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Mulcahy ME, O'Brien EC, O'Keeffe KM, Vozza EG, Leddy N, McLoughlin RM. Manipulation of Autophagy and Apoptosis Facilitates Intracellular Survival of Staphylococcus aureus in Human Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2020; 11:565545. [PMID: 33262756 PMCID: PMC7686353 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are critical for first line innate immune defence against Staphylococcus aureus. Mature circulating PMN maintain a short half-life ending in constitutive apoptotic cell death. This makes them unlikely candidates as a bacterial intracellular niche. However, there is significant evidence to suggest that S. aureus can survive intracellularly within PMN and this contributes to persistence and dissemination during infection. The precise mechanism by which S. aureus parasitizes these cells remains to be established. Herein we propose a novel mechanism by which S. aureus subverts both autophagy and apoptosis in PMN in order to maintain an intracellular survival niche during infection. Intracellular survival of S. aureus within primary human PMN was associated with an accumulation of the autophagic flux markers LC3-II and p62, while inhibition of the autophagy pathway led to a significant reduction in intracellular survival of bacteria. This intracellular survival of S. aureus was coupled with a delay in neutrophil apoptosis as well as increased expression of several anti-apoptotic factors. Importantly, blocking autophagy in infected PMN partially restored levels of apoptosis to that of uninfected PMN, suggesting a connection between the autophagic and apoptotic pathways during intracellular survival. These results provide a novel mechanism for S. aureus intracellular survival and suggest that S. aureus may be subverting crosstalk between the autophagic and apoptosis pathways in order to maintain an intracellular niche within human PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Mulcahy
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eóin C O'Brien
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kate M O'Keeffe
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emilio G Vozza
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Neal Leddy
- bioTEM, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel M McLoughlin
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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52
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Cho C, Teghanemt A, Apicella MA, Nauseef WM. Modulation of phagocytosis-induced cell death of human neutrophils by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1543-1553. [PMID: 32977356 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0820-649r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal innate immune response to infection includes eradication of potential pathogens, resolution of associated inflammation, and restitution of homeostasis. Phagocytosing human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (hPMN) undergo accelerated apoptosis, a process referred to as phagocytosis-induced cell death (PICD) and an early step in their clearance from inflammatory sites. Among human pathogens that modulate hPMN apoptosis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae delays PICD, which may contribute to the exuberant neutrophilic inflammation that characterizes gonorrhea. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying delayed PICD, we compared features of hPMN cell death that followed phagocytosis of N. gonorrhoeae FA1090 wild-type (GC) or serum-opsonized zymosan (OPZ), a prototypical stimulus of PICD. Phosphatidylserine externalization required NADPH oxidase activity after ingestion of GC or OPZ, and annexin V staining and DNA fragmentation were less after phagocytosis of GC compared to OPZ. Caspase 3/7 and caspase 9 activities after phagocytosis of GC were less than that seen after ingestion of OPZ, but caspase 8 activity was the same after ingestion of GC or OPZ. When hPMN sequentially ingested GC followed by OPZ, both caspase 3/7 and 9 activities were less than that seen after OPZ alone, and the inhibition was dose dependent for GC, suggesting that ingestion of GC actively inhibited PICD. Sequential phagocytosis did not block caspase 8 activity, mitochondrial depolarization, or annexin V/propidium iodide staining compared to responses of hPMN fed OPZ alone, despite inhibition of caspases 3/7 and 9. Taken together, these data suggest that active inhibition of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis contributes to the delay in PICD after hPMN ingestion of N. gonorrhoeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cho
- Inflammation Program and Department of Internal Medicine Roy J. and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Athmane Teghanemt
- Inflammation Program and Department of Internal Medicine Roy J. and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael A Apicella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program and Department of Internal Medicine Roy J. and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Weiß E, Schlatterer K, Beck C, Peschel A, Kretschmer D. Formyl-Peptide Receptor Activation Enhances Phagocytosis of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:668-678. [PMID: 31573600 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formyl-peptide receptors (FPRs) are important pattern recognition receptors that sense specific bacterial peptides. Formyl-peptide receptors are highly expressed on neutrophils and monocytes, and their activation promotes the migration of phagocytes to sites of infection. It is currently unknown whether FPRs may also influence subsequent processes such as bacterial phagocytosis and killing. Staphylococcus aureus, especially highly pathogenic community-acquired methicillin-resistant S aureus strains, release high amounts of FPR2 ligands, the phenol-soluble modulins. METHODS We demonstrate that FPR activation leads to upregulation of complement receptors 1 and 3 as well as FCγ receptor I on neutrophils and, consequently, increased opsonic phagocytosis of S aureus and other pathogens. RESULTS Increased phagocytosis promotes killing of S aureus and interleukin-8 release by neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS We show here for the first time that FPRs govern opsonic phagocytosis. Manipulation of FPR2 activation could open new therapeutic opportunities against bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Weiß
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schlatterer
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Beck
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Kretschmer
- Infection Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Berry SB, Haack AJ, Theberge AB, Brighenti S, Svensson M. Host and Pathogen Communication in the Respiratory Tract: Mechanisms and Models of a Complex Signaling Microenvironment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:537. [PMID: 33015094 PMCID: PMC7511576 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe, encompassing a diverse range of conditions from infections with pathogenic microorganisms to underlying genetic disorders. The respiratory tract represents an active interface with the external environment having the primary immune function of resisting pathogen intrusion and maintaining homeostasis in response to the myriad of stimuli encountered within its microenvironment. To perform these vital functions and prevent lung disorders, a chemical and biological cross-talk occurs in the complex milieu of the lung that mediates and regulates the numerous cellular processes contributing to lung health. In this review, we will focus on the role of cross-talk in chronic lung infections, and discuss how different cell types and signaling pathways contribute to the chronicity of infection(s) and prevent effective immune clearance of pathogens. In the lung microenvironment, pathogens have developed the capacity to evade mucosal immunity using different mechanisms or virulence factors, leading to colonization and infection of the host; such mechanisms include the release of soluble and volatile factors, as well as contact dependent (juxtracrine) interactions. We explore the diverse modes of communication between the host and pathogen in the lung tissue milieu in the context of chronic lung infections. Lastly, we review current methods and approaches used to model and study these host-pathogen interactions in vitro, and the role of these technological platforms in advancing our knowledge about chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Berry
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Amanda J. Haack
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Susanna Brighenti
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the role of vitamin E in stroke-associated pneumonia. METHODS We selected 183 patients with stroke-related pneumonia who were divided into different nutrition groups according to the Mini Nutritional Assessment score. Patients were then administered different doses of vitamin E. RESULTS CD55 and CD47 levels in patients taking vitamin E across different nutrition score groups were better than those in patients who did not use vitamin E. The levels of CD55 and CD47 and the duration of hospitalization were better in the high-dose vitamin E group than in the low-dose vitamin E group. CONCLUSION Vitamin E may have an auxiliary therapeutic effect in patients with stroke-associated pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Shen
- Neurology Department, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group, Qingdao, China
| | - Bingyan Zhan
- Neurology Department, Qingdao Municipal Hospital Group, Qingdao, China
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56
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Fu F, Zhang Y, Li L, Wang H, Li Q, Tao X, Song Y, Song E. Intracellular Pathogen Detection Based on Dual-Recognition Units Constructed Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Nanoprobe. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11462-11468. [PMID: 32693581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular invasion and survival of a pathogen like Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) within host cells enable them to resist antibiotic treatment and colonize long-term in the host, which leads to a series of clinical issues. Rapid and specific detection of intracellular bacteria is important in diagnosis of infection and guiding antibiotic administration. Herein, this work reports a simple one-step fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) platform-based strategy to achieve specific and rapid detection of S. aureus in specimens of phagocytic cells. The aptamer modified quantum dots (Aptamer-QDs) and antibiotic molecule of Teicoplanin functionalized-gold nanoparticles (Teico-AuNPs) dual-recognition units to S. aureus are employed as energy donor and acceptor, respectively. Based on the "off" to "on" signal readout mode, when in the presence of target S. aureus, the donor and acceptor are close to each other and bring high FRET efficiency, which is suitable for analysis of intracellular S. aureus. After it was incubated with the sample for 2 h, the as-prepared FRET sensor showed selectivity to the target S. aureus, and the changed fluorescence signal shows an obvious variation with increasing concentration of S. aureus in pure buffer. When the FRET strategy was further applied to assay intracellular S. aureus, there was an obvious fluorescence signal change obtained both by spectrum analysis and visual fluorescence microscope observation when the average number of S. aureus in one host cell (NS. aureus/cell) was as low as 1, which can be attributed to the high fluorescence quenching efficiency of about 41.3%. It could be envisioned that this FRET nanoprobe with high fluorescence quenching efficiency may provide a simple approach for the facile, selective, and rapid diagnosis of an intracellular bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fu
- Key laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqing Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyao Li
- Key laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjin Li
- Key laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqi Tao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Song
- Key laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Erqun Song
- Key laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
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Filep JG, Ariel A. Neutrophil heterogeneity and fate in inflamed tissues: implications for the resolution of inflammation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C510-C532. [PMID: 32667864 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00181.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are polymorphonuclear leukocytes that play a central role in host defense against infection and tissue injury. They are rapidly recruited to the inflamed site and execute a variety of functions to clear invading pathogens and damaged cells. However, many of their defense mechanisms are capable of inflicting collateral tissue damage. Neutrophil-driven inflammation is a unifying mechanism underlying many common diseases. Efficient removal of neutrophils from inflammatory loci is critical for timely resolution of inflammation and return to homeostasis. Accumulating evidence challenges the classical view that neutrophils represent a homogeneous population and that halting neutrophil influx is sufficient to explain their rapid decline within inflamed loci during the resolution of protective inflammation. Hence, understanding the mechanisms that govern neutrophil functions and their removal from the inflammatory locus is critical for minimizing damage to the surrounding tissue and for return to homeostasis. In this review, we briefly address recent advances in characterizing neutrophil phenotypic and functional heterogeneity and the molecular mechanisms that determine the fate of neutrophils within inflammatory loci and the outcome of the inflammatory response. We also discuss how these mechanisms may be harnessed as potential therapeutic targets to facilitate resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- János G Filep
