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Hasanvand S, Ebrahimi B, Paimard G, Rouhi M, Hashami Z, Zibaei R, Roshandel Z, Mohammadi R. Optimization of Seleno-chitosan-phytic acid nanocomplex for efficient removal of patulin from apple juice. Food Chem 2024; 443:138576. [PMID: 38301556 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
A novel and effective adsorbent known as Seleno-chitosan-phytic acid nanocomplex (Se-CS-PA) has been developed specifically for efficiently removing patulin (PAT) from a simulated juice solution. The synthesis of Se-CS-PA nanocomplex was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analyses. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed using central composite design (CCD) to examine the impact of four independent variables (PA concentration, amount of nano-complex, duration of interaction between PAT and nano-complex, and initial concentration of PAT) on the removal of PAT. PA concentration of 0.1 % with 2.1 g Se-CS-PA nanocomplex according to RSM polynomial equation and apple juice with 25 μg.L-1 PAT yielded a remarkable adsorption rate of 94.23 % and 87.52 % respectively after 7 h. The process of PAT adsorption was explained using the pseudo-first-order model (R2 = 0.8858) for the kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.9988) for the isotherm model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hasanvand
- Students Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Behzad Ebrahimi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Maragheh University of Medical Science, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Giti Paimard
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical Uni-versity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Milad Rouhi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Hashami
- Students Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rezvan Zibaei
- Students Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Roshandel
- Students Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Xue S, Yin L, Gao S, Zhou R, Zhang Y, Jayan H, El-Seedi HR, Zou X, Guo Z. A film-like SERS aptasensor for sensitive detection of patulin based on GO@Au nanosheets. Food Chem 2024; 441:138364. [PMID: 38219369 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) commonly contaminates fruits, posing a significant risk to human health. Therefore, a highly effective and sensitive approach in identifying PAT is warranted. Herein, a SERS aptasensor was constructed based on a two-dimensional film-like structure. GO@Au nanosheets modified with SH-cDNA were employed as capture probes, while core-shell Au@Ag nanoparticles modified with 4-MBA and SH-Apt were utilized as signal probes. Through the interaction between capture probes and signal probes, adjustable hotspots were formed, yielding a significant Raman signal. During sensing, the GO@Au-cDNA competitively attached to Au@AgNPs@MBA-Apt, resulting in an inverse relationship between PAT levels and SERS intensity. The acquired results exhibited linear responses to PAT within the range of 1-70 ng/mL, with a calculated limit of detection of 0.46 ng/mL. In addition, the SERS aptasensor exhibited satisfactory recoveries in apple samples, which aligned closely with HPLC. With high sensitivity and specificity, this method holds significant potential for PAT detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xue
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Limei Yin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shipeng Gao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ruiyun Zhou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Food Intelligent Detection & Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Heera Jayan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hesham R El-Seedi
- Pharmacognosy Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, BMC, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Food Intelligent Detection & Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-products Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhiming Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Food Intelligent Detection & Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; International Joint Research Laboratory of Intelligent Agriculture and Agri-products Processing, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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3
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Zhao Y, Xu W, Liu R, Guo L, Liu P. Determination and analysis of patulin in apples, hawthorns, and their products by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:235-244. [PMID: 38363483 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00522-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to establish a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to investigate the residues of patulin in apples, hawthorns, and their products. A total of 400 samples were collected from online shopping plats and supermarkets in China, including apples (n = 50), hawthorns (n = 50), and their products (apple juice, apple puree, apple jam, hawthorn juice, hawthorn chips, and hawthorn rolls, n = 300). In this experiment, this method had good linearity and a recovery of 82.3-94.4% for patulin. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.2 µg/kg for liquid samples, while it was 0.3 µg/kg for solid and semi-fluid samples. The frequencies of patulin were 79.8% in 400 samples, and the patulin concentration is from 0.6 to 126.0 µg/kg. Two samples (0.5%) for patulin exceeded the regulatory limit (50 µg/kg) in 400 samples. The frequencies of patulin in kinds of samples were 32.0-98.0% (p < 0.05), and the percentage of samples exceeding the limit was not more than 2.0%. The frequencies of patulin in domestic samples were 83.0%, while they were 57.7% in imported samples. Two domestic samples (0.6%) contained patulin above the regulatory limit, while none of the imported samples exceeded the limit. Among the online and offline samples, the frequencies of patulin were 76.4 and 82.1%. Two online samples (1.0%) for patulin exceeded the regulatory limit, whereas none of the offline samples exceeded the limit. These results showed it is important to monitor regularly the content of patulin in apples, hawthorns, and their products to ensure consumer food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ruihua Liu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Linli Guo
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Zhang X, Zong Y, Zhang F, Liu Q, Gong D, Bi Y, Sionov E, Prusky D. The small GTPase Ypt7 of Penicillium expansum is required for growth, patulin biosynthesis and virulence. Food Microbiol 2024; 119:104434. [PMID: 38225046 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Ypt GTPases are the largest subfamily of small GTPases involved in membrane transport. Here, a PeYpt7 gene deletion mutant of P. expansum was constructed. The ΔPeYpt7 mutant showed reduced colony growth with abnormal mycelial growth, reduced conidiation, and insufficient spore development. The mutation rendered the pathogen susceptible to osmotic stress and cell wall stressors. In addition, the absence of PeYpt7 reduced patulin production in P. expansum and significantly limited gene expression (PatG, PatH, PatI, PatD, PatF, and PatL). In addition, the mutant showed attenuated virulence in infected fruit and reduced expression of pathogenic factors was (PMG, PG, PL, and GH1). Thus, PeYpt7 modulates the growth, morphology, patulin accumulation, and pathogenicity of P. expansum by limiting the expression of related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qili Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Di Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Edward Sionov
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Dov Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
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de Sales-Neto JM, Rodrigues-Mascarenhas S. Immunosuppressive effects of the mycotoxin patulin in macrophages. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:166. [PMID: 38485821 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a fungi-derived secondary metabolite produced by numerous fungal species, especially within Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, and Penicillium genera, amongst which P. expansum is the foremost producer. Similar to other fungi-derived metabolites, PAT has been shown to have diverse biological features. Initially, PAT was used as an effective antimicrobial agent against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Then, PAT has been shown to possess immunosuppressive properties encompassing humoral and cellular immune response, immune cell function and activation, phagocytosis, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production, cytokine release, and nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases activation. Macrophages are a heterogeneous population of immune cells widely distributed throughout organs and connective tissue. The chief function of macrophages is to engulf and destroy foreign bodies through phagocytosis; this ability was fundamental to his discovery. However, macrophages play other well-established roles in immunity. Thus, considering the central role of macrophages in the immune response, we review the immunosuppressive effects of PAT in macrophages and provide the possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marreiro de Sales-Neto
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, CEP: 58051-900, PB, BR, Brazil
| | - Sandra Rodrigues-Mascarenhas
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, CEP: 58051-900, PB, BR, Brazil.
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Mitchell CT, Bridgeman L, Moyano-López C, Penalva-Olcina R, Juan C, Juan-García A. Study of cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma cell line exposed to patulin and citrinin. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114556. [PMID: 38432441 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins can be found in food and feed storage as well as in several kinds of foodstuff and are capable of harming mammals and some of them even in small doses. This study investigated on the undifferentiated neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y the effects of two mycotoxins: patulin (PAT) and citrinin (CTN), which are predominantly produced by fungi species Penicillium and Aspergillus. Here, the individual and combined cytotoxicity of PAT and CTN was investigated using the cytotoxic assay MTT. Our findings indicate that after 24 h of treatment, the IC50 value for PAT is 2.01 μM, which decreases at 1.5 μM after 48 h. In contrast, CTN did not attain an IC50 value at the tested concentration. Therefore, we found PAT to be the more toxic compared to CTN. However, the combined treatment suggests an additive toxic effect. With 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) DCFH-DA assay, ROS generation was demonstrated after CTN treatment, but PAT showed only small changes. The mixture presented a very constant behavior over time. Finally, the median-effect/combination index (CI-) isobologram equation demonstrated an additive effect after 24 h, but an antagonistic effect after 48 h for the interaction of the two mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra T Mitchell
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain; Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg - University Mainz, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
| | - Luna Bridgeman
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Claudia Moyano-López
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Raquel Penalva-Olcina
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
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7
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Küçük N, Kaya Ş, Şahin S, Çağlayan MO. Structural switching aptamer-based electrochemical sensor for mycotoxin patulin detection. Toxicon 2024; 239:107583. [PMID: 38141970 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an electrochemical and aptamer-based aptasensor was developed for the sensitive detection of patulin, a mycotoxin commonly found in fruits and fruit-based products. The aptasensor used an innovative structural switching signal-off platform for detecting patulin. The aptamer immobilization on screen-printed carbon electrodes was achieved through Au electrodeposition and thiol group (-SH) route. Response surface methodology was used to determine the optimal incubation times for the aptamer, blocking agent, and target molecule, which were found to be 180 min, 40 min, and 89 min, respectively. The response of the aptamer to different concentrations of patulin was measured using square wave voltammetry by exploiting the structural switching mechanism. The sensor response was determined by quantifying differences in the aptasensor's background current. The aptasensor exhibited a linear working range of 1-25 μM and a low detection limit of 3.56 ng/mL for patulin. The aptasensor's relative standard deviation and accuracy were determined to be 0.067 and 94.4%, respectively. A non-specific interaction was observed at low concentrations of two other mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone. The interference from ochratoxin A in the measurements was below 10%. In real sample tests using apple juice, interference, particularly at low concentrations, had changed the recovery of patulin negatively with a significant effect on the structural switching behavior. Nevertheless, at a concentration of 25 ng/mL, the interference effect was eliminated, and the recovery standard deviation improved to 6.6%. The aptasensor's stability was evaluated over 10 days, and it demonstrated good performance, retaining 13.12% of its initial response. These findings demonstrate the potential of the developed electrochemical aptasensor for the sensitive detection of patulin in fruit-based products, with prospects for application in food safety and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netice Küçük
- Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Department of Biotechnology, Bilecik, Turkey.
| | - Şevval Kaya
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK.
| | - Samet Şahin
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK; Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Department of Bioengineering, Bilecik, Turkey.
