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Jandl K, Stacher E, Bálint Z, Sturm EM, Maric J, Peinhaupt M, Luschnig P, Aringer I, Fauland A, Konya V, Dahlen SE, Wheelock CE, Kratky D, Olschewski A, Marsche G, Schuligoi R, Heinemann A. Activated prostaglandin D2 receptors on macrophages enhance neutrophil recruitment into the lung. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:833-43. [PMID: 26792210 PMCID: PMC4954606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Prostaglandin (PG) D2 is an early-phase mediator in inflammation, but its action and the roles of the 2 D-type prostanoid receptors (DPs) DP1 and DP2 (also called chemoattractant receptor–homologous molecule expressed on TH2 cells) in regulating macrophages have not been elucidated to date. Objective We investigated the role of PGD2 receptors on primary human macrophages, as well as primary murine lung macrophages, and their ability to influence neutrophil action in vitro and in vivo. Methods In vitro studies, including migration, Ca2+ flux, and cytokine secretion, were conducted with primary human monocyte-derived macrophages and neutrophils and freshly isolated murine alveolar and pulmonary interstitial macrophages. In vivo pulmonary inflammation was assessed in male BALB/c mice. Results Activation of DP1, DP2, or both receptors on human macrophages induced strong intracellular Ca2+ flux, cytokine release, and migration of macrophages. In a murine model of LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation, activation of each PGD2 receptor resulted in aggravated airway neutrophilia, tissue myeloperoxidase activity, cytokine contents, and decreased lung compliance. Selective depletion of alveolar macrophages abolished the PGD2-enhanced inflammatory response. Activation of PGD2 receptors on human macrophages enhanced the migratory capacity and prolonged the survival of neutrophils in vitro. In human lung tissue specimens both DP1 and DP2 receptors were located on alveolar macrophages along with hematopoietic PGD synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme of PGD2 synthesis. Conclusion For the first time, our results show that PGD2 markedly augments disease activity through its ability to enhance the proinflammatory actions of macrophages and subsequent neutrophil activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Jandl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elvira Stacher
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Zoltán Bálint
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Maria Sturm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jovana Maric
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Miriam Peinhaupt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Luschnig
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ida Aringer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Fauland
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Viktoria Konya
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sven-Erik Dahlen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rufina Schuligoi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Buchheit KM, Cahill KN, Katz HR, Murphy KC, Feng C, Lee-Sarwar K, Lai J, Bhattacharyya N, Israel E, Boyce JA, Laidlaw TM. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin controls prostaglandin D2 generation in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:1566-1576.e5. [PMID: 26691435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin (PG) D2 is the dominant COX product of mast cells and is an effector of aspirin-induced respiratory reactions in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). OBJECTIVE We evaluated the role of the innate cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) acting on mast cells to generate PGD2 and facilitate tissue eosinophilia and nasal polyposis in patients with AERD. METHODS Urinary eicosanoid levels were measured in aspirin-tolerant control subjects and patients with AERD. Nasal polyp specimens from patients with AERD and chronic rhinosinusitis were analyzed by using quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Human cord blood-and peripheral blood-derived mast cells were stimulated with TSLP in vitro to assess PGD2 generation. RESULTS Urinary levels of a stable PGD2 metabolite (uPGD-M) were 2-fold higher in patients with AERD relative to those in control subjects and increased further during aspirin-induced reactions. Peak uPGD-M levels during aspirin reactions correlated with reductions in blood eosinophil counts and lung function and increases in nasal congestion. Mast cells sorted from nasal polyps expressed PGD2 synthase (hematopoietic PGD2 synthase) mRNA at higher levels than did eosinophils from the same tissue. Whole nasal polyp TSLP mRNA expression correlated strongly with mRNA encoding hematopoietic PGD2 synthase (r = .75), the mast cell-specific marker carboxypeptidase A3 (r = .74), and uPGD-M (r = 0.74). Levels of the cleaved active form of TSLP were increased in nasal polyps from patients with AERD relative to those in aspirin-tolerant control subjects. Recombinant TSLP induced PGD2 generation by cultured human mast cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that mast cell-derived PGD2 is a major effector of type 2 immune responses driven by TSLP and suggests that dysregulation of this innate system contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of AERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Buchheit
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
| | - Katherine N Cahill
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Howard R Katz
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Katherine C Murphy
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Chunli Feng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | | | - Juying Lai
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Neil Bhattacharyya
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Otolaryngology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Elliot Israel
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Tanya M Laidlaw
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
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Tait Wojno ED, Monticelli LA, Tran SV, Alenghat T, Osborne LC, Thome JJ, Willis C, Budelsky A, Farber DL, Artis D. The prostaglandin D₂ receptor CRTH2 regulates accumulation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells in the inflamed lung. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1313-23. [PMID: 25850654 PMCID: PMC4598246 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) promote type 2 cytokine-dependent immunity, inflammation, and tissue repair. Although epithelial cell-derived cytokines regulate ILC2 effector functions, the pathways that control the in vivo migration of ILC2s into inflamed tissues remain poorly understood. Here, we provide the first demonstration that expression of the prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) receptor CRTH2 (chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells) regulates the in vivo accumulation of ILC2s in the lung. Although a significant proportion of ILC2s isolated from healthy human peripheral blood expressed CRTH2, a smaller proportion of ILC2s isolated from nondiseased human lung expressed CRTH2, suggesting that dynamic regulation of CRTH2 expression might be associated with the migration of ILC2s into tissues. Consistent with this, murine ILC2s expressed CRTH2, migrated toward PGD2 in vitro, and accumulated in the lung in response to PGD2 in vivo. Furthermore, mice deficient in CRTH2 exhibited reduced ILC2 responses and inflammation in a murine model of helminth-induced pulmonary type 2 inflammation. Critically, adoptive transfer of CRTH2-sufficient ILC2s restored pulmonary inflammation in CRTH2-deficient mice. Together, these data identify a role for the PGD2-CRTH2 pathway in regulating the in vivo accumulation of ILC2s and the development of type 2 inflammation in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- ED Tait Wojno
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA,Institute for Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - LA Monticelli
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - SV Tran
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - T Alenghat
- Institute for Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - LC Osborne
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - JJ Thome
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - C Willis
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A Budelsky
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - DL Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA,Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - D Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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Bredo G, Storie J, Shrestha Palikhe N, Davidson C, Adams A, Vliagoftis H, Cameron L. Interleukin-25 initiates Th2 differentiation of human CD4(+) T cells and influences expression of its own receptor. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2015; 3:455-68. [PMID: 26734466 PMCID: PMC4693727 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human CRTh2+ Th2 cells express IL‐25 receptor (IL‐25R) and IL‐25 has been shown to potentiate production of Th2 cytokines. However, regulation of IL‐25R and whether it participates in Th2 differentiation of human cells have not been examined. We sought to characterize IL‐25R expression on CD4+ T cells and determine whether IL‐25 plays a role in Th2 differentiation. Naïve human CD4+ T cells were activated in the presence of IL‐25, IL‐4 (Th2 conditions) or both cytokines to assess their relative influence on Th2 differentiation. For experiments with differentiated Th2 cells, CRTh2‐expressing cells were isolated from differentiating cultures. IL‐25R, GATA3, CRTh2 and Th2 cytokine expression were assessed by flow cytometry, qRT‐PCR and ELISA. Expression of surface IL‐25R was induced early during Th2 differentiation (2 days). Addition of IL‐25 to naïve CD4+ T cells revealed that it induces expression of its own receptor, more strongly than IL‐4. IL‐25 also increased the proportions of IL‐4‐, GATA3‐ and CRTh2‐expressing cells and expression of IL‐5 and IL‐13. Activation of differentiated CRTh2+ Th2 cells through the TCR or by CRTh2 agonist increased surface expression of IL‐25R, though re‐expression of CRTh2 following TCR downregulation was impeded by IL‐25. These data suggest that IL‐25 may play various roles in Th2 mediated immunity. We establish here it regulates expression of its own receptor and can initiate Th2 differentiation, though not as strongly as IL‐4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Bredo
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Jessica Storie
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Nami Shrestha Palikhe
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Courtney Davidson
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Alexis Adams
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Lisa Cameron
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of MedicineUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & DentistryWestern UniversityLondonOntarioCanada
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Martin LJ, Franciosi JP, Collins MH, Abonia JP, Lee JJ, Hommel KA, Varni JW, Grotjan JT, Eby M, He H, Marsolo K, Putnam PE, Garza JM, Kaul A, Wen T, Rothenberg ME. Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis Symptom Scores (PEESS v2.0) identify histologic and molecular correlates of the key clinical features of disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1519-28.e8. [PMID: 26051952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis Symptom Score (PEESS v2.0) measures patient-relevant outcomes. However, whether patient-identified domains (dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux disease [GERD], nausea/vomiting, and pain) align with clinical symptomology and histopathologic and molecular features of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is unclear. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine whether clinical features of EoE, measured through PEESS v2.0, associate with histopathologic and molecular features of EoE. This represents a novel approach for analysis of allergic diseases, given the availability of allergic tissue biopsy specimens. METHODS We systematically recruited treated and untreated pediatric patients with EoE (aged 2-18 years) and examined parent proxy-reported symptoms using the PEESS v2.0. Clinical symptomology was collected by questionnaire. Esophageal biopsy samples were quantified for levels of eosinophils, eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) immunohistochemical staining, and mast cells. Molecular features were assessed by using the EoE Diagnostic Panel (94 EoE-related gene transcripts). Associations between domain scores and clinical symptoms and biological features were analyzed with Wilcoxon rank sum and Spearman correlation. RESULTS The PEESS v2.0 domains correlated to specific parent-reported symptoms: dysphagia (P = .0012), GERD (P = .0001), and nausea/vomiting (P < .0001). Pain correlated with multiple symptoms (P < .0005). Dysphagia correlated most strongly with overall histopathology, particularly in the proximal esophagus (P ≤ .0049). Markers of esophageal activity (EPX) were significantly associated with dysphagia (strongest r = 0.37, P = .02). Eosinophil levels were more associated with pain (r = 0.27, P = .06) than dysphagia (r = 0.24, P = .13). The dysphagia domain correlated most with esophageal gene transcript levels, predominantly with mast cell-specific genes. CONCLUSION We have (1) established a validated, parent proxy-reported measure for pediatric EoE, the PEESS v2.0; (2) verified that the parent proxy effectively captures symptoms; (3) determined that the dysphagia domain most closely aligns with symptoms and tissue-based molecular biomarkers; (4) established that symptoms correlate with EPX staining; and (5) observed association between mast cells and dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Martin
