51
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Zhao K, Du J, Peng Y, Li P, Wang S, Wang Y, Hou J, Kang J, Zheng W, Hua S, Yu XF. LINE1 contributes to autoimmunity through both RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated RNA sensing pathways. J Autoimmun 2018; 90:105-115. [PMID: 29525183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Improper host immune activation leads to the development of the autoimmune disease Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), which is attributed to defined genetic mutations in such proteins as TREX1 and ADAR1. The mechanism of immune activation in AGS patients has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. In this study, we report that endogenous LINE1 components trigger IFNβ production in multiple human cell types, including those defective for cGAS/STING-mediated DNA sensing. In these cells, LINE1 DNA synthesis and retrotransposition were not required for LINE1-triggered immune activation, but RNA sensing pathways were essential. LINE1-triggered immune activation could be suppressed by diverse LINE1 inhibitors, including AGS-associated proteins targeting LINE1 RNA or proteins. However, AGS-associated ADAR1 or TREX1 mutants were defective in suppressing LINE1 retrotransposition or LINE1-triggered immune activation. Therefore, we have revealed a new function for LINE1 as an endogenous trigger of innate immune activation, which is important for understanding the molecular basis of IFN-based autoimmune diseases and may offer new intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhao
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 E. Minzhu St., Changchun, Jilin 130061, China.
| | - Juan Du
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 E. Minzhu St., Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Yanfeng Peng
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 E. Minzhu St., Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 E. Minzhu St., Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 E. Minzhu St., Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 E. Minzhu St., Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Jingwei Hou
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 E. Minzhu St., Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 E. Minzhu St., Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 E. Minzhu St., Changchun, Jilin 130061, China
| | - Shucheng Hua
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 E. Minzhu St., Changchun, Jilin 130061, China; Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, China.
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 519 E. Minzhu St., Changchun, Jilin 130061, China; Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China.
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52
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Shevchenko G, Morris KV. All I's on the RADAR: role of ADAR in gene regulation. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2860-2873. [PMID: 29770436 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) editing is the most abundant form of RNA modification in mammalian cells, which is catalyzed by adenosine deaminase acting on the double-stranded RNA (ADAR) protein family. A-to-I editing is currently known to be involved in the regulation of the immune system, RNA splicing, protein recoding, microRNA biogenesis, and formation of heterochromatin. Editing occurs within regions of double-stranded RNA, particularly within inverted Alu repeats, and is associated with many diseases including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic syndromes. However, the significance of RNA editing in a large portion of the transcriptome remains unknown. Here, we review the current knowledge about the prevalence and function of A-to-I editing by the ADAR protein family, focusing on its role in the regulation of gene expression. Furthermore, RNA editing-independent regulation of cellular processes by ADAR and the putative role(s) of this process in gene regulation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Shevchenko
- Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope-Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Kevin V Morris
- Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope-Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, USA
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53
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Radetskyy R, Daher A, Gatignol A. ADAR1 and PKR, interferon stimulated genes with clashing effects on HIV-1 replication. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:48-58. [PMID: 29625900 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The induction of hundreds of Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs) subsequent to virus infection generates an antiviral state that functions to restrict virus growth at multiple steps of their replication cycles. In the context of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1), ISGs also possess antiviral functions, but some ISGs show proapoptotic or proviral activity. One of the most studied ISGs, the RNA activated Protein Kinase (PKR), shuts down the viral protein synthesis upon activation. HIV-1 has evolved to evade its inhibition by PKR through viral and cellular mechanisms. One of the cellular mechanisms is the induction of another ISG, the Adenosine Deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1). ADAR1 promotes viral replication by acting as an RNA sensing inhibitor, by editing viral RNA and by inhibiting PKR. This review challenges the orthodox dogma of ISGs as antiviral proteins, by demonstrating that two ISGs have opposing and clashing effects on viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Radetskyy
