Involvement of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and secretory phospholipase A2 in arachidonic acid release from human neutrophils

Roles of various phospholipases A2 in providing lysophospholipid acceptors for fatty acid phospholipid incorporation and remodelling

In the present study the lysophospholipid sources for arachidonic (AA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) incorporation into and redistribution within the phospholipids of phorbol-ester-differentiated U937 cells was investigated. Initially, AA incorporated primarily into choline glycerophospholipids (PC), whereas EPA incorporated mainly into ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (PE). Bromoenol lactone (BEL), an inhibitor of the Group VI Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2), diminished both lysophosphatidylcholine levels and the incorporation of AA into phospholipids. However BEL had little effect on EPA incorporation. In concanavalin A-activated cells, EPA, but not AA, incorporation was also affected by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP), suggesting an additional role for the group IV cytosolic phospholipase A2. In the activated cells AA and EPA did not compete with each other for incorporation, indicating that the pathways for AA and EPA incorporation are partially different. The AA and EPA initially incorporated into PC slowly moved to PE in a process that took several hours. The transfer of AA and EPA from PC to PE was not inhibited by BEL, MAFP or LY311727 [3-(3-acetamide 1-benzyl-2-ethylindolyl-5-oxy)propanesulphonic acid], raising the possibility that an as-yet-undetermined phospholipase A2 may be involved in fatty acid phospholipid remodelling. A strong candidate to be involved in these reactions is a novel Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 that, unlike all known iPLA2s, is resistant to inhibition by BEL and also to MAFP and LY311727. The enzyme activity cleaves both PC and PE and is thus able to provide the lysoPC and lysoPE acceptors required for the fatty acid acylation reactions.

Groups IV, V, and X phospholipases A2s in human neutrophils: role in eicosanoid production and gram-negative bacterial phospholipid hydrolysis

The bacterial tripeptide formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) induces the secretion of enzyme(s) with phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity from human neutrophils. We show that circulating human neutrophils express groups V and X sPLA(2) (GV and GX sPLA(2)) mRNA and contain GV and GX sPLA(2) proteins, whereas GIB, GIIA, GIID, GIIE, GIIF, GIII, and GXII sPLA(2)s are undetectable. GV sPLA(2) is a component of both azurophilic and specific granules, whereas GX sPLA(2) is confined to azurophilic granules. Exposure to fMLP or opsonized zymosan results in the release of GV but not GX sPLA(2) and most, if not all, of the PLA(2) activity in the extracellular fluid of fMLP-stimulated neutrophils is due to GV sPLA(2). GV sPLA(2) does not contribute to fMLP-stimulated leukotriene B(4) production but may support the anti-bacterial properties of the neutrophil, because 10-100 ng per ml concentrations of this enzyme lead to Gram-negative bacterial membrane phospholipid hydrolysis in the presence of human serum. By use of a recently described and specific inhibitor of cytosolic PLA(2)-alpha (group IV PLA(2)alpha), we show that this enzyme produces virtually all of the arachidonic acid used for the biosynthesis of leukotriene B(4) in fMLP- and opsonized zymosan-stimulated neutrophils, the major eicosanoid produced by these pro-inflammatory cells.

A molecular motif required for the activation of rat neutrophil phospholipase A(2) by organochlorine compounds

Organochlorine (OC) compounds are some of the main toxicants present in the food web and target several cellular systems including the nonspecific immune system. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that OC compounds that activate neutrophils share common structural features. Using activation of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) as a marker of neutrophil activation, isolated rat neutrophils were exposed to a variety of OC compounds. The ortho-substituted polychlorinated biphenyl 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl, the alpha-, delta-, and gamma-isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCCH), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dieldrin, and chlordane each induced activation of PLA(2) in neutrophils. Beta-HCCH and the non-ortho-substituted 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl were without effect. PLA(2) activation stimulated by each of the OC compounds was reduced by methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate, which inhibits both a cytosolic and a calcium-independent PLA(2) (iPLA(2)), and by E-6-(bromoethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthalenyl)-2H-pyran-2-one (BEL), a selective inhibitor of iPLA(2). These results suggest that a fraction of the PLA(2) activity stimulated by OC compounds is dependent on iPLA(2). Western analysis confirmed the presence of iPLA(2) in rat neutrophils. Molecular modeling techniques were used to develop structure-activity relationships for the activation of PLA(2) by OC compounds. Superimposing three-dimensional structures, an electrotopological motif shared by all of the active compounds was identified. This motif was absent in the inactive beta-HCCH and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl. This motif, which we have called PHEN, is required for the activation of the neutrophil PLA(2) by OC compounds and consists of a planar hydrophobic domain connected rigidly at a perpendicular angle to a halogen atom.

Role of Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 on arachidonic acid release induced by reactive oxygen species

Previous studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) enhance arachidonic acid (AA) release and the subsequent AA metabolism in macrophages. The purpose of this study was determined the implication of phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) in these events. Our results show that oxidative stress induced by exogenous adding of hydrogen peroxide or superoxide anion in macrophage RAW 264.7 and mouse peritoneal macrophage cultures caused a marked enhancement of calcium-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) activity,whereas the increment of secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) and calcium-dependent cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) activities were slight. This increase of iPLA2 activity by ROS was rapid and dose-dependent. ROS also induced a significant [3H] arachidonic acid (AA) release. The iPLA2 selective inhibitor, bromoenol lactone, almost completely suppressed the mobilization of [3H]AA induced by ROS whereas antisense oligonucleotide against cPLA2 did not have any appreciable effect. Thus, our data show that iPLA2 activity is involved in the mechanism by which ROS increases the availability of free AA in macrophages RAW 264.7. Moreover, the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, calphostin C, and calcium chelators had no effect on the [3H]AA release induced by ROS, suggesting this is a regulatory role of iPLA2.

Purine and pyrimidine nucleotide-sensitive phospholipase A(2) in ampulla from frog semicircular canal

This study was attempted to characterize pharmacologically the P2Y receptors triggering phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activation in ampulla from frog semicircular canal. A microassay was developed to screen the abilities of UTP analogs to stimulate [(3)H]arachidonic acid release by labeled ampullas. At 26 degrees C UTP induced a dose-dependent and saturable increase of PLA(2) activity (apparent activation constant 1.3 +/- 0.4 microM, Hill coefficient 0.9 +/- 0.2, maximal stimulating factor 2.0 +/- 0.1). The rank order of potency of agonists for PLA(2) activation was UTP > or = UDP > adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) = adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) > or = ATP = 2-methylthio-ATP > or = ADP = diadenosine tetraphosphate > or = alpha,beta-methylene-ATP = CTP > 2' and 3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-ATP > or = AMP = UMP >> uridine and adenosine. UTP- and 2-methylthio-ATP-induced PLA(2) activations were inhibited by U-73122, GF-109203X, and methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphate. Basal activity was stimulated by phorbol ester and epinephrine and reduced by vasotocin, isoproterenol, prostaglandin E(2), cAMP, and forskolin. H-89 restored the cAMP- and forskolin-inhibited PLA(2) activities. Results indicate that P2Y receptor-mediated PLA(2) stimulation requires phopholipase C and protein kinase C activations and basal activity is inhibited by agonist-stimulated cAMP-dependent mechanisms.