51
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Ngolong Ngea GL, Yang Q, Castoria R, Zhang X, Routledge MN, Zhang H. Recent trends in detecting, controlling, and detoxifying of patulin mycotoxin using biotechnology methods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2447-2472. [PMID: 33336983 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin that can contaminate many foods and especially fruits and fruit-based products. Therefore, accurate and effective testing is necessary to enable producers to comply with regulations and promote food safety. Traditional approaches involving the use of chemical compounds or physical treatments in food have provided practical methods that have been used to date. However, growing concerns about environmental and health problems associated with these approaches call for new alternatives. In contrast, recent advances in biotechnology have revolutionized the understanding of living organisms and brought more effective biological tools. This review, therefore, focuses on the study of biotechnology approaches for the detection, control, and mitigation of PAT in food. Future aspects of biotechnology development to overcome the food safety problem posed by PAT were also examined. We find that biotechnology advances offer novel, more effective, and environmental friendly approaches for the control and elimination of PAT in food compared to traditional methods. Biosensors represent the future of PAT detection and use biological tools such as aptamer, enzyme, and antibody. PAT prevention strategies include microbial biocontrol, the use of antifungal biomolecules, and the use of microorganisms in combination with antifungal molecules. PAT detoxification aims at the breakdown and removal of PAT in food by using enzymes, microorganisms, and various adsorbent biopolymers. Finally, biotechnology advances will be dependent on the understanding of fundamental biology of living organisms regarding PAT synthesis and resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Legrand Ngolong Ngea
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Institute of Fisheries Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Raffaello Castoria
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Michael N Routledge
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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52
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Kaiser N, Douches D, Dhingra A, Glenn KC, Herzig PR, Stowe EC, Swarup S. The role of conventional plant breeding in ensuring safe levels of naturally occurring toxins in food crops. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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53
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De Colli L, Elliott C, Finnan J, Grant J, Arendt EK, McCormick SP, Danaher M. Determination of 42 mycotoxins in oats using a mechanically assisted QuEChERS sample preparation and UHPLC-MS/MS detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1150:122187. [PMID: 32473516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 42 mycotoxins in oats. The method includes all the mycotoxins listed under Commission Regulation 1881/2006 and Commission Recommendation 165/2013, the emerging mycotoxins (beauvericin, alternariol, alternariol-methyl-ether and enniatins), and two masked metabolites, namely deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and T-2-glucoside. The method also focuses on a wide range of analytes of toxicological interest. The sample preparation involved extraction with an aqueous acetic acid solution and acetonitrile, followed by QuEChERS with mechanically assisted vibrational shaking. No further clean-up steps were employed, and analysis was performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Trueness ranged between 78% and 158%, while precision ranged from 1.7% to 49.9% under within-laboratory reproducibility conditions. Beside the high degree of accuracy and sample throughput provided, the method can be applied to a large number of compounds currently not regulated, thus generating knowledge and for risk assessment purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo De Colli
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom; Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - John Finnan
- Teagasc Crops Research Division, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Jim Grant
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Elke K Arendt
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, National University of Ireland, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Co., Cork, Ireland
| | - Susan P McCormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, National Centre for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, United States
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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54
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Guo C, Han L, Guo M, Li M, Yu L, Yang Y. Synthesis of triethylene tetramine-modified water-insoluble corn flour caged in magnetic chitosan resin and its adsorption application for removal of patulin from apple juice. J Food Sci 2020; 85:1371-1379. [PMID: 32237092 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, triethylene tetramine-modified water-insoluble corn flour caged in magnetic chitosan resin (TETA-WICF/MCR) was firstly prepared, which indicates novel aspects for immobilization and chemically modification of mycotoxin adsorbents. The TETA-WICF/MCR was characterized using zoom stereo microscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and magnetic separation performance analysis. Experimental results confirmed successful layer by layer modification of chitosan, biosorbent water-insoluble corn flour (WICF), TETA onto the surface of magnetic beads. The mean diameter of the TETA-WICF/MCR was 2.63 mm with good magnetic-responsive ability. Subsequently, the adsorption performance of the TETA-WICF/MCR obtained toward patulin was assessed in batch adsorption system and the results demonstrated that the adsorption process was strongly depended on adsorbent dosage, contact time, temperature, and initial patulin concentration. The results of SEM images and FTIR analysis showed obvious changes in the porous structure of TETA-WICF/MCR after adsorbing patulin, and -NH2 and -OH groups were predominantly involved in the adsorption of patulin. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics followed the mechanism of pseudo-second-order model, and equilibrium data were well fitted in the Freundlich isotherm model. It was also found that the TETA-WICF/MCR had good reusability without any adverse changes in apple juice. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Patulin is a regulated toxin biosynthesized by certain fungi that contaminate agricultural commodities, such as fruits, juices, and other beverages. Several approaches have been studied to reduce patulin levels in apple juice and other aqueous systems. There is need for more low-cost and eco-friendly adsorbent capable of detoxifying patulin contaminated. In this sense, triethylene tetramine-modified water-insoluble corn flour caged in magnetic chitosan resin (TETA-WICF/MCR) was first prepared and exhibits easy solid-liquid separation and high adsorption capacity for removing patulin from contaminated apple juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Guo