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal and Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amiram Ariel
- Departmentof Biology and Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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58
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Demarco B, Chen KW, Broz P. Cross talk between intracellular pathogens and cell death. Immunol Rev 2020; 297:174-193. [PMID: 32567717 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Infections with bacterial pathogens often results in the initiation of programmed cell death as part of the host innate immune defense, or as a bacterial virulence strategy. Induction of host cell death is controlled by an elaborate network of innate immune and cell death signaling pathways and manifests in different morphologically and functionally distinct forms of death, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, NETosis and pyroptosis. The mechanism by which host cell death restricts bacterial replication is highly cell-type and context depended, but its physiological importance is highlighted the diversity of strategies bacterial pathogens use to avoid induction of cell death or to block cell death signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the latest insights into how bacterial pathogens elicit and manipulate cell death signaling, how different forms of cell death kill or restrict bacteria and how cell death and innate immune pathway cross talk to guard against pathogen-induced inhibition of host cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Demarco
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Kaiwen W Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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59
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Watkins KE, Unnikrishnan M. Evasion of host defenses by intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 112:105-141. [PMID: 32762866 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the leading causes of hospital and community-acquired infections worldwide. The increasing occurrence of antibiotic resistant strains and the high rates of recurrent staphylococcal infections have placed several treatment challenges on healthcare systems. In recent years, it has become evident that S. aureus is a facultative intracellular pathogen, able to invade and survive in a range of cell types. The ability to survive intracellularly provides this pathogen with yet another way to evade antibiotics and immune responses during infection. Intracellular S. aureus have been strongly linked to several recurrent infections, including severe bone infections and septicemias. S. aureus is armed with an array of virulence factors as well as an intricate network of regulators that enable it to survive, replicate and escape from a number of immune and nonimmune host cells. It is able to successfully manipulate host cell pathways and use it as a niche to multiply, disseminate, as well as persist during an infection. This bacterium is also known to adapt to the intracellular environment by forming small colony variants, which are metabolically inactive. In this review we will discuss the clinical evidence, the molecular pathways involved in S. aureus intracellular persistence, and new treatment strategies for targeting intracellular S. aureus.
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60
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Allen ER, Lempke SL, Miller MM, Bush DM, Braswell BG, Estes CL, Benedict EL, Mahon AR, Sabo SL, Greenlee-Wacker MC. Effect of extracellular vesicles from S. aureus-challenged human neutrophils on macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1841-1850. [PMID: 32450612 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0320-156r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus enhances neutrophil extracellular vesicle (EV) production. To investigate whether S. aureus viability influences EV biogenesis, EVs were isolated from human neutrophils incubated with viable bacteria (bEVs) or heat-killed bacteria (heat-killed EVs). Protein analysis, nanoparticle tracking and transmission electron microscopy showed comparable EV production between subsets, and both viable and nonviable bacteria were also detected in respective EV subsets. As anticipated, S. aureus, as well as bEVs with viable bacteria, were proinflammatory, and killing bacteria with gentamicin reduced cytokine production to baseline levels. Although heat-killed bacteria induced macrophage IL-6 production, heat-killed EVs did not. Additionally, we found that human and bacterial DNA associated with bEVs, but not heat-killed EVs, and that the DNA association could be partially decreased by disrupting electrostatic interactions. We investigated the potential for DNA isolated from EVs (EV-DNA) or EVs to cause inflammation. Although liposomal encapsulation of EV-DNA increased IL-6 production from baseline by 7.5-fold, treatment of bEVs with DNase I had no effect on IL-6 and IL-1β production, suggesting that the DNA did not contribute to the inflammatory response. Filtered EVs, which lacked DNA and associated bacteria, exhibited less proinflammatory activity relative to bEVs, and enhanced macrophage expression of CD86 and HLA-DR. Ultimately, we show that bEVs isolated by differential centrifugation co-purify with bacteria and DNA, and studying their concerted activity and relative contribution to immune response is important to the study of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwina R Allen
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Samantha L Lempke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michaela M Miller
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Delaney M Bush
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Brandyn G Braswell
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Casey L Estes
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Everett L Benedict
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew R Mahon
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Shasta L Sabo
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, USA
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Zhu H, Jin H, Zhang C, Yuan T. Intestinal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus causes prosthetic infection via 'Trojan Horse' mechanism: Evidence from a rat model. Bone Joint Res 2020; 9:152-161. [PMID: 32431806 PMCID: PMC7229338 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.94.bjr-2019-0205.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause wound infections via a 'Trojan Horse' mechanism, in which neutrophils engulf intestinal MRSA and travel to the wound, releasing MRSA after apoptosis. The possible role of intestinal MRSA in prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is unknown. Methods Rats underwent intestinal colonization with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged MRSA by gavage and an intra-articular wire was then surgically implanted. After ten days, the presence of PJI was determined by bacterial cultures of the distal femur, joint capsule, and implant. We excluded several other possibilities for PJI development. Intraoperative contamination was excluded by culturing the specimen obtained from surgical site. Extracellular bacteraemia-associated PJI was excluded by comparing with the infection rate after intravenous injection of MRSA or MRSA-carrying neutrophils. To further support this theory, we tested the efficacy of prophylactic membrane-permeable and non-membrane-permeable antibiotics in this model. Results After undergoing knee surgery eight or 72 hours after colonization, five out of 20 rats (25.0%) and two out of 20 rats (10.0%) developed PJI, respectively. Strikingly, 11 out of 20 rats (55.0%) developed PJI after intravenous injection of MRSA-carrying neutrophils that were isolated from rats with intestinal MRSA colonization. None of the rats receiving intravenous injections of MRSA developed PJI. These results suggest that intestinal MRSA carried by neutrophils could cause PJI in our rat model. Ten out of 20 (50.0%) rats treated with non-membrane-permeable gentamicin developed PJI, whereas only one out of 20 (5.0%) rats treated with membrane-permeable linezolid developed PJI. Conclusion Neutrophils as carriers of intestinal MRSA may play an important role in PJI development.Cite this article: Bone Joint Res. 2020;9(4):152-161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China; Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanqiang Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China; Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China; Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China; Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Poreba M. Protease-activated prodrugs: strategies, challenges, and future directions. FEBS J 2020; 287:1936-1969. [PMID: 31991521 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteases play critical roles in virtually all biological processes, including proliferation, cell death and survival, protein turnover, and migration. However, when dysregulated, these enzymes contribute to the progression of multiple diseases, with cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, inflammation, and blood disorders being the most prominent examples. For a long time, disease-associated proteases have been used for the activation of various prodrugs due to their well-characterized catalytic activity and ability to selectively cleave only those substrates that strictly correspond with their active site architecture. To date, versatile peptide sequences that are cleaved by proteases in a site-specific manner have been utilized as bioactive linkers for the targeted delivery of multiple types of cargo, including fluorescent dyes, photosensitizers, cytotoxic drugs, antibiotics, and pro-antibodies. This platform is highly adaptive, as multiple protease-labile conjugates have already been developed, some of which are currently in clinical use for cancer treatment. In this review, recent advancements in the development of novel protease-cleavable linkers for selective drug delivery are described. Moreover, the current limitations regarding the selectivity of linkers are discussed, and the future perspectives that rely on the application of unnatural amino acids for the development of highly selective peptide linkers are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Poreba
- Department of Chemical Biology and Bioimaging, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
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63
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Lawrence SM, Corriden R, Nizet V. How Neutrophils Meet Their End. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:531-544. [PMID: 32303452 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil death can transpire via diverse pathways and is regulated by interactions with commensal and pathogenic microorganisms, environmental exposures, and cell age. At steady state, neutrophil turnover and replenishment are continually maintained via a delicate balance between host-mediated responses and microbial forces. Disruptions in this equilibrium directly impact neutrophil numbers in circulation, cell trafficking, antimicrobial defenses, and host well-being. How neutrophils meet their end is physiologically important and can result in different immunologic consequences. Whereas nonlytic forms of neutrophil death typically elicit anti-inflammatory responses and promote healing, pathways ending with cell membrane rupture may incite deleterious proinflammatory responses, which can exacerbate local tissue injury, lead to chronic inflammation, or precipitate autoimmunity. This review seeks to provide a contemporary analysis of mechanisms of neutrophil death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley M Lawrence
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Ross Corriden
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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Abstract
The clearance of apoptotic cells by professional and non-professional phagocytes - a process termed 'efferocytosis' - is essential for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Accordingly, defective efferocytosis underlies a growing list of chronic inflammatory diseases. Although much has been learnt about the mechanisms of apoptotic cell recognition and uptake, several key areas remain incompletely understood. This Review focuses on new discoveries related to how phagocytes process the metabolic cargo they receive during apoptotic cell uptake; the links between efferocytosis and the resolution of inflammation in health and disease; and the roles of efferocytosis in host defence. Understanding these aspects of efferocytosis sheds light on key physiological and pathophysiological processes and suggests novel therapeutic strategies for diseases driven by defective efferocytosis and impaired inflammation resolution.
