51
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Shao T, Shi W, Zheng JY, Xu XX, Lin AF, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. Costimulatory Function of Cd58/Cd2 Interaction in Adaptive Humoral Immunity in a Zebrafish Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1204. [PMID: 29904386 PMCID: PMC5990624 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD58 and CD2 have long been known as a pair of reciprocal adhesion molecules involved in the immune modulations of CD8+ T and NK-mediated cellular immunity in humans and several other mammals. However, the functional roles of CD58 and CD2 in CD4+ T-mediated adaptive humoral immunity remain poorly defined. Moreover, the current functional observations of CD58 and CD2 were mainly acquired from in vitro assays, and in vivo investigation is greatly limited due to the absence of a Cd58 homology in murine models. In this study, we identified cd58 and cd2 homologs from the model species zebrafish (Danio rerio). These two molecules share conserved structural features to their mammalian counterparts. Functionally, cd58 and cd2 were significantly upregulated on antigen-presenting cells and Cd4+ T cells upon antigen stimulation. Blockade or knockdown of Cd58 and Cd2 dramatically impaired the activation of antigen-specific Cd4+ T and mIgM+ B cells, followed by the inhibition of antibody production and host defense against bacterial infections. These results indicate that CD58/CD2 interaction was required for the full activation of CD4+ T-mediated adaptive humoral immunity. The interaction of Cd58 with Cd2 was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and functional competitive assays by introducing a soluble Cd2 protein. This study highlights a new costimulatory mechanism underlying the regulatory network of adaptive immunity and makes zebrafish an attractive model organism for the investigation of CD58/CD2-mediated immunology and disorders. It also provides a cross-species understanding of the evolutionary history of costimulatory signals from fish to mammals as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Yu Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Fu Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Xin Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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52
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Suppression of costimulation by human cytomegalovirus promotes evasion of cellular immune defenses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4998-5003. [PMID: 29691324 PMCID: PMC5948980 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720950115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD58 is an adhesion molecule that is known to play a critical role in costimulation of effector cells and is intrinsic to immune synapse structure. Herein, we describe a virally encoded gene that inhibits CD58 surface expression. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL148 was necessary and sufficient to promote intracellular retention of CD58 during HCMV infection. Blocking studies with antagonistic anti-CD58 mAb and an HCMV UL148 deletion mutant (HCMV∆UL148) with restored CD58 expression demonstrated that the CD2/CD58 axis was essential for the recognition of HCMV-infected targets by CD8+ HCMV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Further, challenge of peripheral blood mononuclear cells ex vivo with HCMV∆UL148 increased both CTL and natural killer (NK) cell degranulation against HCMV-infected cells, including NK-driven antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, showing that UL148 is a modulator of the function of multiple effector cell subsets. Our data stress the effect of HCMV immune evasion functions on shaping the immune response, highlighting the capacity for their potential use in modulating immunity during the development of anti-HCMV vaccines and HCMV-based vaccine vectors.
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53
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Toward precision manufacturing of immunogene T-cell therapies. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:623-638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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54
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Marciani DJ. Elucidating the Mechanisms of Action of Saponin-Derived Adjuvants. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:573-585. [PMID: 29655658 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous triterpenoid saponins are adjuvants that modify the activities of T cells and antigen-presenting cells, like dendritic cells (DCs). Saponins can induce either proinflammatory Th1/Th2 or sole anti-inflammatory Th2 immunities. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) have shown that imine-forming carbonyl groups are needed for T cell activation leading to induction of Th1/Th2 immunities. While saponins having different triterpenoid aglycons and oligosaccharide chains can activate DCs to induce Th1/Th2 immunoresponses, fucopyranosyl residues from their oligosaccharides by binding to the DC-SIGN receptor can bias DCs toward a sole Th2 immunity. Here we discuss the mechanisms of action of these saponins in view of new information, which may serve as a basis to design improved adjuvants and related drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante J Marciani
- Qantu Therapeutics, Inc., 612 East Main Street, Lewisville, TX 75057, USA.