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Li Han
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Meng Guo
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Meiping Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Ligang Yu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Yukun Yang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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55
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Rahman HU, Yue X, Yu Q, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Li P. Current PCR-based methods for the detection of mycotoxigenic fungi in complex food and feed matrices. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2019.2455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites produced by certain types of filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium spp. Mycotoxigenic fungi and their produced mycotoxins are considered to be an important issue in food and feed safety due to their toxic effects like carcinogenicity, immunosuppression, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity on humans and animals. To boost the safety level of food and feedstuff, detection and identification of toxins are essential at critical control points across food and feed chains. Zero-tolerance policies by the European Union and other organizations about the extreme low level of tolerance of mycotoxins contamination in food and feed matrices have led to an increasing interest to design more sensitive, specific, rapid, cost-effective, and safer to use mycotoxigenic fungi detection technologies. Hence, many mycotoxigenic fungi detection technologies have been applied to measure and control toxins contamination in food and feed substrates. PCR-based mycotoxigenic fungi detection technologies, such as conventional PCR, real-time PCR, nested PCR, reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), in situ PCR, polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR DGGE), co-operational PCR, multiplex PCR, DNA arrays, magnetic capture-hybridization (MCH)-PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), would contribute to our understanding about different mycotoxigenic fungi detection approaches and will enhance our capability about mycotoxigenic fungi identification, isolation and characterization at critical control points across food and feed chains. We have assessed the principles, results, the limit of detection, and application of these PCR-based detection technologies to alleviate mycotoxins contamination problem in complex food and feed substrates. The potential application of these detection technologies can reduce mycotoxins in complex food and feed matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ur Rahman
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - X. Yue
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - Q. Yu
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - W. Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - Q. Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
| | - P. Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products, Wuhan, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, China P.R
- National Reference Laboratory for Agricultural Testing (Biotoxin), Wuhan 430062, China P.R
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56
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Rodríguez-Bencomo JJ, Sanchis V, Viñas I, Martín-Belloso O, Soliva-Fortuny R. Formation of patulin-glutathione conjugates induced by pulsed light: A tentative strategy for patulin degradation in apple juices. Food Chem 2020; 315:126283. [PMID: 32000076 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Patulin is a toxic mycotoxin usually associated with apple products. Due to its unhealthy effects for humans, its content is regulated by the food safety authorities. The removal or degradation of this mycotoxin in contaminated apple juices has been studied with different approaches with uneven effectiveness. However, a strategy based on the chemical reaction between patulin and glutathione (GSH), in order to generate the conjugates that are formed during cell detoxification process, is an innovative approach yet to be evaluated. In this work, the formation of patulin-GSH conjugates activated by the application of pulsed light treatments and catalyzed by Fe2+ ions was evaluated. The study of patulin degradation and effect of the GSH/Fe2+ molar ratio showed that a molar ratio of 5 allows an adequate catalytic effect of the metal ions. In addition, mono-substituted patulin-glutathione adducts were identified as the main type of generated conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Rodríguez-Bencomo
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Vicente Sanchis
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Viñas
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Olga Martín-Belloso
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Robert Soliva-Fortuny
- Food Technology Department, UTPV-XaRTA, Agrotecnio Center, University of Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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57
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Hussain S, Asi MR, Iqbal M, Khalid N, Wajih-ul-Hassan S, Ariño A. Patulin Mycotoxin in Mango and Orange Fruits, Juices, Pulps, and Jams Marketed in Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E52. [PMID: 31963183 PMCID: PMC7020514 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to explore the incidence of patulin (PAT) mycotoxin in mango and orange fruits and derived products marketed in Pakistan. A total of 274 samples, including 70 mango fruits, 63 mango-based products (juices, pulp, and jam), 77 orange fruits, and 64 orange-based products, were collected. PAT was determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-Vis detector (276 nm). Linear detector response was observed (R2 > 0.99), the limit of detection (LOD) was 5 µg/kg and recovery percentage was 97.4%. The incidence of PAT in mango samples was 61.7%, and the concentration ranged from
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabbir Hussain
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.H.); (N.K.); (S.W.-u.-H.)
