51
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Garcia I, Olleros ML, Quesniaux VFJ, Jacobs M, Allie N, Nedospasov SA, Szymkowski DE, Ryffel B. Roles of soluble and membrane TNF and related ligands in mycobacterial infections: effects of selective and non-selective TNF inhibitors during infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 691:187-201. [PMID: 21153323 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6612-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, CMU, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Anti-inflammatory effects of a novel TNFR1-selective antagonistic TNF mutant on established murine collagen-induced arthritis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 691:493-500. [PMID: 21153354 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6612-4_51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
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53
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The duality of TNF signaling outcomes in the brain: potential mechanisms? Exp Neurol 2011; 229:198-200. [PMID: 21377463 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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54
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Fallahi-Sichani M, El-Kebir M, Marino S, Kirschner DE, Linderman JJ. Multiscale computational modeling reveals a critical role for TNF-α receptor 1 dynamics in tuberculosis granuloma formation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3472-83. [PMID: 21321109 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple immune factors control host responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, including the formation of granulomas, which are aggregates of immune cells whose function may reflect success or failure of the host to contain infection. One such factor is TNF-α. TNF-α has been experimentally characterized to have the following activities in M. tuberculosis infection: macrophage activation, apoptosis, and chemokine and cytokine production. Availability of TNF-α within a granuloma has been proposed to play a critical role in immunity to M. tuberculosis. However, in vivo measurement of a TNF-α concentration gradient and activities within a granuloma are not experimentally feasible. Further, processes that control TNF-α concentration and activities in a granuloma remain unknown. We developed a multiscale computational model that includes molecular, cellular, and tissue scale events that occur during granuloma formation and maintenance in lung. We use our model to identify processes that regulate TNF-α concentration and cellular behaviors and thus influence the outcome of infection within a granuloma. Our model predicts that TNF-αR1 internalization kinetics play a critical role in infection control within a granuloma, controlling whether there is clearance of bacteria, excessive inflammation, containment of bacteria within a stable granuloma, or uncontrolled growth of bacteria. Our results suggest that there is an interplay between TNF-α and bacterial levels in a granuloma that is controlled by the combined effects of both molecular and cellular scale processes. Finally, our model elucidates processes involved in immunity to M. tuberculosis that may be new targets for therapy.
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55
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Kang DD, Lin Y, Moreno JR, Randall TD, Khader SA. Profiling early lung immune responses in the mouse model of tuberculosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16161. [PMID: 21249199 PMCID: PMC3020951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the intracellular bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and kills more than 1.5 million people every year worldwide. Immunity to TB is associated with the accumulation of IFNγ-producing T helper cell type 1 (Th1) in the lungs, activation of M.tuberculosis-infected macrophages and control of bacterial growth. However, very little is known regarding the early immune responses that mediate accumulation of activated Th1 cells in the M.tuberculosis-infected lungs. To define the induction of early immune mediators in the M.tuberculosis-infected lung, we performed mRNA profiling studies and characterized immune cells in M.tuberculosis-infected lungs at early stages of infection in the mouse model. Our data show that induction of mRNAs involved in the recognition of pathogens, expression of inflammatory cytokines, activation of APCs and generation of Th1 responses occurs between day 15 and day 21 post infection. The induction of these mRNAs coincides with cellular accumulation of Th1 cells and activation of myeloid cells in M.tuberculosis-infected lungs. Strikingly, we show the induction of mRNAs associated with Gr1+ cells, namely neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes, takes place on day 12 and coincides with cellular accumulation of Gr1+ cells in M.tuberculosis-infected lungs. Interestingly, in vivo depletion of Gr1+ neutrophils between days 10-15 results in decreased accumulation of Th1 cells on day 21 in M.tuberculosis-infected lungs without impacting overall protective outcomes. These data suggest that the recruitment of Gr1+ neutrophils is an early event that leads to production of chemokines that regulate the accumulation of Th1 cells in the M.tuberculosis-infected lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwan D. Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yinyao Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Javier-Rangel Moreno
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Troy D. Randall
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Shabaana A. Khader
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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56
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Pathogenesis, immunology, and diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2011:814943. [PMID: 21234341 PMCID: PMC3017943 DOI: 10.1155/2011/814943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis of tubercle bacilli by antigen-presenting cells in human lung alveoli initiates a complex infection process by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a potentially protective immune response by the host. M. tuberculosis has devoted a large part of its genome towards functions that allow it to successfully establish latent or progressive infection in the majority of infected individuals. The failure of immune-mediated clearance is due to multiple strategies adopted by M. tuberculosis that blunt the microbicidal mechanisms of infected immune cells and formation of distinct granulomatous lesions that differ in their ability to support or suppress the persistence of viable M. tuberculosis. In this paper, current understanding of various immune processes that lead to the establishment of latent M. tuberculosis infection, bacterial spreading, persistence, reactivation, and waning or elimination of latent infection as well as new diagnostic approaches being used for identification of latently infected individuals for possible control of tuberculosis epidemic are described.
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57
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Olleros ML, Vesin D, Fotio AL, Santiago-Raber ML, Tauzin S, Szymkowski DE, Garcia I. Soluble TNF, but not membrane TNF, is critical in LPS-induced hepatitis. J Hepatol 2010; 53:1059-68. [PMID: 20813418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS : Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection causes hepatic injury following granuloma formation and secretion of cytokines which renders mice highly sensitive to endotoxin-mediated hepatotoxicity. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is required for granuloma formation and is one of the most important cytokines in liver injury. TNF inhibitors are effective therapies for inflammatory diseases. However, clinical use of non-selective TNF inhibitors is associated with an increased risk of infections. This work investigates the differential roles of soluble TNF (solTNF) and membrane TNF (memTNF) in BCG infection, BCG/LPS- and D-GALN/LPS-induced liver injury. METHODS We have used both genetic and pharmacologic approaches and analyzed liver injury, TLR4, cytokine and iNOS activation induced by BCG, BCG/LPS and D-GALN/LPS. RESULTS BCG infection-induced liver injury is seen in wild-type mice but not in TNF(-/-), memTNF knock-in (KI), and sTNFR1-Fc transgenic mice. Severity of BCG-induced liver injury is correlated with BCG-granuloma number and hepatic expression of TLR4 and iNOS. In addition, protection from liver damage caused by BCG/LPS or D-GALN/LPS administration was observed in TNF(-/-), memTNF KI and sTNFR1-Fc transgenic mice. To extend the genetic findings, we then evaluated whether selective pharmacological inhibition of solTNF by dominant-negative (DN)-TNF neutralization and non-selective inhibition of solTNF and memTNF by anti-TNF antibodies and etanercept (TNFR2-IgG1) can protect the mice from liver injury. Both selective and non-selective inhibition of solTNF protected mice from BCG/LPS and D-GALN/LPS-induced liver damage. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that memTNF is not mediating liver injury and that selective inhibition of solTNF sparing memTNF may represent a new therapeutic strategy to treat immune-mediated inflammatory liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Olleros
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Switzerland
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58
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Mukai Y, Nakamura T, Yoshikawa M, Yoshioka Y, Tsunoda SI, Nakagawa S, Yamagata Y, Tsutsumi Y. Solution of the structure of the TNF-TNFR2 complex. Sci Signal 2010; 3:ra83. [PMID: 21081755 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an inflammatory cytokine that has important roles in various immune responses, which are mediated through its two receptors, TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2. Antibody-based therapy against TNF is used clinically to treat several chronic autoimmune diseases; however, such treatment sometimes results in serious side effects, which are thought to be caused by the blocking of signals from both TNFRs. Therefore, knowledge of the structural basis for the recognition of TNF by each receptor would be invaluable in designing TNFR-selective drugs. Here, we solved the 3.0 angstrom resolution structure of the TNF-TNFR2 complex, which provided insight into the molecular recognition of TNF by TNFR2. Comparison to the known TNFR1 structure highlighted several differences between the ligand-binding interfaces of the two receptors. Additionally, we also demonstrated that TNF-TNFR2 formed aggregates on the surface of cells, which may be required for signal initiation. These results may contribute to the design of therapeutics for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Mukai
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan.