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55
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Rosskopf S, Leitner J, Paster W, Morton LT, Hagedoorn RS, Steinberger P, Heemskerk MHM. A Jurkat 76 based triple parameter reporter system to evaluate TCR functions and adoptive T cell strategies. Oncotarget 2018; 9:17608-17619. [PMID: 29707134 PMCID: PMC5915142 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy using TCR transgenic autologous T cells has shown great potential for the treatment of tumor patients. Thorough characterization of genetically reprogrammed T cells is necessary to optimize treatment success. Here, we describe the generation of triple parameter reporter T cells based on the Jurkat 76 T cell line for the evaluation of TCR and chimeric antigen receptor functions as well as adoptive T cell strategies. This Jurkat subline is devoid of endogenous TCR alpha and TCR beta chains, thereby circumventing the problem of TCR miss-pairing and unexpected specificities. The resultant reporter cells allow simultaneous determination of the activity of the transcription factors NF-κB, NFAT and AP-1 that play key roles in T cell activation. Human TCRs directed against tumor and virus antigens were introduced and reporter responses were determined using tumor cell lines endogenously expressing the antigens of interest or via addition of antigenic peptides. Finally, we demonstrate that coexpression of adhesion molecules like CD2 and CD226 as well as CD28 chimeric receptors represents an effective strategy to augment the response of TCR-transgenic reporters to cells presenting cognate antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rosskopf
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura T Morton
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Renate S Hagedoorn
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirjam H M Heemskerk
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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56
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Kabanova A, Zurli V, Baldari CT. Signals Controlling Lytic Granule Polarization at the Cytotoxic Immune Synapse. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515593 PMCID: PMC5826174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic immunity relies on specialized effector T cells, the cytotoxic T cells, which are endowed with specialized cytolytic machinery that permits them to induce death of their targets. Upon recognition of a target cell, cytotoxic T cells form a lytic immune synapse and by docking the microtubule-organizing center at the synaptic membrane get prepared to deliver a lethal hit of enzymes contained in lytic granules. New insights suggest that the directionality of lytic granule trafficking along the microtubules represents a fine means to tune the functional outcome of the encounter between a T cell and its target. Thus, mechanisms regulating the directionality of granule transport may have a major impact in settings characterized by evasion from the cytotoxic response, such as chronic infection and cancer. Here, we review our current knowledge on the signaling pathways implicated in the polarized trafficking at the immune synapse of cytotoxic T cells, complementing it with information on the regulation of this process in natural killer cells. Furthermore, we highlight some of the parameters which we consider critical in studying the polarized trafficking of lytic granules, including the use of freshly isolated cytotoxic T cells, and discuss some of the major open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kabanova
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Vanessa Zurli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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57
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Wen L, Zhu C, Zhu Z, Yang C, Zheng X, Liu L, Zuo X, Sheng Y, Tang H, Liang B, Zhou Y, Li P, Zhu J, Ding Y, Chen G, Gao J, Tang L, Cheng Y, Sun J, Elango T, Kafle A, Yu R, Xue K, Zhang Y, Li F, Li Z, Guo J, Zhang X, Zhou C, Tang Y, Shen N, Wang M, Yu X, Liu S, Fan X, Gao M, Xiao F, Wang P, Wang Z, Zhang A, Zhou F, Sun L, Yang S, Xu J, Yin X, Cui Y, Zhang X. Exome-wide association study identifies four novel loci for systemic lupus erythematosus in Han Chinese population. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 77:417. [PMID: 29233832 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease of considerable genetic predisposition. Genome-wide association studies have identified tens of common variants for SLE. However, the majority of them reside in non-coding sequences. The contributions of coding variants have not yet been systematically evaluated. METHODS We performed a large-scale exome-wide study in 5004 SLE cases and 8179 healthy controls in a Han Chinese population using a custom exome array, and then genotyped 32 variants with suggestive evidence in an independent cohort of 13 246 samples. We further explored the regulatory effect of one novel non-coding single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in ex vivo experiments. RESULTS We discovered four novel SLE gene regions (LCT, TPCN2, AHNAK2 and TNFRSF13B) encompassing three novel missense variants (XP_016859577.1:p.Asn1639Ser, XP_016859577.1:p.Val219Phe and XP_005267356.1:p.Thr4664Ala) and two non-coding variants (rs10750836 and rs4792801) with genome-wide significance (pmeta <5.00×10-8). These variants are enriched in several chromatin states of primary B cells. The novel intergenic variant rs10750836 exhibited an expression quantitative trait locus effect on the TPCN2 gene in immune cells. Clones containing this novel SNP exhibited gene promoter activity for TPCN2 (P=1.38×10-3) whose expression level was reduced significantly in patients with SLE (P<2.53×10-2) and was suggested to be further modulated by rs10750836 in CD19+ B cells (P=7.57×10-5) in ex vivo experiments. CONCLUSIONS This study identified three novel coding variants and four new susceptibility gene regions for SLE. The results provide insights into the biological mechanism of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Wen