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Faust H, Mangalmurti NS. Collateral damage: necroptosis in the development of lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 318:L215-L225. [PMID: 31774305 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00065.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is increasingly recognized as a driving factor in the development of acute lung injury. Necroptosis, an immunogenic regulated cell death program important in innate immunity, has been implicated in the development of lung injury in a diverse range of conditions. Characterized by lytic cell death and consequent extracellular release of endogenous inflammatory mediators, necroptosis can be both beneficial and deleterious to the host, depending on the context. Here, we review recent investigations linking necroptosis and the development of experimental lung injury. We assess the consequences of necroptosis during bacterial pneumonia, viral infection, sepsis, and sterile injury, highlighting increasing evidence from in vitro studies, animal models, and clinical studies that implicates necroptosis in the pathogenesis of ARDS. Lastly, we highlight current challenges in translating laboratory findings to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Faust
- Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Division, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nilam S Mangalmurti
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Telavancin Compared with the Other Glycopeptides. Clin Pharmacokinet 2019; 57:797-816. [PMID: 29332251 PMCID: PMC5999141 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-017-0623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Telavancin was discovered by modifying the chemical structure of vancomycin and belongs to the group of lipoglycopeptides. It employs its antimicrobial potential through two distinct mechanisms of action: inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis and induction of bacterial membrane depolarization and permeabilization. In this article we review the clinically relevant pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data of telavancin. For comparison, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data of the other glycopeptides are presented. Although, in contrast to the newer lipoglycopeptides, telavancin demonstrates a relatively short half-life and rapid total clearance, its apparent volume of distribution (Vd) is almost identical to that of dalbavancin. The accumulation of telavancin after repeated dosing is only marginal, whereas the pharmacokinetic values of the other glycopeptides show much greater differences after administration of multiple doses. Despite its high plasma-protein binding of 90% and relatively low Vd of approximately 11 L, telavancin shows near complete equilibration of the free fraction in plasma with soft tissue. The ratio of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 24 h (AUC24) of unbound plasma concentrations to the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) required to inhibit growth of 90% of organisms (MIC90) of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis of telavancin are sufficiently high to achieve pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic targets indicative for optimal bacterial killing. Considering both the AUC24/MIC ratios of telavancin and the near complete equilibration of the free fraction in plasma with soft tissue, telavancin is an appropriate antimicrobial agent to treat soft tissue infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens. Although the penetration of telavancin into epithelial lining fluid (ELF) requires further investigations, the AUC24/MIC ratio for S. aureus indicates that bactericidal activity in the ELF could be expected.
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Antibiotic Killing of Diversely Generated Populations of Nonreplicating Bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02360-18. [PMID: 31036690 PMCID: PMC6591645 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02360-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonreplicating bacteria are known to be (or at least commonly thought to be) refractory to antibiotics to which they are genetically susceptible. Here, we explore the sensitivity to killing by bactericidal antibiotics of three classes of nonreplicating populations of planktonic bacteria: (i) stationary phase, when the concentration of resources and/or nutrients are too low to allow for population growth; (ii) persisters, minority subpopulations of susceptible bacteria surviving exposure to bactericidal antibiotics; and (iii) antibiotic-static cells, bacteria exposed to antibiotics that prevent their replication but kill them slowly if at all, the so-called bacteriostatic drugs. Using experimental populations of Staphylococcus aureus Newman and Escherichia coli K-12 (MG1655) and, respectively, nine and seven different bactericidal antibiotics, we estimated the rates at which these drugs kill these different types of nonreplicating bacteria. In contrast to the common belief that bacteria that are nonreplicating are refractory to antibiotic-mediated killing, all three types of nonreplicating populations of these Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are consistently killed by aminoglycosides and the peptide antibiotics daptomycin and colistin, respectively. This result indicates that nonreplicating cells, irrespectively of why they do not replicate, have an almost identical response to bactericidal antibiotics. We discuss the implications of these results to our understanding of the mechanisms of action of antibiotics and the possibility of adding a short-course of aminoglycosides or peptide antibiotics to conventional therapy of bacterial infections.
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Behar SM, Briken V. Apoptosis inhibition by intracellular bacteria and its consequence on host immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2019; 60:103-110. [PMID: 31228759 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulated cell death via apoptosis not only is important for organismal homeostasis but also serves as an innate defense mechanism. The engulfment of apoptotic infected cells, a process known as efferocytosis, is a common pathway for the destruction of many intracellular bacteria. Some pathogens take advantage of efferocytosis to prevent activation of macrophages and thereby facilitate their dissemination. Conversely, many obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens and some facultative-intracellular bacteria inhibit apoptosis, preventing efferocytosis, and evading innate host defenses. The molecular mechanism of bacterial effectors includes secreted proteins that bind to and inhibit apoptosis cell signaling pathways. We provide an overview of the known bacterial effectors, their host cell targets and their importance for the virulence of human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| | - Volker Briken
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite broad literature including basic and translational scientific studies, many gaps in our understanding of host-pathogen interactions remain. In this review, pathogen virulence factors that drive lung infection and injury are discussed in relation to their associated host immune pathways. CAP epidemiology is considered, with a focus on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae as primary pathogens. Bacterial factors involved in nasal colonization and subsequent virulence are illuminated. A particular emphasis is placed on bacterial pore-forming toxins, host cell death, and inflammasome activation. Identified host-pathogen interactions are then examined by linking pathogen factors to aberrant host response pathways in the context of acute lung injury in both primary and secondary infection. While much is known regarding bacterial virulence and host immune responses, CAP management is still limited to mostly supportive care. It is likely that improvements in therapy will be derived from combinatorial targeting of both pathogen virulence factors and host immunomodulation.
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Borbón TY, Scorza BM, Clay GM, Lima Nobre de Queiroz F, Sariol AJ, Bowen JL, Chen Y, Zhanbolat B, Parlet CP, Valadares DG, Cassel SL, Nauseef WM, Horswill AR, Sutterwala FS, Wilson ME. Coinfection with Leishmania major and Staphylococcus aureus enhances the pathologic responses to both microbes through a pathway involving IL-17A. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007247. [PMID: 31107882 PMCID: PMC6527190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease causing chronic, ulcerating skin lesions. Most humans infected with the causative Leishmania protozoa are asymptomatic. Leishmania spp. are usually introduced by sand flies into the dermis of mammalian hosts in the presence of bacteria from either the host skin, sand fly gut or both. We hypothesized that bacteria at the dermal inoculation site of Leishmania major will influence the severity of infection that ensues. A C57BL/6 mouse ear model of single or coinfection with Leishmania major, Staphylococcus aureus, or both showed that single pathogen infections caused localized lesions that peaked after 2–3 days for S. aureus and 3 weeks for L. major infection, but that coinfection produced lesions that were two-fold larger than single infection throughout 4 weeks after coinfection. Coinfection increased S. aureus burdens over 7 days, whereas L. major burdens (3, 7, 28 days) were the same in singly and coinfected ears. Inflammatory lesions throughout the first 4 weeks of coinfection had more neutrophils than did singly infected lesions, and the recruited neutrophils from early (day 1) lesions had similar phagocytic and NADPH oxidase capacities. However, most neutrophils were apoptotic, and transcription of immunomodulatory genes that promote efferocytosis was not upregulated, suggesting that the increased numbers of neutrophils may, in part, reflect defective clearance and resolution of the inflammatory response. In addition, the presence of more IL-17A-producing γδ and non-γδ T cells in early lesions (1–7 days), and L. major antigen-responsive Th17 cells after 28 days of coinfection, with a corresponding increase in IL-1β, may recruit more naïve neutrophils into the inflammatory site. Neutralization studies suggest that IL-17A contributed to an enhanced inflammatory response, whereas IL-1β has an important role in controlling bacterial replication. Taken together, these data suggest that coinfection of L. major infection with S. aureus exacerbates disease, both by promoting more inflammation and neutrophil recruitment and by increasing neutrophil apoptosis and delaying resolution of the inflammatory response. These data illustrate the profound impact that coinfecting microorganisms can exert on inflammatory lesion pathology and host adaptive immune responses. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne ulcerating skin disease affecting several million people worldwide. The causative Leishmania spp. protozoa are transmitted by infected phlebotomine sand flies. During a sand fly bite, bacteria can be coincidentally inoculated into the dermis with the parasite. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacterium in CL skin lesions. Symptomatic CL is characterized by papulonodular skin lesions that ulcerate and resolve with scarring, although most cutaneous Leishmania infections are asymptomatic. We sought to explore factors that determine whether infection with a cutaneous Leishmania species would result in symptomatic CL rather than asymptomatic infection. We hypothesized that local bacteria promote the development of symptomatic CL lesions during infection with Leishmania major. We discovered that cutaneous lesions were significantly larger in mice inoculated simultaneously with S. aureus and L. major than in mice infected with either organism alone. Coinfection led to increased S. aureus growth in skin lesions, whereas L. major parasite numbers were unchanged by coinfection. The size of the exacerbated lesion correlated with early increased numbers of neutrophils and elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-17A during the first 7 days, and with sustained increases in IL-17A through 28 days of coinfection. Neutralizing antibody experiments suggested IL-17A was partially responsible for lesion exacerbation during coinfection, whereas IL-1β was important for both control of early lesion exacerbation and promotion of IL-17A production. These data suggest that treatment of symptomatic CL targeting the parasite, local commensal bacteria, and host proinflammatory IL-17A immune responses might improve the outcome of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Y. Borbón
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Breanna M. Scorza
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Gwendolyn M. Clay
- Medical Scientist Training Program and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | | | - Alan J. Sariol
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Jayden L. Bowen
- Medical Scientist Training Program and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Yani Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Iowa Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Bayan Zhanbolat
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Iowa Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Corey P. Parlet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Iowa Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Diogo G. Valadares
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Iowa Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Suzanne L. Cassel
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - William M. Nauseef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Iowa Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Alexander R. Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver—Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States of America
| | - Fayyaz S. Sutterwala
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program and the Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Iowa Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nowicka D, Grywalska E. Staphylococcus aureus and Host Immunity in Recurrent Furunculosis. Dermatology 2019; 235:295-305. [DOI: 10.1159/000499184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the severest and most persistent bacterial pathogens. The most frequent S. aureus infections include impetigo, folliculitis, furuncles, furunculosis, abscesses, hidradenitis suppurativa, and mastitis. S. aureus produces a great variety of cellular and extracellular factors responsible for its invasiveness and ability to cause pathological lesions. Their expression depends on the growth phase, environmental factors, and location of the infection. Susceptibility to staphylococcal infections is rooted in multiple mechanisms of host immune responses and reactions to bacterial colonization. Immunological and inflammatory processes of chronic furunculosis are based on the pathogenicity of S. aureus as well as innate and acquired immunity. In-depth knowledge about them may help to discover the whole pathomechanism of the disease and to develop effective therapeutic options. In this review, we focus on the S. aureus-host immune interactions in the pathogenesis of recurrent furunculosis according to the most recent experimental and clinical findings.