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59
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Mycobacterium bovis BCG-specific Th17 cells confer partial protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the absence of gamma interferon. Infect Immun 2010; 78:4187-94. [PMID: 20679438 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01392-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity against tuberculosis (TB) requires the integrated response of a network of lymphocytes. Both gamma interferon (IFN-γ)- and interleukin 17 (IL-17)-secreting CD4(+) T cells have been identified in subjects with latent TB infection and during experimental Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but the contribution of Th17 cells to protective immunity is unclear. To examine their protective effects in vivo, we transferred mycobacterium-specific IL-17- and IFN-γ-secreting CD4(+) T cells isolated from M. tuberculosis BCG-immunized IL-12p40(-/-) and IFN-γ(-/-) or wild-type mice, respectively, into M. tuberculosis-infected IL-12p40(-/-) or RAG(-/-) mice. In the absence of IL-12 and IL-23, neither IL-17-secreting (Th17) nor IFN-γ-secreting (Th1) BCG-specific T cells expanded or provided protection against M. tuberculosis. In RAG(-/-) recipients with an intact IL-12/IL-23 axis, both Th17 and Th1 cells were activated and induced significant protection against M. tuberculosis. The reduction in the bacterial load following transfer of IFN-γ(-/-) Th17 cells was associated with significant prolongation of survival compared to recipients of naïve IFN-γ(-/-) T cells. This effect was at the cost of an increased inflammatory infiltrate characterized by an excess of neutrophils. Therefore, Th17 cells can provide IFN-γ-independent protection against M. tuberculosis, and this effect may contribute to the early control of M. tuberculosis infection.
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60
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Brown SAN, Ghosh A, Winkles JA. Full-length, membrane-anchored TWEAK can function as a juxtacrine signaling molecule and activate the NF-kappaB pathway. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:17432-41. [PMID: 20385556 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.131979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family members are initially synthesized as type II transmembrane proteins, but some of these proteins are substrates for proteolytic enzymes that generate soluble cytokines with biological activity. TWEAK (TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis), a member of the TNF family, is a multifunctional cytokine that acts via binding to a cell surface receptor named Fn14 (fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14). Studies conducted to date indicate that TWEAK-producing cells can co-express both membrane-anchored and soluble TWEAK isoforms, but there is little information on TWEAK proteolytic processing. Also, it is presently unclear whether membrane-anchored TWEAK, like soluble TWEAK, is biologically active. Here we show that full-length human TWEAK is processed intracellularly by the serine protease furin and identify TWEAK amino acid residues 90-93 as the predominant furin recognition site. In addition, we report that full-length, membrane-anchored TWEAK can bind the Fn14 receptor on neighboring cells and activate the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. Thus, TWEAK can act in a juxtacrine manner to initiate cellular responses, and this property may be important for TWEAK function during physiological wound repair and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharron A N Brown
- Department of Surgery and Physiology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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61
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Horiuchi T, Mitoma H, Harashima SI, Tsukamoto H, Shimoda T. Transmembrane TNF-alpha: structure, function and interaction with anti-TNF agents. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49:1215-28. [PMID: 20194223 PMCID: PMC2886310 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane TNF-α, a precursor of the soluble form of TNF-α, is expressed on activated macrophages and lymphocytes as well as other cell types. After processing by TNF-α-converting enzyme (TACE), the soluble form of TNF-α is cleaved from transmembrane TNF-α and mediates its biological activities through binding to Types 1 and 2 TNF receptors (TNF-R1 and -R2) of remote tissues. Accumulating evidence suggests that not only soluble TNF-α, but also transmembrane TNF-α is involved in the inflammatory response. Transmembrane TNF-α acts as a bipolar molecule that transmits signals both as a ligand and as a receptor in a cell-to-cell contact fashion. Transmembrane TNF-α on TNF-α-producing cells binds to TNF-R1 and -R2, and transmits signals to the target cells as a ligand, whereas transmembrane TNF-α also acts as a receptor that transmits outside-to-inside (reverse) signals back to the cells after binding to its native receptors. Anti-TNF agents infliximab, adalimumab and etanercept bind to and neutralize soluble TNF-α, but exert different effects on transmembrane TNF-α-expressing cells (TNF-α-producing cells). In the clinical settings, these three anti-TNF agents are equally effective for RA, but etanercept is not effective for granulomatous diseases. Moreover, infliximab induces granulomatous infections more frequently than etanercept. Considering the important role of transmembrane TNF-α in granulomatous inflammation, reviewing the biology of transmembrane TNF-α and its interaction with anti-TNF agents will contribute to understanding the bases of differential clinical efficacy of these promising treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Horiuchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan.
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62
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Musicki K, Briscoe H, Britton WJ, Saunders BM. LIGHT contributes to early but not late control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Int Immunol 2010; 22:353-8. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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63
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Shibata H, Abe Y, Yoshioka Y, Nomura T, Sato M, Kayamuro H, Kawara T, Arita S, Furuya T, Nagano K, Yoshikawa T, Kamada H, Tsunoda SI, Tsutsumi Y. Generation of mouse macrophages expressing membrane-bound TNF variants with selectivity for TNFR1 or TNFR2. Cytokine 2009; 50:75-83. [PMID: 20045350 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is expressed on the cell surface as a transmembrane form (tmTNF), that can be released as a soluble form (solTNF) via proteolytic cleavage. These two types of TNF exert their biological functions by binding to one of two TNF receptors, TNFR1 or TNFR2. However, the biological function of tmTNF through these two receptors remains to be determined. Here, we generated macrophages that expressed tmTNF mutants with selectivity for either TNFR1 or TNRF2 as a tool to evaluate signaling through these receptors. Wild-type TNF (wtTNF), TNFR1-selective mutant TNF (mutTNF-R1) or TNFR2-selective mutant TNF (mutTNF-R2) were individually expressed on the TNFR1(-/-)R2(-/-) mouse macrophages (Mphi) as the tmTNF forms. tm-mutTNF-R1-expressing Mphi exhibited significant selectivity for binding to TNFR1, whereas tm-mutTNF-R2-expressing Mphi only showed a slight selectivity for binding to TNFR2. Signaling by tm-mutTNF-R1-expressing Mphi through the hTNFR2 was weaker than that of tm-wtTNF-expressing Mphi, suggesting that the binding selectivity correlated with functional selectivity. Interestingly, signaling by tm-mutTNF-R2-expressing Mphi through TNFR2 was much stronger than signaling by tm-wtTNF-expressing Mphi, whereas signaling by the corresponding soluble form was weaker than that mediated by wtTNF. These results indicate tmTNF variants might prove useful for the functional analysis of signaling through TNF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Shibata
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
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65
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The TNF superfamily in 2009: new pathways, new indications, and new drugs. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:1082-8. [PMID: 19837186 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Today's most successful class of biologics targets the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor in autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and Crohn's. With five anti-TNF biologics now on the market, attention has turned toward novel strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of next-generation TNF inhibitors. Beyond TNF, drugs are under development that modulate many other ligands and receptors of the TNF superfamily. Biologics targeting at least 16 of the approximately 22 known ligand-receptor pairs are now in clinical development for autoimmune diseases, cancers and osteoporosis. A deeper understanding of intracellular signaling has also facilitated small-molecule interventions, opening the door to oral therapies. This report summarizes recent developments in this highly druggable superfamily, including highlights of the latest international TNF conference.