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Wang TW, Wilson AG, Peck GM, Gibney PA, Hodge KT. Patulin contamination of hard apple cider by Paecilomyces niveus and other postharvest apple pathogens: Assessing risk factors. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 412:110545. [PMID: 38237417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Hard apple cider is considered to be a low-risk product for food spoilage and mycotoxin contamination due to its alcoholic nature and associated food sanitation measures. However, the thermotolerant mycotoxin-producing fungus Paecilomyces niveus may pose a significant threat to hard cider producers. P. niveus is known to infect apples (Malus xdomestica), and previous research indicates that it can survive thermal processing and contaminate finished apple juice with the mycotoxin patulin. To determine if hard apple cider is susceptible to a similar spoilage phenomenon, cider apples were infected with P. niveus or one of three patulin-producing Penicillium species and the infected fruits underwent benchtop fermentation. Cider was made with lab inoculated Dabinett and Medaille d'Or apple cultivars, and patulin was quantified before and after fermentation. Results show that all four fungi can infect cider apples and produce patulin, some of which is lost during fermentation. Only P. niveus was able to actively grow throughout the fermentation process. To determine if apple cider can be treated to hinder P. niveus growth, selected industry-grade sanitation measures were tested, including chemical preservatives and pasteurization. High concentrations of preservatives inhibited P. niveus growth, but apple cider flash pasteurization was not found to significantly impact spore germination. This study confirms that hard apple cider is susceptible to fungal-mediated spoilage and patulin contamination. P. niveus is an important concern for hard apple cider producers due to its demonstrated thermotolerance, survival in fermentative environments, and resistance to sanitation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan W Wang
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Plant Science Building, 236 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Amanda G Wilson
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Plant Science Building, 236 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gregory M Peck
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Plant Science Building, 236 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Patrick A Gibney
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, 411 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kathie T Hodge
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Plant Science Building, 236 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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9
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Yang C, Zhang Z, Peng B. New insights into searching patulin degrading enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through proteomic and molecular docking analysis. J Hazard Mater 2024; 463:132806. [PMID: 37922585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Global warming has increased the contamination of mycotoxins. Patulin (PAT) is a harmful contaminant that poses a serious threat to food safety and human health. Saccharomyces cerevisiae biodegrades PAT by its enzymes during fermentation, which is a safe and efficient method of detoxification. However, the key degradation enzymes remain unclear. In this study, the proteomic differences of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under PAT stress were investigated. The results showed that the proteins involved in redox reactions and defense mechanisms were significantly up-regulated to resist PAT stress. Subsequently, molecular docking was used to virtual screen for degrading enzymes. Among 18 proteins, YKL069W showed the highest binding affinity to PAT and was then expressed in Escherichia coli, where the purified YKL069W completely degraded 10 μg/mL PAT at 48 h. YKL069W was demonstrated to be able to degrade PAT into E-ascladiol. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that YKL069W was stable in catalyzing PAT degradation with a binding free energy of - 7.5 kcal/mol. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that CYS125 and CYS101 were the key amino acid residues for degradation. This study offers new insights for the rapid screening and development of PAT degrading enzymes and provides a theoretical basis for the detoxification of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Bangzhu Peng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural GenomicsInstitute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China.
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10
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Yan X, Yuan Y, Yue T. Ratiometric fluorescence aptasensor for the detection of patulin in apple juice based on the octahedral UiO-66-TCPP metal-organic framework and aptamer systems. Food Chem 2024; 432:137211. [PMID: 37619392 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a potentially harmful mycotoxin to human health and is known to contaminate apple juice. In this work, we developed a ratiometric fluorescence aptasensor using tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (H2TCPP)-treated octahedral UiO-66-NH2 (defined as UiO-66-TCPP) to detect PAT. This 2-aminoterephthalic acid and H2TCPP functionalized metal-organic framework showed multiple adsorption effects (hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking) on the aptamer (Apt) and served as a quenching material. When the target PAT bound specifically to the Apt, the fluorescence of the 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled Apt would recover, and the fluorescence of the H2TCPP ligand remained unchanged. This ratiometric fluorescence property improved the accuracy of PAT detection. Moreover, the introduction of the H2TCPP ligand enhanced the quenching efficiency of UiO-66-NH2, thus improving the sensitivity of the fluorescent aptasensor (UiO-66-TCPP vs. UiO-66-NH2: 0.0162 ng/mL vs. 1.8 ng/mL). In addition, we used UiO-66-TCPP to detect PAT in apple juice samples. This work provides a good paradigm for the construction of ratiometric fluorescence aptasensors with high sensitivity and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohai Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710067, China.
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710067, China.
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Zhou H, Yang Y, Kang Y, Guo T, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Ma L. Synergistic toxicity induced by the co-exposure of tenuazonic acid and patulin in Caenorhabditis elegans: Daf-16 plays an important regulatory role. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 270:115871. [PMID: 38141335 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Tenuazonic acid (TeA) and patulin (PAT), as the naturally occurring mycotoxins with various toxic effects, are often detected in environment and food chain, has attracted more and more attention due to their widespread and high contaminations as well as the coexistence, which leads to potential human and animals' risks. However, their combined toxicity has not been reported yet. In our study, C. elegans was used to evaluate the type of combined toxicity caused by TeA+PAT and its related mechanisms. The results showed that TeA and PAT can induce synergistic toxic effects based on Combination Index (CI) evaluation model (Chou-Talalay method), that is, the body length, brood size as well as the levels of ROS, CAT and ATP were significantly affected in TeA+PAT-treated group compared with those in TeA- or PAT-treated group. Besides, the expressions of oxidative (daf-2, daf-16, cyp-35a2, ctl-1, ctl-3, pmk-1, jnk-1, skn-1) and intestinal (fat-5, pod-2, egl-8, pkc-3, ajm-1, nhx-2) stress-related genes were disrupted, among which daf-16 displayed the most significant alternation. Further study on daf-16 gene defective C. elegans showed that the damages to the mutant nematodes were significantly attenuated. Since daf-2, daf-16, jnk-1 and pmk-1 are evolutionarily conserved, our findings could hint synergistic toxic effects of TeA+PAT on higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yulian Yang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yi Kang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ting Guo
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liang Ma
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715, China.
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12
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Yan X, Chen K, Jia H, Zhao Q, Du G, Guo Q, Chen H, Yuan Y, Yue T. Infiltration of porcine pancreatic lipase into magnetic hierarchical mesoporous UiO-66-NH 2 metal-organic frameworks for efficient detoxification of patulin from apple juice. Food Chem 2024; 431:137172. [PMID: 37603997 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin known to globally contaminate fruits. The economic losses and health hazards caused by PAT desires a safe and efficient strategy for detoxifying PAT. Here, a magnetic core-shell hierarchical mesoporous metal-organic framework (Fe3O4@HMUiO-66-NH2) was synthesized via a salt-assisted nanoemulsion guided assembly method. This mesoporous structure (centered at 4.25 nm) allowed porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) to infiltrate into the MOF shell at an immobilized amount of 255 mg/g, providing protection for PPL and enabling rapid separation and recovery. Compared with free PPL, PPL/Fe3O4@HMUiO-66-NH2 at 70 °C possessed 4.7 folds improved thermal stability in terms of half-life. The detoxification rates of immobilized enzyme for PAT in neutral water, acidic water, and apple juice were 99.6%, 60.9%, and 52.6%, respectively. Moreover, the so designed PPL/Fe3O4@HMUiO-66-NH2 showed extraordinary storage stability, reusability, and biocompatibility. Crucially, the quality of apple juice did not change significantly after PPL/Fe3O4@HMUiO-66-NH2 treatment, which facilitated its application in apple juice. The magnetic core-shell mesoporous structure along with the revealed mechanism of immobilized enzyme detoxification of PAT provide tremendous opportunity for designing a safe and efficient PAT detoxification method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohai Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ke Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qiannan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Gengan Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qi Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710067, China.
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling 712100, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710067, China.