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - James P Franciosi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Nemours Children's Health System, Orlando, Fla
| | - Margaret H Collins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - J Pablo Abonia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - James J Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic in Arizona, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - Kevin A Hommel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - James W Varni
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Department of Landscape Architecture and Urban Planning, College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex
| | - J Tommie Grotjan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael Eby
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Hua He
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Keith Marsolo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Philip E Putnam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jose M Garza
- Children's Center for Digestive Health Care, Atlanta, Ga
| | - Ajay Kaul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ting Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Abstract
Controlled immune responses to infection and injury involve complex molecular signalling networks with coordinated and often opposing actions. Eicosanoids and related bioactive lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids constitute a major bioactive lipid network that is among the most complex and challenging pathways to map in a physiological context. Eicosanoid signalling, similar to cytokine signalling and inflammasome formation, has primarily been viewed as a pro-inflammatory component of the innate immune response; however, recent advances in lipidomics have helped to elucidate unique eicosanoids and related docosanoids with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution functions. This has advanced our overall understanding of the inflammatory response and its therapeutic implications. The induction of a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory eicosanoid storm through the activation of inflammatory receptors by infectious agents is reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul C Norris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Nakamura T, Maeda S, Horiguchi K, Maehara T, Aritake K, Choi BI, Iwakura Y, Urade Y, Murata T. PGD2 deficiency exacerbates food antigen-induced mast cell hyperplasia. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7514. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Wang H, Ye M, Yu L, Wang J, Guo Y, Lei W, Yang J. Hippocampal neuronal cyclooxygenase-2 downstream signaling imbalance in a rat model of chronic aluminium gluconate administration. Behav Brain Funct 2015; 11:8. [PMID: 25888969 PMCID: PMC4336726 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-015-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute and chronic brain damages including neurodegenerative diseases are a group of neuroinflammation-associated diseases characterized by cognitive function defect and progressive neuron loss. The pathophysiological procession of brain damages involves the overexpression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Owing to the limited benefit to chronic brain damage and the late adverse effect of COX-2 inhibitors, the COX downstream signaling pathway has become a focus in neurological research. In order to explore the mechanism of aluminum neurotoxicity and the importance of COX2 downstream signaling pathways to chronic brain damage, the present study was designed to simultaneously observe the prostaglandin (PG) contents, and the expressions of PG synthases and PG receptors of hippocampus in a rat model induced by chronic administration of aluminium gluconate. METHODS A rat model of chronic brain damage was established by chronic intragastric administration of aluminium gluconate (Al3+ 200 mg/kg per day, 5d a week for 20 weeks). PG contents, the expressions of PG synthases, and the expressions of PG receptors in rats were measured by ELISA, RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS Chronic aluminium gluconate administration resulted in hippocampal neuron injury and learning and memory disorders in rats. Aluminium gluconate administration also resulted in increased levels of PGE2, PGD2, TXA2, PGI2, and PGF2α in rat hippocampus. The DP1, EP2, IP, mPGES-1, EP4, PGIS and TXAS mRNA expressions, and the DP1, EP2 and IP protein expressions significantly increased in the Al-treated hippocampus, while the EP3 and FP mRNA and protein expressions and the TP mRNA expression decreased. CONCLUSIONS The PGS/PGs/PG receptors signaling pathway in chronic aluminium gluconate-overloaded rat hippocampus is disturbed, which may be involved in the mechanism of aluminium neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Mengliang Ye
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Lijuan Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yuanxin Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Wenjuan Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Junqing Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Honda T, Kabashima K. Prostanoids in allergy. Allergol Int 2015; 64:11-6. [PMID: 25572554 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostanoids, which include prostaglandin and thromboxane, are metabolites of arachidonic acid released in various pathophysiological conditions. They induce a range of actions mediated through their respective receptors expressed on target cells. It has been demonstrated that each prostanoid receptor has multiple functions and that the effect of receptor stimulation can vary depending on context; this sometimes results in opposing effects, such as simultaneous excitatory and inhibitory outcomes. The balance between the production of each prostanoid and the expression of its receptors has been shown to be important for maintaining homeostasis but also involved in the development of various pathological conditions such as allergy. Here, we review the recent findings on the roles of prostanoids in allergy, especially focusing on atopic dermatitis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Honda
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Gonzalez-Rodriguez PJ, Li Y, Martinez F, Zhang L. Dexamethasone protects neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury via L-PGDS-dependent PGD2-DP1-pERK signaling pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114470. [PMID: 25474649 PMCID: PMC4256424 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glucocorticoids pretreatment confers protection against neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. However, the molecular mechanism remains poorly elucidated. We tested the hypothesis that glucocorticoids protect against HI brain injury in neonatal rat by stimulation of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS)-induced prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)-DP1-pERK mediated signaling pathway. METHODS Dexamethasone and inhibitors were administered via intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injections into 10-day-old rat brains. Levels of L-PGD2, D prostanoid (DP1) receptor, pERK1/2 and PGD2 were determined by Western immunoblotting and ELISA, respectively. Brain injury was evaluated 48 hours after conduction of HI in 10-day-old rat pups. RESULTS Dexamethasone pretreatment significantly upregulated L-PGDS expression and the biosynthesis of PGD2. Dexamethasone also selectively increased isoform pERK-44 level in the neonatal rat brains. Inhibitors of L-PGDS (SeCl4), DP1 (MK-0524) and MAPK (PD98059) abrogated dexamethasone-induced increases in pERK-44 level, respectively. Of importance, these inhibitors also blocked dexamethasone-mediated neuroprotective effects against HI brain injury in neonatal rat brains. CONCLUSION Interaction of glucocorticoids-GR signaling and L-PGDS-PGD2-DP1-pERK mediated pathway underlies the neuroprotective effects of dexamethasone pretreatment in neonatal HI brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo J. Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92350, United States of America
| | - Yong Li
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92350, United States of America
| | - Fabian Martinez
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92350, United States of America
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, 92350, United States of America
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Tsubosaka Y, Nakamura T, Hirai H, Hori M, Nakamura M, Ozaki H, Murata T. A deficiency in the prostaglandin D2 receptor CRTH2 exacerbates adjuvant-induced joint inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5835-40. [PMID: 25362177 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the cyclooxygenase metabolites PGs are known to be involved in the progression of arthritis, the role of PGD2 remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the contribution of signaling mediated through a PGD2 receptor, chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2), in the progression of adjuvant-induced joint inflammation. Injection of CFA into the ankle joint stimulated PGD2 production and induced paw swelling in both CRTH2-naive (WT) and CRTH2(-/-) mice. CRTH2(-/-) mice presented more severe arthritic manifestations than did WT mice. Through bone marrow transplantation experiments between WT and CRTH2(-/-) mice, we showed that CRTH2 deficiency in bone marrow-derived immune cells is involved in disease progression. Morphological studies showed that CRTH2 deficiency accelerated the infiltration of macrophages into the inflamed paw. Consistent with this finding, we observed that treatment with the macrophage inactivator GdCl3 or the macrophage-depleting agent liposomal clodronate improved arthritis symptoms in CRTH2(-/-) mice. Adoptive transfer of CRTH2(-/-) macrophages exacerbated joint inflammation in WT mice. In addition, CRTH2 deficiency accelerated, whereas CRTH2 agonism inhibited, the expression of a macrophage-activating cytokine (GM-CSF) and a chemokine receptor (CXCR2) in CFA-treated peritoneal macrophages. Together, these observations demonstrate that PGD2-CRTH2 signaling plays a protective role in joint inflammation by attenuating the infiltration of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Tsubosaka
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Nakamura
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hirai
- Department of Advanced Medicine and Development, BML, Inc., Saitama 350-1101, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hori
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and
| | - Masataka Nakamura
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ozaki
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; and
| | - Takahisa Murata
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
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62
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Radonjic-Hoesli S, Valent P, Klion AD, Wechsler ME, Simon HU. Novel targeted therapies for eosinophil-associated diseases and allergy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 55:633-56. [PMID: 25340931 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010814-124407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil-associated diseases often present with life-threatening manifestations and/or chronic organ damage. Currently available therapeutic options are limited to a few drugs that often have to be prescribed on a lifelong basis to keep eosinophil counts under control. In the past 10 years, treatment options and outcomes in patients with clonal eosinophilic and other eosinophilic disorders have improved substantially. Several new targeted therapies have emerged, addressing different aspects of eosinophil expansion and inflammation. In this review, we discuss available and currently tested agents as well as new strategies and drug targets relevant to both primary and secondary eosinophilic diseases, including allergic disorders.
