51
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Salunkhe S, Murali AP, Mohammed Abdel Moneam H, Naranje V, Shanmugam R. 3D printing of plant fiber reinforced polymer composites (PFRC’s): an insight into methods, challenges and opportunities. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2133612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Salunkhe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Arun Prasad Murali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Hussein Mohammed Abdel Moneam
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Mechanical Engineering Department, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ragavanantham Shanmugam
- Advanced Manufacturing Engineering Technology, School of Engineering, Mathematics and Technology, Navajo Technical University, Crownpoint, New Mexico, USA
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52
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Nazir MH, Al-Marzouqi AH, Ahmed W, Zaneldin E. The potential of adopting natural fibers reinforcements for fused deposition modeling: Characterization and implications. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15023. [PMID: 37089374 PMCID: PMC10113796 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural fibers or their derivatives have gained significant attention as green fillers or reinforcement materials due to their abundant availability, environment-friendly nature and biodegradability for sustainable development. Despite the availability of modern alternatives such as concrete, glass-fiber/resin composites, steel, and plastics, there is still considerable demand for naturally occurring based materials for different applications due to their low cost, durability, strength, heat, sound, and fire-resistance characteristics. 3D printing has provided a novel approach to the development and advancement of natural fiber-based composite materials, as well as an important platform for the advancement of biomass materials toward intelligentization and industrialization. The features of 3D printing, particularly fast prototyping and small start-up, allow the easy fabrication of materials for a wide range of applications. This review highlights the current progress and potential commercial applications of 3D printed composites reinforced with natural fibers or biomass. This study discussed that 3D printing technology can be effectively utilized for different applications, including producing electroactive papers, fuel cell membranes, adhesives, wastewater treatment, biosensors, and its potential applications in the automobile, building, and construction industries. The research in the literature showed that even if the field of 3D printing has advanced significantly, problems still need to be solved, such as material incompatibility and material cost. Further studies could be conducted to improve and adapt the methods to work with various materials. More effort should be put into developing affordable printer technologies and materials that work with these printers to broaden the applications for 3D printed objects.
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53
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Desai SM, Sonawane RY, More AP. Thermoplastic polyurethane for three‐dimensional printing applications: A review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.6041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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54
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Almotairy A, Alyahya M, Althobaiti A, Almutairi M, Bandari S, Ashour EA, Repka MA. Disulfiram 3D printed film produced via hot-melt extrusion techniques as a potential anticervical cancer candidate. Int J Pharm 2023; 635:122709. [PMID: 36801364 PMCID: PMC10023499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is known globally as one of the most common health problems in women. Indeed, one of the most convenient approaches for its treatment is an appropriate bioadhesive vaginal film. This approach provides a local treatment modality, which inevitably decreases dosing frequency and improves patient compliance. Recently, disulfiram (DSF) has been investigated and demonstrated to possess anticervical cancer activity; therefore, it is employed in this work. The current study aimed to produce a novel, personalized three-dimensional (3D) printed DSF extended-release film using the hot-melt extrusion (HME) and 3D printing technologies. The optimization of the formulation composition and the HME and 3D printing processing temperatures was an important factor for overcoming the DSF heat-sensitivity issue. In addition, the 3D printing speed was specifically the most crucial parameter for alleviating heat-sensitivity concerns, which led to the production of films (F1 and F2) with an acceptable DSF content and good mechanical properties. The bioadhesion film study using sheep cervical tissue indicated a reasonable adhesive peak force (N) of 0.24 ± 0.08 for F1 and 0.40 ± 0.09 for F2, while the work of adhesion (N.mm) for F1 and F2 was 0.28 ± 0.14 and 0.54 ± 0.14, respectively. Moreover, the cumulative in vitro release data indicated that the printed films released DSF for up to 24 h. HME-coupled 3D printing successfully produced a patient-centric and personalized DSF extended-release vaginal film with a reduced dose and longer dosing interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Almotairy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, College of Pharmacy Taibah University, Al Madinah AlMunawarah 30001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alyahya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed Althobaiti
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Mashan Almutairi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suresh Bandari
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Eman A Ashour
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Michael A Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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55
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H R M, Benal MGM, G S P, Tambrallimath V, Ramaiah K, Khan TMY, Bhutto JK, Ali MA. Effect of Short Glass Fiber Addition on Flexural and Impact Behavior of 3D Printed Polymer Composites. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9212-9220. [PMID: 36936275 PMCID: PMC10018520 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM), one of the most widely used additive manufacturing (AM) processes, is used for fabrication of 3D models from computer-aided design data using various materials for a wide scope of applications. The principle of FDM or, in general, AM plays an important role in minimizing the ill effects of manufacturing on the environment. Among the various available reinforcements, short glass fiber (SGF), one of the strong reinforcement materials available, is used as a reinforcement in the acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) matrix. At the outset, very limited research has been carried out till date in the analysis of the impact and flexural strength of the SGF-reinforced ABS polymer composite developed by the FDM process. In this regard, the present research investigates the impact and flexural strength of SGF-ABS polymer composites by the addition of 15 and 30 wt % SGF to ABS. The tests were conducted as per ASTM standards. Increments in flexural and impact properties were observed with the addition of SGF to ABS. The increment of 42% in impact strength was noted for the addition of 15 wt % SGF and 54% increase with the addition of 30 wt % SGF. On similar lines, flexural properties also showed improved values of 44 and 59% for the addition of 15 and 30 wt % SGF to ABS. SGF addition greatly enhanced the properties of flexural and impact strength and has paved the path for the exploration of varied values of reinforcement into the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohankumar H R
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering
College, Kushalnagar 571234, India
| | - Maha Gundappa M. Benal
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering
College, Kushalnagar 571234, India
| | - Pradeepkumar G S
- Department
of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Vijay Tambrallimath
- Department
of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Keshavamurthy Ramaiah
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Dayananda Sagar
College of Engineering, Bangalore 560078, India
| | - T. M. Yunus Khan
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Khan Bhutto
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Azam Ali
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
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56
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A Mechanical Performance Study of Dual Cured Thermoset Resin Systems 3D-Printed with Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforcement. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061384. [PMID: 36987165 PMCID: PMC10054592 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the fastest-growing manufacturing technologies in modern times. One of the major challenges in the application of 3D-printed polymeric objects is expanding the applications to structural components, as they are often limited by their mechanical and thermal properties. To enhance the mechanical properties of 3D-printed thermoset polymer objects, reinforcing the polymer with continuous carbon fiber (CF) tow is an expanding direction of research and development. A 3D printer was constructed capable of printing with a continuous CF-reinforced dual curable thermoset resin system. Mechanical performance of the 3D-printed composites varied with the utilization of different resin chemistries. Three different commercially available violet light curable resins were mixed with a thermal initiator to improve curing by overcoming the shadowing effect of violet light by the CF. The resulting specimens’ compositions were analyzed, and then the specimens were mechanically characterized for comparison in tensile and flexural performance. The 3D-printed composites’ compositions were correlated to the printing parameters and resin characteristics. Slight enhancements in tensile and flexural properties from some commercially available resins over others appeared to be the result of better wet-out and adhesion.
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57
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Verma N, S A, Banerjee SS. Development of material extrusion 3D printable ABS/PC polymer blends: influence of styrene–isoprene–styrene copolymer on printability and mechanical properties. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2121218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandishwar Verma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Aiswarya S
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shib Shankar Banerjee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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58
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Numerical simulation and printability analysis of fused deposition modeling with dual-temperature control. Biodes Manuf 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-023-00239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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59
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Experimental Analysis of Fiber Reinforcement Rings' Effect on Tensile and Flexural Properties of Onyx™-Kevlar ® Composites Manufactured by Continuous Fiber Reinforcement. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051252. [PMID: 36904492 PMCID: PMC10007063 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing of composite materials is progressing in the world of 3D printing technologies; composite materials allow the combination of the physical and mechanical properties of two or more constituents to create a new material that meets the required properties of several applications. In this research, the impact of adding Kevlar® reinforcement rings on the tensile and flexural properties of the Onyx™ (nylon with carbon fibers) matrix was analyzed. Parameters such as infill type, infill density and fiber volume percentage were controlled to determine the mechanical response in tensile and flexural tests of the additive manufactured composites. The tested composites showed an increment of four times the tensile modulus and 1.4 times the flexural modulus of pure Onyx™ matrix when compared with that of the Onyx™-Kevlar®. The experimental measurements demonstrated that Kevlar® reinforcement rings can increase the tensile and flexural modulus of Onyx™-Kevlar® composites using low fiber volume percentages (lower than 19% in both samples) and 50% of rectangular infill density. However, the appearance of some defects, such as delamination, was observed and should be further analyzed to obtain products that are errorless and can be reliable for real functions as in automotive or aeronautical industries.
