine and their potential as drug delivery tools is an exciting avenue. Here we give a summary of the state of knowledge on plant EVs, their crosstalk with mammalian systems and potential research routes that could lead to practical applications in therapeutic drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Farley
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carine de Marcos Lousa
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Carine de Marcos Lousa, ;,
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92
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Rawal SU, Patel BM, Patel MM. New Drug Delivery Systems Developed for Brain Targeting. Drugs 2022; 82:749-792. [PMID: 35596879 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSF) are two of the most complex and sophisticated concierges that defend the central nervous system (CNS) by numerous mechanisms. While they maintain the neuro-ecological homeostasis through the regulated entry of essential biomolecules, their conservative nature challenges the entry of most of the drugs intended for CNS delivery. Targeted delivery challenges for a diverse spectrum of therapeutic agents/drugs (non-small molecules, small molecules, gene-based therapeutics, protein and peptides, antibodies) are diverse and demand specialized delivery and disease-targeting strategies. This review aims to capture the trends that have shaped the current brain targeting research scenario. This review discusses the physiological, neuropharmacological, and etiological factors that participate in the transportation of various drug delivery cargoes across the BBB/BCSF and influence their therapeutic intracranial concentrations. Recent research works spanning various invasive, minimally invasive, and non-invasive brain- targeting approaches are discussed. While the pre-clinical outcomes from many of these approaches seem promising, further research is warranted to overcome the translational glitches that prevent their clinical use. Non-invasive approaches like intranasal administration, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibition, pro-drugs, and carrier/targeted nanocarrier-aided delivery systems (alone or often in combination) hold positive clinical prospects for brain targeting if explored further in the right direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti U Rawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Sarkhej-Sanand Circle Off. S.G. Road, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382210, India
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Mayur M Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India.
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93
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Current Strategies to Enhance Delivery of Drugs across the Blood–Brain Barrier. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050987. [PMID: 35631573 PMCID: PMC9145636 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) has shown to be a significant obstacle to brain medication delivery. The BBB in a healthy brain is a diffusion barrier that prevents most substances from passing from the blood to the brain; only tiny molecules can pass across the BBB. The BBB is disturbed in specific pathological illnesses such as stroke, diabetes, seizures, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. The goal of this study is to offer a general overview of current brain medication delivery techniques and associated topics from the last five years. It is anticipated that this review will stimulate readers to look into new ways to deliver medications to the brain. Following an introduction of the construction and function of the BBB in both healthy and pathological conditions, this review revisits certain contested questions, such as whether nanoparticles may cross the BBB on their own and if medications are selectively delivered to the brain by deliberately targeted nanoparticles. Current non-nanoparticle options are also discussed, including drug delivery via the permeable BBB under pathological circumstances and the use of non-invasive approaches to improve brain medication absorption.
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94
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Zhang X, Xu D, Song Y, He R, Wang T. Research Progress in the Application of Exosomes in Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:731516. [PMID: 35242126 PMCID: PMC8885989 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.731516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are present in all body fluids tested. They are secreted by a variety of cells including macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, and tumor cells. Exosomes secreted by different cells have different biological components and functional characteristics and play an important role in many pathophysiological activities. Recent studies have revealed that exosomes can regulate the occurrence and development of inflammatory immune diseases and tumors by transmitting their unique proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids as signaling molecules to other cells. Exosomes serve as a novel class of diagnostic biomarkers and drug delivery systems with promising applications in immunotherapy, particularly because breakthroughs in nanotechnology have led to the development and exploration of engineered exosomes for immunotargeted therapies. Therefore, here we review the progress being made on the application of exosomes in immunotherapy and its multiple regulatory mechanisms and explore the potential application of exosomes in immunotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Donggang Xu
- Second Clinical Department, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingqiu Song
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Rong He
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianlu Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
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95
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Liu S, Wu X, Chandra S, Lyon C, Ning B, jiang L, Fan J, Hu TY. Extracellular vesicles: Emerging tools as therapeutic agent carriers. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3822-3842. [PMID: 36213541 PMCID: PMC9532556 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and are present in all biological fluids of vertebrates, where they transfer DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, and metabolites from donor to recipient cells in cell-to-cell communication. Some EV components can also indicate the type and biological status of their parent cells and serve as diagnostic targets for liquid biopsy. EVs can also natively carry or be modified to contain therapeutic agents (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides, and small molecules) by physical, chemical, or bioengineering strategies. Due to their excellent biocompatibility and stability, EVs are ideal nanocarriers for bioactive ingredients to induce signal transduction, immunoregulation, or other therapeutic effects, which can be targeted to specific cell types. Herein, we review EV classification, intercellular communication, isolation, and characterization strategies as they apply to EV therapeutics. This review focuses on recent advances in EV applications as therapeutic carriers from in vitro research towards in vivo animal models and early clinical applications, using representative examples in the fields of cancer chemotherapeutic drug, cancer vaccine, infectious disease vaccines, regenerative medicine and gene therapy. Finally, we discuss current challenges for EV therapeutics and their future development.