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63
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Zhang S, Wu X, Yu S. Prostaglandin D2 receptor D-type prostanoid receptor 2 mediates eosinophil trafficking into the esophagus. Dis Esophagus 2014; 27:601-6. [PMID: 24165271 PMCID: PMC4000277 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis is characterized by eosinophil-predominant inflammation in the esophagus. How eosinophils migrate and infiltrate into the esophagus, however, is less clear. Our previous study demonstrated that mast cell activation led to eosinophil infiltration in the esophagus. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is an important mediator released from activated mast cells. The present study aims to determine whether PGD2 induces eosinophil infiltration into the esophagus via a d-type prostanoid receptor 2 (DP2) receptor-dependent mechanism. Using an in vivo guinea pig model, PGD2, d-type prostanoid receptor 1 (DP1) agonist, or DP2 agonist were injected into the esophagus. Esophageal tissues were removed 2 hours after injections and proceeded to either hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining or immunofluorescent staining of eosinophil major basic protein (MBP) to compare each treatment-induced eosinophil infiltration in the esophagus. In a separate study, ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized guinea pigs were pretreated with either DP2 or DP1 antagonists, followed by inhalation of OVA to induce mast cell activation. Esophageal tissues were then processed for immunofluorescent staining of MBP. PGD2 injection in the esophagus led to an increase of eosinophil infiltration in esophageal epithelium at the injection site as revealed by HE staining. Increased infiltration of eosinophils was further confirmed by the increased presence of MBP-labeled immunopositive (MBP-LI) cells in esophageal epithelium. Injection with DP2 agonist 15(R)-PGD2, but not DP1 agonist BW 245C, mimicked the PGD2-induced response. In OVA-sensitized animals, antigen inhalation increased MBP-LI cells in esophageal epithelium. Pretreatment with DP2 antagonist BAY-u3405, but not DP1 antagonist BW 868C, inhibited the antigen inhalation-induced increase of MBP-LI cells in esophageal epithelium. These data support the hypothesis that PGD2 induces eosinophil trafficking into the esophageal epithelium via a DP2-mediated pathway, suggesting a role of DP2 antagonist in the prevention of eosinophilic esophagitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shaoyong Yu
- Corresponding: Shaoyong Yu, MD, MPH., Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, Phone: (734) 647-5980; Fax: (734) 763-2535,
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64
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Shiraishi Y, Takeda K, Domenico J, Gelfand EW. Role of prostaglandin D2and CRTH2 blockade in early- and late-phase nasal responses. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:1076-82. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Shiraishi
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Cell Biology; National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
| | - K. Takeda
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Cell Biology; National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
| | - J. Domenico
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Cell Biology; National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
| | - E. W. Gelfand
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Cell Biology; National Jewish Health; Denver CO USA
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65
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Sturm EM, Radnai B, Jandl K, Stančić A, Parzmair GP, Högenauer C, Kump P, Wenzl H, Petritsch W, Pieber TR, Schuligoi R, Marsche G, Ferreirós N, Heinemann A, Schicho R. Opposing roles of prostaglandin D2 receptors in ulcerative colitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:827-39. [PMID: 24929001 PMCID: PMC4121674 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proresolution functions were reported for PGD2 in colitis, but the role of its two receptors, D-type prostanoid (DP) and, in particular, chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2), is less well defined. We investigated DP and CRTH2 expression and function during human and murine ulcerative colitis (UC). Expression of receptors was measured by flow cytometry on peripheral blood leukocytes and by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting in colon biopsies of patients with active UC and healthy individuals. Receptor involvement in UC was evaluated in a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium colitis. DP and CRTH2 expression changed in leukocytes of patients with active UC in a differential manner. In UC patients, DP showed higher expression in neutrophils but lower in monocytes as compared with control subjects. In contrast, CRTH2 was decreased in eosinophils, NK, and CD3(+) T cells but not in monocytes and CD3(+)/CD4(+) T cells. The decrease of CRTH2 on blood eosinophils clearly correlated with disease activity. DP correlated positively with disease activity in eosinophils but inversely in neutrophils. CRTH2 internalized upon treatment with PGD2 and 11-dehydro TXB2 in eosinophils of controls. Biopsies of UC patients revealed an increase of CRTH2-positive cells in the colonic mucosa and high CRTH2 protein content. The CRTH2 antagonist CAY10595 improved, whereas the DP antagonist MK0524 worsened inflammation in murine colitis. DP and CRTH2 play differential roles in UC. Although expression of CRTH2 on blood leukocytes is downregulated in UC, CRTH2 is present in colon tissue, where it may contribute to inflammation, whereas DP most likely promotes anti-inflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Sturm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Balazs Radnai
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Jandl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Stančić
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald P Parzmair
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Högenauer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Patrizia Kump
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heimo Wenzl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Petritsch
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas R Pieber
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; and
| | - Rufina Schuligoi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nerea Ferreirós
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
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66
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Key mediators in the immunopathogenesis of allergic asthma. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:316-29. [PMID: 24933589 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is described as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the conducting airways. It is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, eosinophil and Th2 infiltration, airway hyper-responsiveness and airway remodeling. Our findings to date have largely been dependent on work done using animal models, which have been instrumental in broadening our understanding of the mechanism of the disease. However, using animals to model a uniquely human disease is not without its drawbacks. This review aims to examine some of the key mediators and cells of allergic asthma learned from animal models and shed some light on emerging mediators in the pathogenesis allergic airway inflammation in acute and chronic asthma.
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67
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Liu H, Zheng M, Qiao J, Dang Y, Zhang P, Jin X. Role of prostaglandin D2 /CRTH2 pathway on asthma exacerbation induced by Aspergillus fumigatus. Immunology 2014; 142:78-88. [PMID: 24329550 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is often associated in asthmatic patients with the exacerbation of asthma symptoms. The pathomechanism of this phenomenon has not been fully understood. Here, we evaluated the immunological mechanisms and the role of the prostaglandin D2 / Chemoattractant Receptor-Homologous Molecule Expressed on Th2 Cells (CRTH2) pathway in the development of Aspergillus-associated asthma exacerbation. We studied the effects of A. fumigatus on airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in a rat model of chronic asthma. Inhalation delivery of A. fumigatus conidia increased the airway eosinophilia and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in ovalbumin-sensitized, challenged rats. These changes were associated with prostaglandin D2 synthesis and CRTH2 expression in the lungs. Direct inflammation occurred in ovalbumin-sensitized, challenged animals, whereas pre-treatment with an antagonist against CRTH2 nearly completely eliminated the A. fumigatus-induced worsening of airway eosinophilia and bronchial hyper-responsiveness. Our data demonstrate that production of prostaglandin D2 followed by eosinophil recruitment into the airways via a CRTH2 receptor are the major pathogenic factors responsible for the A. fumigatus-induced enhancement of airway inflammation and responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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68
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van den Brule S, Huaux F, Uwambayinema F, Ibouraadaten S, Yakoub Y, Palmai-Pallag M, Trottein F, Renauld JC, Lison D. Lung inflammation and thymic atrophy after bleomycin are controlled by the prostaglandin D2 receptor DP1. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:212-22. [PMID: 24003988 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0520oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) can be accompanied by secondary systemic manifestations. In a model of ALI induced by bleomycin (bleo), we examined the response of D prostanoid receptor 1 (DP1)-deficient mice (DP1(-/-)) to better understand these processes. DP1 deficiency aggravated the toxicity of bleo as indicated by enhanced body weight loss, mortality, and lung inflammation including bronchoalveolar permeability and neutrophilia. Thymic atrophy was also observed after bleo and was strongly exacerbated in DP1(-/-) mice. This resulted from the enhanced depletion of immature T lymphocytes in the thymus of DP1(-/-) mice, a phenomenon usually related to increased glucocorticoid release in blood. Serum corticosterone was more elevated in DP1(-/-) mice after bleo than in wild-type (wt) mice. Thymocytes of DP1(-/-) mice were not more sensitive to dexamethasone in vitro, and systemic delivery of dexamethasone or peritoneal inflammation after LPS induced a similar thymic atrophy in wt and DP1(-/-) mice, indicating that pulmonary DP1 was critical to the control of thymic atrophy after bleo. DP1(-/-) mice showed increased lung and/or blood mediators involved in neutrophil recruitment and/or glucocorticoid production/thymic atrophy (osteopontin, leukemia inhibitory factor, and keratinocyte-derived chemokine) after bleo. Finally, local pulmonary DP1 activation or inhibition in wt mice abrogated or amplified thymic atrophy after bleo, respectively. Altogether, our data reveal that ALI can perturb the systemic T-cell pool by inducing thymic atrophy and that both pathological processes are controlled by the pulmonary DP1 receptor. This new pathway represents a potential therapeutic target in ALI.