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72
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Can Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Silently Travel From the Gut to the Wound and Cause Postoperative Infection? Modeling the "Trojan Horse Hypothesis". Ann Surg 2019; 267:749-758. [PMID: 28187042 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether intestinal colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be the source of surgical site infections (SSIs). BACKGROUND We hypothesized that gut-derived MRSA may cause SSIs via mechanisms in which circulating immune cells scavenge MRSA from the gut, home to surgical wounds, and cause infection (Trojan Horse Hypothesis). METHODS MRSA gut colonization was achieved by disrupting the microbiota with antibiotics, imposing a period of starvation and introducing MRSA via gavage. Next, mice were subjected to a surgical injury (30% hepatectomy) and rectus muscle injury and ischemia before skin closure. All wounds were cultured before skin closure. To control for postoperative wound contamination, reiterative experiments were performed in mice in which the closed wound was painted with live MRSA for 2 consecutive postoperative days. To rule out extracellular bacteremia as a cause of wound infection, MRSA was injected intravenously in mice subjected to rectus muscle ischemia and injury. RESULTS All wound cultures were negative before skin closure, ruling out intraoperative contamination. Out of 40 mice, 4 (10%) developed visible abscesses. Nine mice (22.5%) had MRSA positive cultures of the rectus muscle without visible abscesses. No SSIs were observed in mice injected intravenously with MRSA. Wounds painted with MRSA after closure did not develop infections. Circulating neutrophils from mice captured by flow cytometry demonstrated MRSA in their cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS Immune cells as Trojan horses carrying gut-derived MRSA may be a plausible mechanism of SSIs in the absence of direct contamination.
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Yang D, Ho YX, Cowell LM, Jilani I, Foster SJ, Prince LR. A Genome-Wide Screen Identifies Factors Involved in S. aureus-Induced Human Neutrophil Cell Death and Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:45. [PMID: 30766531 PMCID: PMC6365652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal organism in approximately 30% of the human population and colonization is a significant risk factor for invasive infection. As a result of this, there is a great need to better understand how S. aureus overcomes human immunity. Neutrophils are essential during the innate immune response to S. aureus, yet this microorganism uses multiple evasion strategies to avoid killing by these immune cells, perhaps the most catastrophic of which is the rapid induction of neutrophil cell death. The aim of this study was to better understand the mechanisms underpinning S. aureus-induced neutrophil lysis, and how this contributes to pathogenesis in a whole organism model of infection. To do this we screened the genome-wide Nebraska Transposon Mutant Library (NTML) in the community acquired methicillin resistant S. aureus strain, USA300, for decreased ability to induce neutrophil cell lysis. Out of 1,920 S. aureus mutants, a number of known regulators of cell lysis (including the master regulators accessory gene regulator A, agrA and Staphylococcus exoprotein expression protein S, saeS) were identified in this blinded screen, providing validity to the experimental system. Three gene mutations not previously associated with cell death: purB, lspA, and clpP were found to be significantly attenuated in their ability to induce neutrophil lysis. These phenotypes were verified by genetic transductants and complemented strains. purB and clpP were subsequently found to be necessary for bacterial replication and pathogenesis in a zebrafish embryo infection model. The virulence of the clpP mutant was restored in a neutrophil-depleted zebrafish model, suggesting the importance of ClpP in mechanisms underpinning neutrophil immunity to S. aureus. In conclusion, our work identifies genetic components underpinning S. aureus pathogenesis, and may provide insight into how this commensal organism breaches innate immune barriers during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyi Yang
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Yin Xin Ho
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Laura M Cowell
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Iqra Jilani
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Foster
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne R Prince
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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de Souza PRK, Ferreira SS, Nunes FPB, Casagrande FB, Tessaro FHG, Silva MCF, Cruz JWMC, Mamizuka EM, Martins JO. Cytokine and Adhesion Molecule Expression Induced by Different Strains of Staphylococcus aureus in Type 1 Diabetic Rats: Role of Insulin. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3165. [PMID: 30705678 PMCID: PMC6344427 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus may provoke peritonitis and death, especially in immunocompromized individuals such as diabetic patients. We evaluated the role of insulin in S. aureus-induced peritoneal infection in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Materials/Methods: Alloxan-diabetic male Wistar rats and their respective controls received intraperitoneal injections of different strains of S. aureus or sterile phosphate-buffered saline. After 3 days of infection, the first set of diabetic and non-diabetic rats received 4 and 1 IU, respectively, of neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin and were analyzed 8 h later. The second set of diabetic and non-diabetic rats received 4 and 1 IU, respectively, of insulin 2 h before intraperitoneal infection and a half dose of insulin at 5 p.m. for the next 2 days and were analyzed 16 h later. The following measurements were performed: (a) number of cells in the peritoneal lavage fluid (PeLF), white blood cell count, and blood glucose; (b) serum insulin and corticosterone; (c) cytokine levels in the PeLF; (d) expression of adhesion molecules in the vascular endothelium; and (e) microbicidal activity. Results: Diabetic rats showed an increased number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and increased concentrations of CINC-1, IL-4, and IFN-γ in the PeLF after infection with the ATCC 25923 or N315 αHL+ strain. The mesenteric expression of PECAM-1 was increased after infection with the N315 HLA+ strain. ICAM-1 expression was increased with ATCC infection. Treatment of diabetic rats with a single dose of insulin restored CINC-1 levels in the PeLF for both strains; however, PMN migration, IL-4, and IFN-γ were restored in rats infected with the ATCC strain, whereas the PeLF concentrations of CINC-2, IL-1β, and IL-4 were increased in N315-infected animals. Insulin restored PMN migration and CINC-2 levels in the PeLF in ATCC-infected rats. After multiple treatments with insulin, the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ were increased in the PeLF of diabetic rats after infection with either strain, and CINC-2 levels were restored in N315-infected animals. Conclusion: These results suggest that insulin distinctively modulates cytokine production or release, PMN leukocyte migration, and adhesion molecule expression during the course of peritonitis induced by different strains of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Knox de Souza
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina S Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda P B Nunes
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe B Casagrande
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando H G Tessaro
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana C F Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Elsa M Mamizuka
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joilson O Martins
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FCF), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) fulfill an indispensable role in the development of adaptive immunity by producing proinflammatory cytokines and presenting microbial antigens to lymphocytes to trigger a faster, specific, and long-lasting immune response. Here, we studied the effect of Staphylococcus aureus toxins on human DCs. We discovered that the leukocidin LukAB hinders the development of adaptive immunity by targeting human DCs. The ability of S. aureus to blunt the function of DCs could help explain the high frequency of recurrent S. aureus infections. Taken together, the results from this study suggest that therapeutically targeting the S. aureus leukocidins may boost effective innate and adaptive immune responses by protecting innate leukocytes, enabling proper antigen presentation and T cell activation. Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recurrent infections with this bacterium are common, suggesting that S. aureus thwarts the development of sterilizing immunity. S. aureus strains that cause disease in humans produce up to five different bicomponent toxins (leukocidins) that target and lyse neutrophils, innate immune cells that represent the first line of defense against S. aureus infections. However, little is known about the role of leukocidins in blunting adaptive immunity. Here, we explored the effects of leukocidins on human dendritic cells (DCs), antigen-presenting cells required for the development of adaptive immunity. Using an ex vivo infection model of primary human monocyte-derived dendritic cells, we found that S. aureus, including strains from different clonal complexes and drug resistance profiles, effectively kills DCs despite efficient phagocytosis. Although all purified leukocidins could kill DCs, infections with live bacteria revealed that S. aureus targets and kills DCs primarily via the activity of leukocidin LukAB. Moreover, using coculture experiments performed with DCs and autologous CD4+ T lymphocytes, we found that LukAB inhibits DC-mediated activation and proliferation of primary human T cells. Taken together, the data determined in the study reveal a novel immunosuppressive strategy of S. aureus whereby the bacterium blunts the development of adaptive immunity via LukAB-mediated injury of DCs.