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Shibata H, Yoshioka Y, Abe Y, Ohkawa A, Nomura T, Minowa K, Mukai Y, Nakagawa S, Taniai M, Ohta T, Kamada H, Tsunoda SI, Tsutsumi Y. The treatment of established murine collagen-induced arthritis with a TNFR1-selective antagonistic mutant TNF. Biomaterials 2009; 30:6638-47. [PMID: 19765818 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Blocking the binding of TNF-alpha to TNF receptor subtype-1 (TNFR1) is an important strategy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We recently succeeded in developing a TNFR1-selective antagonistic TNF mutant, R1antTNF. Here, we report the anti-inflammatory effects of R1antTNF in a murine collagen-induced arthritis model. To improve the in vivo stability of R1antTNF, we first engineered PEG (polyethylene glycol)-modified R1antTNF (PEG-R1antTNF). In prophylactic protocols, PEG-R1antTNF clearly improved the incidence, and the clinical score of arthritis due to its long plasma half-life. Although, the effect of PEG-R1antTNF on the incidence and production of IL1-beta was less than that of the existing TNF-blocking drug Etanercept, its effect on severity was almost as marked as Etanercept. Interestingly, in therapeutic protocols, PEG-R1antTNF showed greater therapeutic effect than Etanercept. These data suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of PEG-R1antTNF depend on the stage of arthritis. Recently, there has been much concern over the reactivation of viral infection caused by TNF blockade. Unlike Etanercept, PEG-R1antTNF did not reactivate viral infection. Together, these results indicate that selective inhibition of TNF/TNFR1 could be effective in treating RA and that PEG-R1antTNF could serve as a promising anti-inflammatory drug for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Shibata
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Proteomics, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (NIBIO), Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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67
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Ardeniz O, Cunningham-Rundles C. Granulomatous disease in common variable immunodeficiency. Clin Immunol 2009; 133:198-207. [PMID: 19716342 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Granulomatous disease occurs in 8-22% of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). We examined the clinical and immunologic information of all 37 of 455 (8.1%) CVID subjects with this complication. The median age at diagnosis of CVID was 26 (2-59). 14 had granulomas 1-18 years before diagnosis of CVID. In 6 detection of granulomas coincided with this diagnosis; for 17, granulomas were documented later. 54% had lung granulomas, 43% in lymph nodes and 32% in liver. 54% of the group had had autoimmune diseases, mostly immune thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia. 24% had had a splenectomy. Nineteen (51.3%) required steroid treatment for granulomas; other immune suppressants were used in some. Over 25 years 28.5% died (median age 37.5), but not significantly more when compared to our CVID patients without granulomas (19.8%). Those with lung granulomas had similar mortality to those with granulomas in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omür Ardeniz
- Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Izmir, Turkey
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68
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Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in non-HIV immunocompromised patients. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009; 22:394-402. [PMID: 19483618 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0b013e32832d7aff] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome has become well recognized in the HIV-infected population. However, little is known about its occurrence in non-HIV immunocompromised hosts. The present review aims to propose the pathogenesis of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, summarize its occurrence in immunocompromised patients without HIV infection, and suggest potential treatment options. RECENT FINDINGS Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome is exuberant and dysregulated inflammatory responses to invading microorganisms. It manifests when an abrupt shift of host immunity from an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive status towards a pathogenic proinflammatory state occurs as a result of rapid decreases or removal of factors promoting immunosuppression or inhibiting inflammation. In addition to HIV-infected patients, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome has also been observed in solid organ transplant recipients, women during the postpartum period, neutropenic patients, and tumor necrosis factor antagonist recipients. Corticosteroids are the most commonly employed treatment, whereas other potential agents based on its pathogenesis deserve further investigation. SUMMARY Non-HIV immunocompromised hosts develop immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome when the sudden change in the dominant T helper responses to inflammation is not well balanced by anti-inflammatory responses. Judicious manipulation of host immunity and timely recognition of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome as we deal with the infections in these populations is critical to limit or avoid the harm by immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
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69
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Murdaca G, Colombo B, Puppo F. Anti-TNF-α Inhibitors: A New Therapeutic Approach for Inflammatory Immune-Mediated Diseases: An Update upon Efficacy and Adverse Events. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2009; 22:557-65. [PMID: 19822072 DOI: 10.1177/039463200902200301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing progresses in the knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms of various inflammatory or immune-mediated diseases and the availability of innovative biotechnological approaches have lead to the development of new drugs which add to conventional treatments. TNF-α inhibitors (Infliximab, Adalimumab and Etanercept) have demonstrated efficacy either as monotherapy or in combination with other anti-inflammatory or disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). The efficacy and safety profile of the TNF-α inhibitors can be considered, in general, as a class effect. Nevertheless, some differences may exist among the three agents. In this paper, we will briefly review the indications for the use of the three TNF-α inhibitors, the pre-treatment considerations and the reported adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Murdaca
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - B.M. Colombo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - F. Puppo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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70
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Lazy, dynamic or minimally recrudescent? On the elusive nature and location of the mycobacterium responsible for latent tuberculosis. Infection 2009; 37:87-95. [PMID: 19308316 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-009-8450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of symptoms characteristic of tuberculosis (TB), a condition termed clinical latency, diagnosis is currently impossible by detection of the microorganism itself and resorts to the demonstration of an immunological memory response to antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Whether latency is synonymous to chronic persistent infection with viable Mtb in all instances has been difficult to establish. The physical and physiological state of Mtb during latency is much disputed: are organisms mostly dormant, in a nonreplicating state of persistence, and characterized by lipid inclusions and metabolic adaptation to hypoxia, or do they continue to replicate and sometimes even escape from the fringes of granulomatous lesions or alveolar epithelial cells into adjacent airways, thereby inducing recurring immune responses? The physical nature of Mtb during latency is important as it determines which antimicrobial agents may be used to kill it, which immunomodulating strategies (including post-exposure vaccines) may be appropriate to contain it, and which diagnostic measures may be most useful to discriminate latent from reactivating infection. Two major viewpoints exist: one argues that Mtb persists mostly in a lazy state within granulomatous lesions, but periodically recrudesces, and that there is considerable heterogeneity for different sites within the lesion and within the infected lung. Throughout latency, there is a dynamic immunological interplay between Mtb and the host, necessitating continuous recruitment of cells into the granuloma, and reactivation occurs when this dynamic cellular exchange becomes dysregulated. Another view holds that dormant Mtb reside within alveolar epithelial cells in the lung apices and in adipocytes, with reactivation being associated with the upregulation of resuscitation promoting factors within Mtb and the escape of newly dividing microorganisms into alveoli and bronchi in the form of lipid pneumonia. These views need not be mutually exclusive. However, if minimal intermittent recrudescence were to take place within the alveolar space, this would contradict the very definition of latency, which implies that no access of Mtb to the airways exists during latency.