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13
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Ma P, Guo H, Li K, Zhang Y, Guo H, Wang Z. Simultaneous detection of patulin and ochratoxin A based on enhanced dual-color AuNCs modified aptamers in apple juice. Talanta 2024; 266:124949. [PMID: 37494770 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are the two main mycotoxins present in apples. Herein, a sensitive aptasensor for simultaneous detection of PAT and ochratoxin OTA was developed. Dual-color gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) with enhanced fluorescence properties were synthesized and employed as fluorescence amplifiers. Two separated fluorescence peaks at 650 nm and 530 nm were monitored simultaneously by employing single excitation (405 nm), corresponding to the aptamer probes of Cys@BSA-AuNCs-AptPAT and Arg@ATT-AuNCs-AptOTA, respectively. The fluorescent aptasensor demonstrated satisfying specificity, storage ability and accuracy. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the linear detection range for PAT and OTA was 0.10-50 ng/mL, with the limit of detection of 0.09 ng/mL and 0.06 ng/mL, respectively. Most importantly, practicability of the constructed aptasensor were confirmed by conducting the determination of PAT and OTA in apple juice sample, indicating the great potential of the aptasensor in practical detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Hualin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China
| | - Ke Li
- Technical Center, Zhengzhou Customs District P.R. China, Zhengzhou, 450003, PR China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, PR China
| | - Huiqing Guo
- Technical Center, Zhengzhou Customs District P.R. China, Zhengzhou, 450003, PR China.
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, PR China.
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Zhang B, Huang C, Xu D, Huang K, Li Y, Jiao L, Fu B, Li S, Li Y. Patulin induces ROS-dependent cardiac cell toxicity by inducing DNA damage and activating endoplasmic reticulum stress apoptotic pathway. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2024; 269:115784. [PMID: 38061079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is one of the mycotoxins commonly found in agricultural products and fruits, and has obvious toxic effects on animals and humans. PAT has been found to cause myocardial toxicity and oxidative damage, but the mechanism of myocardial toxicity remained to be elucidated. We investigated the toxic effects and potential mechanisms of PAT on human cardiomyocytes and explored the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on them. The study showed that treatment with PAT for 24 h decreased cell viability and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and increased ROS and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Moreover, in addition to detecting increased γ-H2AX expression and observing nuclear damage, the comet assay also showed increased DNA tail distance in the PAT-treated group, followed by an increase in phosphorylation of the p53 protein and p21 protein expression, and a decrease in CDK1 and Cyclin B1 protein expression, and G2/M phase arrest. In addition, PAT induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and induced apoptosis, as evidenced by Ca2+ increase, ER enlargement and swelling, and upregulation of ERS-related genes and proteins expression, and increased expression of three apoptotic pathway proteins under ERS, including CHOP, JNK, and caspase-12. Meanwhile, N-acetylcysteine (NAC, a ROS scavenger) reversed the negative effects of PAT treatment on cells. These results clarify that excessive ROS production by PAT-treated AC16 cells not only causes DNA damage, leading to cell cycle arrest, but also causes ERS, which triggers apoptotic pathways to cause apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baigang Zhang
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Chenghui Huang
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Ke Huang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yang Li
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Lu Jiao
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Binggang Fu
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Subing Li
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
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Akpınar F, Çalışkan ŞG, Muti M. Disposable nanosensor for the electrochemical determination of the interaction between DNA, and a mycotoxin, patulin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115713. [PMID: 37729744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Silicon dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized and disposable screen-printed electrodes were modified with these nanoparticles to electrochemically detect the interaction between DNA and patulin, a mycotoxin. Firstly, the synthesized silicon dioxide nanoparticles were chemically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Microscopic characterization of the nanoparticles was performed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The surface of the silicon dioxide nanoparticle-modified screen-printed electrode was characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). SiNP modification resulted in a 2-fold increase in surface area and a 2.3-fold enhancement in the signal. The detection limit (LOD) for the electrochemical patulin determination was calculated as 1.15 µg/mL, and the linear concentration range was found to be 3.2-20 µg/mL. The mode of interaction between patulin and dsDNA was determined through a molecular docking study. After the interaction between patulin and dsDNA, approximately 86 % and 23 % decreases were observed in patulin and guanine oxidation signals, respectively. The S % value for patulin was calculated by utilizing the decrease in the guanine signal after the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Akpınar
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 09100 Aydın, Turkey
| | - Şerife Gökçe Çalışkan
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, 09100 Aydın, Turkey
| | - Mihrican Muti
- Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 09100 Aydın, Turkey.
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Sun Q, Li Z, Liu N, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Li S, Jin P, Xiang R, Le T. Development of a novel fluorescent aptasensor based on the interaction between hexagonal β-Co(OH) 2 nanoplates and nitrogen-doped carbon dots for ultrasensitive detection of patulin. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1278:341710. [PMID: 37709454 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop an economical and convenient method for the ultrasensitive detection of patulin (PAT), a mycotoxin that can potentially harm human health when it is found in fruits and their derivatives. In this study, we have developed a novel fluorescent aptasensor that utilizes nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) as the fluorescent donor and hexagonal β-Co(OH)2 nanoplates as the fluorescent acceptor. N-CDs were synthesized through the hydrothermal method, resulting in spherical particles with a diameter of 7.6 nm. These nanoparticles exhibited excellent water solubility and displayed a vibrant blue emission at 448 nm when excited at 360 nm. Cobalt hydroxide nanoplates with a beta crystal structure [β-Co(OH)2] were synthesized using a simple co-precipitation method, exhibiting hexagonal plate-like shapes with uniform lateral sizes of 4-5 μm. The fluorescence of N-CDs can be efficiently quenched by hexagonal β-Co(OH)2 nanoplates through Förster resonance energy transfer mechanism. The maximum quenching-recovery capability can be achieved when the concentrations of N-CDs-Apt and β-Co(OH)2 nanoplates are 150 nmol/L and 100 μg/mL, respectively. The pH of the TE buffer should be 8.0, and the incubation time should be 10 min at 25 °C. The developed fluorescent aptasensor displayed an excellent selectivity for PAT determination with a detection limit of 0.57 pg/mL in the linear range of 1.25 pg/mL-100 ng/mL. The rapid PAT determination in fruit juice samples was realized with good recoveries (96.9-105.8%). The developed fluorescent aptasensor based on the interaction between N-CDs and hexagonal β-Co(OH)2 nanoplates can be a promising method for the rapid and ultrasensitive detection of PAT in agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, No.37 Chengzhong Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Zhijuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, No.37 Chengzhong Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Ningxin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, No.37 Chengzhong Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, No.37 Chengzhong Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Fuyan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, No.37 Chengzhong Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, No.37 Chengzhong Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Peng Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, No.37 Chengzhong Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Rui Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, No.37 Chengzhong Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Tao Le
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, No.37 Chengzhong Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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Sadok I, Krzyszczak-Turczyn A, Szmagara A, Łopucki R. Honey analysis in terms of nicotine, patulin and other mycotoxins contamination by UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS - method development and validation. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113184. [PMID: 37689938 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Fifty-seven samples of honey of different types and origins were screened for nicotine and nine mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, fusarenon X, ochratoxin A, penicillic acid, zearalenone, sterigmatocystin, gliotoxin, and patulin). The sample set consisted of monofloral, multifloral, nectar, honeydrew, cream, and artificial honey originating mainly from Poland. The physicochemical characterization of honey was performed by determining colour (by Pfund method), water content (by refractometry), total phenolics and flavonoids content (by spectrophotometry). For nicotine and mycotoxins determination a QuEChERS-based UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed and validated. Analyses were carried out in alkaline conditions to ensure patulin-methanol adduct formation and facilitate this mycotoxin detection. About 33% of tested honey samples were contaminated by nicotine or/and mycotoxins. However, the presence of mycotoxins was not related to herein evaluated physicochemical parameters of honey samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Sadok
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Krzyszczak-Turczyn
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Szmagara
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Rafał Łopucki
- Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland.
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Xu D, Zhang B, Huang C, Lu J, Li Y, Fu B. Effect and mechanism of Fisetin on myocardial damage induced by Patulin. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6579-6589. [PMID: 37341918 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to investigate whether fisetin can effectively reduce the myocardial damage induced by patulin. This study also aims to reveal the mechanism and target of fisetin in inhibiting myocardial damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Network pharmacology was used to screen the targets of fisetin on myocardial damage and the regulatory network of active ingredients-drug targets was constructed. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to screen out the key pathways and targets of fisetin on myocardial damage. Patulin induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes to verify the key targets. The mechanism of fisetin in inhibiting myocardial damage was determined. RESULTS FIS can reduce the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes by protecting cardiomyocytes from PAT injury. According to the results of network pharmacology analysis, combined with enzyme activity detection and WB experiment, it was found that the mechanism of FIS to reduce myocardial damage may be related to the P53 signaling pathway, Caspase3/8/9 and Bax/Bcl-2. CONCLUSION FIS plays a protective role in PAT-induced myocardial damage. On the one hand, FIS inhibits the protein overexpression of P53, Caspase-9 and Bax. On the other hand, FIS enhances the protein expression of Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Xu
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou university of technology, 730050, Gansu, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baigang Zhang
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou university of technology, 730050, Gansu, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Chenghui Huang
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou university of technology, 730050, Gansu, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiao Lu
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou university of technology, 730050, Gansu, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou university of technology, 730050, Gansu, Lanzhou, China
| | - Binggang Fu
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou university of technology, 730050, Gansu, Lanzhou, China
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Leng Q, Han S, Zhai M, Liu S, Song Y. A molecularly imprinted photopolymer based on mesh TpPa-2 embedded with perovskite CsPbBr 3 quantum dots for the sensitive solid fluorescence sensing of patulin in apple products. Food Chem 2023; 416:135855. [PMID: 36898336 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Here, a novel molecularly imprinted photopolymer was prepared using CsPbBr3 quantum dots as the fluorescence source, TpPa-2 as substrate for selective solid fluorescence detection of patulin (PAT). TpPa-2 can promote efficient recognition of PAT due to its unique structure and significantly improve the fluorescence stability and sensitivity. The test results showed that the photopolymer exhibited large adsorption capacity (131.75 mg/g), fast adsorption ability (12 mins), superior reusability and high selectivity. The sensor proposed had good linearity for PAT in the range of 0.2-20 ng/mL and was applied to the analysis of PAT in apple juice and apple jam with a limit of detection as low as 0.027 ng/mL. Therefore it maybe a promising method for solid fluorescence detection of trace PAT in food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxue Leng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Shuang Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalytic Synthesis for Fine Chemicals, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China.