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69
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Central CRTH2, a second prostaglandin D2 receptor, mediates emotional impairment in the lipopolysaccharide and tumor-induced sickness behavior model. J Neurosci 2014; 34:2514-23. [PMID: 24523542 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1407-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper type 2 cells (CRTH2) is a second prostaglandin D2 receptor involved in mediating the allergic response; however, its central function is not yet known. Here, we demonstrate that central CRTH2 mediates emotional impairment. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced decreases in social interaction and novel exploratory behavior were observed in wild-type (CRTH2(+/+)) mice but not CRTH2-deficient (CRTH2(-/-)) mice, but both genotypes showed hypolocomotion and anorexia following LPS injection. Tumor (colon 26) inoculation, a more pathologically relevant model, induced decreases in social interaction and novel exploratory behavior in CRTH2(+/+), but not CRTH2(-/-) mice. In addition, the CRTH2 antagonists including clinically available ramatroban reversed impaired social interaction and novel exploratory behavior after either LPS or tumor inoculation in CRTH2(+/+) mice. Finally, LPS-induced c-Fos expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and central amygdala (CeA) was selectively abolished in CRTH2(-/-) mice. These results show that CRTH2 participates in LPS-induced emotional changes and activation in the PVN and CeA. Our study provides the first evidence that central CRTH2 regulates specific emotional behaviors, and that CRTH2 antagonism has potential as a therapeutic target for behavioral symptoms associated with tumors and infectious diseases.
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70
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Kojima F, Kapoor M, Kawai S, Crofford LJ. New insights into eicosanoid biosynthetic pathways: implications for arthritis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 2:277-91. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.2.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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71
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Thompson MD, Cole DEC, Capra V, Siminovitch KA, Rovati GE, Burnham WM, Rana BK. Pharmacogenetics of the G protein-coupled receptors. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1175:189-242. [PMID: 25150871 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0956-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics investigates the influence of genetic variants on physiological phenotypes related to drug response and disease, while pharmacogenomics takes a genome-wide approach to advancing this knowledge. Both play an important role in identifying responders and nonresponders to medication, avoiding adverse drug reactions, and optimizing drug dose for the individual. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the primary target of therapeutic drugs and have been the focus of these studies. With the advance of genomic technologies, there has been a substantial increase in the inventory of naturally occurring rare and common GPCR variants. These variants include single-nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion or deletions that have potential to alter GPCR expression of function. In vivo and in vitro studies have determined functional roles for many GPCR variants, but genetic association studies that define the physiological impact of the majority of these common variants are still limited. Despite the breadth of pharmacogenetic data available, GPCR variants have not been included in drug labeling and are only occasionally considered in optimizing clinical use of GPCR-targeted agents. In this chapter, pharmacogenetic and genomic studies on GPCR variants are reviewed with respect to a subset of GPCR systems, including the adrenergic, calcium sensing, cysteinyl leukotriene, cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, and the de-orphanized receptors such as GPR55. The nature of the disruption to receptor function is discussed with respect to regulation of gene expression, expression on the cell surface (affected by receptor trafficking, dimerization, desensitization/downregulation), or perturbation of receptor function (altered ligand binding, G protein coupling, constitutive activity). The large body of experimental data generated on structure and function relationships and receptor-ligand interactions are being harnessed for the in silico functional prediction of naturally occurring GPCR variants. We provide information on online resources dedicated to GPCRs and present applications of publically available computational tools for pharmacogenetic studies of GPCRs. As the breadth of GPCR pharmacogenomic data becomes clearer, the opportunity for routine assessment of GPCR variants to predict disease risk, drug response, and potential adverse drug effects will become possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8,
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72
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Sarashina H, Tsubosaka Y, Omori K, Aritake K, Nakagawa T, Hori M, Hirai H, Nakamura M, Narumiya S, Urade Y, Ozaki H, Murata T. Opposing immunomodulatory roles of prostaglandin D2 during the progression of skin inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:459-65. [PMID: 24298012 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of PGD2 are extremely context dependent. It can have pro- or anti-inflammatory effects in clinically important pathological conditions. A greater mechanistic insight into the determinants of PGD2 activity during inflammation is thus required. In this study, we investigated the role of PGD2 in croton oil-induced dermatitis using transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing hematopoietic PGD synthase. Administration of croton oil caused tissue swelling and vascular leakage in the mouse ear. Compared with wild-type animals, TG mice produced more PGD2 and showed decreased inflammation in the early phase, but more severe manifestations during the late phase. Data obtained from bone marrow transplantation between wild-type and TG mice indicated that PGD2 produced by tissue resident cells in the TG mice attenuated early-phase inflammation, whereas PGD2 produced from hematopoietic lineage cells exacerbated late-phase inflammation. There are two distinct PGD2 receptors: D-prostanoid receptor (DP) and chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2). In TG mice, treatment with a DP antagonist exacerbated inflammation in the early phase, whereas treatment with a CRTH2 antagonist attenuated inflammation during the late phase. In vitro experiments showed that DP agonism enhanced vascular endothelial barrier formation, whereas CRTH2 agonism stimulated neutrophil migration. Collectively, these results show that when hematopoietic PGD synthase is overexpressed, tissue resident cell-derived PGD2 suppresses skin inflammation via DP in the early phase, but hematopoietic lineage cell-derived PGD2 stimulates CRTH2 and promotes inflammation during the late phase. DP-mediated vascular barrier enhancement or CRTH2-mediated neutrophil activation may be responsible for these effects. Thus, PGD2 represents opposite roles in inflammation, depending on the disease phase in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Sarashina
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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73
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Kim KH, Sadikot RT, Xiao L, Christman JW, Freeman ML, Chan JY, Oh YK, Blackwell TS, Joo M. Nrf2 is essential for the expression of lipocalin-prostaglandin D synthase induced by prostaglandin D2. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1134-1142. [PMID: 24029383 PMCID: PMC3972891 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.08.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nrf2 is a transcription factor that protects against inflammatory diseases, but the underlying mechanism of this effect remains unclear. Here, we report that Nrf2 uses lipocalin-prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) as a mechanism for suppressing inflammation. Exogenously added prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) induced L-PGDS expression in bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), suggesting a positive feedback loop between L-PGDS expression and PGD2. Unlike lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced L-PGDS expression, PGD2-mediated expression was independent of MAPK, PU.1, or TLR4. Sequence analysis located a putative Nrf2 binding site in the murine L-PGDS promoter, to which Nrf2 bound when treated with PGD2. Chemical activation, or overexpression, of Nrf2 was sufficient to induce L-PGDS expression in macrophages, BMDMs, or lungs of Nrf2-knockout (KO) mice, but treatment with PGD2 failed to do so, suggesting a pivotal role for Nrf2 in the expression of L-PGDS. Consistent with this, expression of Nrf2 in the lungs of Nrf2-KO mice was sufficient to induce the expression of L-PGDS and to reduce neutrophilic lung inflammation elicited by LPS. Furthermore, expression of L-PGDS in mouse lungs decreased neutrophilic infiltration, ameliorating lung inflammation in mice. Together, our results show that Nrf2, activated by PGD2, induced L-PGDS expression, resulting in decreased inflammation. We suggest that the positive feedback induction of L-PGDS by PGD2 is part of the mechanism by which Nrf2 regulates inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyun Ha Kim
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Korea
| | - Ruxana T Sadikot
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, and Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Lei Xiao
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Illinois, and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - John W Christman
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Illinois, and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Michael L Freeman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37027, USA
| | - Jefferson Y Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Timothy S Blackwell
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37027, USA
| | - Myungsoo Joo
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Korea.