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60
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Bolat Ç, Ergene B, Ispartalı H. A comparative analysis of the effect of post production treatments and layer thickness on tensile and impact properties of additively manufactured polymers. INT POLYM PROC 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/ipp-2022-4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have become greatly popular in the polymer, metal, and composite industries because of the capability for rapid prototyping, and appropriateness for the production of complex shapes. In this study, a comprehensive comparative analysis focusing on the influence of post-processing types (heat treatment and water absorption) on tensile and impact responses was carried out on 3D printed PETG, PLA, and ABS. In addition, layer thickness levels (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 mm) were selected as a major production parameter and their effect on mechanical properties was combined with post-processing type for the first time. The results showed that both tensile and impact resistance of the printed polymers increased thanks to the heat treatment. The highest tensile strength was measured for heat-treated PLA, while the peak impact endurance level was reached for heat-treated PETG. Also, water absorption caused a mass increment in all samples and induced higher tensile elongation values. Decreasing layer thickness had a positive effect on tensile features, but impact strength values dropped. On the other hand, all samples were subjected to macro and micro failure analyses to understand the deformation mechanism. These inspections indicated that for impact samples straight crack lines converted to zigzag style separation lines after the heat treatment. As for the tensile samples, the exact location of the main damage zone altered with the production stability, the water absorption capacity of the polymer, and the thermal diffusion ability of the filament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağın Bolat
- Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department , Samsun University , Samsun , Türkiye
| | - Berkay Ergene
- Faculty of Technology, Mechanical Engineering Department , Pamukkale University , Denizli , Türkiye
| | - Hasan Ispartalı
- Innovative Technologies Application and Research Center , Suleyman Demirel University , Isparta , Türkiye
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61
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Fused Deposition Modelling of Polymeric Auxetic Structures: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15041008. [PMID: 36850291 PMCID: PMC9962281 DOI: 10.3390/polym15041008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques have recently attracted the attention of scientists for the development of prototypes with complex or particular geometry in a fast and cheap way. Among the different AM processes, the Fused Deposition Modelling process (FDM) offers several advantages in terms of costs, implementation features and design freedom. Recently, it has been adopted to realise auxetic structures, which are characterised by negative Poisson ratio, enhanced mechanical properties, and a higher compression resistance than conventional structures. This review outlines the use of AM processes, in particular FDM, to design and obtain auxetic structures, with the final aim to exploit their applications in different fields. The first part of this work presents a brief classification of auxetic structures and materials. Subsequently, a summary of additive manufacturing processes is presented, focusing on the use of FDM and its limitations. Finally, the studies on the use of additive manufacturing to produce auxetic structures are shown, evidencing the potential of the concurrent combination of a fast prototyping technique such as FDM and the characteristics of polymer- and/or composite-based auxetic structures. Indeed, this new technological field opens the possibility of realising novel structures with integrated smart behaviour, multifunctional properties, compression resistance, and a tailored microstructure and shape.
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62
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Lage-Rivera S, Ares-Pernas A, Becerra Permuy JC, Gosset A, Abad MJ. Enhancement of 3D Printability by FDM and Electrical Conductivity of PLA/MWCNT Filaments Using Lignin as Bio-Dispersant. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:999. [PMID: 36850283 PMCID: PMC9960198 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To increase the applications of FDM (fusion deposition modeling) 3D printing in electronics, it is necessary to develop new filaments with good electrical properties and suitable processability. In this work, polymer composites filament-shaped with superior electrical performance based on polylactic acid (PLA) carbon nanotubes and lignin blends have been studied by combining solution mixing and melt blending. The results showed that composites achieve electrical percolation from 5 wt.% of nanotubes, with high electrical conductivity. Moreover, the introduction of a plasticizing additive, lignin, improved the printability of the material while increasing its electrical conductivity (from (1.5 ± 0.9)·10-7 S·cm-1 to (1.4 ± 0.9)·10-1 S cm-1 with 5 wt.% carbon nanotubes and 1 wt.% lignin) maintaining the mechanical properties of composite without additive. To validate lignin performance, its effect on PLA/MWCNT was compare with polyethylene glycol. PEG is a well-known commercial additive, and its use as dispersant and plasticizer in PLA/MWCNT composites has been proven in bibliography. PLA/MWCNT composites display easier processability by 3D printing and more adhesion between the printed layers with lignin than with PEG. In addition, the polyethylene glycol produces a plasticizing effect in the PLA matrix reducing the composite stiffness. Finally, an interactive electronic prototype was 3D printed to assess the printability of the new conducting filaments with 5 wt.% of MWCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lage-Rivera
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI-Grupo de Polímeros, Campus de Esteiro, 15403 Ferrol, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ana Ares-Pernas
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI-Grupo de Polímeros, Campus de Esteiro, 15403 Ferrol, A Coruña, Spain
| | | | - Anne Gosset
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI, Campus de Esteiro, 15403 Ferrol, Spain
| | - María-José Abad
- Universidade da Coruña, Campus Industrial de Ferrol, CITENI-Grupo de Polímeros, Campus de Esteiro, 15403 Ferrol, A Coruña, Spain
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63
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Matuszczyk D, Weichert F. Reading Direct-Part Marking Data Matrix Code in the Context of Polymer-Based Additive Manufacturing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1619. [PMID: 36772663 PMCID: PMC9921453 DOI: 10.3390/s23031619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach to detect and decode direct-part-marked, low-contrast data matrix codes on polymer-based selective laser sintering manufactured parts, which is able to work on lightweight devices, is presented. Direct-part marking is a concept for labeling parts directly, which can be carried out during the additive manufacturing's design process. Because of low contrast in polymer-based selective laser sintering manufactured parts, it is a challenging task to detect and read codes on unicolored parts. To achieve this, at first, codes are located using a deep-learning-based approach. Afterwards, the calculated regions of interest are passed into an image encoding network in order to compute readable standard data matrix codes. To enhance the training process, rendered images, improved with a generative adversarial network, are used. This process fulfills the traceability task in assembly line production and is suitable for running on mobile devices such as smartphones or cheap sensors placed in the assembly line. The results show that codes can be localized with 97.38% mean average precision, and a readability of 89.36% is achieved.