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96
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Understanding the Correlation between Metabolic Regulator SIRT1 and Exosomes with CA-125 in Ovarian Cancer: A Clinicopathological Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:5346091. [PMID: 35496046 PMCID: PMC9053760 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5346091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer (OvCa), the deadliest gynaecological malignancy, is associated with poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Ovarian cancer has been related with CA-125 and metabolic reprogramming by SIRT1 leading to metastasis with the involvement of exosomes. Methods Clinicopathological data of OvCa patients were collected to perform the analysis. Patients' samples were collected during surgery for immunohistochemistry and flow cytometric analysis of SIRT1, HIF-1α, exosomal markers (CD81 and CD63), ki-67, and PAS staining for glycogen deposition. Adjacent normal and tumor tissues were collected as per the CA-125 levels. Results CA-125, a vital diagnostic marker, has shown significant correlation with body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.0153), tumor type (P = 0.0029), ascites level, ascites malignancy, degree of dissemination, tumor differentiation, FIGO stage, TNM stage, laterality, and tumor size at P < 0.0001. Since significant correlation was associated with BMI and degree of dissemination, as disclosed by IHC analysis, metabolic marker SIRT1 (P = 0.0003), HIF-1α (P < 0.0001), exosomal marker CD81 (P < 0.0001), ki-67 status (P = 0.0034), and glycogen deposition (P <0.0001) were expressed more in tumor tissues as compared to the normal ones. ROC analysis of CA-125 had shown 327.7 U/ml has the best cutoff point with 82.4% sensitivity and specificity of 52.3%. In addition, Kaplan-Meier plots of CA-125 (P < 0.0001), BMI (P = 0.001), degree of dissemination (P < 0.0001), and ascites level (P <0.0001) reflected significant correlation with overall survival (OS). Upon multivariate Cox-regression analysis for overall survival (OS), BMI (P = 0.008, HR 1.759, 95% CI 1.156-2.677), ascites malignancy (P = 0.032, HR 0.336, 95% CI 0.124-0.911), and degree of dissemination (P = 0.004, HR 1.994, 95% CI 1.251-3.178) were significant proving to be independent indicators of the disease. Conclusion Clinicopathological parameters like BMI, degree of dissemination, and ascites level along with CA-125 can be prognostic factors for the disease. Levels of CA-125 can depict the metabolic and metastatic factors. Thus, by targeting SIRT1 and assessing exosomal concentrations to overcome metastasis and glycogen deposition, individualized treatment strategy could be designed. In-depth studies are still required.