| | - Minghui Zhai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Shiwei Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yuzhuo Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
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Lv L, Chen Q, Jing C, Wang X. An ultrasensitive ratiometric aptasensor based on the dual-potential electrochemiluminescence of Ru(bpy) 32+ in a novel ternary system for detection of Patulin in fruit products. Food Chem 2023; 415:135780. [PMID: 36863239 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
To sensitively monitor trace-level of toxic patulin (PAT), an ultrasensitive PAT ratiometric aptasensor based on the dual-potential electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of Ru(bpy)32+ was first proposed. Noteworthily, Ru(bpy)32+-doped trimetallic nanocube (Ru@Tri) innovatively integrated the luminophore and cathode coreaction accelerator (CCA), which could generate strong cathodic ECL in the existence of low concentration of K2S2O8. Simultaneously, anthocyanin-derived carbon quantum dots (anth-CQDs) prepared from purple potato skins was first served as a green anodic coreactant. And SiO2-coated anth-CQDs (anth-CQDs@SiO2) exhibited excellent performance for enhancing anodic ECL of Ru@Tri. Based on this, a novel ternary ECL system was established. In the presence of PAT, the ECL intensity ratio of anode to cathode (IECL-A/IECL-C) was significantly increased, and a low detection limit of 0.05 pg mL-1 was obtained. Moreover, when proposed method and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were simultaneously applied to series of fruit products, the obtained results were completely consistent, reflecting its practicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangrui Lv
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - QingQing Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chunyang Jing
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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21
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Hu C, Huang C, Peng B. Study on the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of patulin in simulated apple juice. Food Chem 2023; 426:136592. [PMID: 37354573 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Patulin poses a potential risk to human health, and current methods for removing it have certain limits. Thus, the effective and secure technique for degrading patulin in juice is critical. In this study, a nitrogen-doped chitosan-TiO2 nanocomposite (N-TiO2 Nps) as a photocatalyst was employed to decompose patulin. Under the action of the photocatalyst, 500 μg/L patulin was completely degraded within 1 h in simulated juice. Quenching experiments identified superoxide and hydroxyl radicals as the dominant species responsible for patulin degradation. On the bases of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculation, the reaction sites in patulin were predicted and a possible photodegradation pathway was proposed. The findings not only elucidated a new method for removing patulin but also provided a theoretical basis for scrutinizing the degradation mechanism of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Caiping Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Bangzhu Peng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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22
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Yu S, Song JH, Kim HS, Hong S, Park SK, Park SH, Lee J, Chae YC, Park JH, Lee YG. Patulin alleviates hepatic lipid accumulation by regulating lipogenesis and mitochondrial respiration. Life Sci 2023:121816. [PMID: 37271452 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of patulin on hepatic lipid metabolism and mitochondrial oxidative function and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. MAIN METHODS The effects of patulin on hepatic lipid accumulation were evaluated in free fatty acid-treated AML12 or HepG2 cells through oil red O staining, triglyceride assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. Alteration of mitochondrial oxidative capacity by patulin treatment was determined using Seahorse analysis to measure the oxygen consumption rate. KEY FINDINGS The increased amounts of lipid droplets induced by free fatty acids were significantly reduced by patulin treatment. Patulin markedly activated the CaMKII/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator (PGC)-1α signaling pathway in hepatocytes, reduced the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and lipogenic genes, and increased the expression of genes related to mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. In addition, patulin treatment enhanced the mitochondrial consumption rate and increased the expression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation proteins in HepG2 hepatocytes. The effects of patulin on anti-lipid accumulation; SREBP-1c, PGC-1α, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 expression; and mitochondrial oxidative capacity were significantly prevented by compound C, an AMPK inhibitor. SIGNIFICANCE Patulin is a potent inducer of the AMPK pathway, and AMPK-mediated mitochondrial activation is required for the efficacy of patulin to inhibit hepatic lipid accumulation. This study is the first to report that patulin is a promising bioactive compound that prevents the development and worsening of fatty liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, by improving mitochondrial quality and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Yu
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Song
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Soo Kim
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulmin Hong
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Kyeong Park
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Park
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jangho Lee
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chan Chae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Park
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Geon Lee
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute (KFRI), Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Liu S, Meng S, Wang M, Li W, Dong N, Liu D, Li Y, You T. In-depth interpretation of aptamer-based sensing on electrode: Dual-mode electrochemical-photoelectrochemical sensor for the ratiometric detection of patulin. Food Chem 2023; 410:135450. [PMID: 36640656 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical aptasensors have been extensively used to quantify food contaminants (e.g., mycotoxin) by using high-affinity aptamer for target recognition. Yet, analytical performance of aptasensors using different aptamers can be varied for the same target. Here, four aptamers with different sequences (i.e., A22, A34, A42, and A45) of patulin (PAT) were selected to estimate sensing behaviors at electrodes with electrochemical (EC) and photoelectrochemical (PEC) assays. Synergistic effect of steric hindrance and electron transfer distance was found to significantly affect EC and PEC response for PAT at aptasensors fabricated with A22, A34, A42, or A45. Eventually, A22 emerged to be the optimal aptamer for aptasensing, despite the highest affinity of A42 to PAT. The A22-based EC-PEC dual-mode ratiometric aptasensor offered a linear range of 50 fg mL-1 - 500 ng mL-1 with a detection limit of 30 fg mL-1 for PAT, and it was applied to apple product (i.e., juice, puree) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuda Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Shuyun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Wenjia Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Na Dong
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Yuye Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Tianyan You
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology, Ministry of Education, School of Agricultural Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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24
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Sun WC, Wang NN, Li R, Sun XC, Liao JW, Yang G, Liu S. Ferritinophagy activation and sideroflexin1-dependent mitochondrial iron overload contribute to patulin-induced cardiac inflammation and fibrosis. Sci Total Environ 2023:164472. [PMID: 37257617 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin that is commonly present throughout the ecosystem where fungi grow and mainly contaminates food, soil, and water. PAT was found to be cardiotoxic in previous studies. However, the detailed mechanism has not been fully elucidated. The present study aimed to explore the role and underlying mechanism of ferroptosis in PAT-induced cardiac injury. Here, we confirmed in vivo and in vitro that ferroptosis is involved in PAT-induced myocardial inflammation and fibrosis. Mice exposed to PAT (1 and 2 mg/kg body weight/day for 14 days) exhibited myocardial inflammation and fibrosis along with disrupted iron homeostasis, elevated lipid peroxidation, depletion of glutathione peroxidase 4, and abnormal mitochondrial morphology. When primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and H9c2 cells were exposed to PAT, ferroptosis was initiated in a dose-dependent manner, and this process could be significantly attenuated by ferrostatin-1. Mechanistically, we found that nuclear receptor coactivator (NCOA) 4, a master regulator of ferritinophagy, bound to and degraded ferritin in response to PAT treatment, thereby releasing large amounts of ferrous iron and further leading to sideroflexin (SFXN) 1-dependent mitochondrial iron overload. Conversely, knockdown of NCOA4 or SFXN1 with small interfering RNAs could effectively ameliorate ferroptotic cell death, cellular or mitochondrial iron overload and lipid peroxides accumulation. Furthermore, myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in PAT-exposed mice was alleviated by the mitochondrial iron chelator deferiprone. Overall, our findings underscore that ferritinophagy activation and SFXN1-dependent mitochondrial iron overload play critical roles in PAT-induced myocardial ferroptosis and consequent cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chang Sun
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ning-Ning Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ru Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xian-Ce Sun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jia-Wei Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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25
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Li J, Li S, Li Z, Zhou Y, Jin P, Zhang F, Sun Q, Le T, Jirimutu. Chromium hydroxide nanoparticles-based fluorescent aptameric sensing for sensitive patulin detection: The significance of nanocrystal and morphology modulation. Talanta 2023; 257:124296. [PMID: 36758442 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The widespread of patulin (PAT) and its potential hazards to human health call for alternative rapid assays to monitor it in food and the environment. Herein, we prepared chromium hydroxide [Cr(OH)3] nanoparticles via a one-pot chemical precipitation strategy and used them to fabricate a turn-on fluorescent aptasensor employing a morphological effect for sensitive PAT detection. Three Cr(OH)3 nanoparticle structures were synthesized by changing the solvent, and their structures and physicochemical properties were investigated. Then, we evaluated the effects of morphological structures on the fluorescence quenching-recovery capability of Cr(OH)3 nanoparticles before and after incubation with PAT. We found that the Cr(OH)3-3 nanoparticles efficiently absorbed the fluorescence dye 6-carboxyfluorescein labeled aptamer (FAM-Apt) and quenched the fluorophore through photoinduced electron transfer. Under optimal experimental conditions, the turn-on fluorescent aptasensor for PAT determination displayed two linear ranges (0.01-10 ng/mL and 1-200 ng/mL) with a low detection limit of 7.3 pg/mL. Moreover, the proposed aptasensor had no cross-reactivity with interferents that usually coexist with PAT and can be used to detect PAT in apple juices accurately. The results of the as-fabricated method were not significantly different from the high-performance liquid chromatography. Hence, we demonstrated that different Cr(OH)3 nanoparticles can be prepared by changing reaction conditions, and provided a novel strategy to improve the detection performance of fluorescent aptasensor by changing the morphological structure and crystalline properties of nano-quenchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, No.37 Chengzhong Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Zhijuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, No.37 Chengzhong Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, No.37 Chengzhong Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Peng Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, No.37 Chengzhong Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Fuyan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, No.37 Chengzhong Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, No.37 Chengzhong Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Tao Le
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, No.37 Chengzhong Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Jirimutu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot 010018, China; Camel Research Institute of Inner Mongolia, Alashan 737300, China.