- Central Analytical Facility Division, Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), P. O. Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafique Asi
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.H.); (N.K.); (S.W.-u.-H.)
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College (NIBGE-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nisha Khalid
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.H.); (N.K.); (S.W.-u.-H.)
| | - Syed Wajih-ul-Hassan
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Jhang Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (S.H.); (N.K.); (S.W.-u.-H.)
| | - Agustín Ariño
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Facultad de Veterinaria, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
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58
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Ráduly Z, Szabó L, Madar A, Pócsi I, Csernoch L. Toxicological and Medical Aspects of Aspergillus-Derived Mycotoxins Entering the Feed and Food Chain. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2908. [PMID: 31998250 PMCID: PMC6962185 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to Earth's changing climate, the ongoing and foreseeable spreading of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species has increased the possibility of mycotoxin contamination in the feed and food production chain. These harmful mycotoxins have aroused serious health and economic problems since their first appearance. The most potent Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, gliotoxin, fumonisins, sterigmatocystin, and patulin. Some of them can be found in dairy products, mainly in milk and cheese, as well as in fresh and especially in dried fruits and vegetables, in nut products, typically in groundnuts, in oil seeds, in coffee beans, in different grain products, like rice, wheat, barley, rye, and frequently in maize and, furthermore, even in the liver of livestock fed by mycotoxin-contaminated forage. Though the mycotoxins present in the feed and food chain are well documented, the human physiological effects of mycotoxin exposure are not yet fully understood. It is known that mycotoxins have nephrotoxic, genotoxic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, and cytotoxic properties and, as a consequence, these toxins may cause liver carcinomas, renal dysfunctions, and also immunosuppressed states. The deleterious physiological effects of mycotoxins on humans are still a first-priority question. In food production and also in the case of acute and chronic poisoning, there are possibilities to set suitable food safety measures into operation to minimize the effects of mycotoxin contaminations. On the other hand, preventive actions are always better, due to the multivariate nature of mycotoxin exposures. In this review, the occurrence and toxicological features of major Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins are summarized and, furthermore, the possibilities of treatments in the medical practice to heal the deleterious consequences of acute and/or chronic exposures are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Ráduly
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Szabó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anett Madar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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59
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Ren D, Diao E, Hou H, Dong H. Degradation and ozonolysis pathway elucidation of deoxynivalenol. Toxicon 2020; 174:13-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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60
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Khan R, Sherazi TA, Catanante G, Rasheed S, Marty JL, Hayat A. Switchable fluorescence sensor toward PAT via CA-MWCNTs quenched aptamer-tagged carboxyfluorescein. Food Chem 2019; 312:126048. [PMID: 31918363 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A quenching based apta-sensing platform was developed for the detection of Patulin. Three different aptamer sequences were studied to screen the aptamer with the maximum affinity towards Patulin. Carboxyfluorescein (CFL) was used as a fluorescent dye while -COOH functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were applied as novel nanoquenchers. Aptamer tagged at the 3' end with 40 nucleotide bases exhibited the maximum affinity towards Patulin and caused substantial fluorescence recovery. Interestingly, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated as 0.13 μg L-1and 0.41 μg L-1 respectively. Commonly occurring mycotoxins in food were also tested to confirm the selectivity of apta-assay. The developed apta-assay was applied to a spiked apple juice sample and toxin recoveries were observed ranging from 96% to 98% (n = 3). These results demonstrated the potential of the developed apta-assay for the selective detection and quantification of Patulin in food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Khan
- BAE: Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement, Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan CEDEX, France; Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Tauqir A Sherazi
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan.
| | - Gaelle Catanante
- BAE: Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement, Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan CEDEX, France.
| | - Sidra Rasheed
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Jean Louis Marty
- BAE: Biocapteurs-Analyses-Environnement, Universite de Perpignan Via Domitia, 52 Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan CEDEX, France; Sensbiotech, 21rue de Nogarede, 66400 Ceret, France.