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64
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Bernardo MP, Rodrigues BC, Sechi A, Mattoso LH. Grafting of maleic anhydride on poly(lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite composites augments their ability to support osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomater Appl 2023; 37:1286-1299. [PMID: 36537783 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221147422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of bone substitutes is the treatment of choice for bone defects exceeding a critical size, when self-healing becomes impossible. The use of 3D printing techniques allows the construction of scaffolds with customized properties. However, there is a lack of suitable materials for bone replacement. In this study, maleic anhydride-grafted poly (lactic acid) (MAPLA) was investigated as a potential compatibilizer agent for 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA)/hydroxyapatite (HA) composites, in order to enhance the physicochemical and biological properties of the scaffolds. The grafting process was performed by reactive processing in a torque rheometer, with the evaluation of the use of different concentrations of maleic anhydride (MA). The success of the grafting reaction was confirmed by titration of acid groups and spectroscopic analyses, indicating the presence of succinic anhydride groups on the PLA chain. Morphological analysis of the PLA/HA 3D scaffolds, using SEM, revealed that the use of the compatibilizer resulted in a structure free from voids and holes. The compatibilization also increased the degradation process. On the other hand, TGA and DSC analyses revealed that the use of a compatibilizer had little effect on the thermal properties of the composite. Most importantly, the samples with compatibilizer were demonstrated to have a minimal cytotoxic effect on human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), promoting the osteogenic differentiation of these cells in a medium without the addition of classical osteogenic factors. Therefore, the grafting of PLA/HA composites improved their physicochemical and biological properties, especially the induction of MSC osteogenic differentiation, demonstrating the potential of these scaffolds for bone tissue replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela P Bernardo
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agribusiness, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, 564899Embrapa Instrumentation, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Cell and Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, 9165RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bruna C Rodrigues
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agribusiness, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, 564899Embrapa Instrumentation, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Sechi
- Department of Cell and Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, 9165RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Luiz Hc Mattoso
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agribusiness, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, 564899Embrapa Instrumentation, São Paulo, Brazil
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65
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Mishra V, Negi S, Kar S. FDM-based additive manufacturing of recycled thermoplastics and associated composites. JOURNAL OF MATERIAL CYCLES AND WASTE MANAGEMENT 2023; 25:758-784. [PMID: 36686404 PMCID: PMC9838364 DOI: 10.1007/s10163-022-01588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hailed since the fourth industrial revolution, three-dimensional (3D) printing or additive manufacturing (AM) has been extensively implemented in various manufacturing sectors. This process is popular for generating regular products and incorporating innovative designs into the components like auxetic structures, such as fabrication of engineering products, customized implants and sophisticated biomedical devices. Over the years, one of the interesting outputs of this emerging technology is the reuse of waste thermoplastic materials to produce competent products through the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The strength of FDM components produced from thermoplastic waste is lower than that of virgin plastic FDM counterparts. So, there is a need to understand the significant changes in the recycled thermoplastic material during subsequent extrusions, which are chain scission, change in viscosity and breaking strength. The use of additives has been a promising solution to improve the performance of recycled material for 3D printing applications. Hence, this study aims to provide an overview of reusing plastic waste through FDM-based 3D printing. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the effect of processing on thermo-mechanical properties of recycled plastic FDM parts and the use of various additives to improve the overall quality. In addition, two case studies from open literature have been demonstrated to explain the use of FDM and associated technology for plastic recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Mishra
- National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam India
| | - Sushant Negi
- National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam India
| | - Simanchal Kar
- National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar, Assam India
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66
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Effect of Infill Parameters on the Compressive Strength of 3D-Printed Nylon-Based Material. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020255. [PMID: 36679135 PMCID: PMC9862055 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
3D printing is the most suitable method to manufacture the frame parts of powered ankle-foot prostheses but the compressive strength of the 3D-printed part needs to be ensured. According to the compression test standard ASTM D695, the effect of infill pattern and density, which is transferred to the mass of the standard specimen, on the compressive strength is investigated with a carbon fiber-reinforced nylon material. With the same infill pattern, specimens with more mass have a higher compressive strength. With the same mass, specimens with triangular fill have a higher compressive strength than those with rectangular and gyroid fills. Compared with specimens with a solid fill, specimens with a triangular fill can also provide more compressive strength in a unit mass. According to the results of standard specimens, following the requirement of strength and lightweight, 41% triangular fill is selected to manufacture the supporting part of a powered ankle-foot prosthesis. Under a compressive load of 1225 N, the strain of the assembly of the standard adaptor and the 3D-printed part is 1.32 ± 0.04%, which can meet the requirement of the design. This study can provide evidence for other 3D-printed applications with the requirement of compressive strength.
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67
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Pongraktham K, Somnuk K. Effects of static mixers on continuous methyl ester production: comparing four types of 3D-printed mixing elements. REACT CHEM ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00351a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Four types of 3D-printed static mixer were employed in the continuous transesterification process to examine the pressure drop and mixing intensity. Methanol, KOH, and mixer length were also optimized using RSM to obtain the highest biodiesel purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritsakon Pongraktham
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Krit Somnuk
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Energy Technology Research Center, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
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Brunner AJ, Alderliesten R, Pascoe JA. In-Service Delaminations in FRP Structures under Operational Loading Conditions: Are Current Fracture Testing and Analysis on Coupons Sufficient for Capturing the Essential Effects for Reliable Predictions? MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:248. [PMID: 36614585 PMCID: PMC9822337 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Quasi-static or cyclic loading of an artificial starter crack in unidirectionally fibre-reinforced composite test coupons yields fracture mechanics data-the toughness or strain-energy release rate (labelled G)-for characterising delamination initiation and propagation. Thus far, the reproducibility of these tests is typically between 10 and 20%. However, differences in the size and possibly the shape, but also in the fibre lay-up, between test coupons and components or structures raise additional questions: Is G from a coupon test a suitable parameter for describing the behaviour of delaminations in composite structures? Can planar, two-dimensional, delamination propagation in composite plates or shells be properly predicted from essentially one-dimensional propagation in coupons? How does fibre bridging in unidirectionally reinforced test coupons relate to delamination propagation in multidirectional lay-ups of components and structures? How can multiple, localised delaminations-often created by impact in composite structures-and their interaction under service loads with constant or variable amplitudes be accounted for? Does planar delamination propagation depend on laminate thickness, thickness variation or the overall shape of the structure? How does exposure to different, variable service environments affect delamination initiation and propagation? Is the microscopic and mesoscopic morphology of FRP composite structures sufficiently understood for accurate predictive modelling and simulation of delamination behaviour? This contribution will examine selected issues and discuss the consequences for test development and analysis. The discussion indicates that current coupon testing and analysis are unlikely to provide the data for reliable long-term predictions of delamination behaviour in FRP composite structures. The attempts to make the building block design methodology for composite structures more efficient via combinations of experiments and related modelling look promising, but models require input data with low scatter and, even more importantly, insight into the physics of the microscopic damage processes yielding delamination initiation and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J. Brunner
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanical Systems Engineering, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - René Alderliesten
- Department of Aerospace Structures & Materials, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
| | - John-Alan Pascoe
- Department of Aerospace Structures & Materials, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HS Delft, The Netherlands
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69
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Predicting the Printability of Poly(Lactide) Acid Filaments in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Technology: Rheological Measurements and Experimental Evidence. CHEMENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the authors aimed to identify a potential correlation between the printability and crucial rheological characteristics of materials involved in fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. In this regard, three different poly(lactide) acid (PLA)-based filaments (two commercially available (here called V-PLA and R-PLA) and one processed in a lab-scale extruder (here called L-PLA)) have been considered. Dynamic rheological testing, in terms of frequency sweep at five different temperatures (130, 150, 170, 190, and 210 °C), was performed. Rheological properties expressed in terms of viscoelastic moduli and complex viscosity curves vs. frequency, characteristic relaxation times, activation energy (Ea), zero shear viscosity (η0) and shear thinning index (n) were derived for each material. A characteristic relaxation time of around 0.243 s was found for V-PLA, a similar value (0.295 s) was calculated for R-PLA filaments, and a lower value of about an order of magnitude was calculated for L-PLA filament (~0.0303 s). The activation energy and shear thinning index resulted to be very comparable for all the filaments. On the contrary, V-PLA and R-PLA possessed a zero-shear viscosity (~104 Pa*s at 170 °C) much higher than L-PLA (~103 Pa*s). All the filaments were processed in a 3D printer, by attesting the effect of nozzle temperature (180, 190, and 210 °C, respectively) on printing process, and macroscopic shaping defects in printed objects. Final considerations allowed us to conclude that polymer relaxation time, zero-shear viscosity, and melt viscosity (affected by printing temperature) were critical parameters affecting the printing quality.
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70
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A Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Manufacturing Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Additively Manufactured PA and CF-Reinforced PA Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010038. [PMID: 36616388 PMCID: PMC9823968 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, 3D printers, which have a wide range of applications, continue to become widespread and are more and more common. As a result, in addition to the visuality of the parts produced with this method, their mechanical properties have gained importance depending on where they are used. In addition to the many conveniences, it provides during the design and production phases according to traditional methods the features of the printing parameters used, especially the printing direction and angle, which vary depending on the direction. For this reason, it is necessary to determine how the mechanical properties change depending on these parameters. In this study, compression, tensile, and bending tests were carried out with samples produced by the FDM method using polyamide (PA) and carbon fiber reinforced PA (PA-CF) filaments. The effects of fiber reinforcement, raster angle, and frame on the mechanical properties were evaluated. The porosity of manufactured parts was also discussed.