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74
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Schmidt JA, Bell FM, Akam E, Marshall C, Dainty IA, Heinemann A, Dougall IG, Bonnert RV, Sargent CA. Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of AZD1981, an orally available selective DP2 antagonist in clinical development for asthma. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1626-38. [PMID: 23146091 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The discovery of DP2 as a second receptor for PGD2 has prompted the search for antagonists as potential novel therapies based on the associations between PGD2 and disease. Here we describe the biochemical and pharmacological properties of 4-(acetylamino)-3-[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]-2-methyl-1H-indole-1-acetic acid (AZD1981), a novel DP2 receptor antagonist. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Binding to DP2 , functional receptor pharmacology and selectivity were studied in both human and animal systems. KEY RESULTS AZD1981 displaced radio-labelled PGD2 from human recombinant DP2 with high potency (pIC50 = 8.4). Binding was reversible, non-competitive and highly selective against a panel of more than 340 other enzymes and receptors, including DP1 (>1000-fold selective). AZD1981 inhibited DP2 -mediated shape change and CD11b up-regulation in human eosinophils, shape change in basophils and chemotaxis of human eosinophils and Th2 cells with similar potency. AZD1981 exhibited good cross-species binding activity against mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit and dog DP2 . Evaluation in mouse, rat or rabbit cell systems was not possible as they did not respond to DP2 agonists. Agonist responses were seen in guinea pig and dog, and AZD1981 blocked DP2 -mediated eosinophil shape change. Such responses were more robust in the guinea pig, where AZD1981 also blocked DP2 -dependent eosinophil emigration from bone marrow. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS AZD1981 is a DP2 antagonist that blocks functional responses in eosinophils, Th2 cells and basophils. It exhibited similar potency irrespective of the cell type, DP2 agonist or species used. This selective orally active agent is currently under clinical evaluation as a potential therapeutic agent in respiratory diseases including asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Schmidt
- Department of Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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Sykes L, Herbert BR, Macintyre DA, Hunte E, Ponnampalam S, Johnson MR, Teoh TG, Bennett PR. The CRTH2 agonist Pyl A prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced fetal death but induces preterm labour. Immunology 2013; 139:352-65. [PMID: 23374103 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory prostaglandin 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J(2) (15dPGJ(2)) delays inflammation-induced preterm labour in the mouse and improves pup survival through the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by a mechanism yet to be elucidated. 15dPGJ(2) is an agonist of the second prostaglandin D(2) receptor, chemoattractant receptor homologous to the T helper 2 cell (CRTH2). In human T helper cells CRTH2 agonists induce the production of the anti-inflammatory interleukins IL-10 and IL-4. We hypothesized that CRTH2 is involved in the protective effect of 15dPGJ(2) in inflammation-induced preterm labour in the murine model. We therefore studied the effects of a specific small molecule CRTH2 agonist on preterm labour and pup survival. An intrauterine injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered to CD1 mice at embryonic day 16, ± CRTH2 agonist/vehicle controls. Mice were killed at 4.5 hr to assess fetal wellbeing and to harvest myometrium and pup brain for analysis of NF-κB, and T helper type 1/2 interleukins. To examine the effects of the CRTH2 agonist on LPS-induced preterm labour, mice were allowed to labour spontaneously. Direct effects of the CRTH2 agonist on uterine contractility were examined ex vivo on contracting myometrial strips. The CRTH2 agonist increased fetal survival from 20 to 100% in LPS-treated mice, and inhibited circular muscle contractility ex vivo. However, it augmented LPS-induced labour and significantly increased myometrial NF-κB, IL-1β, KC-GRO, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α. This suggests that the action of 15dPGJ(2) is not via CRTH2 and therefore small molecule CRTH2 agonists are not likely to be beneficial for the prevention of inflammation-induced preterm labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne Sykes
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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76
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Britt RD, Velten M, Tipple TE, Nelin LD, Rogers LK. Cyclooxygenase-2 in newborn hyperoxic lung injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 61:502-11. [PMID: 23624331 PMCID: PMC3752000 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Supraphysiological O2 concentrations, mechanical ventilation, and inflammation significantly contribute to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).Exposure of newborn mice to hyperoxia causes inflammation and impaired alveolarization similar to that seen in infants with BPD.Previously, we demonstrated that pulmonary cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression is increased in hyperoxia-exposed newborn mice.The present studies were designed to define the role of COX-2 in newborn hyperoxic lung injury.We tested the hypothesis that attenuation of COX-2 activity would reduce hyperoxia-induced inflammation and improve alveolarization.Newborn C3H/HeN micewere injected daily with vehicle, aspirin (nonselective COX-2 inhibitor), or celecoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor) for the first 7 days of life.Additional studies utilized wild-type (C57Bl/6, COX-2(+/+)), heterozygous (COX-2(+/-)), and homozygous (COX-2(-/-)) transgenic mice.Micewere exposed to room air (21% O2) or hyperoxia (85% O2) for 14 days.Aspirin-injected and COX-2(-/-) pups had reduced levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL).Both aspirin and celecoxib treatment reduced macrophage numbers in the alveolar walls and air spaces.Aspirin and celecoxib treatment attenuated hyperoxia-induced COX activity, including altered levels of prostaglandin (PG)D2 metabolites.Decreased COX activity, however, did not prevent hyperoxia-induced lung developmental deficits.Our data suggest thatincreased COX-2 activity may contribute to proinflammatory responses, including macrophage chemotaxis, during exposure to hyperoxia.Modulation of COX-2 activity may be a useful therapeutic target to limit hyperoxia-induced inflammation in preterm infants at risk of developing BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney D Britt
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Markus Velten
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhlems-University, University Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Trent E Tipple
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Leif D Nelin
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
| | - Lynette K Rogers
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43215, USA.
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77
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Lipid mediators and allergic diseases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013; 111:155-62. [PMID: 23987187 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2013.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the basic science and translational relevance of lipid mediators in the pathobiology of allergic diseases. DATA SOURCES PubMed was searched for articles using the key terms lipid mediator, prostaglandin, prostanoid, leukotriene, thromboxane, asthma, and allergic inflammation. STUDY SELECTIONS Articles were selected based on their relevance to the goals of this review. Articles with a particular focus on clinical and translational aspects of basic science discoveries were emphasized. RESULTS Lipid mediators are bioactive molecules generated from cell membrane phospholipids. They play important roles in many disease states, particularly in inflammatory and immune responses. Lipid mediators and their receptors are potentially useful as diagnostic markers of disease and therapeutic targets. CONCLUSIONS Several useful therapeutic agents have been developed based on a growing understanding of the lipid mediator pathways in allergic disease, notably the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor type 1 antagonists and the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, zileuton. Additional receptor agonists and antagonists relevant to these pathways are in development, and it is likely that future pharmacologic treatments for allergic disease will become available as our understanding of these molecules continues to evolve.
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78
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Takayama F, Wu Z, Ma HM, Okada R, Hayashi Y, Nakanishi H. Possible involvement of aiPLA2 in the phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes induced production of PGE2 and PGD2 in microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 262:121-4. [PMID: 23850486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes containing phosphatidylserine (PSL) produce PGE2 after being phagocytosed by microglia, but the precise underlying mechanism behind it still remains unclear. Here, we showed that liposomes consisting of phosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidylcholine, a lipolysis product of phosphatidylcholine by PLA2, were phagocytosed by microglia, but failed to induce secretion of PGE2. Furthermore, PSL-induced PGE2 secretion was significantly inhibited by MJ33, an aiPLA2 inhibitor, but not by AACOCF3, a cPLA2 inhibitor. PSL also produced PGD2 and 15d-PGJ2 in microglia. We thus hypothesize that free arachidonic acid is supplied through aiPLA2-mediated lipolysis of phagocytosed phosphatidylcholine, leading to the production of PGH2 and its downstream metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Takayama
- Department of Aging Science and Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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79
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Townley RG, Agrawal S. CRTH2 antagonists in the treatment of allergic responses involving TH2 cells, basophils, and eosinophils. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2013. [PMID: 23176872 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Townley
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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80
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Luna-Gomes T, Bozza PT, Bandeira-Melo C. Eosinophil recruitment and activation: the role of lipid mediators. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:27. [PMID: 23525348 PMCID: PMC3605515 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are effector cells that migrate toward several mediators released at inflammatory sites to perform their multiple functions. The mechanisms driving eosinophil selective accumulation in sites of allergic inflammation are well-established and involve several steps controlled by adhesion molecules, priming agents, chemotactic, and surviving factors. Even though the majority of studies focused on role of protein mediators like IL-5 and eotaxins, lipid mediators also participate in eosinophil recruitment and activation. Among the lipid mediators with distinguish eosinophil recruitment and activation capabilities are platelet activating factor and the eicosanoids, including leukotriene B4, cysteinyl leukotrienes, and prostaglandin D2. In this review, we focused on the role of these four lipid mediators in eosinophil recruitment and activation, since they are recognized as key mediators of eosinophilic inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Luna-Gomes
- Instituto de Biofïsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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81
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Anti-inflammatory role of PGD2 in acute lung inflammation and therapeutic application of its signal enhancement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5205-10. [PMID: 23479612 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218091110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) signaling in acute lung injury (ALI), focusing on its producer-effector interaction in vivo. Administration of endotoxin increased edema and neutrophil infiltration in the WT mouse lung. Gene disruption of hematopoietic PGD synthase (H-PGDS) aggravated all of the symptoms. Experiments involving bone marrow transplantation between WT and H-PGDS-deficient mice showed that PGD2 derived from alveolar nonhematopoietic lineage cells (i.e., endothelial cells and epithelial cells) promotes vascular barrier function during the early phase (day 1), whereas neutrophil-derived PGD2 attenuates its own infiltration and cytokine expression during the later phase (day 3) of ALI. Treatment with either an agonist to the PGD2 receptor, DP, or a degradation product of PGD2, 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-PGJ2, exerted a therapeutic action against ALI. Data obtained from bone marrow transplantation between WT and DP-deficient mice suggest that the DP signal in alveolar endothelial cells is crucial for the anti-inflammatory reactions of PGD2. In vitro, DP agonism directly enhanced endothelial barrier formation, and 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-PGJ2 attenuated both neutrophil migration and cytokine expression. These observations indicate that the PGD2 signaling between alveolar endothelial/epithelial cells and infiltrating neutrophils provides anti-inflammatory effects in ALI, and suggest the therapeutic potential of these signaling enhancements.