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71
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Bansal K, Narayana Y, Balaji KN. Inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression by Mycobacterium bovis BCG in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Scand J Immunol 2009; 69:11-9. [PMID: 19140872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is implicated in pathophysiological processes associated with the initiation or maintenance of host inflammatory responses to infection. Our results demonstrates that Mycobacterium bovis BCG (M. bovis BCG) downregulates tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced COX-2 gene expression in alveolar epithelial cells by inhibiting the phosphorylations of Raf-1 and p38 kinases. Further, M. bovis BCG-mediated inhibition of COX-2 or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase could be reversed by Calyculin A, a selective inhibitor of Ser/Thr phosphatases. Moreover, M. bovis BCG inhibited the TNF-alpha-triggered NF-kappaB activation following IkappaB degradation. Taken together, these results suggest that the attenuation of COX-2 expression by vaccine strain, M. bovis BCG, represents a novel strategy to maintain robust host proinflammatory responses to subsequent challenges with virulent tuberculosis bacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bansal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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72
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Hagge DA, Saunders BM, Ebenezer GJ, Ray NA, Marks VT, Britton WJ, Krahenbuhl JL, Adams LB. Lymphotoxin-alpha and TNF have essential but independent roles in the evolution of the granulomatous response in experimental leprosy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1379-89. [PMID: 19246648 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies identified an association between genetic variants in the lymphotoxin-alpha (LTalpha) gene and leprosy. To study the influence of LTalpha on the control of experimental leprosy, both low- and high-dose Mycobacterium leprae foot pad (FP) infections were evaluated in LTalpha-deficient chimeric (cLTalpha(-/-)) and control chimeric (cB6) mice. Cellular responses to low-dose infection in cLTalpha(-/-) mice were dramatically different, with reduced accumulation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes and macrophages and failure to form granulomas. Growth of M. leprae was contained for 6 months, but augmented late in infection. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor knockout and tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 knockout FPs exhibited extensive inflammatory infiltration with an increase in M. leprae growth throughout infection. Following high-dose infection, cB6 FP induration peaked at 4 weeks and was maintained for 12 weeks. Induration was not sustained in cLTalpha(-/-) FPs that contained few lymphocytes and no granulomas. There was a reduction in the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and chemokine receptors, including nitric oxide synthase 2, vascular cell adhesion molecule, and intercellular cell adhesion molecule. Furthermore, cLTalpha(-/-) popliteal lymph nodes contained a higher proportion of naïve CD44(lo)CD62L(hi) T cells than cB6 mice, suggestive of reduced T cell activation. Therefore, both LTalpha and tumor necrosis factor are essential for the regulation of the granuloma, but they have distinctive roles in the recruitment of lymphocytes and maintenance of the granulomatous response during chronic M. leprae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna A Hagge
- DHHS, HRSA, Bureau of Primary Health Care, National Hansen's Disease Programs Laboratory Research Branch at LSU-SVM, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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73
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Wallis RS. Tumour necrosis factor antagonists: structure, function, and tuberculosis risks. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2008; 8:601-11. [PMID: 18922482 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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74
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Cowley SC, Goldberg MF, Ho JA, Elkins KL. The membrane form of tumor necrosis factor is sufficient to mediate partial innate immunity to Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:284-92. [PMID: 18593295 DOI: 10.1086/589620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we characterize Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) infection in total tumor necrosis factor (TNF) knockout (KO) mice and in transgenic mice expressing only the membrane form of TNF (memTNF). MemTNF mice, but not TNF KO mice, survived low-dose, sublethal LVS infections. Splenic nitric oxide production was impaired in infected memTNF mice and was absent in infected TNF KO mice. Spleen cell production of interferon-gamma, RANTES, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 was elevated in TNF KO mice, compared with that in WT mice, by days 4-5 after infection, along with transiently increased numbers of CCR2(+) cells, whereas memTNF mice had an intermediate phenotype. By day 6 after infection, TNF KO mice, but not memTNF mice, exhibited massive apoptosis in spleens and livers, which shortly preceded their death. Thus, memTNF partially functions to regulate chemokine expression, cell recruitment, and nitric oxide production during primary LVS infection and protects against the induction of apoptosis observed in TNF KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán C Cowley
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Diseases and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Research and Evaluation, US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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75
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Ritz N, Hanekom WA, Robins-Browne R, Britton WJ, Curtis N. Influence of BCG vaccine strain on the immune response and protection against tuberculosis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2008; 32:821-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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76
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Mitoma H, Horiuchi T, Tsukamoto H, Tamimoto Y, Kimoto Y, Uchino A, To K, Harashima SI, Hatta N, Harada M. Mechanisms for cytotoxic effects of anti-tumor necrosis factor agents on transmembrane tumor necrosis factor alpha-expressing cells: comparison among infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1248-57. [PMID: 18438840 DOI: 10.1002/art.23447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Three anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFalpha) agents have been proved to be effective for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory disorders. Infliximab and adalimumab have been generated as anti-TNFalpha monoclonal antibodies, while etanercept is engineered from human type II TNF receptors. In spite of all 3 agents' equal efficacy for RA, both infliximab and adalimumab are effective for other diseases such as Crohn's disease and Wegener's granulomatosis, while etanercept is not. We undertook this study to understand the different clinical effects of these anti-TNFalpha agents by analyzing their biologic activities on transmembrane TNFalpha. METHODS Jurkat T cells stably expressing an uncleavable form of transmembrane TNFalpha were used for the following studies: 1) flow cytometric analysis of binding activities of anti-TNF agents to cell surface transmembrane TNFalpha, 2) complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), 3) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by using peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and 4) outside-to-inside (reverse) signal transduction through transmembrane TNFalpha estimated by apoptosis and cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry. RESULTS All of the anti-TNFalpha agents bound to transmembrane TNFalpha. Infliximab and adalimumab exerted almost equal CDC activities, while etanercept showed considerably lower activity. ADCC activities were almost equal among these 3 agents. Adalimumab and infliximab induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in transmembrane TNFalpha-expressing Jurkat T cells, reflecting an outside-to-inside signal transduction through transmembrane TNFalpha. CONCLUSION Three different anti-TNF agents showed different biologic effects on transmembrane TNFalpha. This finding suggests that CDC and outside-to-inside signals by anti-TNFalpha antibodies may explain the successful clinical efficacy of adalimumab and infliximab in Crohn's disease and Wegener's granulomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Mitoma
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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77
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Allie N, Alexopoulou L, Quesniaux VJF, Fick L, Kranidioti K, Kollias G, Ryffel B, Jacobs M. Protective role of membrane tumour necrosis factor in the host's resistance to mycobacterial infection. Immunology 2008; 125:522-34. [PMID: 18544042 PMCID: PMC2612548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) plays a critical role in the recruitment and activation of mononuclear cells in mycobacterial infection. The role of membrane TNF, in host resistance against Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG), was tested in knock-in mice in which the endogenous TNF was replaced by a non-cleavable and regulated allele (Δ1–12, TNFtm/tm). While 100% of mice with complete TNF deficiency (TNF−/−) succumbed to infection, 50% of TNFtm/tm mice were able to control M. bovis BCG infection and survived the experimental period. Membrane expressed TNF allowed a substantial recruitment of activated T cells and macrophages with granuloma formation and expression of bactericidal inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Using virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection we confirm that membrane TNF conferred partial protection. Infection in TNFtm/tm double transgenic mice with TNF-R1 or TNF-R2 suggest protection is mediated through TNF-R2 signalling. Therefore, the data suggest that membrane-expressed TNF plays a critical role in host defence to mycobacterial infection and may partially substitute for soluble TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasiema Allie
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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78