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71
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Mogan J, Harun WSW, Kadirgama K, Ramasamy D, Foudzi FM, Sulong AB, Tarlochan F, Ahmad F. Fused Deposition Modelling of Polymer Composite: A Progress. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010028. [PMID: 36616377 PMCID: PMC9823360 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) highlights developing complex and efficient parts for various uses. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is the most frequent fabrication procedure used to make polymer products. Although it is widely used, due to its low characteristics, such as weak mechanical properties and poor surface, the types of polymer material that may be produced are limited, affecting the structural applications of FDM. Therefore, the FDM process utilises the polymer composition to produce a better physical product. The review's objective is to systematically document all critical information on FDMed-polymer composite processing, specifically for part fabrication. The review covers the published works on the FDMed-polymer composite from 2011 to 2021 based on our systematic literature review of more than 150 high-impact related research articles. The base and filler material used, and the process parameters including layer height, nozzle temperature, bed temperature, and screw type are also discussed in this review. FDM is utilised in various biomedical, automotive, and other manufacturing industries. This study is expected to be one of the essential pit-stops for future related works in the FDMed-polymeric composite study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mogan
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - W. S. W. Harun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - K. Kadirgama
- Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - D. Ramasamy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - F. M. Foudzi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A. B. Sulong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - F. Tarlochan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - F. Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
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72
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Koltsov SI, Statsenko TG, Morozova SM. Modification of Commercial 3D Fused Deposition Modeling Printer for Extrusion Printing of Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245539. [PMID: 36559906 PMCID: PMC9784586 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report a simple modification of a commercially available printer with fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology for the implementation of extrusion printing of hydrogels. The main difference between an FDM printer and a gel-extrusion printer is their material propulsion system, which has to deal with ether a solid rod or liquid. By application of plastic 3D printing on an FDM printer, specific details, namely, the plunger system and parts of the gel supply system, were produced and combined with a modified printer. Two types of printing of polymer hydrogels were optimized: droplet and filament modes. The rheological ranges suitable for printing for each method were indicated, and the resolution of the samples obtained and the algorithms for creating g-code via Python scripts were given. We have shown the possibility of droplet printing of microspheres with a diameter of 100 microns and a distance between spheres of 200 microns, as well as filament printing of lines with a thickness of 300-2000 microns, which is appropriate accuracy in comparison with commercial printers. This method, in addition to scientific groups, will be especially promising for educational tasks (as a practical work for engineering students or for the introduction of 3D printing into school classes) and industrial groups, as a way to implement 3D extrusion printing of composite polymer hydrogels in a time- and cost-effective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semyon I. Koltsov
- Center NTI “Digital Materials Science: New Materials and Substances”, N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya St. 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia
- Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, Lomonosova street 9, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.I.K.); (S.M.M.); Tel.: +7-961-780-36-60 (S.I.K); +7-985-910-85-02 (S.M.M.)
| | - Tatiana G. Statsenko
- Center NTI “Digital Materials Science: New Materials and Substances”, N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya St. 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Severniy pr., Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sofia M. Morozova
- Center NTI “Digital Materials Science: New Materials and Substances”, N.E. Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya St. 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosov street 9, 197101 St. Peterburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (S.I.K.); (S.M.M.); Tel.: +7-961-780-36-60 (S.I.K); +7-985-910-85-02 (S.M.M.)
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73
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Analysis of PLA/PHB Biopolymer Material with Admixture of Hydroxyapatite and Tricalcium Phosphate for Clinical Use. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245357. [PMID: 36559724 PMCID: PMC9784836 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One trend in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is the development of degradable composite polymers. The aim of this study was the comprehensive analysis of Polylactic acid (PLA)/Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) + Hydroxyapatite (HA)/Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) material from filament production to mechanical testing of samples with different infills and the production of an implant replacement for an intervertebral disc. Filament Maker-Composer 450 (3devo; Netherlands) was used to produce filaments. Experimental samples and the implant for the intervertebral disc were made using FDM technology using a DeltiQ2 3D printer (Trilab, Czech Republic). Mechanical testing of experimental samples was performed on an Inspekt TABLE 5 kN (Hegewald & Peschke, Nossen, Germany). Microscopic analysis, cytotoxicity test, and filament diameter analysis using descriptive statistics were also part of the focus. The results of the analysis of the diameter of the filament show that the filament meets the prescribed standard. The cytotoxicity test for PLA/PHB + HA/TCP material showed no toxicity. Microscopic analysis showed an even distribution of the ceramic component in the composite polymer. Mechanical testing showed a reduction in mechanical properties with 75% and 50% of the filling of experimental samples. All experimental samples subjected to mechanical testing showed higher tensile and compressive strength values compared to the values of the mechanical properties of vertebral trabecular bones, as reported in the literature. It can therefore be concluded that the material under investigation, PLA/PHB + HA/TCP appears to be a suitable candidate for hard tissue replacement.
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Krajangsawasdi N, Hamerton I, Woods BKS, Ivanov DS, Longana ML. Open Hole Tension of 3D Printed Aligned Discontinuous Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8698. [PMID: 36500194 PMCID: PMC9740096 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the use of Discontinuous Aligned Fibre Filament (DcAFF), a novel discontinuous fibre reinforced thermoplastic filament for 3D printing, to produce structural complex parts. Compared to conventional composite manufacturing, 3D printing has great potential in steering fibres around small structural features. In this current study, the initial thin carbon fibre (CF)-poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) tape, produced with the High Performance Discontinuous Fibre (HiPerDiF) technology, is now reshaped into a circular cross-section filament, the DcAFF, using a bespoke machine designed to be scalable to high production rates rather than using a labour-intensive manual moulding method as in previous work. The filaments are then fed to a general-purpose 3D printer. Tensile and open-hole tensile tests were considered in this paper for mechanical and processability of DcAFF. The 3D printed specimens fabricated with the DcAFF show superior tensile properties compared to other PLA-based 3D printed composites, even those containing continuous fibres. Curvilinear open-hole tensile test samples were fabricated to explore the processability and performances of such material in complex shapes. The mechanical performance of the produced specimens was benchmarked against conventionally laid-up specimens with a cut hole. Although the steered specimens produced have lower strength than the fully consolidated samples, the raster generated by the printing path has turned the failure mechanism of the composite from brittle to ductile.
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75
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Kotomin SV, Kramarev DV, Obidin IM, Polunin SV. Influence of 3D Printing Conditions of Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol on the Mechanical Properties of Products Based on It. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x22700365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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76
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Recent Progress on Natural Fibers Mixed with CFRP and GFRP: Properties, Characteristics, and Failure Behaviour. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235138. [PMID: 36501533 PMCID: PMC9737680 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composite is continuously developing. Natural fibers from flora have received considerable attention from researchers because their use in biobased composites is safe and sustainable for the environment. Natural fibers that mixed with Carbon Fiber and or Glass Fiber are low-cost, lightweight, and biodegradable and have lower environmental influences than metal-based materials. This study highlights and comprehensively reviews the natural fibers utilized as reinforcements in polyester composites, including jute, bamboo, sisal, kenaf, flax, and banana. The properties of composite materials consisting of natural and synthetic fibers, such as tensile strength, flexural strength, fatigue, and hardness, are investigated in this study. This paper aims to summarize, classify, and collect studies related to the latest composite hybrid science consisting of natural and synthetic fibers and their applications. Furthermore, this paper includes but is not limited to preparation, mechanism, characterization, and evaluation of hybrid composite laminates in different methods and modes. In general, natural fiber composites produce a larger volume of composite, but their strength is weaker than GFRP/CFRP even with the same number of layers. The use of synthetic fibers combined with natural fibers can provide better strength of hybrid composite.
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77
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Xu Y, Song D, Wang X. 3D Bioprinting for Pancreas Engineering/Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235143. [PMID: 36501537 PMCID: PMC9741443 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is the most common chronic disease in the world, and it brings a heavy burden to people's health. Against this background, diabetic research, including islet functionalization has become a hot topic in medical institutions all over the world. Especially with the rapid development of microencapsulation and three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technologies, organ engineering and manufacturing have become the main trends for disease modeling and drug screening. Especially the advanced 3D models of pancreatic islets have shown better physiological functions than monolayer cultures, suggesting their potential in elucidating the behaviors of cells under different growth environments. This review mainly summarizes the latest progress of islet capsules and 3D printed pancreatic organs and introduces the activities of islet cells in the constructs with different encapsulation technologies and polymeric materials, as well as the vascularization and blood glucose control capabilities of these constructs after implantation. The challenges and perspectives of the pancreatic organ engineering/manufacturing technologies have also been demonstrated.