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 54000, Pakistan.
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62
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Fliszár-Nyúl E, Lemli B, Kunsági-Máté S, Szente L, Poór M. Interactions of Mycotoxin Alternariol with Cyclodextrins and its Removal from Aqueous Solution by Beta-Cyclodextrin Bead Polymer. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090428. [PMID: 31480370 PMCID: PMC6769471 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternariol is an Alternaria mycotoxin that appears in fruits, tomatoes, oilseeds, and corresponding products. Chronic exposure to it can induce carcinogenic and xenoestrogenic effects. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are ring-shaped molecules built up by glucose units, which form host–guest type complexes with some mycotoxins. Furthermore, insoluble CD polymers seem suitable for the extraction/removal of mycotoxins from aqueous solutions. In this study, the interactions of alternariol with β- and γ-CDs were tested by employing fluorescence spectroscopic and modeling studies. Moreover, the removal of alternariol from aqueous solutions by insoluble β-CD bead polymer (BBP) was examined. Our major observations/conclusions are the following: (1) CDs strongly increased the fluorescence of alternariol, the strongest enhancement was induced by the native γ-CD at pH 7.4. (2) Alternariol formed the most stable complexes with the native γ-CD (logK = 3.2) and the quaternary ammonium derivatives (logK = 3.4–3.6) at acidic/physiological pH and at pH 10.0, respectively. (3) BBP effectively removed alternariol from aqueous solution. (4) The alternariol-binding ability of β-CD polymers was significantly higher than was expected based on their β-CD content. (5) CD technology seems a promising tool to improve the fluorescence detection of alternariol and/or to develop new mycotoxin binders to decrease alternariol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7642 Pécs, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7642 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Beáta Lemli
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7642 Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kunsági-Máté
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7642 Pécs, Hungary
- Institute of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Lajos Szente
- Cyclolab Cyclodextrin Research & Development Laboratory, Ltd., H-1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Poór
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7642 Pécs, Hungary.
- János Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7642 Pécs, Hungary.
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63
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Liu M, Wang J, Wang X, Zhu W, Yao X, Su L, Sun J, Yue T, Wang J. Highly efficient and cost-effective removal of patulin from apple juice by surface engineering of diatomite with sulfur-functionalized graphene oxide. Food Chem 2019; 300:125111. [PMID: 31325752 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) contamination of apple juice leads to a serious food safety issue. Developing an excellent adsorbent to efficiently remove PAT is more desirable. Herein, a cost-effective and efficient adsorbent (GO-SH/diatomite) with abundant active sites was successfully fabricated via surface engineering of diatomite with sulfur-functionalized graphene oxide (GO-SH) nanosheets, which exhibited excellent selective adsorption capacity toward PAT. The adsorption behavior, adsorption mechanism, stability and cytotoxicity were investigated by systematic studies. The adsorption results showed that its maximum adsorption capacity was 10.68 μg/mg. Moreover, attributed to the specific interaction between PAT and thiol group, more than 90% of PAT was removed from apple juice without any juice quality deterioration. Importantly, the risk of food safety issue of apple juice caused by residual GO-SH/diatomite was negligible due to the properties of easy removal and excellent biocompatibility, which guaranteed its potential application in apple juice industry for PAT removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manshun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenxin Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolin Yao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lihong Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Oporto CI, Villarroel CA, Tapia SM, García V, Cubillos FA. Distinct Transcriptional Changes in Response to Patulin Underlie Toxin Biosorption Differences in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070400. [PMID: 31295862 PMCID: PMC6669508 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Patulin (4-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2c]pyran-2[6H]-one) is a mycotoxin produced by a suite of fungi species. Patulin is toxic to humans and is a sporadic contaminant in products that were made from fungi-infected fruits. The baker yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) has been shown to decrease patulin levels likely by converting it to the less harmful E-ascladiol, yet this capacity is dependent on the strain utilized. In this study we show that four representative strains of different S. cerevisiae lineages differ in their ability to tolerate and decrease patulin levels in solution, demonstrating that some strains are better suitable for patulin biocontrol. Indeed, we tested the biocontrol capacities of the best patulin-reducer strain (WE) in contaminated apple juice and demonstrated their potential role as an efficient natural biocontrol solution. To investigate the mechanisms behind the differences between strains, we explored transcriptomic changes of the top (WE strain) and worst (WA strain) patulin-biocontroller strains after being exposed to this toxin. Large and significant gene expression differences were found between these two strains, the majority of which represented genes associated with protein biosynthesis, cell wall composition and redox homeostasis. Interestingly, the WE isolate exhibited an overrepresentation of up-regulated genes involved in membrane components, suggesting an active role of the membrane towards patulin detoxification. In contrast, WA upregulated genes were associated with RNA metabolism and ribosome biogenesis, suggesting a patulin impact upon transcription and translation activity. These results suggest that different genotypes of S. cerevisiae encounter different stresses from patulin toxicity and that different rates of detoxification of this toxin might be related with the plasma membrane composition. Altogether, our data demonstrates the different molecular mechanisms in S. cerevisiae strains withstanding patulin exposure and opens new avenues for the selection of new patulin biocontroller strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian I Oporto
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 7500574, Chile
| | - Carlos A Villarroel
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 7500574, Chile
| | - Sebastián M Tapia
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 7500574, Chile
| | - Verónica García
- Centro de Estudios en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CECTA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Francisco A Cubillos
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile.
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago 7500574, Chile.
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65
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Effects of ascorbic acid on patulin in aqueous solution and in cloudy apple juice. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:341-351. [PMID: 31119557 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of the mycotoxin patulin (PAT) and the generation of (less toxic) breakdown products, such as (E/Z)-ascladiol (ASC-E/Z) and desoxypatulinic acid (D-PAT), can occur due to chemical, physical and biological treatments. Our study focused on the chemical degradation of PAT in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) both for pure PAT standard in acidified aqueous solution and for PAT-contaminated cloudy apple juice (CAJ) (obtained via addition of apple mash produced from apples inoculated with Penicillium expansum). Within this framework, different concentrations of AA were evaluated, as well as the presence/absence of oxygen and different storage temperatures. In order to do so, an in-house methodology allowing a good separation of PAT from its reaction and breakdown products was optimized first. The highest PAT reduction (60%) in CAJ with an initial PAT concentration of 100 μg/kg and 0.25% (w/v) AA was achieved after 6 days of incubation at 22 °C in the presence of oxygen. It was also found that the treatment by AA resulted in the generation of degradation products less toxic than PAT (such as (E/Z)-ASC). In conclusion, AA used to improve numerous product quality aspects (e.g. colour (less browning), nutritional value, etc.) and considered as a safe food additive (Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (1999)) has an effect on PAT degradation. It was shown that such degradation generated less toxic compounds in the presence of oxygen. In view of consumers' safety, fortification of apple juice (and possibly apple-based products) with AA could be helpful within an integrated system to ensure products with low levels of patulin. The optimum conditions for such an approach within a legal and practical point of view need to be further explored.