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Allenbach C, Launois P, Mueller C, Tacchini-Cottier F. An essential role for transmembrane TNF in the resolution of the inflammatory lesion induced by Leishmania major infection. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:720-31. [PMID: 18266271 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
TNF is an essential player in infections with Leishmania major, contributing to the control of the inflammatory lesion and, to a lesser degree, to parasite killing. However, the relative contribution of the soluble and transmembrane forms of TNF in these processes is unknown. To investigate the role of transmembrane TNF (mTNF) in the control of L. major infections, mTNF-knock-in (mTNF(Delta/Delta)) mice, which express functional mTNF but do not release soluble TNF, were infected with L. major, and the development of the inflammatory lesion and the immune response was compared to that occurring in L. major-infected TNF(-/-) and wild-type mice. mTNF(Delta/Delta) mice controlled the infection and resolved their inflammatory lesion as well as wild-type mice, a process associated with the early clearance of neutrophils at the site of parasite infection. In contrast, L. major-infected TNF(-/-) mice developed non-healing lesions, characterized by an elevated presence of neutrophils at the site of infection and partial control of parasite number within the lesions. Altogether, the results presented here demonstrate that mTNF, in absence of soluble TNF, is sufficient to control infection due to L. major, enabling the regulation of inflammation, and the optimal killing of Leishmania parasites at the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Allenbach
- WHO Immunology Research and Training Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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79
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Hiraoka Y, Yoshida K, Ohno M, Matsuoka T, Kita T, Nishi E. Ectodomain shedding of TNF-α is enhanced by nardilysin via activation of ADAM proteases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 370:154-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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80
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Cowley SC, Sedgwick JD, Elkins KL. Differential requirements by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for soluble and membrane TNF in control of Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain intramacrophage growth. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:7709-19. [PMID: 18025217 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During primary infection with intracellular bacteria, the membrane-associated form of TNF provides some TNF functions, but the relative contributions during memory responses are not well-characterized. In this study, we determined the role of T cell-derived secreted and membrane-bound TNF (memTNF) during adaptive immunity to Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS). Although transgenic mice expressing only the memTNF were more susceptible to primary LVS infection than wild-type (WT) mice, LVS-immune WT and memTNF mice both survived maximal lethal secondary Francisella challenge. Generation of CD44(high) memory T cells and clearance of bacteria were similar, although more IFN-gamma and IL-12(p40) were produced by memTNF mice. To examine T cell function, we used an in vitro tissue coculture system that measures control of LVS intramacrophage growth by LVS-immune WT and memTNF-T cells. LVS-immune CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells isolated from WT and memTNF mice exhibited comparable control of LVS growth in either normal or TNF-alpha knockout macrophages. Although the magnitude of CD4(+) T cell-induced macrophage NO production clearly depended on TNF, control of LVS growth by both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells did not correlate with levels of nitrite. Importantly, intramacrophage LVS growth control by CD8(+) T cells, but not CD4(+) T cells, was almost entirely dependent on T cell-expressed TNF, and required stimulation through macrophage TNFRs. Collectively, these data demonstrate that T cell-expressed memTNF is necessary and sufficient for memory T cell responses to this intracellular pathogen, and is particularly important for intramacrophage control of bacterial growth by CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán C Cowley
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Diseases and Cellular Immunology, Center for Biologics Research and Evaluation, US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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81
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Shibata H, Yoshioka Y, Ohkawa A, Minowa K, Mukai Y, Abe Y, Taniai M, Nomura T, Kayamuro H, Nabeshi H, Sugita T, Imai S, Nagano K, Yoshikawa T, Fujita T, Nakagawa S, Yamamoto A, Ohta T, Hayakawa T, Mayumi T, Vandenabeele P, Aggarwal BB, Nakamura T, Yamagata Y, Tsunoda SI, Kamada H, Tsutsumi Y. Creation and X-ray structure analysis of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-1-selective mutant of a tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:998-1007. [PMID: 18003610 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707933200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) induces inflammatory response predominantly through the TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1). Thus, blocking the binding of TNF to TNFR1 is an important strategy for the treatment of many inflammatory diseases, such as hepatitis and rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we identified a TNFR1-selective antagonistic mutant TNF from a phage library displaying structural human TNF variants in which each one of the six amino acid residues at the receptor-binding site (amino acids at positions 84-89) was replaced with other amino acids. Consequently, a TNFR1-selective antagonistic mutant TNF (R1antTNF), containing mutations A84S, V85T, S86T, Y87H, Q88N, and T89Q, was isolated from the library. The R1antTNF did not activate TNFR1-mediated responses, although its affinity for the TNFR1 was almost similar to that of the human wild-type TNF (wtTNF). Additionally, the R1antTNF neutralized the TNFR1-mediated bioactivity of wtTNF without influencing its TNFR2-mediated bioactivity and inhibited hepatic injury in an experimental hepatitis model. To understand the mechanism underlying the antagonistic activity of R1antTNF, we analyzed this mutant using the surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography. Kinetic association/dissociation parameters of the R1antTNF were higher than those of the wtTNF, indicating very fast bond dissociation. Furthermore, x-ray crystallographic analysis of R1antTNF suggested that the mutation Y87H changed the binding mode from the hydrophobic to the electrostatic interaction, which may be one of the reasons why R1antTNF behaved as an antagonist. Our studies demonstrate the feasibility of generating TNF receptor subtype-specific antagonist by extensive substitution of amino acids of the wild-type ligand protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Shibata
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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82
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Efficacy of membrane TNF mediated host resistance is dependent on mycobacterial virulence. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2007; 88:221-34. [PMID: 17950671 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
TNF is required for protection against virulent and non-virulent mycobacterial infections. Here we compared the effect of Tm-TNF and sTNF, two different molecular forms of TNF, in virulent and non-virulent murine challenge models. Using non-virulent Mycobacterium bovis BCG intranasal infection we established that immunity is durably compromised in Tm-TNF mice, with augmented bacilli burden, leading to chronic but non-lethal infection. Acute infection by a virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis low-dose aerosol challenge was controlled in Tm-TNF mice with bacilli burdens equivalent to that in WT mice and pulmonary pathology characterised by the formation of well-defined, bactericidal granulomas. Protective immunity was however compromised in Tm-TNF mice during the chronic phase of M. tuberculosis infection, with increased lung bacterial growth and inflammatory cell activation, dissolution of granulomas associated with dispersed iNOS expression, increased pulmonary IFNgamma and IL-10 expression but decreased IL-12 production, followed by death. In conclusion, membrane TNF is sufficient to control non-virulent, M. bovis BCG infection, and acute but not chronic infection with virulent M. tuberculosis.
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83
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Zalevsky J, Secher T, Ezhevsky SA, Janot L, Steed PM, O'Brien C, Eivazi A, Kung J, Nguyen DHT, Doberstein SK, Erard F, Ryffel B, Szymkowski DE. Dominant-negative inhibitors of soluble TNF attenuate experimental arthritis without suppressing innate immunity to infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:1872-83. [PMID: 17641054 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
TNF is a pleiotropic cytokine required for normal development and function of the immune system; however, TNF overexpression also induces inflammation and is associated with autoimmune diseases. TNF exists as both a soluble and a transmembrane protein. Genetic studies in mice have suggested that inflammation in disease models involves soluble TNF (solTNF) and that maintenance of innate immune function involves transmembrane TNF (tmTNF). These findings imply that selective pharmacologic inhibition of solTNF may be anti-inflammatory and yet preserve innate immunity to infection. To address this hypothesis, we now describe dominant-negative inhibitors of TNF (DN-TNFs) as a new class of biologics that selectively inhibits solTNF. DN-TNFs blocked solTNF activity in human and mouse cells, a human blood cytokine release assay, and two mouse arthritis models. In contrast, DN-TNFs neither inhibited the activity of human or mouse tmTNF nor suppressed innate immunity to Listeria infection in mice. These results establish DN-TNFs as the first selective inhibitors of solTNF, demonstrate that inflammation in mouse arthritis models is primarily driven by solTNF, and suggest that the maintenance of tmTNF activity may improve the therapeutic index of future anti-inflammatory agents.