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78
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Mathew J, Das JP, TP M, Kumar S. Development of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) PBAT toughened poly (lactic acid) blends 3D printing filament. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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79
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Sandanamsamy L, Harun WSW, Ishak I, Romlay FRM, Kadirgama K, Ramasamy D, Idris SRA, Tsumori F. A comprehensive review on fused deposition modelling of polylactic acid. PROGRESS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2022; 8:1-25. [PMID: 38625345 PMCID: PMC9619022 DOI: 10.1007/s40964-022-00356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is one of the additive manufacturing (AM) techniques that have emerged as the most feasible and prevalent approach for generating functional parts due to its ability to produce neat and intricate parts. FDM mainly utilises one of the widely used polymers, polylactic acid, also known as polylactide (PLA). It is an aliphatic polyester material and biocompatible thermoplastic, with the best design prospects due to its eco-friendly properties; when PLA degrades, it breaks down into water and carbon dioxide, neither of which are hazardous to the environment. However, PLA has its limitations of poor mechanical properties. Therefore, a filler reinforcement may enhance the characteristics of PLA and produce higher-quality FDM-printed parts. The processing parameters also play a significant role in the final result of the printed parts. This review aims to study and discover the properties of PLA and the optimum processing parameters. This review covers PLA in FDM, encompassing its mechanical properties, processing parameters, characterisation, and applications. A comprehensive description of FDM processing parameters is outlined as it plays a vital role in determining the quality of a printed product. In addition, PLA polymer is highly desirable for various field industrial applications such as in a medical, automobile, and electronic, given its excellent thermoplastic and biodegradability properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Sandanamsamy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
| | - W. S. W. Harun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
| | - I. Ishak
- Faculty of Manufacturing and Mechatronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Malaysia
| | - F. R. M. Romlay
- Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang Malaysia
| | - K. Kadirgama
- Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang Malaysia
| | - D. Ramasamy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
| | - S. R. A. Idris
- Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang Malaysia
| | - F. Tsumori
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-Ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
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80
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Control of Crystallization of PBT-PC Blends by Anisotropic SiO2 and GeO2 Glass Flakes. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214555. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer composites and blend systems are of increasing importance, due to the combination of unique and different material properties. Blending polybutylene terephtalate (PBT) with polycarbonate (PC) has been the focus of attention for some time in order to combine thermo-chemical with mechanical resistance. The right compounding of the two polymers is a particular challenge, since phase boundaries between PBT and PC lead to coalescence during melting, and thus to unwanted segregation within the composite material. Amorphization of the semi-crystalline PBT would significantly improve the blending of the two polymers, which is why specific miscibility aids are needed for this purpose. Recent research has focused on the functionalization of polymers with shape-anisotropic glass particles. The advantage of those results from their two-dimensional shape, which not only improves the mechanical properties but are also suspected to act as miscibility aids, as they could catalyze transesterification or act as crystallization modifier. This work presents a process route for the production of PBT-PC blends via co-comminution and an in-situ additivation of the polymer blend particles with anisotropic glass flakes to adjust the crystallinity and therefore enhance the miscibility of the polymers.
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81
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Failure Prediction in 3D Printed Kevlar/Glass Fiber-Reinforced Nylon Structures with a Hole and Different Fiber Orientations. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204464. [PMID: 36298040 PMCID: PMC9611712 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the mechanical performance of 3D-printed, fiber-reinforced composites with a rectangular shape and a hole at one end. Nyon-6 was selected as a polymer matrix, and glass or Kevlar fibers were selected as continuous fibers due to their wide range of applications. Nylon is an engineering thermoplastic; reinforcing it with fibers, such as glass fiber or Kevlar, can significantly improve its mechanical properties. An analytical model was constructed based on the volume average stiffness approach to predict the mechanical properties of 3D-printed specimens. A numerical model was built to predict failure modes and damage in 3D-printed specimens with different fiber orientations. The stress-strain relationship was linear in all composites. For Kevlar-based composites, the maximum stress was 1.7 MPa, 3.62 MPa, 2.2 MPa, 1.0 MPa, and 1.4 MPa for the orientation angles of 0°, 22.5°, 45°, 67.5°, and 90°, respectively. Overall, Kevlar-based composites exhibited mechanical properties superior to those of glass-based composites. The effect of the fiber orientation was also different between the two systems. The simulation results predicted that the failure propagation begins in the areas close to the hole. Notably, the level of agreement between the simulated and experimental results varied depending on the fiber type and orientation, reflecting the complex interplay between multiple fibers, matrix interactions, and stress transfer.
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82
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Ferretti P, Santi GM, Leon-Cardenas C, Fusari E, Cristofori M, Liverani A. Production readiness assessment of low cost, multi-material, polymeric 3D printed moulds. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11136. [PMCID: PMC9626940 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) technology allows to choose a large variety of materials and it is widely used by companies and individuals nowadays. The cost effectiveness of rapid prototyping is achievable via FDM, that makes this technology useful for research and innovation. The application of 3D printing to aid production is the most common approach. Moreover, the use of 3D printing in prototypes result in a waste of material since no reuse is considered. In the following manuscript, this technology is applied to mould fabrication by achieving a low surface roughness at a modest cost compared to conventional manufacturing methods. Moreover, the possibility to use a combination of thermoplastic materials is analysed by examination of the CAD model optimized for Additive Manufacturing (AM) from scratch and was verified using metrology tools. Several moulds were finally built and applied to the specific case study of carbon fibre laminated components. This manuscript aims to analyse the manufacturing process by comparing the mould surface geometry before and after the smoothing process. The achieved tolerance between the produced moulds is ±0.05 mm that ensures the repeatability of the process from an industrial point of view; whilst the deviation between CAD and mould is ±0.2 mm. To combine an accurate FDM process together with chemical smoothing proved to be a powerful strategy to produce high quality components that can be inserted in the production process by means of traditional manufacturing techniques. This will aid to reduce the cost of standard manufacturing for low production batches and prototypes of carbon fibre composites. The FDM AM procedure must be properly set up for the best outcome. The new generation FDM AM machinery gives the opportunity to explore new opportunities to reach manufacturing process efficiency to widen the target of this technology. Surface quality by FDM creation can be outstandingly improved with chemical smoothing process. Quality control by means of 3D scanning proved to be efficient with detection resolution in the order of 0.01 mm.
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83
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Selvam A, Mayilswamy S, Whenish R, Naresh K, Shanmugam V, Das O. Multi-objective optimization and prediction of surface roughness and printing time in FFF printed ABS polymer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16887. [PMID: 36207348 PMCID: PMC9546872 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, fused filament fabrication (FFF) printing parameters were optimized to improve the surface quality and reduce the printing time of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) polymer using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), it is a statistical analysis tool. A multi-objective optimization technique was employed to predict the optimum process parameter values using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and response surface methodology (RSM) techniques. Printing time and surface roughness were analyzed as a function of layer thickness, printing speed and nozzle temperature. A central composite design was preferred by employing the RSM method, and experiments were carried out as per the design of experiments (DoE). To understand the relationship between the identified input parameters and the output responses, several mathematical models were developed. After validating the accuracy of the developed regression model, these models were then coupled with PSO and RSM to predict the optimum parameter values. Moreover, the weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) ranking method was employed to compare the RSM and PSO to identify the best optimization technique. WASPAS ranking method shows PSO has finer optimal values [printing speed of 125.6 mm/sec, nozzle temperature of 221 °C and layer thickness of 0.29 mm] than the RSM method. The optimum values were compared with the experimental results. Predicted parameter values through the PSO method showed high surface quality for the type of the surfaces, i.e., the surface roughness value of flat upper and down surfaces is approximately 3.92 µm, and this value for the other surfaces is lower, which is approximately 1.78 µm, at a minimum printing time of 24 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arivazhagan Selvam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Suresh Mayilswamy
- Department of Robotics and Automation Engineering, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ruban Whenish
- Centre for Bio Materials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Naresh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, USA
| | - Vigneshwaran Shanmugam
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India.
| | - Oisik Das
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden.