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66
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İçli N. Occurrence of patulin and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in apple sour, which is a traditional product of Kastamonu, Turkey. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:952-963. [PMID: 31021247 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1605207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Apple sour is a traditional product of Kastamonu, Turkey. It is consumed by spreading on bread or drinking after diluting with water. The aim of this study was to determine patulin (PAT) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in apple sour. This study is the first to evaluate the occurrence of PAT and HMF in apple sour. The samples were extracted with ethyl acetate using liquid-liquid extraction technique. PAT and HMF were determined by HPLC with UV detection. PAT was detected in all samples, and the PAT level in 94.9% of samples was found to be equal or greater than the legal limit for juice concentrates. The mean value for PAT was found to be 284 ± 307 μg kg-1. PAT levels in 13 of 39 samples were in the range of 100 ≤ x < 200 μg kg-1, two samples were in the range of 0 ≤ x < 50 μg kg -1 and two samples were in the range of 1000 ≤ x < 1500 μg kg1. HMF levels of all samples were above the legal limit for solid molasses. The mean value for HMF was found to be 16215 ± 13317 mg kg-1. HMF levels of 10 of 39 samples were determined to be in the range of 10000 ≤ x < 20000 mg kg-1, eight samples were in the range of 20000 ≤ x < 30000 mg kg-1 and only three samples were in the range of 100 ≤ x < 1000 mg kg-1. There was a significant and inverse relationship between HMF and pH of the samples. These results indicate that consumption of apple sour is a considerable risk in terms of HMF and PAT toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin İçli
- a Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics , Kastamonu University , Kastamonu , Turkey.,b Central Research Laboratory Application and Research Center , Kastamonu University , Kastamonu , Turkey
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67
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Sajid M, Mehmood S, Yuan Y, Yue T. Mycotoxin patulin in food matrices: occurrence and its biological degradation strategies. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:105-120. [PMID: 30857445 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1589493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by a number of filamentous fungal species. It is a polyketide secondary metabolite which can gravely cause human health problems and food safety issues. This review deals with the occurrence of patulin in major food commodities from 2008 to date, including historical aspects, source, occurrence, regulatory limits and its toxicity. Most importantly, an overview of the recent research progress about the biodegradation strategies for contaminated food matrices is provided. The physical and chemical approaches have some drawbacks such as safety issues, possible losses in the nutritional quality, chemical hazards, limited efficacy, and high cost. The biological decontamination based on elimination or degradation of patulin using yeast, bacteria, and fungi has shown good results and it seems to be attractive since it works under mild and environment-friendly conditions. Further studies are needed to make clear the detoxification pathways by available potential biosorbents and to determine the practical applications of these methods at a commercial level to remove patulin from food products with special reference to their effects on sensory characteristics of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sajid
- a College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China.,b Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro Products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture , Yangling , China.,c National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling) , Yangling , China
| | - Sajid Mehmood
- d State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- a College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China.,b Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro Products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture , Yangling , China.,c National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling) , Yangling , China
| | - Tianli Yue
- a College of Food Science and Engineering , Northwest A&F University , Yangling , China.,b Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro Products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture , Yangling , China.,c National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling) , Yangling , China
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68
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Nafuka SN, Misihairabgwi JM, Bock R, Ishola A, Sulyok M, Krska R. Variation of Fungal Metabolites in Sorghum Malts Used to Prepare Namibian Traditional Fermented Beverages Omalodu and Otombo. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030165. [PMID: 30884826 PMCID: PMC6468557 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorghum malts, which are important ingredients in traditional fermented beverages, are commonly infected by mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins may transfer into the beverages, risking consumers’ health. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine variation of fungal metabolites in 81 sorghum malts processed for brewing of Namibian beverages, otombo (n = 45) and omalodu (n = 36). Co-occurrence of European Union (EU)-regulated mycotoxins, such as patulin, aflatoxins (B1, B2, and G2), and fumonisins (B1, B2, and B3) was detected in both malts with a prevalence range of 2–84%. Aflatoxin B1 was quantified in omalodu (44%) and otombo malts (14%), with 20% of omalodu malts and 40% of otombo malts having levels above the EU allowable limit. Fumonisin B1 was quantified in both omalodu (84%) and otombo (42%) malts. Emerging mycotoxins, aflatoxin precursors, and ergot alkaloids were quantified in both malts. Notably, 102 metabolites were quantified in both malts, with 96% in omalodu malts and 93% in otombo malts. An average of 48 metabolites were quantified in otombo malts while an average of 67 metabolites were quantified in omalodu malts. The study accentuates the need to monitor mycotoxins in sorghum malts intended for brewing and to determine their fate in the beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia N Nafuka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Windhoek 10005, Namibia.
| | - Jane M Misihairabgwi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek 10005, Namibia.
| | - Ronnie Bock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, Windhoek 10005, Namibia.
| | - Anthony Ishola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Namibia, Windhoek 10005, Namibia.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agro Biotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agro Biotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK.