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84
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Differences in reactivation of tuberculosis induced from anti-TNF treatments are based on bioavailability in granulomatous tissue. PLoS Comput Biol 2007; 3:1909-24. [PMID: 17953477 PMCID: PMC2041971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is complex. Experimental evidence has revealed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a major role in host defense against Mtb in both active and latent phases of infection. TNF-neutralizing drugs used to treat inflammatory disorders have been reported to increase the risk of tuberculosis (TB), in accordance with animal studies. The present study takes a computational approach toward characterizing the role of TNF in protection against the tubercle bacillus in both active and latent infection. We extend our previous mathematical models to investigate the roles and production of soluble (sTNF) and transmembrane TNF (tmTNF). We analyze effects of anti-TNF therapy in virtual clinical trials (VCTs) by simulating two of the most commonly used therapies, anti-TNF antibody and TNF receptor fusion, predicting mechanisms that explain observed differences in TB reactivation rates. The major findings from this study are that bioavailability of TNF following anti-TNF therapy is the primary factor for causing reactivation of latent infection and that sTNF--even at very low levels--is essential for control of infection. Using a mathematical model, it is possible to distinguish mechanisms of action of the anti-TNF treatments and gain insights into the role of TNF in TB control and pathology. Our study suggests that a TNF-modulating agent could be developed that could balance the requirement for reduction of inflammation with the necessity to maintain resistance to infection and microbial diseases. Alternatively, the dose and timing of anti-TNF therapy could be modified. Anti-TNF therapy will likely lead to numerous incidents of primary TB if used in areas where exposure is likely.
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85
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Spohn G, Guler R, Johansen P, Keller I, Jacobs M, Beck M, Rohner F, Bauer M, Dietmeier K, Kündig TM, Jennings GT, Brombacher F, Bachmann MF. A Virus-Like Particle-Based Vaccine Selectively Targeting Soluble TNF-α Protects from Arthritis without Inducing Reactivation of Latent Tuberculosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7450-7. [PMID: 17513796 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.7450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutralization of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha by mAbs or soluble receptors represents an effective treatment for chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, or Crohn's disease. In this study, we describe a novel active immunization approach against TNF-alpha, which results in the induction of high titers of therapeutically active autoantibodies. Immunization of mice with virus-like particles of the bacteriophage Qbeta covalently linked to either the entire soluble TNF-alpha protein (Qbeta-C-TNF(1-156)) or a 20-aa peptide derived from its N terminus (Qbeta-C-TNF(4-23)) yielded specific Abs, which protected from clinical signs of inflammation in a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. Whereas mice immunized with Qbeta-C-TNF(1-156) showed increased susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infection and enhanced reactivation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mice immunized with Qbeta-C-TNF(4-23) were not immunocompromised with respect to infection with these pathogens. This difference was attributed to recognition of both transmembrane and soluble TNF-alpha by Abs elicited by Qbeta-C-TNF(1-156), and a selective recognition of only soluble TNF-alpha by Abs raised by Qbeta-C-TNF(4-23). Thus, by specifically targeting soluble TNF-alpha, Qbeta-C-TNF(4-23) immunization has the potential to become an effective and safe therapy against inflammatory disorders, which might overcome the risk of opportunistic infections associated with the currently available TNF-alpha antagonists.
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MESH Headings
- Allolevivirus/immunology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/prevention & control
- Female
- Listeriosis/immunology
- Listeriosis/prevention & control
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Particle Size
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/adverse effects
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Protein Engineering
- Severity of Illness Index
- Solubility
- Tuberculosis/diagnosis
- Tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis/prevention & control
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/administration & dosage
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Conjugate/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology
- Vaccines, Virosome/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virosome/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Virosome/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Spohn
- Cytos Biotechnology AG, Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland
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86
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Togbe D, Grivennikov SI, Noulin N, Couillin I, Maillet I, Jacobs M, Maret M, Fick L, Nedospasov SA, Quesniaux VFJ, Schnyder B, Schnyder-Candrian S. T cell-derived TNF down-regulates acute airway response to endotoxin. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:768-79. [PMID: 17301950 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute and chronic airway inflammations caused by environmental agents including endotoxin represent an increasing health problem. Local TNF production may contribute to lung dysfunction and inflammation, although pulmonary neutrophil recruitment occurs in the absence of TNF. First, we demonstrate that membrane-bound TNF is sufficient to mediate the inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Secondly, using cell type-specific TNF-deficient mice we show that TNF derived from either macrophage/neutrophil (M/N) or T lymphocytes have differential effects on LPS-induced respiratory dysfunction (enhanced respiratory pause, Penh) and pulmonary neutrophil recruitment. While Penh, vascular leak, neutrophil recruitment, TNF, and thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine/CCL17 (TARC) expression in the lung were reduced in M/N-deficient mice, T cell-specific TNF-deficient mice displayed augmented Penh, vascular leak, neutrophil influx, increased CD11c+ cells and expression of TNF, TARC and murine CXC chemokines KC/CXCL1 in the lung. In conclusion, inactivation of TNF in either M/N or T cells has differential effects on LPS-induced lung disease, suggesting that selective deletion of TNF in T cells may aggravate airway pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonnée Togbe
- Université d'Orléans and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Molecular Immunology and Embryology, Orléans, France
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87
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Uchiyama R, Kawamura I, Fujimura T, Kawanishi M, Tsuchiya K, Tominaga T, Kaku T, Fukasawa Y, Sakai S, Nomura T, Mitsuyama M. Involvement of caspase-9 in the inhibition of necrosis of RAW 264 cells infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 2007; 75:2894-902. [PMID: 17403866 PMCID: PMC1932843 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01639-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to know how caspases contribute to the intracellular fate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and host cell death in the infected macrophages, we examined the effect of benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethane (z-VAD-fmk), a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, on the growth of M. tuberculosis H37Rv in RAW 264 cells. In the cells treated with z-VAD-fmk, activation of caspase-8, caspase-3/7, and caspase-9 was clearly suppressed, and DNA fragmentation of the infected cells was also reduced. Under this experimental condition, it was found that the treatment markedly inhibited bacterial growth inside macrophages. The infected cells appeared to undergo cell death of the necrosis type in the presence of z-VAD-fmk. We further found that z-VAD-fmk treatment resulted in the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the infected cells. By addition of a scavenger of ROS, the host cell necrosis was inhibited and the intracellular growth of H37Rv was significantly restored. Among inhibitors specific for each caspase, only the caspase-9-specific inhibitor enhanced the generation of ROS and induced necrosis of the infected cells. Furthermore, we found that severe necrosis was induced by infection with H37Rv but not H37Ra in the presence of z-VAD-fmk. Caspase-9 activation was also detected in H37Rv-infected cells, but H37Ra never induced such caspase-9 activation. These results indicated that caspase-9, which was activated by infection with virulent M. tuberculosis, contributed to the inhibition of necrosis of the infected host cells, presumably through suppression of intracellular ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Uchiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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88
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Jacobs M, Togbe D, Fremond C, Samarina A, Allie N, Botha T, Carlos D, Parida SK, Grivennikov S, Nedospasov S, Monteiro A, Le Bert M, Quesniaux V, Ryffel B. Tumor necrosis factor is critical to control tuberculosis infection. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:623-8. [PMID: 17409008 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is critical and non-redundant to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and cannot be replaced by other proinflammatory cytokines. Overproduction of TNF may cause immunopathology, while TNF neutralization reactivates latent and chronic, controlled infection, which is relevant for the use of neutralizing TNF therapies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muazzam Jacobs
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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89
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Rigby WFC. Drug Insight: different mechanisms of action of tumor necrosis factor antagonists—passive-aggressive behavior? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:227-33. [PMID: 17396108 DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antagonists of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) have revolutionized the treatment of selected inflammatory diseases. In rheumatology, this has been most notable for ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Despite their specificity for TNF, these agents, which include the soluble p75 receptor etanercept and the anti-TNF antibodies adalimumab and infliximab, have demonstrated differential clinical efficacy in studies of rheumatoid arthritis; patients who do not respond to one antagonist often respond to another. Therapeutic disparity of these agents is also seen in specific diseases, most notably Crohn's disease. Differences in pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action, as well as disease heterogeneity, have been proposed to account for these effects. Reverse signaling by transmembrane TNF in response to anti-TNF antibodies, but not soluble receptor, might also influence the therapeutic response.