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84
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Kumar S, Singh I, R. Koloor SS, Kumar D, Yahya MY. On Laminated Object Manufactured FDM-Printed ABS/TPU Multimaterial Specimens: An Insight into Mechanical and Morphological Characteristics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194066. [PMID: 36236014 PMCID: PMC9573760 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing of commercial and reinforced filaments is a proven and well-explored method for the enhancement of mechanical properties. However, little has hitherto been reported on the multi-material components, fused or laminated together into a single specimen by using the laminated object manufacturing (LOM) technique for sustainable/renewable polymers. TPU is one such durable and flexible, sustainable material exhibiting renewable and biocompatible properties that have been explored very less often in combination with the ABS polymer matrix in a single specimen, such as the LOM specimen. The current research work presents the LOM manufacturing of 3D-printed flexural specimens of two different, widely used polymers available viz. ABS and TPU and tested as per ASTM D790 standards. The specimens were made and laminated in three layers. They were grouped into two categories, namely ABS: TPU: ABS (ATA) and TPU: ABS: TPU (TAT), which are functionally graded, sandwiched structures of polymeric material. The investigation of the flexural properties, microscopic imaging, and porosity characteristics of the specimens was made for the above categories. The results of the study suggest that ATA-based samples held larger flexural strength than TAT laminated manufactured samples. A significant improvement in the peak elongation and break elongation of the samples was achieved and has shown a 187% increase in the break elongation. Similarly, for the TAT-based specimen, flexural strength was improved significantly from approximately 6.8 MPa to 13 MPa, which represents a nearly 92% increase in the flexural strength. The morphological testing using Tool Maker’s microscopic analysis and porosity analysis has supported the observed trends of mechanical behavior of ATA and TAT samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, CT University, Ferozepur Rd, Sidhwan Khurd, Ludhiana 142024, Punjab, India
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (S.S.R.K.)
| | - I. Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, CT University, Ferozepur Rd, Sidhwan Khurd, Ludhiana 142024, Punjab, India
| | - S. S. R. Koloor
- Institute for Structural Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (S.S.R.K.)
| | - D. Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, CT University, Ferozepur Rd, Sidhwan Khurd, Ludhiana 142024, Punjab, India
| | - M. Y. Yahya
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Faculty of Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
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85
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Ahmed W, Al-Marzouqi AH, Nazir MH, Rizvi TA, Zaneldin E, Khan M. Comparative Experimental Investigation of Biodegradable Antimicrobial Polymer-Based Composite Produced by 3D Printing Technology Enriched with Metallic Particles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11235. [PMID: 36232537 PMCID: PMC9570174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the prevailing existence of the COVID-19 pandemic, novel and practical strategies to combat pathogens are on the rise worldwide. It is estimated that, globally, around 10% of hospital patients will acquire at least one healthcare-associated infection. One of the novel strategies that has been developed is incorporating metallic particles into polymeric materials that neutralize infectious agents. Considering the broad-spectrum antimicrobial potency of some materials, the incorporation of metallic particles into the intended hybrid composite material could inherently add significant value to the final product. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate an antimicrobial polymeric PLA-based composite material enhanced with different microparticles (copper, aluminum, stainless steel, and bronze) for the antimicrobial properties of the hybrid composite. The prepared composite material samples produced with fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technology were tested for different time intervals to establish their antimicrobial activities. The results presented here depict that the sample prepared with 90% copper and 10% PLA showed the best antibacterial activity (99.5%) after just 20 min against different types of bacteria as compared to the other samples. The metallic-enriched PLA-based antibacterial sheets were remarkably effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; therefore, they can be a good candidate for future biomedical, food packaging, tissue engineering, prosthetic material, textile industry, and other science and technology applications. Thus, antimicrobial sheets made from PLA mixed with metallic particles offer sustainable solutions for a wide range of applications where touching surfaces is a big concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Ahmed
- Engineering Requirements Unit, College of Engineering, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali H. Al-Marzouqi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Hamza Nazir
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tahir A. Rizvi
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Essam Zaneldin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mushtaq Khan
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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86
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Madhu NR, Erfani H, Jadoun S, Amir M, Thiagarajan Y, Chauhan NPS. Fused deposition modelling approach using 3D printing and recycled industrial materials for a sustainable environment: a review. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY 2022; 122:2125-2138. [PMID: 36091410 PMCID: PMC9443620 DOI: 10.1007/s00170-022-10048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
According to research findings of many peer-reviewed studies, up to 90% of household items may be made of plastic. But nowadays, just a small portion of plastic waste is recycled. Plastic pyrolysis and polymer breakdown are environmentally hazardous. Processing is, therefore, necessary for recycling. Plastics are constantly being manufactured and require minimal processing, necessitating innovation. Plastic recycling is becoming a major issue for environmentalists and waste management professionals. Fused deposition modelling, or FDM, is one of the most popular types of additive manufacturing. It uses the melt extrusion process to deposit filaments of thermal polymers in a predetermined pattern. Using a computer-generated design, 3D printing, sometimes referred to as additive manufacturing, is a technique for building three-dimensional objects layer by layer. A 3D item is produced by the additive method of 3D printing, which involves building up layers of material. To make a three-dimensional object, FDM printers eject a thermoplastic filament that has been heated to its melting point layer by layer. 3D printing is a rapidly expanding industry and the market in this field has grown up to 23% by 2021. Several experiments on new 3D printing materials have been carried out to reduce pollution and the supply of plastic. Various additives have been investigated to increase recycled polymers' molecular weight and mechanical properties. The most frequent type of fibre found in that is thermoplastic fibre. In this instance, waste ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) plastic from industrial FDM printers was gathered and examined in a bustling open shop. In this review, we discussed the use of recyclable polymers in 3D printing for waste material management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithar Ranjan Madhu
- Department of Zoology, Acharya Prafulla Chandra College, New Barrackpore, West Bengal India
| | - Hadi Erfani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sapana Jadoun
- Laboratorio de Especiación Y Trazas Elementales, Departamento de Química Analítica E Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mohammad Amir
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, Delhi, India
| | - Y. Thiagarajan
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Christ College of Engineering and Technology, Puducherry, India
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87
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Pertuz-Comas AD, Díaz JG, Meneses-Duran OJ, Niño-Álvarez NY, León-Becerra J. Flexural Fatigue in a Polymer Matrix Composite Material Reinforced with Continuous Kevlar Fibers Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173586. [PMID: 36080661 PMCID: PMC9460221 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue bending tests, under controlled displacement, were performed on a polymer matrix composite material reinforced with continuous Kevlar fibers. The samples were fabricated using the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technique in a Markforged Two® 3D printer. The static characterization delivered a flexural modulus of elasticity of 4.73 GPa and flexural strength of 110 MPa. The applied loading corresponded to 92.3, 88.5, 86.2, and 84.7% of the static flexural displacement, giving 15, 248, 460, and 711 cycles for failure. Additionally, two numerical models were created: one using orthotropic properties for static loading conditions; and a second one using isotropic in-bulk properties for fatigue modeling. The second model was able to reproduce the experimental fatigue results. Finally, morphological analysis of the fractured surface revealed fiber breakage, fiber tearing, fiber buckling, matrix cracking, and matrix porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto David Pertuz-Comas
- GIC, Escuela de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27 Calle 9, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Jorge G. Díaz
- GIEMA, Escuela de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27 Calle 9, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
- Correspondence:
| | - Oscar Javier Meneses-Duran
- Escuela de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27 Calle 9, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Nixon Yesid Niño-Álvarez
- Escuela de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27 Calle 9, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| | - Juan León-Becerra
- Escuela de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 27 Calle 9, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
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88
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Characterization of 3D Printed Polylactic Acid by Fused Granular Fabrication through Printing Accuracy, Porosity, Thermal and Mechanical Analyses. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173530. [PMID: 36080605 PMCID: PMC9460545 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused Granular Fabrication (FGF) or screw-extrusion based 3D printing for polymers is a less diffused alternative to filament-based Additive Manufacturing (AM). Its greatest advantage lies in superior sustainability; in fact, polymer granules can be used to directly feed an FGF printer, reducing the time, cost and energy of producing a part. Moreover, with this technology, a circular economy approach involving the use of pellets made from plastic waste can be easily implemented. Polylactic Acid (PLA) pellets were processed at different printing speeds and with different infill percentages on a customized version of a commercial Prusa i3 Plus 3D printer modified with a Mahor screw extruder. For the characterization of the 3D printed samples, rheological, thermal, mechanical and porosity analyses were carried out. In addition, the energy consumption of the 3D printer was monitored during the production of the specimens. The results showed that a higher printing speed leads to lower energy consumption, without compromising material strength, whereas a slower printing speed is preferable to increase material stiffness.