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69
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Development of an Impedimetric Aptasensor for Label Free Detection of Patulin in Apple Juice. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061017. [PMID: 30871278 PMCID: PMC6471267 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, an aptasensing platform was developed for the detection of a carcinogenic mycotoxin termed patulin (PAT) using a label-free approach. The detection was mainly based on a specific interaction of an aptamer immobilized on carbon-based electrode. A long linear spacer of carboxy-amine polyethylene glycol chain (PEG) was chemically grafted on screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) via diazonium salt in the aptasensor design. The NH2-modified aptamer was then attached covalently to carboxylic acid groups of previously immobilized bifunctional PEG to build a diblock macromolecule. The immobilized diblocked molecules resulted in the formation of long tunnels on a carbon interface, while the aptamer was assumed as the gate of these tunnels. Upon target analyte binding, the gates were assumed to be closed due to conformational changes in the structure of the aptamer, increasing the resistance to the charge transfer. This increase in resistance was measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the main analytical technique for the quantitative detection of PAT. Encouragingly, a good linear range between 1 and 25 ng was obtained. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was 2.8 ng L−1 and 4.0 ng L−1, respectively. Selectivity of the aptasensor was confirmed with mycotoxins commonly occurring in food. The developed apta-assay was also applied to a real sample, i.e., fresh apple juice spiked with PAT, and toxin recovery up to 99% was observed. The results obtained validated the suitability and selectivity of the developed apta-assay for the identification and quantification of PAT in real food samples.
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70
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Przybylska A, Bazylak G, Kosicki R, Altyn I, Twaruzek M, Grajewski J, Soltys-Lelek A. Advantageous Extraction, Cleanup, and UHPLC-MS/MS Detection of Patulin Mycotoxin in Dietary Supplements and Herbal Blends Containing Hawberry from Crataegus spp. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:2159097. [PMID: 30881725 PMCID: PMC6381574 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2159097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a highly genotoxic mycotoxin still found as the common contaminant of various kinds of spoiled fruits and related commodities which are often endorsed as the health-enhancing products. Thus, a fast and convenient liquid-solid extraction followed by a solid-phase cleanup with the MycoSep®228 AflaPat multifunctional column was used for the highly efficient isolation of PAT with an average recovery of 112.7% from commercial dietary supplements and herbal blends formulated with dried hawberry. Analysis of the PAT content was carried out using gradient elution with a Synergi Polar C18 column (150 × 2 mm, 4 μm) and UHPLC system equipped with a mass spectrometer. PAT was detected in all (n=14) commercial single-component dietary supplements formulated with dried hawberry belonging to Crataegus monogyna and/or Crataegus laevigata. Similarly, PAT was detected in 67% of the studied multicomponent commercial herbal blends (n=6) that contained-in addition to hawberry-different amounts of apple, chokeberry, elderberry, hibiscus, or mallow. Moreover, the PAT content was determined in the hawberry collected from the mature wild hawthorn trees belonging to three botanical species, Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Crataegus laevigata (Poiret) DC, and Crataegus rhipidophylla Gand, growing in the recreational forest areas and in the law-protected state national forest park in Poland. In conclusion, to prevent PAT accumulation and reduce the health risk of consumers in globalizing markets, the implementation of improved cultivation/processing practices of hawthorn trees and hawberry as well as increased analytical control related to the presence of PAT in dietary supplements and herbal blends formulated with fresh, dried, or frozen hawberry should be urgently recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Przybylska
- Department of Pharmaco-Bromatology and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jagiellonska 13, PL-85067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bazylak
- Department of Pharmaco-Bromatology and Molecular Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jagiellonska 13, PL-85067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Robert Kosicki
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL-85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Iwona Altyn
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL-85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Twaruzek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL-85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jan Grajewski
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, PL-85064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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71
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Zhong L, Carere J, Lu Z, Lu F, Zhou T. Patulin in Apples and Apple-Based Food Products: The Burdens and the Mitigation Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E475. [PMID: 30445713 PMCID: PMC6267208 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Apples and apple-based products are among the most popular foods around the world for their delightful flavors and health benefits. However, the commonly found mold, Penicillium expansum invades wounded apples, causing the blue mold decay and ensuing the production of patulin, a mycotoxin that negatively affects human health. Patulin contamination in apple products has been a worldwide problem without a satisfactory solution yet. A comprehensive understanding of the factors and challenges associated with patulin accumulation in apples is essential for finding such a solution. This review will discuss the effects of the pathogenicity of Penicillium species, quality traits of apple cultivars, and environmental conditions on the severity of apple blue mold and patulin contamination. Moreover, beyond the complicated interactions of the three aforementioned factors, patulin control is also challenged by the lack of reliable detection methods in food matrices, as well as unclear degradation mechanisms and limited knowledge about the toxicities of the metabolites resulting from the degradations. As apple-based products are mainly produced with stored apples, pre- and post-harvest strategies are equally important for patulin mitigation. Before storage, disease-resistance breeding, orchard-management, and elicitor(s) application help control the patulin level by improving the storage qualities of apples and lowering fruit rot severity. From storage to processing, patulin mitigation strategies could benefit from the optimization of apple storage conditions, the elimination of rotten apples, and the safe and effective detoxification or biodegradation of patulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China.