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90
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Hamdi H, Mariette X, Godot V, Weldingh K, Hamid AM, Prejean MV, Baron G, Lemann M, Puechal X, Breban M, Berenbaum F, Delchier JC, Flipo RM, Dautzenberg B, Salmon D, Humbert M, Emilie D. Inhibition of anti-tuberculosis T-lymphocyte function with tumour necrosis factor antagonists. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R114. [PMID: 16859506 PMCID: PMC1779425 DOI: 10.1186/ar1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is a major complication of anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α treatment, but its mechanism is not fully understood. We evaluated the effect of the TNF antagonists infliximab (Ifx), adalimumab (Ada) and etanercept (Eta) on anti-mycobacterial immune responses in two conditions: with ex vivo studies from patients treated with TNF antagonists and with the in vitro addition of TNF antagonists to cells stimulated with mycobacterial antigens. In both cases, we analysed the response of CD4+ T lymphocytes to purified protein derivative (PPD) and to culture filtrate protein (CFP)-10, an antigen restricted to Mtb. The tests performed were lymphoproliferation and immediate production of interferon (IFN)-γ. In the 68 patients with inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, spondylarthropathy or Crohn's disease), including 31 patients with a previous or latent tuberculosis (TB), 14 weeks of anti-TNF-α treatment had no effect on the proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes. In contrast, the number of IFN-γ-releasing CD4+ T lymphocytes decreased for PPD (p < 0.005) and CFP-10 (p < 0.01) in patients with previous TB and for PPD (p < 0.05) in other patients (all vaccinated with Bacille Calmette-Guérin). Treatments with Ifx and with Eta affected IFN-γ release to a similar extent. In vitro addition of TNF antagonists to CD4+ T lymphocytes stimulated with mycobacterial antigens inhibited their proliferation and their expression of membrane-bound TNF (mTNF). These effects occurred late in cultures, suggesting a direct effect of TNF antagonists on activated mTNF+ CD4+ T lymphocytes, and Ifx and Ada were more efficient than Eta. Therefore, TNF antagonists have a dual action on anti-mycobacterial CD4+ T lymphocytes. Administered in vivo, they decrease the frequency of the subpopulation of memory CD4+ T lymphocytes rapidly releasing IFN-γ upon challenge with mycobacterial antigens. Added in vitro, they inhibit the activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes by mycobacterial antigens. Such a dual effect may explain the increased incidence of TB in patients treated with TNF antagonists as well as possible differences between TNF antagonists for the incidence and the clinical presentation of TB reactivation.
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MESH Headings
- Adalimumab
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/drug effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/complications
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Crohn Disease/complications
- Crohn Disease/immunology
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Etanercept
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Infliximab
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/administration & dosage
- Spondylarthropathies/complications
- Spondylarthropathies/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tuberculin/immunology
- Tuberculosis/complications
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Haïfa Hamdi
- INSERM UMR-S764, Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie and Service de Microbiologie-Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Institut Paris-Sud sur les Cytokines, Université Paris-Sud, INSERM U764, 32 rue des Carnets, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Xavier Mariette
- Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP, Université Paris-Sud, INSERM U802, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Véronique Godot
- INSERM UMR-S764, Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie and Service de Microbiologie-Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Institut Paris-Sud sur les Cytokines, Université Paris-Sud, INSERM U764, 32 rue des Carnets, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Karin Weldingh
- Department of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, 5 Artillerivej, 2300 Denmark
| | - Abdul Monem Hamid
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital A. Béclère, AP-HP, Université Paris-Sud, 157 rue de la Porte-de-Trivaux, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Maria-Victoria Prejean
- INSERM UMR-S764, Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie and Service de Microbiologie-Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Institut Paris-Sud sur les Cytokines, Université Paris-Sud, INSERM U764, 32 rue des Carnets, 92140, Clamart, France
| | - Gabriel Baron
- Département d'Epidémiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, Groupe Hospitalier Bichat Claude-Bernard, AP-HP, Université Paris VII, INSERM U738, 46 rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
| | - Marc Lemann
- Service de Gastro-entérologie, Hôpital St. Louis, AP-HP, 1 avenue Claude-vellefaux, 75475 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Puechal
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre hospitalier du Mans, 194 avenue Rubillard, 72037 Le Mans, France
| | - Maxime Breban
- Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital A. Paré, AP-HP, 9 avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92100 Boulogne, France
| | - Francis Berenbaum
- Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital St. Antoine, AP-HP, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Delchier
- Service de Gastro-entérologie, Hôpital H. Mondor, AP-HP, 51 rue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94400 Créteil, France
| | - René-Marc Flipo
- Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital C. Huriez, rue Michel Polonovski, 59037 Lille, France
| | - Bertrand Dautzenberg
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, AP-HP, 83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Salmon
- Service de Médecine interne et maladies infectieuses, Hôpital Cochin, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital A. Béclère, AP-HP, Université Paris-Sud, 157 rue de la Porte-de-Trivaux, 92140 Clamart, France
| | - Dominique Emilie
- INSERM UMR-S764, Service d'Hépato-Gastro-Entérologie and Service de Microbiologie-Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Institut Paris-Sud sur les Cytokines, Université Paris-Sud, INSERM U764, 32 rue des Carnets, 92140, Clamart, France
- Service de Microbiologie – Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital A. Béclère, AP-HP Université Paris-Sud,, 157 rue de la Porte-de-Trivaux, 92140 Clamart, France
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91
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Gómez MI, Seaghdha MO, Prince AS. Staphylococcus aureus protein A activates TACE through EGFR-dependent signaling. EMBO J 2007; 26:701-9. [PMID: 17255933 PMCID: PMC1794402 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the many adhesins and toxins expressed by Staphylococcus aureus, protein A is an exceptionally complex virulence factor, known to interact with multiple eukaryotic targets, particularly those with immunological functions. Protein A acts as a ligand that can mimic TNF-alpha to activate TNFR1 and subsequent proinflammatory signaling. It also stimulates the cleavage of TNFR1 from the surface of epithelial cells and macrophages, which serves to limit TNF-alpha signaling. We characterized the signaling pathway responsible for TNFR1 shedding and identified protein A mutants which could activate TNFR1-dependent signaling, but were unable to activate TACE, the TNFR1 sheddase. Activation of TACE was dependent upon a discrete interaction between the previously defined IgG-binding domain of protein A and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which in turn induced TACE phosphorylation through a c-Src-erk1/2-mediated cascade. This novel interaction was independent of the autocrine activation of EGFR and protein A-induced TGF-alpha was neither required nor sufficient to activate TNFR1 shedding. Thus, staphylococci exploit the ubiquitous and multifunctional EGFR to regulate the availability of TNFR1 on mucosal and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa I Gómez
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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92