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26
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Liu K, Guo Y, Yu H, Cheng Y, Xie Y, Yao W. Sulfhydryl-functionalized carbon dots as effective probes for fluorescence enhancement detection of patulin. Food Chem 2023; 420:136037. [PMID: 37075572 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, sulfydryl-functionalized nitrogen-doped carbon dots (SH-NCDs) was synthesized by amide reaction of hydrothermally synthesized carbon dots with l-cysteine and used to detect patulin selectively. The SH-NCDs exhibited excitation wavelength-independent fluorescence in the range 300-360 nm. The modified sulfhydryl group (-SH) on the surface of NCDs served as a specific recognition site to capture patulin. The addition reaction between patulin and the -SH on the SH-NCDs surface resulted in enhanced fluorescence. SH-NCDs was used as a fluorescent probe for label-free detection of patulin, showing excellent sensitivity in the linear range of 0.1-400 ng mL-1, with detection limits as low as 0.053 ng mL-1. The fluorescent probe has specific selectivity for patulin. The recoveries of patulin in apple juice and grape juice were 88.9 %-99.2 % and 92.5 %-101.8 %, respectively. These results showed that the sensor designed in this experiment selectively detected the target patulin from complex food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunfeng Liu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hang Yu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Binhu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China.
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27
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Zhang T, Yan M, Hou X, Chang M, Song W, Yue T. Identification of mouse metabolic variations related to patulin-induced acute and subacute hepatotoxicity by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Food Res Int 2023; 166:112546. [PMID: 36914310 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT), a toxin produced by molds in fruits and related products, has caused frequent food poisoning incidents worldwide. However, its potential mechanism of hepatotoxicity remains presently unclear. Herein, we intragastrically administered the C57BL/6J mice with 0, 1, 4, and 16 mg/kg b.wt of PAT on a single occasion (acute model), and 0, 50, 200, and 800 μg/kg b.wt of PAT daily over two weeks (subacute model). Assessments of histopathology and aminotransferase activities confirmed that significant hepatic damages were induced. Metabolic profiling on the liver using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry discovered 43 and 61 differential metabolites in two models, respectively. Notably, acute and subacute models shared the common 18 differential metabolites, among which N-acetyl-leucine, inosine, 2-O-methyladenosine, PC 40:7, PC 38:6, and PC 34:2 could be regarded as the biomarkers indicative of PAT exposure. Moreover, analysis of metabolic pathways demonstrated that pentose phosphate pathway and purine metabolism were the main altered pathways in the acute model. Nevertheless, more pathways related to amino acids were affected in the subacute model. These results reveal the comprehensive influence of PAT on hepatic metabolism and provide a deeper understanding of the hepatotoxicity mechanism of PAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaohui Hou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Chang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China; Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, China.
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28
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Zhang Y, Dhanasekaran S, Ngea GLN, Yang Q, Zhang H. Overexpression of the SDR gene improves the ability of Meyerozyma guilliermondii to degrade patulin in pears and juices. Food Chem 2023; 417:135785. [PMID: 36913869 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular enzymes of antagonistic yeast are effective in controlling patulin (PAT) contamination. However, countless enzymes that have been revealed remain functionally uncharacterized. The study built on previous transcriptomic data obtained by our research group to amplify and express a gene encoding a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) in Meyerozyma guilliermondii. Overexpression of SDR increased the tolerance of M. guilliermondii to PAT and the ability to degrade PAT of the intracellular enzymes. Furthermore, MgSDR-overexpressed M. guilliermondii showed higher PAT degradation in juices (apple and peach) and controlled the blue mold of pears at 20 °C and 4 °C while significantly reduced the content of PAT and the biomass of Penicillium expansum in decayed tissues than wild-type M. guilliermondii. This study provides theoretical references for the subsequent heterologous expression, formulation, and application of the SDR protein from M. guilliermondii and contributes to elucidating the PAT degradation mechanism of antagonistic yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Solairaj Dhanasekaran
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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29
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Dai L, Li H, Huang JW, Hu Y, He M, Yang Y, Min J, Guo RT, Chen CC. Structure-based rational design of a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase for improving activity toward mycotoxin patulin. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:421-428. [PMID: 36176222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Patulin is a fatal mycotoxin that is widely detected in drinking water and fruit-derived products contaminated by diverse filamentous fungi. CgSDR from Candida guilliermondii represents the first NADPH-dependent short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase that catalyzes the reduction of patulin to the nontoxic E-ascladiol. To elucidate the catalytic mechanism of CgSDR, we solved its crystal structure in complex with cofactor and substrate. Structural analyses indicate that patulin is situated in a hydrophobic pocket adjacent to the cofactor, with the hemiacetal ring orienting toward the nicotinamide moiety of NADPH. In addition, we conducted structure-guided engineering to modify substrate-binding residue V187 and obtained variant V187F, V187K and V187W, whose catalytic activity was elevated by 3.9-, 2.2- and 1.7-fold, respectively. The crystal structures of CgSDR variants suggest that introducing additional aromatic stacking or hydrogen-bonding interactions to bind the lactone ring of patulin might account for the observed enhanced activity. These results illustrate the catalytic mechanism of SDR-mediated patulin detoxification for the first time and provide the upgraded variants that exhibit tremendous potentials in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Jian-Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Yumei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Jian Min
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
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Yan X, Du G, Chen H, Zhao Q, Guo Q, Wang J, Wang Z, Song W, Sheng Q, Luo Y, Yuan Y, Yue T. Label-free fluorescence aptasensor for the detection of patulin using target-induced DNA gates and TCPP/BDC-NH 2 mixed ligands functionalized Zr-MOF systems. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 217:114723. [PMID: 36150324 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is an unsaturated lactone mycotoxin primarily produced by Penicillium expansum and Aspergillus clavatus. Given the potential health risks and economic losses associated with PAT, the rapid detection of PAT using fluorescent aptasensors is of significant importance in evaluating food safety. However, it easily increases the cost and complexity caused by signal labeling. We combined TCPP/BDC-NH2 mixed ligands functionalized Zr metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFmix) and terminated three-stranded DNA gates (ttsDNA gates) to fabricate a label-free fluorescent aptasensor for PAT detection. The Zr-MOFmix system was synthesized via a one-pot strategy and could be used to address the problem of pore size limitation and increase the loading amounts of dyes. TtsDNA gate was integrated into the Zr-MOFmix system to control the release of dyes, exhibiting a high signal-to-background ratio. The single-stranded aptamer region in ttsDNA gate situated away from the surface of the Zr-MOFmix, resulting in a natural release of dyes in the absence of PAT. While binding to PAT resulted in target-induced conformational changes that helped form the hairpin structure of the aptamer. This structure hindered the release of dyes from the pores of Zr-MOFmix, thus reducing the fluorescence signals intensity. The stimuli-responsive DNA-gated material provides a platform for PAT analysis under conditions of a low limit of detection (0.871 pg/mL). Furthermore, the excellent specificity and anti-interference of the fluorescent aptasensor make the system suitable for the analysis of apple juice samples. This label-free strategy is cheaper and simper compared with labeled detection, especially for the development of multi-target-detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohai Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Gengan Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Qiannan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Qi Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhouli Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Wei Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710067, China
| | - Qinglin Sheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710067, China
| | - Yane Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710067, China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710067, China.
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710067, China.
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Chen H, Cao L, Han K, Zhang H, Cui J, Ma X, Zhao S, Zhao C, Yin S, Fan L, Hu H. Patulin disrupts SLC7A11-cystine-cysteine-GSH antioxidant system and promotes renal cell ferroptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol 2022;:113255. [PMID: 35772596 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a common food-borne mycotoxin with diverse toxic effects including nephrotoxicity. The induction of oxidative stress is suggested to be a key mechanism contributed to toxicities of PAT. Reduced glutathione (GSH), a sulfhydryl-containing tripeptide, is a key reason for PAT-mediated oxidative stress. Cystine/glutamate antiporter (system xc-)-mediated cystine uptake plays a critical role in maintaining redox balance via promoting GSH biosynthesis. In this study, we addressed if GSH reduction by PAT was associated with inhibition of system xc--mediated GSH biosynthesis. Results showed that PAT significantly decreased activity of SLC7A11, a core subunit of system xc-, through activating AMPK-mediated formation of beclin1-SLC7A11 complex. Furthermore, PAT promoted ferroptosis induced by a known ferroptosis inducer RSL3 in normal renal cells, and exacerbated folic acid-induced nephrotoxicity in a mouse model of acute kidney injury. The findings of the present study provide new insights into PAT-induced kidney toxicity, and implicate that patients with ferroptosis-associated diseases maybe more susceptible to PAT.