- Laboratory of Virus-Cell Interactions, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, Canada
| | - Aïcha Daher
- Laboratory of Virus-Cell Interactions, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Canada
| | - Anne Gatignol
- Laboratory of Virus-Cell Interactions, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Canada; Department of Microbiology-Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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54
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ADAR1 prevents small intestinal injury from inflammation in a murine model of sepsis. Cytokine 2018; 104:30-37. [PMID: 29414324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1), a double-stranded RNA-editing enzyme that converts adenosine (A) to inosine (I), has been identified as a modulator of immune responses. However, the role of ADAR1 in small intestinal homeostasis during sepsis remains unclear. In this study, we examined the role of ADAR1 on intestinal inflammation in a murine model of sepsis. We found that ADAR1 was highly expressed in "septic" macrophages and small intestinal tissue of septic mice. Deletion of ADAR1 in "septic" macrophages led to rapid apoptosis. In addition, suppression of ADAR1 in "septic" macrophages significantly enhanced inflammation, while over-expression of ADAR1 significantly suppressed the level of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, suppression of ADAR1 in septic mice significantly enhanced inflammation and intestinal damage, while enhanced ADAR1 expression resulted in reduced damage and inflammation. Finally, over-expression of ADAR1 improved survival of septic mice. In conclusion, we have identified a novel ADAR1 protective effect for maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Our findings may provide a new targeted therapy for sepsis treatment.
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55
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Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are recognized by different cellular pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are expressed on cell membrane or in the cytoplasm of cells of the innate immune system. Nucleic acids derived from pathogens or from certain cellular conditions represent a large category of PAMPs/DAMPs that trigger production of type I interferons (IFN-I) in addition to pro-inflammatory cytokines, by specifically binding to intracellular Toll-like receptors or cytosolic receptors. These cytosolic receptors, which are not related to TLRs and we call them “Toll-free” receptors, include the RNA-sensing RIG-I like receptors (RLRs), the DNA-sensing HIN200 family, and cGAS, amongst others. Viruses have evolved myriad strategies to evoke both host cellular and viral factors to evade IFN-I-mediated innate immune responses, to facilitate their infection, replication, and establishment of latency. This review outlines these “Toll-free” innate immune pathways and recent updates on their regulation, with focus on cellular and viral factors with enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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56
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RNA Editing, ADAR1, and the Innate Immune Response. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8010041. [PMID: 28106799 PMCID: PMC5295035 DOI: 10.3390/genes8010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA editing, particularly A-to-I RNA editing, has been shown to play an essential role in mammalian embryonic development and tissue homeostasis, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases including skin pigmentation disorder, autoimmune and inflammatory tissue injury, neuron degeneration, and various malignancies. A-to-I RNA editing is carried out by a small group of enzymes, the adenosine deaminase acting on RNAs (ADARs). Only three members of this protein family, ADAR1-3, exist in mammalian cells. ADAR3 is a catalytically null enzyme and the most significant function of ADAR2 was found to be in editing on the neuron receptor GluR-B mRNA. ADAR1, however, has been shown to play more significant roles in biological and pathological conditions. Although there remains much that is not known about how ADAR1 regulates cellular function, recent findings point to regulation of the innate immune response as an important function of ADAR1. Without appropriate RNA editing by ADAR1, endogenous RNA transcripts stimulate cytosolic RNA sensing receptors and therefore activate the IFN-inducing signaling pathways. Overactivation of innate immune pathways can lead to tissue injury and dysfunction. However, obvious gaps in our knowledge persist as to how ADAR1 regulates innate immune responses through RNA editing. Here, we review critical findings from ADAR1 mechanistic studies focusing on its regulatory function in innate immune responses and identify some of the important unanswered questions in the field.