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89
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Tümer EH, Erbil HY, Akdoǧan N. Wetting of Superhydrophobic Polylactic Acid Micropillared Patterns. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10052-10064. [PMID: 35930742 PMCID: PMC9387099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic (SH) polylactic acid (PLA) surfaces were previously produced by various methods and used especially in biomedical applications and oil/water separation processes after 2008. However, the wettability of SH-PLA patterns containing micropillars has not been investigated before. In this study, PLA patterns having regular microstructured pillars with 12 different pillar diameters and pillar-to-pillar distances were prepared by hot pressing pre-flattened PLA sheets onto preformed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) soft molds having micro-sized pits. PDMS templates were previously prepared by photolithography using SU-8 molds. Apparent, advancing, and receding water contact angle measurements were carried out on the PLA patterns containing micropillars, and the morphology of the patterns was examined by optical and SEM microscopy. The largest contact angle obtained without the surface modification of the pure PLA pattern was 139°. Then, PLA micropatterns were hydrophobized using three types of silanes via chemical vapor deposition method, and SH-PLA patterns were obtained having θs of up to 167°. It was found that the highest θ values could be obtained when PLA pattern samples were coated with a silane containing a fluorine atom in its chemical structure. Washing and service life stability tests were also performed on the coated pattern samples and all of the silane coatings on the PLA patterns were found to be resistant over a 6 month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Hazal Tümer
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Gebze Technical
University, Gebze, Kocaeli 41400, Türkiye
| | - H. Yildirim Erbil
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Gebze Technical
University, Gebze, Kocaeli 41400, Türkiye
| | - Numan Akdoǧan
- Department
of Physics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli 41400, Türkiye
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90
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Xie Y, Yu Y, Xie H, Huang F, Hughes TC. 3D-printed heterogeneous Cu 2O monoliths: Reusable supports for Antibiotic Treatmentantibiotic treatment of wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129170. [PMID: 35739707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, surfactant stabilized dispersions of the Cu2O microparticles in a commercially available photocurable resin were 3D printed into both porous and non-porous monoliths, and the heterogeneous Cu2O catalytic monolith with improved mass transfer characteristics was applied for antibiotic wastewater treatment. The physicochemical properties of catalytic monoliths were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetric. Ten intermediates were analyzed and identified by GC-MS, and the corresponding degradation pathways were proposed. Both numerical simulation and degradation experiments were used to explore the mass transfer mechanism and catalytic performance of the monoliths. The results showed that the 3D-printed monolith with a well-defined porous network exhibited a high ofloxacin degradation efficiency (100%) based on the sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes. In addition, the catalytic monolith showed sustained high activity over 7 reusable cycles demonstrating its feasibility in removal of antibiotics from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; Manufacturing, CSIRO, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia.
| | - Haodong Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Fei Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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91
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Monia Kabandana GK, Zhang T, Chen C. Emerging 3D printing technologies and methodologies for microfluidic development. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:2885-2906. [PMID: 35866586 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00798c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This review paper examines recent (mostly 2018 or later) advancements in 3D printed microfluidics. Microfluidic devices are widely applied in various fields such as drug delivery, point-of-care diagnosis, and bioanalytical research. In addition to soft lithography, 3D printing has become an appealing technology to develop microfluidics recently. In this work, three main 3D printing technologies, stereolithography, fused filament deposition, and polyjet, which are commonly used to fabricate microfluidic devices, are thoroughly discussed. The advantages, limitations, and recent microfluidic applications are analyzed. New technical advancements within these technology frameworks are also summarized, which are especially suitable for microfluidic development. Next, new emerging 3D-printing technologies are introduced, including the direct printing of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), glass, and biopolymers. Although limited microfluidic applications based on these technologies can be found in the literature, they show high potential to revolutionize the next generation of 3D-printed microfluidic apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giraso Keza Monia Kabandana
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
| | - Chengpeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
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92
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Funk NL, Fantaus S, Beck RCR. Immediate release 3D printed oral dosage forms: How different polymers have been explored to reach suitable drug release behaviour. Int J Pharm 2022; 625:122066. [PMID: 35926751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been gaining attention as a new technological approach to obtain immediate release (IR) dosage forms. The versatility conferred by 3D printing techniques arises from the suitability of using different polymeric materials in the production of solids with different porosities, geometries, sizes, and infill patterns. The appropriate choice of polymer can facilitate in reaching IR specifications and afford other specific properties to 3D printed solid dosage forms. This review aims to provide an overview of the polymers that have been employed in the development of IR 3D printed dosage forms, mainly considering their in vitro drug release behaviour. The physicochemical and mechanical properties of the IR 3D printed dosage forms will also be discussed, together with the manufacturing process strategies. Up to now, methacrylic polymers, cellulosic polymers, vinyl derivatives, glycols and different polymeric blends have been explored to produce IR 3D printed dosage forms. Their effects on drug release profiles are critically discussed here, giving a complete overview to drive formulators towards a rational choice of polymeric material and thus contributing to future studies in 3D printing of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Lysyk Funk
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratório de Nanocarreadores e Impressão 3D em Tecnologia Farmacêutica (Nano3D), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stephani Fantaus
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Laboratório de Nanocarreadores e Impressão 3D em Tecnologia Farmacêutica (Nano3D), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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93
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Hedjazi L, Guessasma S, Belhabib S, Stephant N. On the Mechanical Performance of Polylactic Material Reinforced by Ceramic in Fused Filament Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142924. [PMID: 35890698 PMCID: PMC9321906 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the potential of using ceramics-based filaments as a feedstock material in an additive manufacturing process. Tensile specimens of PLA-ceramic (PLC) material are manufactured using a fused deposition modelling process, applying various printing parameters including printing angle and part orientation. Mechanical testing is performed on both the filaments and 3D-printed parts, and the related engineering quantities are derived. The experimental results show that PLC wire properties are substantially restored for the horizontal and lateral printing orientations, with only a 9% reduction in stiffness. In addition, a typical elastic-plastic response is achieved with these orientations, allowing the PLC to achieve excellent stiffness and elongation-at-break performance. The mechanical performance of the PLC is explained by the large proportion of continuous filaments along the loading direction. In addition, the printing angle is found to be a secondary factor allowing for layups at −45°/+45° and 0°/90°, resulting in the best tensile performance. The downside of using PLC is the lack of mechanical transfer, which is associated with weak interfacial behaviour and the inability to achieve high tensile strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotfi Hedjazi
- ESTP Campus de Troyes, 2 Rue Gustave Eiffel, F-10430 Rosières-prés-Troyes, France;
| | - Sofiane Guessasma
- INRAE, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, F-44300 Nantes, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)2-40-67-50-36
| | - Sofiane Belhabib
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F-44000 Nantes, France;
| | - Nicolas Stephant
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44300 Nantes, France;
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94
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Zaharia SM, Pop MA, Chicos LA, Buican GR, Lancea C, Pascariu IS, Stamate VM. Compression and Bending Properties of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Sandwich Structures Produced via Fused Filament Fabrication Process. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142923. [PMID: 35890699 PMCID: PMC9323064 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, through the process of thermoplastic extrusion of filament, allows the manufacture of complex composite sandwich structures in a short time with low costs. This paper presents the design and fabrication by Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) of composite sandwich structures with short fibers, having three core types C, Z, and H, followed by mechanical performance testing of the structures for compression and bending in three points. Flatwise compression tests and three-point bending have clearly indicated the superior performance of H-core sandwich structures due to dense core structures. The main modes of failure of composite sandwich structures were analyzed microscopically, highlighting core shear buckling in compression tests and face indentation in three-point bending tests. The strength–mass ratio allowed the identification of the structures with the best performances considering the desire to reduce the mass, so: the H-core sandwich structures showed the best results in compression tests and the C-core sandwich structures in three-point bending tests. The feasibility of the FFF process and the three-point bending test of composite wing sections, which will be used on an unmanned aircraft, have also been demonstrated. The finite element analysis showed the distribution of equivalent stresses and reaction forces for the composite wing sections tested for bending, proving to validate the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Marian Zaharia
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.-A.C.); (G.R.B.); (C.L.); (I.S.P.); (V.-M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Mihai Alin Pop
- Department of Materials Science, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Lucia-Antoneta Chicos
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.-A.C.); (G.R.B.); (C.L.); (I.S.P.); (V.-M.S.)
| | - George Razvan Buican
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.-A.C.); (G.R.B.); (C.L.); (I.S.P.); (V.-M.S.)
| | - Camil Lancea
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.-A.C.); (G.R.B.); (C.L.); (I.S.P.); (V.-M.S.)
| | - Ionut Stelian Pascariu
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.-A.C.); (G.R.B.); (C.L.); (I.S.P.); (V.-M.S.)
| | - Valentin-Marian Stamate
- Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania; (L.-A.C.); (G.R.B.); (C.L.); (I.S.P.); (V.-M.S.)