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82
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Deppong CM, Green JM. Experimental advances in understanding allergic airway inflammation. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2013; 5:167-80. [PMID: 23277043 DOI: 10.2741/s364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is largely an inflammatory disease, with the development of T cell mediated inflammation in the lung following exposure to allergen or other precipitating factors. Currently, the major therapies for this disease are directed either at relief of bronchoconstriction (ie beta-agonists) or are non-specific immunomodulators (ie, corticosteroids). While much attention has been paid to factors that regulate the initiation of an inflammatory response, chronic inflammation may also be due to defects in regulatory mechanisms that limit or terminate immune responses. In this review, we explore the elements controlling both the recruitment of T cells to the lung and their function. Possibilities for future therapeutic intervention are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Deppong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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83
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Kendall AC, Nicolaou A. Bioactive lipid mediators in skin inflammation and immunity. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 52:141-64. [PMID: 23124022 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the primary barrier from the outside environment, protecting the host from injury, infectious pathogens, water loss and solar ultraviolet radiation. In this role, it is supported by a highly organized system comprising elements of innate and adaptive immunity, responsive to inflammatory stimuli. The cutaneous immune system is regulated by mediators such as cytokines and bioactive lipids that can initiate rapid immune responses with controlled inflammation, followed by efficient resolution. However, when immune responses are inadequate or mounted against non-infectious agents, these mediators contribute to skin pathologies involving unresolved or chronic inflammation. Skin is characterized by active lipid metabolism and fatty acids play crucial roles both in terms of structural integrity and functionality, in particular when transformed to bioactive mediators. Eicosanoids, endocannabinoids and sphingolipids are such key bioactive lipids, intimately involved in skin biology, inflammation and immunity. We discuss their origins, role and influence over various cells of the epidermis, dermis and cutaneous immune system and examine their function in examples of inflammatory skin conditions. We focus on psoriasis, atopic and contact dermatitis, acne vulgaris, wound healing and photodermatology that demonstrate dysregulation of bioactive lipid metabolism and examine ways of using this insight to inform novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Kendall
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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84
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Campos Alberto E, MacLean E, Davidson C, Palikhe NS, Storie J, Tse C, Brenner D, Mayers I, Vliagoftis H, El-Sohemy A, Cameron L. The single nucleotide polymorphism CRTh2 rs533116 is associated with allergic asthma and increased expression of CRTh2. Allergy 2012; 67:1357-64. [PMID: 22947041 DOI: 10.1111/all.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CRTh2 (chemoattractant-receptor homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells) is expressed by Th2 cells and other cells involved in allergic inflammation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CRTh2 (rs11571288, rs545659, rs634681) have been associated with various phenotypes of allergy in ethnically distinct populations. Here, we assessed the association between CRTh2 rs533116 and allergic asthma, expression of CRTh2 and Th2 cytokine production. METHODS CRTh2 rs533116 was genotyped in an ethnically diverse population (n = 1282). The proportion of cells expressing CRTh2 was determined in peripheral blood from subjects with allergic airways disease and controls as well as with in vitro differentiated Th2 cells. Receptor function was assessed by stimulating Th2 cells with the CRTh2-specific agonist 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGD(2) (DK-PGD(2) ) and measuring IL-4 and IL-13 by intracellular staining and ELISA. RESULTS CRTh2 rs533116 was associated with allergic asthma in White people (2.67 [1.09-6.55], P < 0.05), and expression of CRTh2 was higher in subjects with allergic airways disease compared to controls (P < 0.05). Among allergic individuals, the AA genotype was significantly associated with more eosinophils and higher expression of CRTh2 by both CD4(+) T cells and eosinophils (P < 0.05). In vitro, the AA genotype was associated with a higher proportion of CRTh2(+) cells during Th2 differentiation as well as more IL-4 and IL-13 expression following DK-PGD(2) stimulation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings show an association between CRTh2 rs533116 and allergic asthma and suggest this may be mediated by elevated expression of CRTh2, leading to higher numbers of circulating eosinophils and Th2 cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Campos Alberto
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
| | - E. MacLean
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
| | - C. Davidson
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
| | - N. S. Palikhe
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
| | - J. Storie
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
| | - C. Tse
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
| | - D. Brenner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
| | - I. Mayers
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
| | - H. Vliagoftis
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
| | - A. El-Sohemy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
| | - L. Cameron
- Pulmonary Research Group; Division of Pulmonary Medicine; Department of Medicine; University of Alberta; Edmonton; AB, Canada; Canada
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85
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Swaidani S, Cheng G, Lauer ME, Sharma M, Mikecz K, Hascall VC, Aronica MA. TSG-6 protein is crucial for the development of pulmonary hyaluronan deposition, eosinophilia, and airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of asthma. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:412-22. [PMID: 23118230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.389874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) deposition is often correlated with mucosal inflammatory responses, where HA mediates both protective and pathological responses. By modifying the HA matrix, Tnfip6 (TNF-α-induced protein-6; also known as TSG-6 (TNF-stimulated gene-6)) is thought to potentiate anti-inflammatory and anti-plasmin effects that are inhibitory to leukocyte extravasation. In this study, we examined the role of endogenous TSG-6 in the pathophysiological responses associated with acute allergic pulmonary inflammation. Compared with wild-type littermate controls, TSG-6(-/-) mice exhibited attenuated inflammation marked by a significant decrease in pulmonary HA concentrations measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissue. Interestingly, despite the equivalent induction of both humoral and cellular Th2 immunity and the comparable levels of cytokines and chemokines typically associated with eosinophilic pulmonary inflammation, airway eosinophilia was significantly decreased in TSG-6(-/-) mice. Most importantly, contrary to their counterpart wild-type littermates, TSG-6(-/-) mice were resistant to the induction of airway hyperresponsiveness and manifested improved lung mechanics in response to methacholine challenge. Our study demonstrates that endogenous TSG-6 is dispensable for the induction of Th2 immunity but is essential for the robust increase in pulmonary HA deposition, propagation of acute eosinophilic pulmonary inflammation, and development of airway hyperresponsiveness. Thus, TSG-6 is implicated in the experimental murine model of allergic pulmonary inflammation and is likely to contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Swaidani
- Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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86
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Abstract
Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) plays a key role in many of the physiological markings of allergic inflammation including vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, vascular permeability and lymphocyte recruitment. The action of this molecule is elicited through its two primary receptors, DP and CRTH2. Activation of CRTH2 leads to lymphocyte chemotaxis, potentiation of histamine release from basophils, production of inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) by Th2 cells, eosinophil degranulation and prevention of Th2 cell apoptosis. As such, antagonism of CRTH2 has been reported to ameliorate the symptoms associated with various allergen challenge animal models including murine antigen induced lung inflammation, murine cigarette smoke induced lung inflammation, murine allergic rhinitis, guinea pig PGD2-induced airflow obstruction, guinea pig airway hyper-responsiveness, sheep airway hyper-responsiveness and murine contact hypersensitivity. CRTH2 antagonists fall into four broad categories: tricyclic ramatroban analogues, indole acetic acids, phenyl/phenoxy acetic acids and non-acid-containing tetrahydroquinolines. Numerous CRTH2 antagonists have been advanced into the clinic and early reports from two Phase II trials suggest promising activity in the alleviation of atopic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. NATHAN TUMEY
- Pfizer Global R&D Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, MS 8220-3563, 445 Eastern Point Rd Groton, CT 06340 USA
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87
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Abstract
Potent, oxygenated lipid molecules called prostanoids regulate a wide variety of physiological responses and pathological processes. Prostanoids are produced by various cell types and act on target cells through specific G protein-coupled receptors. Although prostanoids have historically been considered acute inflammation mediators, studies using specific receptor knockout mice indicate that prostanoids, in fact, regulate various aspects of both innate and adaptive immunity. Each prostanoid, depending on which receptor it acts on, exerts specific effects on immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and T and B lymphocytes, often in concert with microbial ligands and cytokines, to affect the strength, quality, and duration of immune responses. Prostanoids are also relevant to immunopathology, from inflammation to autoimmunity and cancer. Here, we review the role of prostanoids in regulating immunity, their involvement in immunopathology, and areas of insight that may lead to new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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88