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57
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Functions of the RNA Editing Enzyme ADAR1 and Their Relevance to Human Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7120129. [PMID: 27999332 PMCID: PMC5192505 DOI: 10.3390/genes7120129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) convert adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Among the three types of mammalian ADARs, ADAR1 has long been recognized as an essential enzyme for normal development. The interferon-inducible ADAR1p150 is involved in immune responses to both exogenous and endogenous triggers, whereas the functions of the constitutively expressed ADAR1p110 are variable. Recent findings that ADAR1 is involved in the recognition of self versus non-self dsRNA provide potential explanations for its links to hematopoiesis, type I interferonopathies, and viral infections. Editing in both coding and noncoding sequences results in diseases ranging from cancers to neurological abnormalities. Furthermore, editing of noncoding sequences, like microRNAs, can regulate protein expression, while editing of Alu sequences can affect translational efficiency and editing of proximal sequences. Novel identifications of long noncoding RNA and retrotransposons as editing targets further expand the effects of A-to-I editing. Besides editing, ADAR1 also interacts with other dsRNA-binding proteins in editing-independent manners. Elucidating the disease-specific patterns of editing and/or ADAR1 expression may be useful in making diagnoses and prognoses. In this review, we relate the mechanisms of ADAR1′s actions to its pathological implications, and suggest possible mechanisms for the unexplained associations between ADAR1 and human diseases.
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58
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Sun Q, Wang Q, Scott MJ, Billiar TR. Immune Activation in the Liver by Nucleic Acids. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2016; 4:151-7. [PMID: 27350945 PMCID: PMC4913071 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2016.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection in the liver, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, is a major health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. The infection triggers a pro-inflammatory response in patients that is crucial for host defense. Recent studies have identified multiple transmembrane and cytosolic receptors that recognize pathogen-derived nucleic acids, and these receptors are essential for driving immune activation in the liver. In addition to sensing DNA/RNA from pathogens, these intracellular receptors can be activated by nucleic acids of host origin in response to sterile injuries. In this review, we discuss the expanding roles of these receptors in both immune and nonimmune cells in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melanie J. Scott
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Timothy R. Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- *Correspondence to: Timothy R. Billiar, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Suite F1281, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. Tel: +1-412-647-1749, Fax: +1-412-647-3247,
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59
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Zhang L, Xiang W, Wang G, Yan Z, Zhu Z, Guo Z, Sengupta R, Chen AF, Loughran PA, Lu B, Wang Q, Billiar TR. Interferon β (IFN-β) Production during the Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) Response in Hepatocytes Involves Coordinated and Feedforward Signaling through Toll-like Receptor 3 (TLR3), RNA-dependent Protein Kinase (PKR), Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), and Src Protein. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15093-107. [PMID: 27226571 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensing of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in the liver is important for antiviral defenses but can also contribute to sterile inflammation during liver injury. Hepatocytes are often the target of viral infection and are easily injured by inflammatory insults. Here we sought to establish the pathways involved in the production of type I interferons (IFN-I) in response to extracellular poly(I:C), a dsRNA mimetic, in hepatocytes. This was of interest because hepatocytes are long-lived and, unlike most immune cells that readily die after activation with dsRNA, are not viewed as cells with robust antimicrobial capacity. We found that poly(I:C) leads to rapid up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), and Src. The production of IFN-β was dependent on iNOS, PKR, and Src and partially dependent on TLR3/Trif. iNOS and Src up-regulation was partially dependent on TLR3/Trif but entirely dependent on PKR. The phosphorylation of TLR3 on tyrosine 759 was shown to increase in parallel to IFN-β production in an iNOS- and Src-dependent manner, and Src was found to directly interact with TLR3 in the endosomal compartment of poly(I:C)-treated cells. Furthermore, we identified a robust NO/cGMP/PKG-dependent feedforward pathway for the amplification of iNOS expression. These data identify iNOS/NO as an integral component of IFN-β production in response to dsRNA in hepatocytes in a pathway that involves the coordinated activities of TLR3/Trif and PKR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Zhang
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Wenpei Xiang
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, the Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Zhengzheng Yan
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Zhaowei Zhu
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Zhong Guo
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Alex F Chen
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Patricia A Loughran
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, the Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and
| | - Ben Lu
- the Xiangya Third Hospital and Central South University School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qingde Wang
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213,
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60