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Golge O, Yenisehirlioglu E, Kabak B. A preliminary study on patulin contamination in spirit drinks. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 2022; 15:152-157. [PMID: 35440278 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2066191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A total of 120 spirit drinks and 40 apple juices were collected between 2018 and 2020 in three regions of Turkey and analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) for the incidence of patulin. The analytical method was successfully validated for both matrices. In 26.7% of apple juice samples, patulin was quantified at levels between 5.8 and 66.4 µg L-1. Only one regulatory level exceedance was identified for apple juice. The mean dietary exposure of the adult population to patulin ranged from 0.083 to 0.091 ng kg-1 bw day-1. With the HPLC-PDA method, patulin was measured in quantifiable concentrations in 11 out of 25 cognac, 5 out of 40 liqueur, and 1 out of 10 whisky samples, up to a level of 42.6 µg/l, whereas all vodka samples were free from patulin. In only one liqueur sample, the presence of patulin could be confirmed with LC-MS/MS, at a level of 8.9 µg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Golge
- Faculty of Tourism, Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Emirhan Yenisehirlioglu
- Faculty of Tourism, Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Bulent Kabak
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
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da Silva Lima G, Franco Dos Santos G, Ramalho RRF, de Aguiar DVA, Roque JV, Maciel LIL, Simas RC, Pereira I, Vaz BG. Laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging as a new tool for accessing patulin diffusion in mold-infected fruits. Food Chem 2022; 373:131490. [PMID: 34743054 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the use of laser ablation electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (LAESI imaging) to investigate the diffusion of the mycotoxin patulin from rotten to healthy areas of fruits. Slices of mold-infected and uninfected (control) apples and strawberries were prepared, and this was the only sample preparation step used. An infrared laser beam (2.94 μm) was used to irradiate the slices, resulting in the ablation of sample compounds directly ionized by electrospray and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Multivariate curve resolution - alternating least squares was applied in unfolded LAESI images to obtain relative quantity information. Patulin was not detected in the control samples but was seen in all mold-infected fruits. LAESI images showed the diffusion of patulin from the rotten area to unaffected parts of the fruits. This study points out the advantage of LAESI imaging over traditional analytical methods used to study the diffusion of mycotoxins in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Igor Pereira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil.
| | - Boniek Gontijo Vaz
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil.
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Pillay Y, Nagiah S, Tiloke C, Phulukdaree A, Chuturgoon AA. miR-27b inhibition contributes to cytotoxicity in patulin-exposed HEK293 cells. Toxicon 2022; 210:58-65. [PMID: 35217024 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium and other fungi that contaminate fruit. PAT targets the kidney and is associated with nephrotoxicity. Micro-RNAs (miRNA) may offer new insights into PAT-induced nephrotoxicity. Cytochrome P450 family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 (CYP1B1), involved in metabolism of dietary toxins is negatively regulated by miR-27b and linked with the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARɣ) in renal fibrosis. This study investigated the effects of PAT on miR-27b, CYP1B1, PPARɣ and cytotoxicity in human kidney (HEK293) cells. HEK293 cells were exposed to PAT (2.5 μM, 24h). Protein expression of CYP1B1, PPARɣ, NF-κB (p65), pNF-κB (p65) (phospho-Ser563) and cleaved PARP-1 was quantified using western blotting. QPCR evaluated mRNA levels of CYP1B1, IL-6, miR-27b, OGG1, mtDNA, TFAM and UCP2. Mitochondrial membrane potential and phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization was evaluated by flow cytometry while levels of ATP and caspase -9, -8, -3/7 activity was measured using luminometry. PAT significantly decreased miR-27b levels (p = 0.0014) and increased CYP1B1 mRNA (p = 0.0015) and protein (p = 0.0013) levels. PPARɣ protein expression was significantly increased (p = 0.0002) and associated with decreased NF-κB activation (p = 0.0273) and IL-6 mRNA levels (p = 0.0265). Finally, PAT significantly compromised mitochondrial repair mechanisms and increased apoptotic biomarkers. PAT altered miR-27b levels and PPARɣ, with associated changes to NF-κB activation, downstream IL-6 and CYP1B1 expression. These results show that PAT impairs detoxification mechanisms leading to mitochondrial damage and apoptosis. In conclusion, PAT altered the epigenetic environment and impaired detoxification processes, supporting a mechanism for nephrotoxic outcomes.
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Singh N, Dev I, Pal S, Yadav SK, Idris MM, Ansari KM. Transcriptomic and proteomic insights into patulin mycotoxin-induced cancer-like phenotypes in normal intestinal epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2022. [PMID: 35150386 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a natural contaminant of fruits (primarily apples) and their products. Significantly, high levels of contamination have been found in fruit juices all over the world. Several in vitro studies have demonstrated PAT's ability to alter intestinal structure and function. However, in real life, the probability of low dose long-term exposure to PAT to humans is significantly higher through contaminated food items. Thus, in the present study, we have exposed normal intestinal cells to non-toxic levels of PAT for 16 weeks and observed that PAT had the ability to cause cancer-like properties in normal intestinal epithelial cells after chronic exposure. Here, our results showed that chronic exposure to low doses of PAT caused enhanced proliferation, migration and invasion ability, and the capability to grow in soft agar (anchorage independence). Moreover, an in vivo study showed the appearance of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACFs) in PAT-exposed Wistar rats, which are well, establish markers for early colon cancer. Furthermore, as these neoplastic changes are consequences of alterations at the molecular level, here, we combined next-generation RNA sequencing with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis to investigate the possible underlying mechanisms involved in PAT-induced neoplastic changes.
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Diao E, Ma K, Qian S, Zhang H, Xie P, Mao R, Song H. Removal of patulin by thiol-compounds: A review. Toxicon 2022; 205:31-37. [PMID: 34822873 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a toxic mycotoxin usually contaminated apple juices, which leads to a serious food safety issue in the world. Thiol-compounds are a class of compounds containing the thiol (-SH) group themselves or obtained the -SH group by physical or chemical modification. They have the ability to efficiently remove patulin in apple juices with manifested negligible effects on juice quality. This review investigates the latest development in the removal of patulin using thiol-compounds, including the removal efficiencies and mechanisms of patulin, the factors influencing the removal efficiency of patulin, as well as the toxicities of thiol-compounds and safety of juices after detoxification. This review shows that thiol-compounds are promising materials for the removal or degradation of patulin in the contaminated juices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enjie Diao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China.
| | - Kun Ma
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China; College of Food Science & Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Shiquan Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China.
| | - Peng Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China
| | - Ruifeng Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China
| | - Huwei Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China
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Pal S, Singh N, Dev I, Sharma V, Jagdale PR, Ayanur A, Ansari KM. TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway plays a crucial role in patulin-induced pro-fibrotic changes in rat kidney via modulation of slug and snail expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 434:115819. [PMID: 34896196 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin that contaminates a variety of food and foodstuffs. Earlier in vitro and in vivo findings have indicated that kidney is one of the target organs for PAT-induced toxicity. However, no study has evaluated the chronic effects of PAT exposure at environmentally relevant doses or elucidated the detailed mechanism(s) involved. Here, using in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches, we delineated the mechanism/s involved in pro-fibrotic changes in the kidney after low-dose chronic exposure to PAT. We found that non-toxic concentrations (50 nM and 100 nM) of PAT to normal rat kidney cells (NRK52E) caused a higher generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (mainly hydroxyl (•OH), peroxynitrite (ONOO-), and hypochlorite radical (ClO-). PAT exposure caused the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and its downstream c-Jun/Fos signaling pathways. Moreover, our chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis suggested that c-Jun/Fos binds to the promoter region of Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) and possibly induces its expression. Results showed that PAT-induced TGF-β1 further activates the TGF-β1/smad signaling pathways. Higher activation of slug and snail transcription factors further modulates the regulation of pro-fibrotic molecules. Similarly, in vivo results showed that PAT exposure to rats through gavage at 25 and 100 μg/kg b. wt had higher levels of kidney injury/toxicity markers namely vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), kidney Injury Molecule-1 (Kim-1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (Timp-1), and clusterin (CLU). Additionally, histopathological analysis indicated significant alterations in renal tubules and glomeruli along with collagen deposition in PAT-treated rat kidneys. Overall, our data provide evidence of the involvement of ROS mediated MAPKs and TGF-β1/smad pathways in PAT-induced pro-fibrotic changes in the kidney via modulation of slug and snail expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pal
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Indra Dev
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vineeta Sharma
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Ramji Jagdale
- Pathology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 M. G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjaneya Ayanur
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Pathology Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 M. G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kausar Mahmood Ansari
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Zhang B, Huang C, Lu Q, Liang H, Li J, Xu D. Involvement of caspase in patulin-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Toxicon 2021; 206:64-73. [PMID: 34968565 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) a kind of mycotoxin, is a widely disseminated mycotoxin found in agricultural products and could cause liver damage. However, evidence on the underlying mechanisms of patulin is still lacking. In the present study, Human liver cancer cells (HepG2) together with a mouse model were used to explore the possible effect and mechanism. The results demonstrated that PAT treatment inhibited cell proliferation and caused liver toxicity in mice. In vitro, PAT inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner and a time-dependent manner; lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA) production increased and the level of SOD and GSH in cells changed significantly. In vivo, Kunming mice were treated with PAT(2.5-15 μM), We indicated that liver damage are observed. The activity of serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) were increased significantly, the hepatocyte nucleus stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) was blurred and deformed. we also explored the lipid peroxidation and enzymes related to redox and found that the activities of SOD in animals do not change significantly, not like that in cells, while GSHpx played a major role. In addition, we measured the caspase activity of cells and the expression of caspase in mice. PAT-induced the caspase cascade was confirmed with the elevation of the activity and expression of caspase. These data suggest that PAT treatment altered both the redox systems in cells and animals. involvement of caspase in patulin-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baigang Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China.