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76
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Kremserova S, Nauseef WM. Frontline Science: Staphylococcus aureus promotes receptor-interacting protein kinase 3- and protease-dependent production of IL-1β in human neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 105:437-447. [PMID: 30548986 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4hi0918-346r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial infection elicits robust immune responses that initially depend on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), which ingest and kill invading bacteria. However, community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) remain viable within PMN and prompt their lysis with concomitant release of damage-associated molecular patterns and proinflammatory cytokines that promote additional inflammation. Here, we show that ultrapure human PMN (>99.8% pure) that have ingested CA-MRSA released interleukin (IL)-1β but not IL-18. The ingested CA-MRSA needed to be viable, and phagocytosis alone was insufficient to stimulate IL-1β secretion from PMN fed CA-MRSA. In contrast to PMN response to the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome agonist nigericin, IL-1β secretion by PMN fed CA-MRSA occurred independently of NLRP3 inflammasome or caspase-1 activation and required instead active receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) but not RIPK1. Furthermore, inhibition of neutrophil serine proteases blocked pro-IL-1β cleavage in PMN fed CA-MRSA. Taken together, our data suggest that with respect to secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, PMN differ from human macrophages and exhibit agonist-specific responses. After phagocytosis of CA-MRSA, human PMN secreted IL-1β through a previously unrecognized mechanism dependent on RIPK3 and serine proteases but independent of canonical NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Kremserova
- Inflammation Program and Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA
| | - William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program and Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA
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77
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Lai YS, Putra RBDS, Aui SP, Chang KT. M2 C Polarization by Baicalin Enhances Efferocytosis via Upregulation of MERTK Receptor. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2018; 46:1899-1914. [PMID: 30518232 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x18500957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Baicalin is the main active ingredient primary isolated from the Chinese herb, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Although baicalin can induce M2 macrophage polarization, we still do not know the subtype of macrophages polarized by baicalin. In this study, we characterized that murine bone marrow derived macrophages induced by M-CSF can be further polarized into M2C phenotype by baicalin. The signatures of M2C macrophages for mRNA expression like interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), MERTK and PTX3 were up-regulated. Moreover, we observed the concomitantly decreasing of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α ), interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), IL-6. In contrast, M2 macrophages polarized by IL-4 increased gene transcript of arginase-1 (Arg-1) and surface marker of CD206 indicates that their identity as M2A rather than M2C subtypes. Interestingly, the phagocytosis as well as efferocytosis activity were significantly enhanced in M2C macrophage polarized by baicalin and these capacities were associated with the expression of MERTK receptor. Finally, we conclude that baicalin induced M2C macrophages polarization with both elevations of efferocytosis and anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Siew Lai
- * Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.,† Flow Cytometry Center, Precision Instruments Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | | | - Shin-Peir Aui
- * Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Tung Chang
- * Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.,† Flow Cytometry Center, Precision Instruments Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1, Shuefu Rd., Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
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78
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Farmand S, Kremer B, Häffner M, Pütsep K, Bergman P, Sundin M, Ritterbusch H, Seidl M, Follo M, Henneke P, Henriques‐Normark B. Eosinophilia and reduced STAT3 signaling affect neutrophil cell death in autosomal-dominant Hyper-IgE syndrome. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1975-1988. [PMID: 30315710 PMCID: PMC6587726 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The autosomal-dominant hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES), caused by mutations in STAT3, is a rare primary immunodeficiency that predisposes to mucocutaneous candidiasis and staphylococcal skin and lung infections. This infection phenotype is suggestive of defects in neutrophils, but data on neutrophil functions in HIES are inconsistent. This study was undertaken to functionally characterize neutrophils in STAT3-deficient HIES patients and to analyze whether the patients` eosinophilia affects the neutrophil phenotype in S. aureus infection. Neutrophil functions and cell death kinetics were studied in eight STAT3-deficient patients. Moreover, the response of STAT3-deficient neutrophils to S. aureus and the impact of autologous eosinophils on pathogen-induced cell death were analyzed. No specific aberrations in neutrophil functions were detected within this cohort. However, the half-life of STAT3-deficient neutrophils ex vivo was reduced, which was partially attributable to the presence of eosinophils. Increased S. aureus-induced cell lysis, dependent on the staphylococcal virulence controlling accessory gene regulator (agr)-locus, was observed in STAT3-deficient neutrophils and upon addition of eosinophils. Accelerated neutrophil cell death kinetics may underlie the reported variability in neutrophil function testing in HIES. Increased S. aureus-induced lysis of STAT3-deficient neutrophils might affect pathogen control and contribute to tissue destruction during staphylococcal infections in HIES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Farmand
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyKarolinska University HospitalSolnaSweden
- Department of MicrobiologyTumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Section of HematologyImmunology and HSCTAstrid Lindgren Children's HospitalKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Bernhard Kremer
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI)Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Monika Häffner
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI)Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Katrin Pütsep
- Department of MicrobiologyTumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyKarolinska University HospitalSolnaSweden
- Department of Laboratory MedicineClinical MicrobiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Immunodeficiency Unit, Infectious Disease ClinicKarolinska University HospitalHuddingeSweden
| | - Mikael Sundin
- Section of HematologyImmunology and HSCTAstrid Lindgren Children's HospitalKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical ScienceIntervention and TechnologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Henrike Ritterbusch
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI)Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI)Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Institute of PathologyMedical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Marie Follo
- Lighthouse Core FacilityDepartment of Medicine IMedical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI)Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent MedicineMedical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Birgitta Henriques‐Normark
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyKarolinska University HospitalSolnaSweden
- Department of MicrobiologyTumor and Cell BiologyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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79
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Jondle CN, Gupta K, Mishra BB, Sharma J. Klebsiella pneumoniae infection of murine neutrophils impairs their efferocytic clearance by modulating cell death machinery. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007338. [PMID: 30273394 PMCID: PMC6181436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first infiltrating cell type essential for combating pneumoseptic infections by bacterial pathogens including Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPn). Following an infection or injury, removal of apoptotic infiltrates via a highly regulated process called efferocytosis is required for restoration of homeostasis, but little is known regarding the effect of bacterial infection on this process. Here we demonstrate that KPn infection impedes the efferocytic uptake of neutrophils in-vitro and in-vivo in lungs by macrophages. This impaired efferocytosis of infected neutrophils coincides with drastic reduction in the neutrophil surface exposure of apoptosis signature phospholipid phosphatidyserine (PS); and increased activity of phospholipid transporter flippases, which maintain PS in the inner leaflet of plasma membrane. Concomitantly, pharmacological inhibition of flippase activity enhanced PS externalization and restored the efferocytosis of KPn infected neutrophils. We further show that KPn infection interferes with apoptosis activation and instead activates non-apoptotic programmed cell death via activation of necroptosis machinery in neutrophils. Accordingly, pharmacological inhibition of necroptosis by RIPK1 and RIPK3 inhibitors restored the efferocytic uptake of KPn infected neutrophils in-vitro. Importantly, treatment of KPn infected mice with necroptosis inhibitor improved the disease outcome in-vivo in preclinical mouse model of KPn pneumonia. To our knowledge, this is the first report of neutrophil efferocytosis impairment by KPn via modulation of cell death pathway, which may provide novel targets for therapeutic intervention of this infection. Inflammatory diseases caused by infectious or sterile injuries are often characterized by pathological accumulation of dead or dying infiltrating cells. Pneumonic sepsis caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPn), an opportunistic pathogen, has similar etiology, however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here we report that KPn infection subverts a protective host process termed efferocytosis, by which the phagocytic cells engulf and clear dead/dying cells thereby resolving inflammation and infection. Our results show that KPn infected neutrophils are cleared less efficiently via efferocytosis than the uninfected neutrophils. Mechanistic studies implicated a reduced exposure of “eat me” signal phosphatidyleserine (PS) via increased flippase activity and skewing of cell death pathway toward necroptosis in impaired efferocytosis of infected neutrophils. Accordingly, pharmacological reversal of PS exposure by flippase inhibition, treatment with necroptosis inhibitors restored the efferocytic clearance of KPn infected neutrophils, and improved the disease outcome in a preclinical model of pneumonic sepsis. To our knowledge this is the first report of KPn subversion of efferocytic clearance of neutrophils by impairing pro-efferocytic apoptotic signatures and activation of necroptosis machinery. This could lead to novel therapeutic targets against KPn infection and associated inflammation in pneumonic sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N. Jondle
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Kuldeep Gupta
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Bibhuti B. Mishra
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jyotika Sharma
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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80
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Wang Z, Guo LM, Wang SC, Chen D, Yan J, Liu FX, Huang JF, Xiong K. Progress in studies of necroptosis and its relationship to disease processes. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1749-1757. [PMID: 30244947 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review briefly introduces the mechanism and detection methods of necroptosis in recent years. The most significant points of this review focus on the involvement of necroptotic proteins in disease progression. The following aspects are summarized: 1) RIPs, MLKL, and the upstream and downstream molecules that mediate necroptosis; 2) The development of detection methods for necroptosis; 3) The involvement of related necroptotic proteins in diverse diseases etiology; and 4) The application of necroptotic proteins in disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Li-Min Guo
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Shu-Chao Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Feng-Xia Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Ju-Fang Huang
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
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81