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Jason Carere
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
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Abstract
This review is mainly centered on beverages obtained from tropical crops, including tea, nut milk, coffee, cocoa, and those prepared from fruits. After considering the epidemiological data found on the matrices above, the focus was given to recent methodological approaches to assess the most relevant mycotoxins. Aspects such as singularities among the mycotoxin and the beverage in which their were found, and the economic effects and repercussions that the mycotoxin-tainted ingredients have on the beverage industry were pointed out. Finally, the burden of their consumption through beverages, including risk and health effects on humans, was addressed as well.
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73
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Diao E, Hou H, Hu W, Dong H, Li X. Removing and detoxifying methods of patulin: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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74
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Ostry V, Malir F, Cumova M, Kyrova V, Toman J, Grosse Y, Pospichalova M, Ruprich J. Investigation of patulin and citrinin in grape must and wine from grapes naturally contaminated by strains of Penicillium expansum. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:805-811. [PMID: 29908267 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Twenty three strains of Penicillium expansum, as a predominant species, were isolated from 23 (92%) out of 25 grape samples of 17 different grape varieties. The results of the identification of P. expansum strains were confirmed by a PCR method. Most of the isolates of P. expansum (21/23, 91%), when tested for toxigenicity, were bi-toxigenic: they produced citrinin (CIT) and particularly high amounts of patulin (PAT). A validated UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of PAT and CIT was applied. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for PAT and CIT in grape must and toxigenicity testing samples were 100 and 2 ng/g, respectively. The results of PAT and CIT quantification in 23 grape must samples demonstrated the occurrence of PAT in 10 (43%) grape must samples (mean: 171 ng/g; median: 50 ng/g; and range: 143-644 ng/g) and the occurrence of CIT in two (9%) grape must samples (mean: 1 ng/g; median: 1 ng/g; and range: 2.5-3.5 ng/g). This is the first report on the natural occurrence of CIT in grape must. A validated HPLC-UV-VIS method for the determination of PAT in wine samples was applied, and concentrations in all 23 wine samples were below the LOQ (<10 ng/g).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ostry
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, CZ - 61242, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ - 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Cumova
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Hroznova 65/2, CZ - 65606, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Kyrova
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, CZ - 61242, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ - 50003, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yann Grosse
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon CEDEX 08, France
| | - Marketa Pospichalova
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, Hroznova 65/2, CZ - 65606, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Ruprich
- Center for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Palackeho 3a, CZ - 61242, Brno, Czech Republic
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75
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Gonçalves BL, Coppa CFSC, Neeff DVD, Corassin CH, Oliveira CAF. Mycotoxins in fruits and fruit-based products: occurrence and methods for decontamination. TOXIN REV 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1457056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Leonel Gonçalves
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | | | - Diane Valganon de Neeff
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Carlos Humberto Corassin
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
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76
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Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites associated with adverse human health and animal productivity consequences.[...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef I Hassan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada.
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Berthiller F, Cramer B, Iha M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stranska-Zachariasova M, Stroka J, Tittlemier S. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2016-2017. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review summarises developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2016 and mid-2017. Analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in proper sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are methods used to analyse botanicals and spices and newly developed LC-MS based multi-mycotoxin methods. This critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address limitations of the presented methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Berthiller
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - B. Cramer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M.H. Iha
- Nucleous of Chemistry and Bromatology Science, Adolfo Lutz Institute of Ribeirão Preto, Rua Minas 866, CEP 14085-410, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - R. Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, via amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- Department of Contaminants and Authenticity, Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Dr, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, via amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Stranska-Zachariasova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - J. Stroka
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - S.A. Tittlemier
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
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