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Pestal K, Funk CC, Snyder JM, Price ND, Treuting PM, Stetson DB. Isoforms of RNA-Editing Enzyme ADAR1 Independently Control Nucleic Acid Sensor MDA5-Driven Autoimmunity and Multi-organ Development. Immunity 2016; 43:933-44. [PMID: 26588779 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in ADAR, which encodes the ADAR1 RNA-editing enzyme, cause Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS), a severe autoimmune disease associated with an aberrant type I interferon response. How ADAR1 prevents autoimmunity remains incompletely defined. Here, we demonstrate that ADAR1 is a specific and essential negative regulator of the MDA5-MAVS RNA sensing pathway. Moreover, we uncovered a MDA5-MAVS-independent function for ADAR1 in the development of multiple organs. We showed that the p150 isoform of ADAR1 uniquely regulated the MDA5 pathway, whereas both the p150 and p110 isoforms contributed to development. Abrupt deletion of ADAR1 in adult mice revealed that both of these functions were required throughout life. Our findings delineate genetically separable roles for both ADAR1 isoforms in vivo, with implications for the human diseases caused by ADAR mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Pestal
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cory C Funk
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jessica M Snyder
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Piper M Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Daniel B Stetson
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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61
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Wang H, Wang G, Zhang L, Zhang J, Zhang J, Wang Q, Billiar TR. ADAR1 Suppresses the Activation of Cytosolic RNA-Sensing Signaling Pathways to Protect the Liver from Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20248. [PMID: 26832817 PMCID: PMC4735287 DOI: 10.1038/srep20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive inflammation resulting from activation of the innate immune system significantly contributes to ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Inflammatory reactions in both IRI and infections share the same signaling pathways evoked by danger/pathogen associated molecular pattern molecules. The cytosolic retinoid-inducible gene I(RIG-I)-like RNA receptor (RLR) RNA sensing pathway mediates type I IFN production during viral infection and the sensing of viral RNA is regulated by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1). Using a model of liver IRI, we provide evidence that ADAR1 also regulates cytosolic RNA-sensing pathways in the setting of ischemic stress. Suppression of ADAR1 significantly enhanced inflammation and liver damage following IRI, which was accompanied by significant increases in type I IFN through cytosolic RNA-sensing pathways. In addition, knocking ADAR1 down in hepatocytes exaggerates inflammatory signaling to dsRNA or endotoxin and results in over production of type I IFN, which could be abolished by the interruption of RIG-I. Therefore, we identified a novel ADAR1-dependent protective contribution through which hepatocytes guard against aberrant cytosolic RLR-RNA-sensing pathway mediated inflammatory reaction in response to acute liver IR. ADAR1 protects against over activation of viral RNA-sensing pathways in non-infectious tissue stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- F1281 UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop St, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA.,Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Liyong Zhang
- F1281 UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop St, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
| | - Junbin Zhang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jinxiang Zhang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qingde Wang
- F1281 UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop St, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA.,Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China 410083
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- F1281 UPMC Presbyterian Hospital, 200 Lothrop St, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA
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62
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Ho TH, Kew C, Lui PY, Chan CP, Satoh T, Akira S, Jin DY, Kok KH. PACT- and RIG-I-Dependent Activation of Type I Interferon Production by a Defective Interfering RNA Derived from Measles Virus Vaccine. J Virol 2016; 90:1557-68. [PMID: 26608320 PMCID: PMC4719617 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02161-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The live attenuated measles virus vaccine is highly immunostimulatory. Identification and characterization of its components that activate the innate immune response might provide new strategies and agents for the rational design and development of chemically defined adjuvants. In this study, we report on the activation of type I interferon (IFN) production by a defective interfering (DI) RNA isolated from the Hu-191 vaccine strain of measles virus. We found that the Hu-191 virus induced IFN-β much more potently than the Edmonston strain. In the search for IFN-inducing species in Hu-191, we identified a DI RNA specifically expressed by this strain. This DI RNA, which was of the copy-back type, was predicted to fold into a hairpin structure with a long double-stranded stem region of 206 bp, and it potently induced the expression of IFN-β. Its IFN-β-inducing activity was further enhanced when both cytoplasmic RNA sensor RIG-I and its partner, PACT, were overexpressed. On the contrary, this activity was abrogated in cells deficient in PACT or RIG-I. The DI RNA was found to be associated with PACT in infected cells. In addition, both the 5'-di/triphosphate end and the double-stranded stem region on the DI RNA were essential for its activation of PACT and RIG-I. Taken together, our findings support a model in which a viral DI RNA is sensed by PACT and RIG-I to initiate an innate antiviral response. Our work might also provide a foundation for identifying physiological PACT ligands and developing novel adjuvants or antivirals. IMPORTANCE The live attenuated measles virus vaccine is one of the most successful human vaccines and has largely contained the devastating impact of a highly contagious virus. Identifying the components in this vaccine that stimulate the host immune response and understanding their mechanism of action might help to design and develop better adjuvants, vaccines, antivirals, and immunotherapeutic agents. We identified and characterized a defective interfering RNA from the Hu-191 vaccine strain of measles virus which has safely been used in millions of people for many years. We further demonstrated that this RNA potently induces an antiviral immune response through cellular sensors of viral RNA known as PACT and RIG-I. Similar types of viral RNA that bind with and activate PACT and RIG-I might retain the immunostimulatory property of measles virus vaccines but would not induce adaptive immunity. They are potentially useful as chemically defined vaccine adjuvants, antivirals, and immunostimulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hin Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chun Kew