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Caihong Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xianbo Zuo
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yujun Sheng
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huayang Tang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yantao Ding
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinping Gao
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuyan Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingying Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tamilselvi Elango
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Anjana Kafle
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruixing Yu
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xue
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohua Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanjia Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Key Laboratory of Nephrology, Ministry of Health, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengxiu Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fengli Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Peiguang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zaixing Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fusheng Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Institute of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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58
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although elusive for many decades, transplantation tolerance can now be achieved in the clinic. This has prompted follow-up investigations into its stability and longevity, as well as into barriers to its induction, which include memory T and B cells. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical observations reveal that transplantation tolerance can be induced in adult recipients and that even episodes of acute rejection do not preclude successful weaning from immunosuppression to reveal tolerance. These observations appear to conflict with the currently accepted notion that adult transplant recipients harbor high frequencies of memory human leukocyte antigen-specific T cells that are a barrier to transplantation tolerance. We discuss how these observations may be rationalized, by proposing the generation of helpless effector CD8 T cells that cannot develop into memory, and by highlighting recent findings on the ability of transplantation tolerance to be spontaneously restored after rejection. We speculate that in individuals who develop tolerance while on immunosuppression and then experience rejection, it is this restored tolerance that is revealed upon successful weaning of immunosuppression. SUMMARY We have reviewed clinical and experimental data to explain how transplantation tolerance may be achieved in individuals who have experienced allograft rejection.
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59
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Association of CD58 gene polymorphisms with NMO spectrum disorders in a Han Chinese population. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 309:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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60
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Galatro TF, Holtman IR, Lerario AM, Vainchtein ID, Brouwer N, Sola PR, Veras MM, Pereira TF, Leite REP, Möller T, Wes PD, Sogayar MC, Laman JD, den Dunnen W, Pasqualucci CA, Oba-Shinjo SM, Boddeke EWGM, Marie SKN, Eggen BJL. Transcriptomic analysis of purified human cortical microglia reveals age-associated changes. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1162-1171. [PMID: 28671693 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are essential for CNS homeostasis and innate neuroimmune function, and play important roles in neurodegeneration and brain aging. Here we present gene expression profiles of purified microglia isolated at autopsy from the parietal cortex of 39 human subjects with intact cognition. Overall, genes expressed by human microglia were similar to those in mouse, including established microglial genes CX3CR1, P2RY12 and ITGAM (CD11B). However, a number of immune genes, not identified as part of the mouse microglial signature, were abundantly expressed in human microglia, including TLR, Fcγ and SIGLEC receptors, as well as TAL1 and IFI16, regulators of proliferation and cell cycle. Age-associated changes in human microglia were enriched for genes involved in cell adhesion, axonal guidance, cell surface receptor expression and actin (dis)assembly. Limited overlap was observed in microglial genes regulated during aging between mice and humans, indicating that human and mouse microglia age differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais F Galatro
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Inge R Holtman
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ilia D Vainchtein
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nieske Brouwer
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paula R Sola
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Veras
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tulio F Pereira
- Center for Studies of Cellular and Molecular Therapy (NAP-NETCEM-NUCEL), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Chemistry Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata E P Leite