| | - Chenghui Huang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China.
| | - Qikun Lu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China
| | - Hairong Liang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China
| | - Jinliang Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China
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Zhang B, Liang H, Huang K, Li J, Xu D, Huang C, Li Y. Cardiotoxicity of patulin was found in H9c2 cells. Toxicon 2021; 207:21-30. [PMID: 34929212 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a kind of mycotoxins that is universally found at rotten fruits, especially apples and apple products. Previous studies have shown that PAT has hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. However, cardiotoxicity of PAT is rarely reported. Present study aimed at investigate the cardiotoxicity and relevant mechanisms of PAT on H9c2 cells. Cytotoxicity of PAT were evaluated by MTT assay and LDH. Hoechst 33258 staining was used to examine the nuclear morphology and AV/PI double staining was employed for apoptosis on H9c2 cells. Expression level of Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax, Bcl-2 were quantified to verify the potential mechanism of mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were quantified to determine the inflammatory response by using ELISA assay. ROS, SOD, MDA, GSH levels were measured to determine the oxidative stress status. Results demonstrated that PAT significantly induced cell injury, as evidenced by the down-regulated of cell viability, and the increase of LDH release. Hoesst33258 staining and flow cytometry showed that apoptosis rate was elevated by PAT. PAT treatment up-regulated the expression of Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bax level and down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 level. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 levels showed that PAT increased the pro-inflammatory response. As PAT concentration increased, intracellular MDA, ROS content were elevated, while GSH content and the activity of SOD were significantly decreased. Thus, it is concluded that PAT may induce apoptosis of H9c2 cells through oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baigang Zhang
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Gansu, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Hairong Liang
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Gansu, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Ke Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Gansu, Lanzhou, 730050, China; School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Gansu, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Jinliang Li
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Gansu, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Gansu, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Chenghui Huang
- Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Gansu, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Yi Li
- School/Hospital of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Gansu, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
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40
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Lei WL, Li YY, Hou Y, Liu C, Qian WP, Sun QY, Zhang CH. Toxic effects of patulin on mouse oocytes and its possible mechanisms. Toxicology 2021; 464:153013. [PMID: 34718031 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Patulin is a secondary metabolite mainly secreted by fungi and is the most common mycotoxin found in apples and apple-based products. For the past few years, numerous studies suggested the wide distribution and toxicity of patulin. In this study, we investigated the toxic effect of patulin on mouse oocytes and its possible mechanisms. The results showed that patulin treatment did not affect meiotic resumption, but inhibited oocyte maturation as indicated by failure of first polar body extrusion. Further mechanistic study showed that patulin treatment disturbed normal spindle assembly, chromosome alignment and morphology. We also found increased oxidative stress by testing the level of ROS and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating mitochondria dysfunction. In summary, our results suggest that patulin treatment causes oocyte meiotic arrest by disturbing normal spindle assembly and chromosome alignment, which may be caused by dysfunctions of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Lei
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chenli Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wei-Ping Qian
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China; Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Sun
- Fertility Preservation Lab, Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, China.
| | - Chun-Hui Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China; Guangdong and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Urology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, 518036, China.
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Ma K, Diao E, Zhang H, Qian S, Xie P, Mao R, Song H, Zhang L. Factors influencing the removal of patulin by cysteine. Toxicon 2021; 203:51-57. [PMID: 34626597 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The removal of patulin in phosphoric acid buffer solution by cysteine was investigated. Cysteine could effectively decrease the patulin concentration at high acidic condition (pH 3.0-5.0) with the help of high temperature greater than 90 °C. Three removal mechanisms of patulin by cysteine under high acidic and high temperature conditions were deduced. Reaction temperature, pH of reactive media, molar ratio between cysteine and patulin, and reaction time were all the obvious factors influencing the removal efficiency of patulin, and the increase of any one factor could significantly improve the removal efficiency of patulin. The removal process of patulin could be simulated by the zero-order kinetic model, logarithmic model, and pseudo-first-order kinetic model, respectively, and the corresponding correlation coefficients (R2) were all greater than 0.90. Presently, this method can only be applied for the removal of patulin in contaminated water from washing fruits in juice processing industry due to the high treatment temperature more than 120 °C and the long detoxification time greater than 1 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ma
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China; College of Food Science & Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Enjie Diao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China.
| | - Shiquan Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China
| | - Peng Xie
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China
| | - Ruifeng Mao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China
| | - Huwei Song
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Safety & Nutrition Function Evaluation, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, 223300, PR China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Research & Development Center of National Vegetable Processing Technology, Jiangsu Liming Food Group Co., Ltd., Pizhou, 221354, PR China
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Lambrese Y, Sansone G, Sanz MI, Di Masi SN, Raba J, Calvente V. Kosakonia radicincitans and Cryptococcus laurentii controlled Penicillium expansum rot and decreased patulin production at 4 and 25 °C. Food Microbiol 2021; 100:103863. [PMID: 34416963 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we evaluated the effects of a mixture of biocontrol agents against two toxigenic strains of Penicillium expansum isolated in Argentine Patagonia from pome fruits. The two strains, INTA-5 and INTA-10, were previusly selected among ten strains coming from the Alto Valle (Rio Negro-Argentina) for their high production of patulin. For the biocontrol, Kosakonia radicincitans, Cryptococcus laurentii, and Rhodosporidium fluviale were tested in vitro experiments on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) dishes against the INTA-5 and INTA-10 strains. The bacterium K. radicincitans and the yeast C. laurentii were selected to be used in a mixture due to their capacity to control the fungus and reduce the mycotoxin severely. In vitro assays with the mixture showed a high antagonism against P. expansum INTA-5 and INTA-10, at 21 d of incubation at 25 °C and a patulin reduction of 98%. The mixture of microorganisms was also effective in apples stored at 25 °C for 10 d and 4 °C for 30 d. At cold storage, the mixture controlled moderately the development of rot and decreased patulin concentration. At 25 °C, the pathogen's optimal growth temperature, the mixture of Biological Control Agent (BCAs) assured both the control of rot and decrease of patulin concentration. The combination of two microorganisms, with different requirements and abilities, resulted in a mix with a strong antagonism against P. expansum with the capability to decrease the patulin concentration. Treatment with the selected mixture could be a good option for controlling strains with different behaviours and in different environmental conditions.
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Rosa da Silva C, Tonial Simões C, Kobs Vidal J, Reghelin MA, Araújo de Almeida CA, Mallmann CA. Development and validation of an extraction method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine patulin in apple juice. Food Chem 2021; 366:130654. [PMID: 34325246 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a potent mycotoxin commonly found in apples and apple-based products such as juice, thus affecting global food safety. Therefore, development of fast and simple analytical methods to effectively control its contamination is of great importance. This study developed and validated a technique for the analysis of PAT in samples of industrialized apple juice based on liquid-liquid extraction and using acetonitrile as the extraction solvent. Detection via mass spectrometry was performed after Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI). Mean recoveries of 97.5, 92.49 and 96.92% were reached for 4, 8 and 20 μg/L of PAT, respectively. The analyte was monitored with an APCI source in negative ion mode to identify its fragments. The 24 analyzed samples presented PAT levels below the limit of quantification. It may be concluded that the method fulfilled all of the validation criteria, thus being appropriate for routine surveillance of PAT in apple juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Rosa da Silva
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), C.P 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristina Tonial Simões
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), C.P 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliano Kobs Vidal
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), C.P 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Magdiél Antonio Reghelin
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), C.P 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Araújo de Almeida
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), C.P 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Mallmann
- Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), C.P 5011, 97105-970 Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Selvam SP, Kadam AN, Maiyelvaganan KR, Prakash M, Cho S. Novel SeS2-loaded Co MOF with Au@PANI comprised electroanalytical molecularly imprinted polymer-based disposable sensor for patulin mycotoxin. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 187:113302. [PMID: 34000454 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An SeS2-loaded Co MOF and Au@PANI nanocomposite comprising the base matrix of the electrode was developed with electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) consisting of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and patulin (PT) to detect PT molecules based on the PT imprinted cavities. SeS2@Co MOF and Au@PANI were synthesized using hydrothermal synthesis and interfacial polymerization strategies, respectively. A suitable functional monomer to fabricate the MIP platform was selected using the density functional theory (DFT/M06-2X method). Higher electrochemical active surface area (0.985 cm2 which is 6.99 times higher than the bare SPE) and a lower charge transfer resistance (Rct = 27.8 Ω) at the MIP/Au@PANI/SeS2@Co MOF electrode was achieved based on the higher number of adsorptive sites and enhanced conductivity (electron transfer rate constant (ks = 3.24 × 10-3 s-1) of the sensing platform. The fabricated MIP sensor performance was studied in 10 mM PBS (pH = 6.4), where an improved detection limit (0.66 pM) for PT and a broad logarithmic linear dynamic range (0.001-100 nM) were both observed. The sensor possessed higher selectivity (Imprinting factor = 15.4 for PT), excellent reusability (%RSD of 10 cycles = 2.49%), high storage stability (6.7% lost after 35 days), and robust reproducibility (%RSD = 3.22%) The as-prepared MIP-based PT sensor was applied to detect PT in a real-time apple juice sample (10% diluted with PBS) with a recovery % ranging from 94.5 to 106.4%. The proposed sensor possesses great advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, providing a simple detection strategy for long-term storage stability, and reversible cycle measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Panneer Selvam
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13210, South Korea
| | - Abhijit N Kadam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-Daero, 1342, Seongnam-Si, South Korea
| | - K Rudharachari Maiyelvaganan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai, TN, 603203, India
| | - Muthuramalingam Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chennai, TN, 603203, India
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13210, South Korea; Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea.