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Pettipher R, Vinall SL, Xue L, Speight G, Townsend ER, Gazi L, Whelan CJ, Armer RE, Payton MA, Hunter MG. Pharmacologic profile of OC000459, a potent, selective, and orally active D prostanoid receptor 2 antagonist that inhibits mast cell-dependent activation of T helper 2 lymphocytes and eosinophils. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:473-82. [PMID: 22106101 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.187203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
D prostanoid receptor 2 (DP₂) [also known as chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper 2 (Th2) cells (CRTH2)] is selectively expressed by Th2 lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils and mediates recruitment and activation of these cell types in response to prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂). (5-Fluoro-2-methyl-3-quinolin-2-ylmethylindo-1-yl)-acetic acid (OC000459) is an indole-acetic acid derivative that potently displaces [³H]PGD₂ from human recombinant DP₂ (K(i) = 0.013 μM), rat recombinant DP₂ (K(i) = 0.003 μM), and human native DP₂ (Th2 cell membranes; K(i) = 0.004 μM) but does not interfere with the ligand binding properties or functional activities of other prostanoid receptors (prostaglandin E₁₋₄ receptors, D prostanoid receptor 1, thromboxane receptor, prostacyclin receptor, and prostaglandin F receptor). OC000459 inhibited chemotaxis (IC₅₀ = 0.028 μM) of human Th2 lymphocytes and cytokine production (IC₅₀ = 0.019 μM) by human Th2 lymphocytes. OC000459 competitively antagonized eosinophil shape change responses induced by PGD₂ in both isolated human leukocytes (pK(B) = 7.9) and human whole blood (pK(B) = 7.5) but did not inhibit responses to eotaxin, 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, or complement component C5a. OC000459 also inhibited the activation of Th2 cells and eosinophils in response to supernatants from IgE/anti-IgE-activated human mast cells. OC000459 had no significant inhibitory activity on a battery of 69 receptors and 19 enzymes including cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1) and COX2. OC000459 was found to be orally bioavailable in rats and effective in inhibiting blood eosinophilia induced by 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGD₂ (DK-PGD₂) in this species (ED₅₀ = 0.04 mg/kg p.o.) and airway eosinophilia in response to an aerosol of DK-PGD₂ in guinea pigs (ED₅₀ = 0.01 mg/kg p.o.). These data indicate that OC000459 is a potent, selective, and orally active DP₂ antagonist that retains activity in human whole blood and inhibits mast cell-dependent activation of both human Th2 lymphocytes and eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Pettipher
- Oxagen Ltd, 91 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RY, United Kingdom.
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89
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Prostagladin D2 is a mast cell-derived antiangiogenic factor in lung carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:19802-7. [PMID: 22106279 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110011108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that prostaglandins (PGs) are involved in tumor angiogenesis and growth, yet the role of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)) remains virtually unknown. Here, we show that host hematopoietic PGD(2) synthase (H-PGDS) deficiency enhances Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) progression, accompanied by increased vascular leakage, angiogenesis, and monocyte/mast cell infiltration. This deficiency can be rescued by hematopoietic reconstitution with bone marrow from H-PGDS-naive (WT) mice. In tumors on WT mice, c-kit(+) mast cells highly express H-PGDS. Host H-PGDS deficiency markedly up-regulated the expression of proangiogenic factors, including TNF-α in the tumor. In mast cell-null Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice, adoptive transfer of H-PGDS-deficient mast cells causes stronger acceleration in tumor angiogenesis and growth than in WT mast cells. In response to LLC growth, H-PGDS-deficient mast cells produce TNF-α excessively. This response is suppressed by the administration of a synthetic PGD(2) receptor agonist or a degradation product of PGD(2), 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-PGJ(2). Additional TNF-α deficiency partially counteracts the tumorigenic properties seen in H-PGDS-deficient mast cells. These observations identify PGD(2) as a mast cell-derived antiangiogenic factor in expanding solid tumors. Mast cell-derived PGD(2) governs the tumor microenvironment by restricting excessive responses to vascular permeability and TNF-α production.
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90
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Qi HY, Daniels MP, Liu Y, Chen LY, Alsaaty S, Levine SJ, Shelhamer JH. A cytosolic phospholipase A2-initiated lipid mediator pathway induces autophagy in macrophages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:5286-92. [PMID: 22003202 PMCID: PMC3208068 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy delivers cytoplasmic constituents to autophagosomes and is involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Cytosolic phospholipase (cPLA(2))-initiated proinflammatory lipid mediator pathways play a critical role in host defense and inflammation. The crosstalk between the two pathways remains unclear. In this study, we report that cPLA(2) and its metabolite lipid mediators induced autophagy in the RAW246.7 macrophage cell line and in primary monocytes. IFN-γ-triggered autophagy involves activation of cPLA(2). Cysteinyl leukotrienes D(4) and E(4) and PGD(2) also induced these effects. The autophagy is independent of changes in mTOR or autophagic flux. cPLA(2) and lipid mediator-induced autophagy is ATG5 dependent. These data suggest that lipid mediators play a role in the regulation of autophagy, demonstrating a connection between the two seemingly separate innate immune responses, induction of autophagy and lipid mediator generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Qi
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center
| | | | - Yueqin Liu
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center
| | - Li-Yuan Chen
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center
| | - Sara Alsaaty
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center
| | - Stewart J. Levine
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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91
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Crosignani S, Prêtre A, Jorand-Lebrun C, Fraboulet G, Seenisamy J, Augustine JK, Missotten M, Humbert Y, Cleva C, Abla N, Daff H, Schott O, Schneider M, Burgat-Charvillon F, Rivron D, Hamernig I, Arrighi JF, Gaudet M, Zimmerli SC, Juillard P, Johnson Z. Discovery of Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Alkynylphenoxyacetic Acid CRTH2 (DP2) Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Allergic Inflammatory Diseases. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7299-317. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200866y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adeline Prêtre
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Gaële Fraboulet
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeyaprakashnarayanan Seenisamy
- Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bommasandra, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - John Kallikat Augustine
- Syngene International Ltd., Biocon Park, Plot No. 2 & 3, Bommasandra IV Phase, Bommasandra, Jigani Link Road, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Marc Missotten
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yves Humbert
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Cleva
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nada Abla
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hamina Daff
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Schott
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Delphine Rivron
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Hamernig
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Marilène Gaudet
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Pierre Juillard
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zoe Johnson
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 Chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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92
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Matsushima Y, Satoh T, Yamamoto Y, Nakamura M, Yokozeki H. Distinct roles of prostaglandin D2 receptors in chronic skin inflammation. Mol Immunol 2011; 49:304-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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93
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Sedej M, Schröder R, Bell K, Platzer W, Vukoja A, Kostenis E, Heinemann A, Waldhoer M. D-type prostanoid receptor enhances the signaling of chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T(H)2 cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 129:492-500, 500.e1-9. [PMID: 21930295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandin (PG) D(2) is substantially involved in allergic responses and signals through the 7 transmembrane-spanning/G protein-coupled receptors, chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T(H)2 cells (CRTH2), and D-type prostanoid (DP) receptor. OBJECTIVE Although the proinflammatory function of CRTH2 is well recognized and CRTH2 is hence considered an important emerging pharmacotherapeutic target, the role of the DP receptor in mediating the biological effects of PGD(2) in patients with allergic inflammation has remained unclear. METHODS The cross-talk of CRTH2 and DP receptors was investigated by using both a recombinant HEK293 cell model and human eosinophils in Ca(2+) mobilization assays, coimmunoprecipitation, Western blotting, radioligand binding, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS We show that CRTH2 and DP receptors modulate one another's signaling properties and form CRTH2/DP heteromers without altering their ligand-binding capacities. We find that the DP receptor amplifies the CRTH2-induced Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores and coincidentally forfeits its own signaling potency. Moreover, desensitization or pharmacologic blockade of the DP receptor hinders CRTH2-mediated signal transduction. However, CRTH2 internalization occurs independently of the DP receptor. In cells that express both receptors, pharmacologic blockade of Gα(q/11) proteins abolishes the Ca(2+) response to both CRTH2 and DP agonists, whereas inhibition of Gα(i) proteins selectively attenuates the CRTH2-mediated response but not the DP signal. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate the capacity of DP receptors to amplify the biological response to CRTH2 activation. Therefore the CRTH2/DP heteromer might not only represent a functional signaling unit for PGD(2) but also a potential target for the development of heteromer-directed therapies to treat allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sedej
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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94