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thomas Möller
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, New Jersey, USA
| | - Paul D Wes
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA, Paramus, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mari C Sogayar
- Center for Studies of Cellular and Molecular Therapy (NAP-NETCEM-NUCEL), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wilfred den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carlos A Pasqualucci
- Brazilian Aging Brain Study Group, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sueli M Oba-Shinjo
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erik W G M Boddeke
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Suely K N Marie
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Center for Studies of Cellular and Molecular Therapy (NAP-NETCEM-NUCEL), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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61
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Stecher C, Battin C, Leitner J, Zettl M, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Höller C, Zlabinger GJ, Steinberger P. PD-1 Blockade Promotes Emerging Checkpoint Inhibitors in Enhancing T Cell Responses to Allogeneic Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:572. [PMID: 28588576 PMCID: PMC5439058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors, which target coinhibitory T cell molecules to promote anticancer immune responses, are on the rise to become a new pillar of cancer therapy. However, current immune checkpoint-based therapies are successful only in a subset of patients and acquired resistances pose additional challenges. Finding new targets and combining checkpoint inhibitors might help to overcome these limitations. In this study, human T cells stimulated with allogeneic dendritic cells (DCs) were used to compare immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting TIM-3, BTLA, LAG-3, CTLA-4, and TIGIT alone or in combination with a PD-1 antibody. We found that PD-1 blockade bears a unique potency to enhance T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Other checkpoint inhibitors failed to significantly augment T cell responses when used alone. However, antibodies to TIM-3, BTLA, LAG-3, and CTLA-4 enhanced T cell proliferation in presence of a PD-1 antibody. Upregulation of coinhibitory T cell receptors upon PD-1 blockade was identified as a potential mechanism for synergistic effects between checkpoint inhibitors. Donor-specific variation in response to immune checkpoint inhibitors was attributed to the T cells rather than DCs. Additionally, we analyzed the regulation of checkpoint molecules and their ligands on T cells and allogeneic DCs in coculture, which suggested a PD-1 blockade-dependent crosstalk between T cells and APC. Our results indicate that several immune checkpoint inhibitors have the capacity to enhance T cell responses when combined with PD-1 blockade. Additional in vitro studies on human T cells will be useful to identify antibody combinations with the potential to augment T cell responses in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Stecher
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claire Battin
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zettl
- Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & CoKG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Grabmeier-Pfistershammer
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Höller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J Zlabinger
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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62
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Label-free Analysis of CD8+ T Cell Subset Proteomes Supports a Progressive Differentiation Model of Human-Virus-Specific T Cells. Cell Rep 2017; 19:1068-1079. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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63
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Michel JJ, Griffin P, Vallejo AN. Functionally Diverse NK-Like T Cells Are Effectors and Predictors of Successful Aging. Front Immunol 2016; 7:530. [PMID: 27933066 PMCID: PMC5121286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The fundamental challenge of aging and long-term survivorship is maintenance of functional independence and compression of morbidity despite a life history of disease. Inasmuch as immunity is a determinant of individual health and fitness, unraveling novel mechanisms of immune homeostasis in late life is of paramount interest. Comparative studies of young and old persons have documented age-related atrophy of the thymus, the contraction of diversity of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, and the intrinsic inefficiency of classical TCR signaling in aged T cells. However, the elderly have highly heterogeneous health phenotypes. Studies of defined populations of persons aged 75 and older have led to the recognition of successful aging, a distinct physiologic construct characterized by high physical and cognitive functioning without measurable disability. Significantly, successful agers have a unique T cell repertoire; namely, the dominance of highly oligoclonal αβT cells expressing a diverse array of receptors normally expressed by NK cells. Despite their properties of cell senescence, these unusual NK-like T cells are functionally active effectors that do not require engagement of their clonotypic TCR. Thus, NK-like T cells represent a beneficial remodeling of the immune repertoire with advancing age, consistent with the concept of immune