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Pak-Yin Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Ping Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Takashi Satoh
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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63
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Abstract
Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) convert adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA. This A-to-I editing occurs not only in protein-coding regions of mRNAs, but also frequently in non-coding regions that contain inverted Alu repeats. Editing of coding sequences can result in the expression of functionally altered proteins that are not encoded in the genome, whereas the significance of Alu editing remains largely unknown. Certain microRNA (miRNA) precursors are also edited, leading to reduced expression or altered function of mature miRNAs. Conversely, recent studies indicate that ADAR1 forms a complex with Dicer to promote miRNA processing, revealing a new function of ADAR1 in the regulation of RNA interference.
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64
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Wang G, Wang H, Singh S, Zhou P, Yang S, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Chen A, Billiar T, Monga SP, Wang Q. ADAR1 Prevents Liver Injury from Inflammation and Suppresses Interferon Production in Hepatocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:3224-37. [PMID: 26453800 PMCID: PMC4729276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 1 (ADAR1) is an essential protein for embryonic liver development. ADAR1 loss is embryonically lethal because of severe liver damage. Although ADAR1 is required in adult livers to prevent liver cell death, as demonstrated by liver-specific conditional knockout (Alb-ADAR1(KO)) mice, the mechanism remains elusive. We systematically analyzed Alb-ADAR1(KO) mice for liver damage. Differentiation genes and inflammatory pathways were examined in hepatic tissues from Alb-ADAR1(KO) and littermate controls. Inducible ADAR1 KO mice were used to validate regulatory effects of ADAR1 on inflammatory cytokines. We found that Alb-ADAR1(KO) mice showed dramatic growth retardation and high mortality because of severe structural and functional damage to the liver, which showed overwhelming inflammation, cell death, fibrosis, fatty change, and compensatory regeneration. Simultaneously, Alb-ADAR1(KO) showed altered expression of key differentiation genes and significantly higher levels of hepatic inflammatory cytokines, especially type I interferons, which was also verified by inducible ADAR1 knockdown in primary hepatocyte cultures. We conclude that ADAR1 is an essential molecule for maintaining adult liver homeostasis and, in turn, morphological and functional integrity. It inhibits the production of type I interferons and other inflammatory cytokines. Our findings may provide novel insight in the pathogenesis of liver diseases caused by excessive inflammatory responses, including autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sucha Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pei Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Shengyong Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yujuan Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhaowei Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jinxiang Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Alex Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Cardiology, Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Timothy Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Satdarshan P Monga
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Qingde Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Cardiology, Center for Vascular Disease and Translational Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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65
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Devoldere J, Dewitte H, De Smedt SC, Remaut K. Evading innate immunity in nonviral mRNA delivery: don't shoot the messenger. Drug Discov Today 2015. [PMID: 26210957 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the field of nonviral gene therapy, in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA has emerged as a promising tool for the delivery of genetic information. Over the past few years it has become widely known that the introduction of IVT mRNA into mammalian cells elicits an innate immune response that has favored mRNA use toward immunotherapeutic vaccination strategies. However, for non-immunotherapy-related applications this intrinsic immune-stimulatory activity directly interferes with the aimed therapeutic outcome, because it can seriously compromise the expression of the desired protein. This review presents an overview of the immune-related obstacles that limit mRNA advance for non-immunotherapy-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Devoldere
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Heleen Dewitte
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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66
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Rigby RE, Rehwinkel J. RNA degradation in antiviral immunity and autoimmunity. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:179-88. [PMID: 25709093 PMCID: PMC4358841 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway defends cells against RNA virus invasion. NMD targets viral RNAs for degradation, including by the RNA exosome. Genetic deficiencies in NMD and RNA exosome components cause autoimmunity. NMD and the RNA exosome prevent aberrant activation of innate immune responses.