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Brandt SL, Wang S, Dejani NN, Klopfenstein N, Winfree S, Filgueiras L, McCarthy BP, Territo PR, Serezani CH. Excessive localized leukotriene B4 levels dictate poor skin host defense in diabetic mice. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120220. [PMID: 30185672 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly controlled diabetes leads to comorbidities and enhanced susceptibility to infections. While the immune components involved in wound healing in diabetes have been studied, the components involved in susceptibility to skin infections remain unclear. Here, we examined the effects of the inflammatory lipid mediator leukotriene B4 (LTB4) signaling through its receptor B leukotriene receptor 1 (BLT1) in the progression of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infection in 2 models of diabetes. Diabetic mice produced higher levels of LTB4 in the skin, which correlated with larger nonhealing lesion areas and increased bacterial loads compared with nondiabetic mice. High LTB4 levels were also associated with dysregulated cytokine and chemokine production, excessive neutrophil migration but impaired abscess formation, and uncontrolled collagen deposition. Both genetic deletion and topical pharmacological BLT1 antagonism restored inflammatory response and abscess formation, followed by a reduction in the bacterial load and lesion area in the diabetic mice. Macrophage depletion in diabetic mice limited LTB4 production and improved abscess architecture and skin host defense. These data demonstrate that exaggerated LTB4/BLT1 responses mediate a derailed inflammatory milieu that underlies poor host defense in diabetes. Prevention of LTB4 production/actions could provide a new therapeutic strategy to restore host defense in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Brandt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases.,Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Sue Wang
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Naiara N Dejani
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nathan Klopfenstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and
| | - Seth Winfree
- Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Luciano Filgueiras
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Brian P McCarthy
- Indiana Institute for Biomedical Imaging Sciences, Department of Radiology, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Paul R Territo
- Indiana Institute for Biomedical Imaging Sciences, Department of Radiology, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - C Henrique Serezani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, and.,Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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82
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van de Geer A, Nieto-Patlán A, Kuhns DB, Tool AT, Arias AA, Bouaziz M, de Boer M, Franco JL, Gazendam RP, van Hamme JL, van Houdt M, van Leeuwen K, Verkuijlen PJ, van den Berg TK, Alzate JF, Arango-Franco CA, Batura V, Bernasconi AR, Boardman B, Booth C, Burns SO, Cabarcas F, Bensussan NC, Charbit-Henrion F, Corveleyn A, Deswarte C, Azcoiti ME, Foell D, Gallin JI, Garcés C, Guedes M, Hinze CH, Holland SM, Hughes SM, Ibañez P, Malech HL, Meyts I, Moncada-Velez M, Moriya K, Neves E, Oleastro M, Perez L, Rattina V, Oleaga-Quintas C, Warner N, Muise AM, López JS, Trindade E, Vasconcelos J, Vermeire S, Wittkowski H, Worth A, Abel L, Dinauer MC, Arkwright PD, Roos D, Casanova JL, Kuijpers TW, Bustamante J. Inherited p40phox deficiency differs from classic chronic granulomatous disease. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3957-3975. [PMID: 29969437 PMCID: PMC6118590 DOI: 10.1172/jci97116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biallelic loss-of-function (LOF) mutations of the NCF4 gene, encoding the p40phox subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, have been described in only 1 patient. We report on 24 p40phox-deficient patients from 12 additional families in 8 countries. These patients display 8 different in-frame or out-of-frame mutations of NCF4 that are homozygous in 11 of the families and compound heterozygous in another. When overexpressed in NB4 neutrophil-like cells and EBV-transformed B cells in vitro, the mutant alleles were found to be LOF, with the exception of the p.R58C and c.120_134del alleles, which were hypomorphic. Particle-induced NADPH oxidase activity was severely impaired in the patients' neutrophils, whereas PMA-induced dihydrorhodamine-1,2,3 (DHR) oxidation, which is widely used as a diagnostic test for chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), was normal or mildly impaired in the patients. Moreover, the NADPH oxidase activity of EBV-transformed B cells was also severely impaired, whereas that of mononuclear phagocytes was normal. Finally, the killing of Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae by neutrophils was conserved in these patients, unlike in patients with CGD. The patients suffer from hyperinflammation and peripheral infections, but they do not have any of the invasive bacterial or fungal infections seen in CGD. Inherited p40phox deficiency underlies a distinctive condition, resembling a mild, atypical form of CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie van de Geer
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Nieto-Patlán
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Science, National Polytechnic Institute, ENCB - IPN, Mexico
| | - Douglas B Kuhns
- Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Clinical Services Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Anton Tj Tool
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andrés A Arias
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, and.,School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Matthieu Bouaziz
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Martin de Boer
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - José Luis Franco
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, and
| | - Roel P Gazendam
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - John L van Hamme
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michel van Houdt
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karin van Leeuwen
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Jh Verkuijlen
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU Medical Center, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Juan F Alzate
- National Center for Genomic Sequencing - CNSG-SIU, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Carlos A Arango-Franco
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, and.,School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Vritika Batura
- Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea R Bernasconi
- Service of Immunology and Rheumatology, Garrahan National Pediatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Barbara Boardman
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Booth
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhan O Burns
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Free London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Felipe Cabarcas
- National Center for Genomic Sequencing - CNSG-SIU, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,SISTEMIC Group, Electronic Engineering Department, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Nadine Cerf Bensussan
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,GENIUS group (GENetically ImmUne-mediated enteropathieS) of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN).,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Charbit-Henrion
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, INSERM U1163, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,GENIUS group (GENetically ImmUne-mediated enteropathieS) of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN).,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Anniek Corveleyn
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Deswarte
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - María Esnaola Azcoiti
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Department of Immunology, Ricardo Gutierrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dirk Foell
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Munster University Hospital, Munster, Germany
| | - John I Gallin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlos Garcés
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, and
| | - Margarida Guedes
- Department of Pediatrics, Santo Antonio Hospital, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claas H Hinze
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Munster University Hospital, Munster, Germany
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen M Hughes
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Patricio Ibañez
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Program, Gastroenterology Department, Clinic Las Condes Medical Center, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Harry L Malech
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marcela Moncada-Velez
- Primary Immunodeficiencies Group, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, and
| | - Kunihiko Moriya
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Esmeralda Neves
- Department of Immunology, Santo Antonio Hospital, Porto, Portugal
| | - Matias Oleastro
- Service of Immunology and Rheumatology, Garrahan National Pediatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Perez
- Service of Immunology and Rheumatology, Garrahan National Pediatric Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vimel Rattina
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Carmen Oleaga-Quintas
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Neil Warner
- SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, and
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,SickKids Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center and Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, and.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeanet Serafín López
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Science, National Polytechnic Institute, ENCB - IPN, Mexico
| | - Eunice Trindade
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Sao Joao Hospital, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Séverine Vermeire
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Helmut Wittkowski
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, Munster University Hospital, Munster, Germany
| | - Austen Worth
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mary C Dinauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Peter D Arkwright
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Roos
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York, USA.,Pediatric Hematology and Immunology Unit, AP-HP, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
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83
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RIP kinases as modulators of inflammation and immunity. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:912-922. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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84
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Taruc K, Yin C, Wootton DG, Heit B. Quantification of Efferocytosis by Single-cell Fluorescence Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30176011 DOI: 10.3791/58149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the regulation of efferocytosis requires methods that are able to accurately quantify the uptake of apoptotic cells and to probe the signaling and cellular processes that control efferocytosis. This quantification can be difficult to perform as apoptotic cells are often efferocytosed piecemeal, thus necessitating methods which can accurately delineate between the efferocytosed portion of an apoptotic target versus residual unengulfed cellular fragments. The approach outlined herein utilizes dual-labeling approaches to accurately quantify the dynamics of efferocytosis and efferocytic capacity of efferocytes such as macrophages. The cytosol of the apoptotic cell is labeled with a cell-tracking dye to enable monitoring of all apoptotic cell-derived materials, while surface biotinylation of the apoptotic cell allows for differentiation between internalized and non-internalized apoptotic cell fractions. The efferocytic capacity of efferocytes is determined by taking fluorescent images of live or fixed cells and quantifying the amount of bound versus internalized targets, as differentiated by streptavidin staining. This approach offers several advantages over methods such as flow cytometry, namely the accurate delineation of non-efferocytosed versus efferocytosed apoptotic cell fractions, the ability to measure efferocytic dynamics by live-cell microscopy, and the capacity to perform studies of cellular signaling in cells expressing fluorescently-labeled transgenes. Combined, the methods outlined in this protocol serve as the basis for a flexible experimental approach that can be used to accurately quantify efferocytic activity and interrogate cellular signaling pathways active during efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Taruc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Human Immunology, University of Western Ontario
| | - Charles Yin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Human Immunology, University of Western Ontario
| | - Daniel G Wootton
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool; Department of Respiratory Research, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Human Immunology, University of Western Ontario;
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85
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Kobayashi SD, Malachowa N, DeLeo FR. Neutrophils and Bacterial Immune Evasion. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:432-441. [PMID: 29642066 DOI: 10.1159/000487756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are an important component of the innate immune system and provide a front line of defense against bacterial infection. Although most bacteria are killed readily by neutrophils, some bacterial pathogens have the capacity to circumvent destruction by these host leukocytes. The ability of bacterial pathogens to avoid killing by neutrophils often involves multiple attributes or characteristics, including the production of virulence molecules. These molecules are diverse in composition and function, and collectively have the potential to alter or inhibit neutrophil recruitment, phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and/or apoptosis. Here, we review the ability of bacteria to target these processes.