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Mahato DK, Kamle M, Sharma B, Pandhi S, Devi S, Dhawan K, Selvakumar R, Mishra D, Kumar A, Arora S, Singh NA, Kumar P. Patulin in food: A mycotoxin concern for human health and its management strategies. Toxicon 2021; 198:12-23. [PMID: 33933519 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The mycotoxin patulin is primarily produced as a secondary metabolite by numerous fungal species and predominantly by Aspergillus, Byssochlamys, and Penicillium species. It is generally associated with fungal infected food materials. Penicillium expansum is considered the only fungal species liable for patulin contamination in pome fruits, especially in apples and apple-based products. This toxin in food poses serious health concerns and economic threat, which has aroused the need to adopt effective detection and mitigation strategies. Understanding its origin sources and biosynthetic mechanism stands essential for efficiently designing a management strategy against this fungal contamination. This review aims to present an updated outline of the sources of patulin occurrence in different foods and their biosynthetic mechanisms. It further provides information regarding the detrimental effects of patulin on human and agriculture as well as its effective detection, management, and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Lab., Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, 791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Bharti Sharma
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Shikha Pandhi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sheetal Devi
- National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Sonipat, Haryana, 131028, India.
| | - Kajal Dhawan
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Raman Selvakumar
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Diwakar Mishra
- Department of Dairy Technology, Birsa Agricultural University, Dumka, 814145, Jharkhand, India.
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Shalini Arora
- Department of Dairy Technology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.
| | - Namita Ashish Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Lab., Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, 791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
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Taşpınar H, Elik A, Kaya S, Altunay N. Optimization of green and rapid analytical procedure for the extraction of patulin in fruit juice and dried fruit samples by air-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent-based solidified homogeneous liquid phase microextraction using experimental design and computational chemistry approach. Food Chem 2021; 358:129817. [PMID: 33940302 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a green and inexpensive air-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent-based solidified homogeneous liquid phase microextraction procedure was optimized for extraction of patulin in fruit juice and dried fruit samples using experimental design prior to its spectrophotometric determination. Four different natural deep eutectic solvent were prepared and applied to ensure efficient, and selective extraction of patulin. The significant variables including Zn(II) amount, cooling time, pH and amount of natural deep eutectic solvent were optimized by using central composite design. Under optimized conditions, working range was 10-750 μg L-1 with 0.9996 of correlation coefficient. Detection limit and preconcentration factor were 3.5 μg L-1 and 150, respectively. The repeatability and reproducibility precision were in the range of 3.2-4.6% and 4.3-5.6% respectively. Recoveries ranging from 94% to 104% proved the accuracy of the method. The optimized method was successfully applied to the extraction and identification of patulin in the selected samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Taşpınar
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Department of Biochemistry, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Adil Elik
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Department of Chemistry, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Savaş Kaya
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Department of Pharmacy, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Nail Altunay
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Department of Biochemistry, Sivas, Turkey.
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Hu X, Xia Y, Liu Y, Zhao F, Zeng B. Determination of patulin using dual-dummy templates imprinted electrochemical sensor with PtPd decorated N-doped porous carbon for amplification. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:148. [PMID: 33797604 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel dual-dummy templates imprinted electrochemical sensor has been fabricated for the detection of patulin. Herein, 2-oxindole (2-oxin) and 6-hydroxynicotinic acid (6-HNA) as the dummy templates, 4-aminothiophenol as functional monomer, and ionic liquid (IL) as electropolymerization electrolyte are employed to prepare molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film. 2-Oxin and 6-HNA have multiple groups and the obtained MIP possesses different types of imprinted sites, thereby achieving a better recognition capacity than that of single-dummy imprinted film. ILs can regulate the density of molecularly imprinted film and facilitate effective molecular recognition. The composite of PtPd decorated N-doped porous carbon has good conductivity and large surface area, and can amplify the signal. With the aid of electrochemical probe [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- (0.16 V vs. SCE) patulin can be detected. Under the optimal conditions, this sensor shows a detection range from 0.01 to 10 μg L-1, with a detection limit of 7.5 × 10-3 μg L-1 (S/N = 3). Two spiked juice samples were analyzed by this method, and the recovery ranges from 94 to 99.8% with RSD values of 2.4-4.6% (n = 3), indicating that this method can be applied for the detection of patulin in real samples. A novel dual-dummy templates imprinted electrochemical sensor is firstly fabricated for the detection of patulin. This sensor exhibits high recognition capacity and sensitivity.
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48
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Zhao H, Qiao X, Zhang X, Niu C, Yue T, Sheng Q. Simultaneous electrochemical aptasensing of patulin and ochratoxin A in apple juice based on gold nanoparticles decorated black phosphorus nanomaterial. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3131-3140. [PMID: 33715040 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03253-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous detection of patulin (PAT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in food products is in great demand, which can prevent toxins from being exposed to human and animal bodies. However, simultaneous detection of multiple targets still faces a challenge. Herein, we developed a novel electrochemical aptasensor for the simultaneous detection of PAT and OTA in apple juice based on gold nanoparticles decorated black phosphorus (AuNPs-BP) nanomaterial. AuNPs-BP function?/work? as a sensing platform for loading much different electrochemical signal molecules functionalized aptamers. In this context, methylene blue functionalized PAT aptamers (Mb-PAT-aptamers) and ferrocene functionalized OTA aptamers (Fc-OTA-aptamers) have been introduced here to fabricate the aptasensor. Fc close to electrode surface showed a strong signal, whereas Mb was far away from electrode surface so exhibited a weak signal in the absence of OTA and PAT. Two kinds of electrochemical signal changes have been recorded dependent on target of OTA and PAT concentrations. So, simultaneous detection of OTA and PAT is achieved. Under the optimum conditions, using this developed biosensor, PAT and OTA can be quantified at a linearity range of 0.01 × 10-7 μg·mL-1 ~ 0.10 μg·mL-1. In addition, it also has good selectivity, stability and repeatability. For the practical application, it shows promising performance for the simultaneous detection of PAT and OTA in apple juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science/Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education/Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiujuan Qiao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science/Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education/Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chen Niu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qinglin Sheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
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Shkembi X, Svobodova M, Skouridou V, Bashammakh AS, Alyoubi AO, O'Sullivan CK. Aptasensors for mycotoxin detection: A review. Anal Biochem 2021;:114156. [PMID: 33716125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by fungi, which represent a risk to the food and feed supply chain, having an impact on health and economies. A high percentage of feed samples have been reported to be contaminated with more than one type of mycotoxin. Systematic, cost-effective and simple tools for testing are critical to achieve a rapid and accurate screening of food and feed quality. In this review, we describe the various aptamers that have been selected against mycotoxins and their incorporation into optical and electrochemical aptasensors, outlining the strategies exploited, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The review also discusses the different materials used and the immobilization methods employed, with the aim of achieving the highest sensitivity and selectivity.
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50
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Ren Y, Yao M, Chang P, Sun Y, Li R, Meng D, Xia X, Wang Y. Isolation and characterization of a Pseudomonas poae JSU-Y1 with patulin degradation ability and biocontrol potential against Penicillium expansum. Toxicon 2021; 195:1-6. [PMID: 33640407 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Patulin, one of the most common mycotoxins produced primarily by the Penicillium, Aspergillus and Byssochlamys species, is often associated with fruits and fruit-based products. Biodegradation by microbes is an effective method to remove or detoxify mycotoxins. In this study, a bacterial strain with patulin degradation capability was selectively isolated using oxindole, an analogue to patulin, as the sole carbon source, and identified as Pseudomonas poae JSU-Y1 by phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA sequence. This isolated bacterium could inhibit the growth of Penicillium expansum both on plate medium and apple fruit with inhibition ratio of 30.3% and 44.9%, respectively. Up to 87.7% of the initial patulin (2.5 μg/mL) was removed after incubation with Pseudomonas poae JSU-Y1 in liquid medium at 30 °C for 72 h. When challenged with apple juice, 79% of patulin could be degraded by this isolated strain. Additionally, ascladiol was tentatively identified as the patulin degradation intermediate by LC-MS analysis. Taken together, the experiment results indicated that the isolated Pseudomonas poae JSU-Y1 would be a promising bacterial resource to control patulin contamination and toxigenic fungal growth in agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ren
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Man Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Peipei Chang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yemei Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Di Meng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Xia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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