plasticity. Significantly, certain subsets are predictors of physical/cognitive performance among older adults. Further understanding of the roles of these NK-like T cells to host defense, and how they integrate with other physiologic domains of function are new frontiers for investigation in Aging Biology. Such pursuits will require a research paradigm shift from the usual young-versus-old comparison to the analysis of defined elderly populations. These endeavors may also pave way to age-appropriate, group-targeted immune interventions for the growing elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Michel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patricia Griffin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Abbe N Vallejo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Claude Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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64
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Esensten JH, Helou YA, Chopra G, Weiss A, Bluestone JA. CD28 Costimulation: From Mechanism to Therapy. Immunity 2016; 44:973-88. [PMID: 27192564 PMCID: PMC4932896 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure, and biochemistry of CD28 and its ligands. CD28 signals play a key role in many T cell processes, including cytoskeletal remodeling, production of cytokines, survival, and differentiation. CD28 ligation leads to unique epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational changes in T cells that cannot be recapitulated by TCR ligation alone. We discuss the function of CD28 and its ligands in both effector and regulatory T cells. CD28 is critical for regulatory T cell survival and the maintenance of immune homeostasis. We outline the roles that CD28 and its family members play in human disease and we review the clinical efficacy of drugs that block CD28 ligands. Despite the centrality of CD28 and its family members and ligands to immune function, many aspects of CD28 biology remain unclear. Translation of a basic understanding of CD28 function into immunomodulatory therapeutics has been uneven, with both successes and failures. Such real-world results might stem from multiple factors, including complex receptor-ligand interactions among CD28 family members, differences between the mouse and human CD28 families, and cell-type specific roles of CD28 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Esensten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Ynes A Helou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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65
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Jutz S, Leitner J, Schmetterer K, Doel-Perez I, Majdic O, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Paster W, Huppa JB, Steinberger P. Assessment of costimulation and coinhibition in a triple parameter T cell reporter line: Simultaneous measurement of NF-κB, NFAT and AP-1. J Immunol Methods 2016; 430:10-20. [PMID: 26780292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of the T cell receptor complex reprograms T cells for proliferation, cytokine production and differentiation towards effector cells. This process depends on activating costimulatory signals and is counteracted by coinhibitory molecules. Three transcription factors, namely NF-κB, NFAT and AP-1, have a major role in inducing the transcriptional program that is required for T cell activation and differentiation. Here we describe the generation of a triple parameter reporter based on the human Jurkat T cell line, where response elements for NF-κB, NFAT and AP-1 drive the expression of the fluorescent proteins CFP, eGFP and mCherry, respectively. The emission spectra of these proteins allow simultaneous assessment of NF-κB, NFAT and AP-1 activity in response to stimulation. Ligation of the TCR complex induced moderate reporter activity, which was strongly enhanced upon coengagement of the costimulatory receptors CD2 or CD28. Moreover, we have generated and tested triple parameter reporter cells that harbor costimulatory and inhibitory receptors not endogenously expressed in the Jurkat cells. In these experiments we could show that engagement of the costimulatory molecule 4-1BB enhances NF-κB and AP-1 activity, whereas coinhibition via PD-1 or BTLA strongly reduced the activation of NF-κB and NFAT. Engagement of BTLA significantly inhibited AP-1, whereas PD-1 had little effect on the activation of this transcription factor. Our triple parameter reporter T cell line is an excellent tool to assess the effect of costimulatory and coinhibitory receptors on NF-κB, NFAT and AP-1 activity and has a wide range of applications beyond the evaluation of costimulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Jutz
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Leitner
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Schmetterer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iago Doel-Perez
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Otto Majdic
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Paster
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes B Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Division of Immune Receptors and T Cell Activation, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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66
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Betjes MGH. Clinical consequences of circulating CD28-negative T cells for solid organ transplantation. Transpl Int 2015; 29:274-84. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel G. H. Betjes
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation; Erasmus Medical Center; Rotterdam the Netherlands
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