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86
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Lőrincz ÁM, Szeifert V, Bartos B, Ligeti E. New flow cytometry-based method for the assessment of the antibacterial effect of immune cells and subcellular particles. J Leukoc Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ta0817-317r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ákos M. Lőrincz
- Department of Physiology; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | | | - Balázs Bartos
- Department of Physiology; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Ligeti
- Department of Physiology; Semmelweis University; Budapest Hungary
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87
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Zhou Y, Niu C, Ma B, Xue X, Li Z, Chen Z, Li F, Zhou S, Luo X, Hou Z. Inhibiting PSMα-induced neutrophil necroptosis protects mice with MRSA pneumonia by blocking the agr system. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:362. [PMID: 29500427 PMCID: PMC5834619 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0398-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Given its high resistance, enhanced virulence, and high transmissibility, community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) pneumonia is highly associated with high morbidity and mortality. Anti-virulence therapy is a promising strategy that bypasses the evolutionary pressure on the bacterium to develop resistance. RNAIII-inhibiting peptide (RIP), as an accessory gene regulator (agr)-specific inhibitor, significantly restricts the virulence of S. aureus and protects infected mice from death by blocking the agr quorum sensing system. The protective effects of RIP on the neutropenic mice completely disappeared in a neutrophil-deleted mouse infection model, but not in the macrophage-deleted mice. This result confirmed that the in vivo antibacterial activity of RIP is highly associated with neutrophil function. Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs), as major leukocyte lysis toxins of CA-MRSA, are directly regulated by the agr system. In this experiment, PSMα1, 2, and 3 significantly induced neutrophil necroptosis by activating mixed lineage kinase-like protein (MLKL) phosphorylation and increasing lactate dehydrogenase release. The S. aureus supernatants harvested from the agr or psmα mutant strains both decreased the phosphorylation level of MLKL and cell lysis. PSMα1-mediated neutrophil lysis was significantly inhibited by necrosulfonamide, necrostatin-1, TNFα antibody, and WRW4. These results showed PSMα1 induced necroptosis depends on formylpeptide receptor 2 (FPR2)-mediated autocrine TNFα. Moreover, the neutrophil necroptosis induced by S. aureus was significantly suppressed and pneumonia was effectively prevented by the blockage of agrA and psmα expression levels. These findings indicate that PSMα-induced necroptosis is a major cause of lung pathology in S. aureus pneumonia and suggest that interfering with the agr quorum sensing signaling pathway is a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Niu
- Henan Eye Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhou Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoxing Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zheng Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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88
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Prame Kumar K, Nicholls AJ, Wong CHY. Partners in crime: neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages in inflammation and disease. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 371:551-565. [PMID: 29387942 PMCID: PMC5820413 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are becoming recognized as highly versatile and sophisticated cells that display de novo synthetic capacity and potentially prolonged lifespan. Emerging concepts such as neutrophil heterogeneity and plasticity have revealed that, under pathological conditions, neutrophils may differentiate into discrete subsets defined by distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics. Indeed, these newly described neutrophil subsets will undoubtedly add to the already complex interactions between neutrophils and other immune cell types for an effective immune response. The interactions between neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages enable the host to efficiently defend against and eliminate foreign pathogens. However, it is also becoming increasingly clear that these interactions can be detrimental to the host if not tightly regulated. In this review, we will explore the functional cooperation of neutrophil and monocytes/macrophages in homeostasis, during acute inflammation and in various disease settings. We will discuss this in the context of cardiovascular disease in the form of atherosclerosis, an autoimmune disease mainly occurring in the kidneys, as well as the unique intestinal immune response of the gut that does not conform to the norms of the typical immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Prame Kumar
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Alyce J Nicholls
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Connie H Y Wong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
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89
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de Jong NWM, Ploscariu NT, Ramyar KX, Garcia BL, Herrera AI, Prakash O, Katz BB, Leidal KG, Nauseef WM, van Kessel KPM, van Strijp JAG, Geisbrecht BV. A structurally dynamic N-terminal region drives function of the staphylococcal peroxidase inhibitor (SPIN). J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2260-2271. [PMID: 29306874 PMCID: PMC5818189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heme-containing enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) is critical for optimal antimicrobial activity of human neutrophils. We recently discovered that the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus expresses a novel immune evasion protein, called SPIN, that binds tightly to MPO, inhibits MPO activity, and contributes to bacterial survival following phagocytosis. A co-crystal structure of SPIN bound to MPO suggested that SPIN blocks substrate access to the catalytic heme by inserting an N-terminal β-hairpin into the MPO active-site channel. Here, we describe a series of experiments that more completely define the structure/function relationships of SPIN. Whereas the SPIN N terminus adopts a β-hairpin confirmation upon binding to MPO, the solution NMR studies presented here are consistent with this region of SPIN being dynamically structured in the unbound state. Curiously, whereas the N-terminal β-hairpin of SPIN accounts for ∼55% of the buried surface area in the SPIN-MPO complex, its deletion did not significantly change the affinity of SPIN for MPO but did eliminate the ability of SPIN to inhibit MPO. The flexible nature of the SPIN N terminus rendered it susceptible to proteolytic degradation by a series of chymotrypsin-like proteases found within neutrophil granules, thereby abrogating SPIN activity. Degradation of SPIN was prevented by the S. aureus immune evasion protein Eap, which acts as a selective inhibitor of neutrophil serine proteases. Together, these studies provide insight into MPO inhibition by SPIN and suggest possible functional synergy between two distinct classes of S. aureus immune evasion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke W. M. de Jong
- From Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoleta T. Ploscariu
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Kasra X. Ramyar
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Brandon L. Garcia
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Alvaro I. Herrera
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Om Prakash
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Benjamin B. Katz
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Kevin G. Leidal
- the Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, and
| | - William M. Nauseef
- the Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, and ,the Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa 52246
| | - Kok P. M. van Kessel
- From Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos A. G. van Strijp
- From Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brian V. Geisbrecht
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, , To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, 1711 Claflin Rd., Manhattan, KS 66506. Tel.:
785-532-3154; Fax:
785-532-7278; E-mail:
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90
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TNF-α increases Staphylococcus aureus-induced death of human alveolar epithelial cell line A549 associated with RIP3-mediated necroptosis. Life Sci 2018; 195:81-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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91
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Iba T, Levy JH. Inflammation and thrombosis: roles of neutrophils, platelets and endothelial cells and their interactions in thrombus formation during sepsis. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:231-241. [PMID: 29193703 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response and the activation of coagulation are two important responses in a host's defense against infection. These mechanisms do not work independently, but cooperate in a complex and synchronous manner. Recent research has also shed light on the critical role of thrombus formation, which prevents the dissemination of microorganisms. The cellular components of blood vessels, i.e. leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes, and vascular endothelial cells, play significant roles in the development of thrombi in combination with activation of the coagulation system. In addition to the cellular components, alarmins such as histones and high-mobility group box 1, microparticles and secreted granule proteins are all important for clot formation. In this summary, we review the pathophysiology of sepsis-induced coagulopathy and the role of cellular components and critical factors released from damaged cells. In addition, we review important therapeutic approaches that have been developed, are under investigation and are currently available in certain countries, including antithrombin, recombinant thrombomodulin, anti-Toll-like receptor 4 therapy, anti-damage associated molecular pattern therapy, and hemoadsorption with a polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iba
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J H Levy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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92
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Necroptosis and neutrophil-associated disorders. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:111. [PMID: 29371616 PMCID: PMC5833577 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a form of regulated necrosis and is dependent on a signaling pathway involving receptor interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). Necroptosis is considered to have important functions in inflammation and, based on studies with animal disease models, is believed likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of many human inflammatory diseases. In neutrophils, necroptosis has recently been reported to be triggered by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) stimulation, ligation of adhesion receptors, exposure to monosodium urate (MSU) crystals, or phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Because neutrophils are involved in many kinds of tissue inflammation and disease, neutrophil necroptosis probably plays a vital role in such processes. Dissecting the signaling pathway of neutrophil necroptotic death may help to identify novel drug targets for inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss different mechanisms which regulate neutrophil necroptosis and are thus potentially important in neutrophil-associated disorders.