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95
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Zeng YS, Hsueh MH, Lai CJ, Hsiao TC, Pan CY, Huang WC, Chang CH, Wang SH. An Investigation on the Hardness of Polylactic Acid Parts Fabricated via Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142789. [PMID: 35890565 PMCID: PMC9324295 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper investigated the hardness property of the fused deposition modeling (FDM)-printed PLA samples via different process parameters of printing and raster angles. The hardness data were sampled from the flat and edge surfaces of the samples. In addition, the effect of hardness characters after the ultraviolet (UV) curing process was analyzed. Furthermore, this research found that the printing and raster angles significantly affected the hardness value of the PLA part, which slightly increased after the UV irradiation. Moreover, the results of this study will provide a reference for the field of FDM application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shan Zeng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807618, Taiwan; (Y.-S.Z.); (T.-C.H.)
| | - Ming-Hsien Hsueh
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807618, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (M.-H.H.); (C.-J.L.)
| | - Chao-Jung Lai
- Department of Fashion Design and Management, Tainan University of Technology, Tainan 710302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-H.H.); (C.-J.L.)
| | - Te-Ching Hsiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807618, Taiwan; (Y.-S.Z.); (T.-C.H.)
| | - Chieh-Yu Pan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 811213, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Chen Huang
- Department of Information Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Marketing and Distribution Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan;
| | - Shi-Hao Wang
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807618, Taiwan;
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96
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Failures and Flaws in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Additively Manufactured Polymers and Composites. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6070202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the potential failures and flaws associated with fused deposition modeling (FDM) or fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing technology are highlighted. The focus of this article is on presenting the failures and flaws that are caused by the operational standpoints and which are based on the many years of experience with current and emerging materials and equipment for the 3D printing of polymers and composites using the FDM/FFF method. FDM or FFF 3D printing, which is also known as an additive manufacturing (AM) technique, is a material processing and fabrication method where the raw material, usually in the form of filaments, is added layer-by-layer to create a three-dimensional part from a computer designed model. As expected, there are many advantages in terms of material usage, fabrication time, the complexity of the part, and the ease of use in FDM/FFF, which are extensively discussed in many articles. However, to upgrade the application of this technology from public general usage and prototyping to large-scale production use, as well as to be certain about the integrity of the parts even in a prototype, the quality and structural properties of the products become a big concern. This study provides discussions and insights into the potential factors that can cause the failure of 3D printers when producing a part and presents the type and characteristics of potential flaws that can happen in the produced parts. Common defects posed by FDM printing have been discussed, and common nondestructive detection methods to identify these flaws both in-process and after the process is completed are discussed. The discussions on the failures and flaws in machines provides useful information on troubleshooting the process if they happen, and the review on the failures and flaws in parts helps researchers and operators learn about the causes and effects of the flaws in a practical way.
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97
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Thumsorn S, Prasong W, Kurose T, Ishigami A, Kobayashi Y, Ito H. Rheological Behavior and Dynamic Mechanical Properties for Interpretation of Layer Adhesion in FDM 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132721. [PMID: 35808766 PMCID: PMC9268954 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial filaments of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites with particulate filler, carbon fiber, and copper powder with different contents were fabricated by FDM 3D printing in XZ-direction at bed temperatures of 45 °C and 60 °C. The effects of additives and bed temperatures on layer adhesion, fracture behavior, and mechanical performance of the PLA composites 3D printing were evaluated. Rheological properties informed viscous nature of all filaments and interface bonding in the PLA composites, which improved printability and dimensional stability of the 3D printing. Crystallinity of the PLA composites 3D printing increased with increasing bed temperature resulting in an improvement of storage modulus, tensile, and flexural properties. On the contrary, the ductility of the 3D printing was raised when printed at low bed temperature. Dynamic mechanical properties, the degree of entanglement, the adhesion factor, the effectiveness coefficient, the reinforcing efficiency factor, and the Cole–Cole analysis were used to understand the layer adhesion, and the interfacial interaction of the composites as compared to the compression molded sheets. SEM images revealed good adhesion between the additives and the PLA matrix. However, the additives induced faster solidification and showed larger voids in the 3D printing, which indicated lower layer adhesion as compared to neat PLA. It can be noted that the combination of the additives and the optimized 3D printing conditions would be obtain superior mechanical performance even layer adhesion has been restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaphorn Thumsorn
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan; (T.K.); (A.I.); (Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (H.I.); Tel.: +81-(23)-8263081 (H.I.)
| | - Wattanachai Prasong
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Pathumwan Institute of Technology, 833 Rama I Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Takashi Kurose
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan; (T.K.); (A.I.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, 2200-2 Toyosawa, Shizuoka 437-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Ishigami
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan; (T.K.); (A.I.); (Y.K.)
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kobayashi
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan; (T.K.); (A.I.); (Y.K.)
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Research Center for GREEN Materials and Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan; (T.K.); (A.I.); (Y.K.)
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Correspondence: (S.T.); (H.I.); Tel.: +81-(23)-8263081 (H.I.)
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98
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Investigation of Recycled and Coextruded PLA Filament for Additive Manufacturing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122407. [PMID: 35745982 PMCID: PMC9227332 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactide acid (PLA) is one of the most used plastics in extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM). Although it is bio-based and in theory biodegradable, its recyclability for fused filament fabrication (FFF) is limited due to material degradation. To better understand the material's recyclability, blends with different contents of recycled PLA (rPLA) are investigated alongside a coextruded filament comprised of a core layer with high rPLA content and a skin layer from virgin PLA. The goal was to determine whether this coextrusion approach is more efficient than blending rPLA with virgin PLA. Different filaments were extruded and subsequently used to manufacture samples using FFF. While the strength of the individual strands did not decrease significantly, layer adhesion decreased by up to 67%. The coextruded filament was found to be more brittle than its monoextruded counterparts. Additionally, no continuous weld line could be formed between the layers of coextruded material, leading to a decreased tensile strength. However, the coextruded filament proved to be able to save on master batch and colorants, as the outer layer of the filament has the most impact on the part's coloring. Therefore, switching to a coextruded filament could provide economical savings on master batch material.
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99
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Effect of Process Parameters on Tensile Strength of FDM Printed Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyamide Parts. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12126028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcing the polymer with nanoparticles and fibers improves the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. Owing to this, the functional parts produced by the FDM process of such materials can be used in industrial applications. However, optimal parameters’ selection is crucial to produce parts with optimal properties, such as mechanical strength. This paper focuses on the analysis of influential process parameters on the tensile strength of FDM printed parts. Two statistical methods, RSM and ANN, were applied to investigate the effect the layer thickness, printing speed, raster angle and wall thickness on the tensile strength of test specimens printed with a short carbon fiber reinforced polyamide composite. The reduced cubic model was developed by the RSM method, and the correlation between the input parameters and the output response was analyzed by ANOVA. The results show that the layer thickness and raster angle have the most significant influence on tensile strength. As for machine learning, among the nine different tested ANN topologies, the best configuration was found based on the lowest MAE and MSE test sample result. The results show that the proposed model could be a useful tool for predicting tensile strength. Its main advantage is the reduction in time needed for experiments with the LOSO (leave one subject out) k-fold cross validation scheme, offering better generalization ability, given the small set of learning examples.
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100
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Cieslik M, Sawczak M, Jendrzejewski R, Celej J, Nogala W, Ryl J. Locally sculptured modification of the electrochemical response of conductive poly(lactic acid) 3D prints by femtosecond laser processing. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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