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Loch-Neckel G, Matos AT, Vaz AR, Brites D. Challenges in the Development of Drug Delivery Systems Based on Small Extracellular Vesicles for Therapy of Brain Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:839790. [PMID: 35422699 PMCID: PMC9002061 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.839790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have ∼30–200 nm diameter size and may act as carriers of different cargoes, depending on the cell of origin or on the physiological/pathological condition. As endogenous nanovesicles, sEVs are important in intercellular communication and have many of the desirable features of an ideal drug delivery system. sEVs are naturally biocompatible, with superior targeting capability, safety profile, nanometric size, and can be loaded with both lipophilic and hydrophilic agents. Because of their biochemical and physical properties, sEVs are considered a promising strategy over other delivery vehicles in the central nervous system (CNS) since they freely cross the blood-brain barrier and they can be directed to specific nerve cells, potentiating a more precise targeting of their cargo. In addition, sEVs remain stable in the peripheral circulation, making them attractive nanocarrier systems to promote neuroregeneration. This review focuses on the recent progress in methods for manufacturing, isolating, and engineering sEVs that can be used as a therapeutic strategy to overcome neurodegeneration associated with pathologies of the CNS, with particular emphasis on Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis diseases, as well as on brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gecioni Loch-Neckel
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Matos
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Vaz
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dora Brites
- Neuroinflammation, Signaling and Neuroregeneration Lab, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Cao Q, Huang C, Chen XM, Pollock CA. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Toward Cell-Free Therapeutic Strategies in Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:816656. [PMID: 35386912 PMCID: PMC8977463 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.816656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rising in global prevalence and has become a worldwide public health problem, with adverse outcomes of kidney failure, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. However, current treatments are limited to slowing rather than reversing disease progression or restoring functional nephrons. Hence, innovative strategies aimed at kidney tissue recovery hold promise for CKD therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are commonly used for regenerative therapy due to their potential for proliferation, differentiation, and immunomodulation. Accumulating evidence suggests that the therapeutic effects of MSCs are largely mediated by paracrine secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs), predominantly exosomes. MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) replicate the functions of their originator MSCs via delivery of various genetic and protein cargos to target cells. More recently, MSC-Exos have also been utilized as natural carriers for targeted drug delivery. Therapeutics can be effectively incorporated into exosomes and then delivered to diseased tissue. Thus, MSC-Exos have emerged as a promising cell-free therapy in CKD. In this paper, we describe the characteristics of MSC-Exos and summarize their therapeutic efficacy in preclinical animal models of CKD. We also discuss the potential challenges and strategies in the use of MSC-Exos-based therapies for CKD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Cao
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Chunling Huang
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Xin-Ming Chen
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol A Pollock
- Renal Medicine, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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Huang Z, Keramat S, Izadirad M, Chen ZS, Soukhtanloo M. The Potential Role of Exosomes in the Treatment of Brain Tumors, Recent Updates and Advances. Front Oncol 2022; 12:869929. [PMID: 35371984 PMCID: PMC8968044 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.869929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small endosomal derived membrane extracellular vesicles that contain cell-specific cargos such as lipid, protein, DNA, RNA, miRNA, long non-coding RNA, and some other cell components that are released into surrounding body fluids upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVB) and the plasma membrane. Exosomes are a one-of-a-kind cell-to-cell communication mechanism that might pave the way for target therapy. The use of exosomes as a therapeutic potential in a variety of cancers has been and is still being investigated. One of the most important of these has been the use of exosomes in brain tumors therapy. Exosome contents play a crucial role in brain tumor progression by providing a favorable niche for tumor cell proliferation. Also, exosomes that are secreted from tumor cells, lead to the protection of tumor cells and their proliferation in the tumor environment by reducing the inflammatory response and suppression of the immune system. Although some treatment protocols such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are common in brain tumors, they do not result in complete remission in the treatment of some malignant and metastatic brain tumors. Identifying, targeting, and blocking exosomes involved in the progression of brain tumors could be a promising way to reduce brain tumor progression. On the other way, brain tumor therapy with effective therapeutic components such as siRNAs, mRNAs, proteins, could be developed. Finally, our research suggested that exosomes of nanoscale sizes might be a useful tool for crossing the blood-brain barrier and delivering effective content. However, further research is needed to fully comprehend the potential involvement of the exosome in brain tumor therapy protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoufang Huang
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Shayan Keramat
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Izadirad
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St John's University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Jeyaraman M, Muthu S, Jeyaraman N. Challenges in the clinical translation of exosomal therapy in regenerative medicine. Regen Med 2022; 17:193-197. [PMID: 35187971 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2022-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine - Sri Lalithambigai Medical College & Hospital, Dr. MGR Educational & Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600095, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226010, India
| | - Sathish Muthu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226010, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College & Hospital, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, 624304, India
| | - Naveen Jeyaraman
- Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226010, India
- Department of Orthopaedics, Atlas Hospitals, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620002, India
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