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93
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Gupta S, Chan DW, Zaal KJ, Kaplan MJ. A High-Throughput Real-Time Imaging Technique To Quantify NETosis and Distinguish Mechanisms of Cell Death in Human Neutrophils. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:869-879. [PMID: 29196457 PMCID: PMC5760330 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play a key role in host defenses and have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by various mechanisms, including formation of neutrophil extracellular traps through a recently described distinct form of programmed cell death called NETosis. Techniques to assess and quantitate NETosis in an unbiased, reproducible, and efficient way are lacking, considerably limiting the advancement of research in this field. We optimized and validated, a new method to automatically quantify the percentage of neutrophils undergoing NETosis in real time using the IncuCyte ZOOM imaging platform and the membrane-permeability properties of two DNA dyes. Neutrophils undergoing NETosis induced by various physiological stimuli showed distinct changes, with a loss of multilobulated nuclei, as well as nuclear decondensation followed by membrane compromise, and were accurately counted by applying filters based on fluorescence intensity and nuclear size. Findings were confirmed and validated with the established method of immunofluorescence microscopy. The platform was also validated to rapidly assess and quantify the dose-dependent effect of inhibitors of NETosis. In addition, this method was able to distinguish among neutrophils undergoing NETosis, apoptosis, or necrosis based on distinct changes in nuclear morphology and membrane integrity. The IncuCyte ZOOM platform is a novel real-time assay that quantifies NETosis in a rapid, automated, and reproducible way, significantly optimizing the study of neutrophils. This platform is a powerful tool to assess neutrophil physiology and NETosis, as well as to swiftly develop and test novel neutrophil targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarthak Gupta
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Diana W Chan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Kristien J Zaal
- Light Imaging Section, Office of Science and Technology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mariana J Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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94
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Wang Z, Zhu F. The expression profiles of immune genes in Mus musculus macrophages during Staphylococcus aureus infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190490. [PMID: 29304086 PMCID: PMC5755788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen which is often the cause of major morbidity and mortality in both hospital and community settings. For this reason, we investigated the host cell early immune resoponse to S. aureus infection using genome-wide analysis. To do this, we infected Mus musculus RAW264.7 cells with S. aureus alone or in the presence of free peptidoglycan (PG), which appears in the S. aureus cell wall. Post infection, we performed a genome-wide analysis of RAW246.7 cells to identify significant changes in the gene expression profile. Further, we analyzed the infected RAW246.7 cells with transmission electron microscopy looking for the presence of bacterial cells inside the host cell. We also used flow cytometry to determine whether cells had induced apoptosis. The results showed that S. aureus induced apoptosis in the RAW246.7 cells but did not effectively clear away intracellular bacteria cells. However, S. aureus + PG treatment inhibited the apoptosis and activated the host cell inflammation response, possibly involving NF-κB and JAK-STAT pathways, as identified by genome-wide analysis, in RAW246.7 cells. Our study demonstrated for the first time that an independent application of free PG was capable of activating immune responses the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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95
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Horn J, Stelzner K, Rudel T, Fraunholz M. Inside job: Staphylococcus aureus host-pathogen interactions. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:607-624. [PMID: 29217333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a notorious opportunistic pathogen causing a plethora of diseases. Recent research established that once phagocytosed by neutrophils and macrophages, a certain percentage of S. aureus is able to survive within these phagocytes which thereby even may contribute to dissemination of the pathogen. S. aureus further induces its uptake by otherwise non-phagocytic cells and the ensuing intracellular cytotoxicity is suggested to lead to tissue destruction, whereas bacterial persistence within cells is thought to lead to immune evasion and chronicity of infections. We here review recent work on the S. aureus host pathogen interactions with a focus on the intracellular survival of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Horn
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Stelzner
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Fraunholz
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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96
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Abstract
Safe and efficacious vaccines are arguably the most successful medical interventions of all time. Yet the ongoing discovery of new pathogens, along with emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and a burgeoning population at risk of such infections, imposes unprecedented public health challenges. To meet these challenges, innovative strategies to discover and develop new or improved anti-infective vaccines are necessary. These approaches must intersect the most meaningful insights into protective immunity and advanced technologies with capabilities to deliver immunogens for optimal immune protection. This goal is considered through several recent advances in host-pathogen relationships, conceptual strides in vaccinology, and emerging technologies. Given a clear and growing risk of pandemic disease should the threat of infection go unmet, developing vaccines that optimize protective immunity against high-priority and antibiotic-resistant pathogens represents an urgent and unifying imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Yeaman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024.,Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509; .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509.,Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90502
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97
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Doran AC, Ozcan L, Cai B, Zheng Z, Fredman G, Rymond CC, Dorweiler B, Sluimer JC, Hsieh J, Kuriakose G, Tall AR, Tabas I. CAMKIIγ suppresses an efferocytosis pathway in macrophages and promotes atherosclerotic plaque necrosis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4075-4089. [PMID: 28972541 DOI: 10.1172/jci94735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the underlying etiology of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is a heterogeneous disease in which only a small fraction of lesions lead to heart attack, stroke, or sudden cardiac death. A distinct type of plaque containing large necrotic cores with thin fibrous caps often precipitates these acute events. Here, we show that Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase γ (CaMKIIγ) in macrophages plays a major role in the development of necrotic, thin-capped plaques. Macrophages in necrotic and symptomatic atherosclerotic plaques in humans as well as advanced atherosclerotic lesions in mice demonstrated activation of CaMKII. Western diet-fed LDL receptor-deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice with myeloid-specific deletion of CaMKII had smaller necrotic cores with concomitantly thicker collagen caps. These lesions demonstrated evidence of enhanced efferocytosis, which was associated with increased expression of the macrophage efferocytosis receptor MerTK. Mechanistic studies revealed that CaMKIIγ-deficient macrophages and atherosclerotic lesions lacking myeloid CaMKIIγ had increased expression of the transcription factor ATF6. We determined that ATF6 induces liver X receptor-α (LXRα), an Mertk-inducing transcription factor, and that increased MerTK expression and efferocytosis in CaMKIIγ-deficient macrophages is dependent on LXRα. These findings identify a macrophage CaMKIIγ/ATF6/LXRα/MerTK pathway as a key factor in the development of necrotic atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Doran
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lale Ozcan
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bishuang Cai
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ze Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gabrielle Fredman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Bernhard Dorweiler
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Judith C Sluimer
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Alan R Tall
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics and.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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98
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Kienle K, Lämmermann T. Neutrophil swarming: an essential process of the neutrophil tissue response. Immunol Rev 2017; 273:76-93. [PMID: 27558329 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil infiltration into inflamed and infected tissues is a fundamental process of the innate immune response. While neutrophil interactions with the blood vessel wall have been intensely studied over the last decades, neutrophil dynamics beyond the vasculature have for a long time remained poorly investigated. Recent intravital microscopy studies of neutrophil populations directly at the site of tissue damage or microbial invasion have changed our perspective on neutrophil responses within tissues. Swarm-like migration patterns of neutrophils, referred to as 'neutrophil swarming', have been detected in diverse tissues under conditions of sterile inflammation and infection with various pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Current work has begun to unravel the molecular pathways choreographing the sequential phases of highly coordinated chemotaxis followed by neutrophil accumulation and the formation of substantial neutrophil clusters. It is now clear that intercellular communication among neutrophils amplifies their recruitment in a feed-forward manner, which provides them with a level of self-organization during neutrophil swarming. This review will summarize recent developments and current concepts on neutrophil swarming, an important process of the neutrophil tissue response with a critical role in maintaining the balance between host protection and inflammation-driven tissue destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Kienle
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Group Immune Cell Dynamics, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB), Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Group Immune Cell Dynamics, Freiburg, Germany
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99
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Abstract
The life span of a neutrophil is a tightly regulated process as extended survival is beneficial for pathogen elimination and cell death necessary to prevent cytotoxic content release from activated neutrophils at the inflammatory site. Therefore, the control between survival and death must be a dynamic process. We have previously described that proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) which is known as a nuclear protein pivotal in DNA synthesis, is a key element in controlling neutrophil survival through its association with procaspases. Contrary to the dogma which asserted that PCNA has a strictly nuclear function, in mature neutrophils, PCNA is present exclusively within the cytosol due to its nuclear export at the end of the granulocytic differentiation. More recent studies are consistent with the notion that the cytosolic scaffold of PCNA is aimed at modulating neutrophil fate rather than simply preventing death. Ultimately, targeting neutrophil survival might have important applications not just in the field of immunology and inflammation, but also in hematology and transfusion. The neutrophil emerges as a unique and powerful cellular model to unravel the basic mechanisms governing the cell cycle-independent functions of PCNA and should be considered as a leader of the pack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Witko-Sarsat
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Institut Cochin, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Ohayon
- INSERM U1016, Paris, France.,Institut Cochin, Faculté de Médecine Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence, Labex Inflamex, Paris, France
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100
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Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are innate immune system cells that play an essential role in eradicating invading pathogens. PMN migration to sites of infection/inflammation requires exiting the microcirculation and subsequent crossing of epithelial barriers in mucosa-lined organs such as the lungs and intestines. Although these processes usually occur without significant damage to surrounding host tissues, dysregulated/excessive PMN transmigration and resultant bystander-tissue damage are characteristic of numerous mucosal inflammatory disorders. Mechanisms controlling PMN extravasation have been well characterized, but the molecular details regarding regulation of PMN migration across mucosal epithelia are poorly understood. Given that PMN migration across mucosal epithelia is strongly correlated with disease symptoms in many inflammatory mucosal disorders, enhanced understanding of the mechanisms regulating PMN transepithelial migration should provide insights into clinically relevant tissue-targeted therapies aimed at ameliorating PMN-mediated bystander-tissue damage. This review will highlight current understanding of the molecular interactions between PMNs and mucosal epithelia and the associated functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Brazil
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Charles A Parkos
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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