Post-transcriptional control determines the fate of cellular RNA molecules. Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) provides quality control of mRNA, targeting faulty cellular transcripts for degradation by multiple nucleases including the RNA exosome. Recent findings have revealed a role for NMD in targeting viral RNA molecules, thereby restricting virus infection. Interestingly, NMD is also linked to immune responses at another level: mutations affecting the NMD or RNA exosome machineries cause chronic activation of defence programmes, resulting in autoimmune phenotypes. Here we place these observations in the context of other links between innate antiviral immunity and type I interferon mediated disease and examine two models: one in which expression or function of pathogen sensors is perturbed and one wherein host-derived RNA molecules with a propensity to activate such sensors accumulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Rigby
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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67
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Mannion NM, Greenwood SM, Young R, Cox S, Brindle J, Read D, Nellåker C, Vesely C, Ponting CP, McLaughlin PJ, Jantsch MF, Dorin J, Adams IR, Scadden ADJ, Ohman M, Keegan LP, O'Connell MA. The RNA-editing enzyme ADAR1 controls innate immune responses to RNA. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1482-94. [PMID: 25456137 PMCID: PMC4542304 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ADAR RNA-editing enzymes deaminate adenosine bases to inosines in cellular RNAs. Aberrant interferon expression occurs in patients in whom ADAR1 mutations cause Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) or dystonia arising from striatal neurodegeneration. Adar1 mutant mouse embryos show aberrant interferon induction and die by embryonic day E12.5. We demonstrate that Adar1 embryonic lethality is rescued to live birth in Adar1; Mavs double mutants in which the antiviral interferon induction response to cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is prevented. Aberrant immune responses in Adar1 mutant mouse embryo fibroblasts are dramatically reduced by restoring the expression of editing-active cytoplasmic ADARs. We propose that inosine in cellular RNA inhibits antiviral inflammatory and interferon responses by altering RLR interactions. Transfecting dsRNA oligonucleotides containing inosine-uracil base pairs into Adar1 mutant mouse embryo fibroblasts reduces the aberrant innate immune response. ADAR1 mutations causing AGS affect the activity of the interferon-inducible cytoplasmic isoform more severely than the nuclear isoform. Adar1 mutant mouse embryonic lethality is rescued in Adar1; Mavs double mutants Aberrant antiviral responses in the Adar1 mutant are due to loss of RNA editing Human ADAR1 mutations causing AGS affect primarily the interferon-inducible isoform We propose that inosine helps innate immunity to distinguish cellular from viral RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh M Mannion
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sam M Greenwood
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Robert Young
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sarah Cox
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - James Brindle
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - David Read
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Christoffer Nellåker
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Cornelia Vesely
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chris P Ponting
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Paul J McLaughlin
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Michael Swann Building, School of Biological Sciences, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Michael F Jantsch
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Dorin
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ian R Adams
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - A D J Scadden
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Marie Ohman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liam P Keegan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Mary A O'Connell
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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