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Crosignani S, Jorand-Lebrun C, Page P, Campbell G, Colovray V, Missotten M, Humbert Y, Cleva C, Arrighi JF, Gaudet M, Johnson Z, Ferro P, Chollet A. Optimization of the Central Core of Indolinone-Acetic Acid-Based CRTH2 (DP2) Receptor Antagonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:644-9. [PMID: 24900359 DOI: 10.1021/ml2001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
New spiroindolinone antagonists of CRTH2 are described. Following identification of insufficient stability in human plasma as an important liability of the lead compounds, replacement of the spirosuccinimide core with a spirohydantoin or spiropyrrolidinone structure has yielded a compound that is fully stable in human plasma and with good potency in a human whole blood assay (IC50 = 69 nM) but shows a much lower oral bioavailability (6-9% in rodents) than the earlier compounds. Successive optimization aimed at restoring an acceptable oral bioavailability has yielded compound (S)-17a, which exhibits both stability in human plasma and a good oral bioavailability in rat (37%) and mouse (39%). This compound is also active in a mouse model of ovalbumin-induced lung inflammation following oral dosing at 30 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrick Page
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gordon Campbell
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Marc Missotten
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yves Humbert
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Cleva
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Marilène Gaudet
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zoe Johnson
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pamela Ferro
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - André Chollet
- Merck Serono S.A., 9 chemin des Mines, CH-1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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95
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Choi YH, Lee SN, Aoyagi H, Yamasaki Y, Yoo JY, Park B, Shin DM, Yoon HG, Yoon JH. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase/ribosomal S6 protein kinase 1 cascade phosphorylates cAMP response element-binding protein to induce MUC5B gene expression via D-prostanoid receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:34199-214. [PMID: 21832046 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.247684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus hypersecretion is a prominent feature of respiratory diseases, and MUC5B is a major airway mucin. Mucin gene expression can be affected by inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandin (PG) D(2,) an inflammatory mediator synthesized by hematopoietic PGD synthase (H-PGDS). PGD(2) binds to either D-prostanoid receptor (DP1) or chemoattractant receptor homologous molecule expressed on T-helper type 2 cells (CRTH2). We investigated the mechanisms by which PGD(2) induces MUC5B gene expression in airway epithelial cells. Western blot analysis showed that H-PGDS was highly expressed in nasal polyps. Similar results were obtained for PGD(2) expression. In addition, we could clearly detect the expressions of both H-PGDS and DP1 in nasal epithelial cells but not CRTH2. We demonstrated that PGD(2) increased MUC5B gene expression in normal human nasal epithelial cells as well as in NCI-H292 cells in vitro. S5751, a DP1 antagonist, inhibited PGD(2)-induced MUC5B expression, whereas a CRTH2 antagonist (OC0459) did not. These data suggest that PGD(2) induced MUC5B expression via DP1. Pretreatment with extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor (PD98059) blocked both PGD(2)-induced ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and MUC5B expression. Proximity ligation assays showed direct interaction between RSK1 and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Stimulation with PGD(2) caused an increase in intracellular cAMP levels, whereas intracellular Ca(2+) did not have such an effect. PGD(2)-induced MUC5B mRNA levels were regulated by CREB via direct interaction with two cAMP-response element sites (-921/-914 and -900/-893). Finally, we demonstrated that PGD(2) can induce MUC5B overproduction via ERK MAPK/RSK1/CREB signaling and that DP1 receptor may have suppressive effects in controlling MUC5B overproduction in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Ho Choi
- The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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96
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Hirata
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuh Narumiya
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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97
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Woodward DF, Jones RL, Narumiya S. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXIII: classification of prostanoid receptors, updating 15 years of progress. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:471-538. [PMID: 21752876 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now more than 15 years since the molecular structures of the major prostanoid receptors were elucidated. Since then, substantial progress has been achieved with respect to distribution and function, signal transduction mechanisms, and the design of agonists and antagonists (http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=58). This review systematically details these advances. More recent developments in prostanoid receptor research are included. The DP(2) receptor, also termed CRTH2, has little structural resemblance to DP(1) and other receptors described in the original prostanoid receptor classification. DP(2) receptors are more closely related to chemoattractant receptors. Prostanoid receptors have also been found to heterodimerize with other prostanoid receptor subtypes and nonprostanoids. This may extend signal transduction pathways and create new ligand recognition sites: prostacyclin/thromboxane A(2) heterodimeric receptors for 8-epi-prostaglandin E(2), wild-type/alternative (alt4) heterodimers for the prostaglandin FP receptor for bimatoprost and the prostamides. It is anticipated that the 15 years of research progress described herein will lead to novel therapeutic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Dept. of Biological Sciences RD3-2B, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Dr., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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98
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Higuchi S, Kobayashi M, Yano A, Tsuneyama K, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Involvement of Th2 cytokines in the mouse model of flutamide-induced acute liver injury. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:815-22. [PMID: 21735453 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a growing concern for pharmaceutical companies and patients because numerous drugs have been linked to hepatotoxicity and it is the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn. Flutamide rarely causes liver dysfunction in humans, and immune allergic reactions have been suggested in some cases. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of flutamide-induced liver injury in BALB/c mice. Plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly increased 3, 6 and 9 h after flutamide (1500 mg kg⁻¹ , p.o.) administration. The biomarker for oxidative stress was not changed, but Th2-dominant immune-related factors, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, STAT6 and GATA-binding protein (GATA)-3, were induced in flutamide-administered mice. The pre-administration of monoclonal-IL-4 antibody suppressed the hepatotoxicity of flutamide. In addition, we investigated the effect of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGD₂ (DK-PGD₂; 10 µg per mouse, i.p.) administration on flutamide-induced acute liver injury. Coadministration of DK-PGD₂ and flutamide resulted in a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase and a remarkable increase of macrophage inflammatory protein-2. In conclusion, we demonstrated that flutamide-induced acute liver injury is mediated by Th2-dominant immune responses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satonori Higuchi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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99
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Abstract
Prostaglandins are lipid autacoids derived from arachidonic acid. They both sustain homeostatic functions and mediate pathogenic mechanisms, including the inflammatory response. They are generated from arachidonate by the action of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes, and their biosynthesis is blocked by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, including those selective for inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2. Despite the clinical efficacy of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, prostaglandins may function in both the promotion and resolution of inflammation. This review summarizes insights into the mechanisms of prostaglandin generation and the roles of individual mediators and their receptors in modulating the inflammatory response. Prostaglandin biology has potential clinical relevance for atherosclerosis, the response to vascular injury and aortic aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Ricciotti
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, 153 Johnson Pavilion, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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100
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Asaka C, Honda K, Ito E, Fukui N, Chihara J, Ishikawa K. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ is expressed in eosinophils in nasal polyps. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 155 Suppl 1:57-63. [PMID: 21646797 DOI: 10.1159/000327294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear receptors, which regulate fatty acid metabolites. One of the natural ligands for PPARγ is 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), a major metabolite of prostaglandin D(2) (PGD(2)). Recently, PPARγ has been shown to play an important role in anti-inflammatory reactions, including within-airway allergic diseases, in a mouse model. Our aim was to clarify the expression and localization of PPARγ and PGD(2) synthase, which produces ligands of PPARγ, in nasal polyps by immunohistochemical analysis. METHODS Nasal polyps of chronic rhinosinusitis patients (6 asthmatic patients and 6 nonasthmatic patients) were obtained during surgery. May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining was performed to evaluate the eosinophil infiltration of the polyps. To identify the cells expressing PPARγ protein and PGD(2) synthase, double immunostaining was performed using anti-PPARγ antibody, monoclonal antileukocyte antibodies, and PGD(2) synthase antibody. RESULTS The number of eosinophils and the number of PPARγ-positive cells in the nasal polyps of the asthmatic patients were significantly higher than those in the nonasthmatic patients. PPARγ was expressed on eosinophils and T cells of the infiltrating cells in the nasal polyps. PGD(2) synthase was also expressed on PPARγ-positive cells. CONCLUSION PPARγ is involved in nasal polyposis pathogenesis, acting on eosinophils and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Asaka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
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