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Wozniak TM, Ryan AA, Britton WJ. Interleukin-23 restores immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in IL-12p40-deficient mice and is not required for the development of IL-17-secreting T cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:8684-92. [PMID: 17142769 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Host control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on the activation of CD4+ T cells secreting IFN-gamma and their recruitment to the site of infection. The development of more efficient vaccines against tuberculosis requires detailed understanding of the induction and maintenance of T cell immunity. Cytokines important for the development of cell-mediated immunity include IL-12 and IL-23, which share the p40 subunit and the IL-12Rbeta1 signaling chain. To explore the differential effect of IL-12 and IL-23 during M. tuberculosis infection, we used plasmids expressing IL-23 (p2AIL-23) or IL-12 (p2AIL-12) alone in dendritic cells or macrophages from IL-12p40(-/-) mice. In the absence of the IL-12/IL-23 axis, immunization with a DNA vaccine expressing the M. tuberculosis Ag85B induced a limited Ag-specific T cell response and no control of M. tuberculosis infection. Co-delivery of p2AIL-23 or p2AIL-12 with DNA85B induced strong proliferative and IFN-gamma-secreting T cell responses equivalent to those observed in wild-type mice immunized with DNA85B. This response resulted in partial protection against aerosol M. tuberculosis; however, the protective effect was less than in wild-type mice owing to the requirement for IL-12 or IL-23 for the optimal expansion of IFN-gamma-secreting T cells. Interestingly, bacillus Calmette-Guérin immune T cells generated in the absence of IL-12 or IL-23 were deficient in IFN-gamma production, but exhibited a robust IL-17 secretion associated with a degree of protection against pulmonary infection. Therefore, exogenous IL-23 can complement IL-12 deficiency for the initial expansion of Ag-specific T cells and is not essential for the development of potentially protective IL-17-secreting T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Wozniak
- Mycobacterial Research Group, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
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93
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Abstract
During tuberculosis (TB) infection, the granuloma provides the microenvironment in which antigen-specific T cells colocate with and activate infected macrophages to inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although the granuloma is the site for mycobacterial killing, virulent mycobacteria have developed a variety of mechanisms to resist this macrophage-mediated killing. These surviving mycobacteria become dormant, however, if host cellular immunity or the signals maintaining granuloma structure wane, or if mycobacteria resume replication, leading to reactivation of TB. This balance of life and death applies not only to the mycobacterium but also to the host macrophages that may undergo apoptosis or necrosis, leading to the characteristic caseous necrosis within the granuloma, and the potential spread of TB infection. The immunological factors controlling the development and maintenance of the granuloma will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette M Saunders
- Mycobacterial Research Programme, Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia.
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94
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Strand V, Kimberly R, Isaacs JD. Biologic therapies in rheumatology: lessons learned, future directions. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:75-92. [PMID: 17195034 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade biologic therapies such as monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins have revolutionized the management of rheumatic disease. By targeting key cytokines and immune cells biologics have provided more specific therapeutic interventions with less immunosuppression. Clinical use, however, has revealed that their theoretical simplicity hides a more complex reality. Efficacy, toxicity and even pharmacodynamic effects can deviate from those predicted, as poignantly illustrated by the catastrophic effects witnessed during the first-into-human administration of TGN1412. This review summarizes lessons gleaned from practical experience and discusses how these can inform future discovery and development of new biologic therapies for rheumatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Strand
- Division of Immunology/Rheumatology, Stanford University, 306 Ramona Road, Portola Valley, California 94028, USA
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95
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Gómez-Reino JJ, Carmona L, Angel Descalzo M. Risk of tuberculosis in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists due to incomplete prevention of reactivation of latent infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 57:756-61. [PMID: 17530674 DOI: 10.1002/art.22768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the causes of new cases of active tuberculosis (ATB) in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists included in the national registry BIOBADASER (Base de Datos de Productos Biológicos de la Sociedad Española de Reumatología) after the dissemination of recommendations to prevent reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). METHODS Incidence rate of ATB per 100,000 patient-years and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated in patients entering BIOBADASER after March 2002 and were stratified by compliance with recommendations (complete or incomplete). ATB rates in BIOBADASER were compared with the background rate and the rate in the rheumatoid arthritis cohort EMECAR (Estudio de la Morbilidad y Expresión Clínica de la Artritis Reumatoide) not treated with TNF antagonists. In addition, rates of ATB among patients treated with adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab were estimated and compared only for treatments started after September 2003, when all 3 drugs became fully available. RESULTS Following March 2002, a total of 5,198 patients treated with a TNF antagonist were registered in BIOBADASER. Fifteen ATB cases were noted (rate 172 per 100,000 patient-years, 95% CI 103-285). Recommendations were fully followed in 2,655 treatments. The probability of developing ATB was 7 times higher when recommendations were not followed (incidence rate ratio 7.09, 95% CI 1.60-64.69). Two-step tuberculosis skin test for LTBI was the major failure in complying with recommendations. CONCLUSION New cases of ATB still occur in patients treated with all available TNF antagonists due to lack of compliance with recommendations to prevent reactivation of LTBI. Continuous evaluation of recommendations is required to improve clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Gómez-Reino
- Hospital Clínico Universitario, University of Santiago de Compostela School of Medicine, Santiago, Spain.
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96
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Oikonomou N, Harokopos V, Zalevsky J, Valavanis C, Kotanidou A, Szymkowski DE, Kollias G, Aidinis V. Soluble TNF mediates the transition from pulmonary inflammation to fibrosis. PLoS One 2006; 1:e108. [PMID: 17205112 PMCID: PMC1762410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 11/23/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrosis, the replacement of functional tissue with excessive fibrous tissue, can occur in all the main tissues and organ systems, resulting in various pathological disorders. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis is a prototype fibrotic disease involving abnormal wound healing in response to multiple sites of ongoing alveolar epithelial injury. Methodology/Principal Findings To decipher the role of TNF and TNF-mediated inflammation in the development of fibrosis, we have utilized the bleomycin-induced animal model of Pulmonary Fibrosis and a series of genetically modified mice lacking components of TNF signaling. Transmembrane TNF expression is shown to be sufficient to elicit an inflammatory response, but inadequate for the transition to the fibrotic phase of the disease. Soluble TNF expression is shown to be crucial for lymphocyte recruitment, a prerequisite for TGF-b1 expression and the development of fibrotic lesions. Moreover, through a series of bone marrow transfers, the necessary TNF expression is shown to originate from the non-hematopoietic compartment further localized in apoptosing epithelial cells. Conclusions These results suggest a primary detrimental role of soluble TNF in the pathologic cascade, separating it from the beneficial role of transmembrane TNF, and indicate the importance of assessing the efficacy of soluble TNF antagonists in the treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bleomycin/toxicity
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/drug therapy
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology
- Inflammation/chemically induced
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Lymphocytes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/chemically induced
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/etiology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/metabolism
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Solubility
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Oikonomou
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming,” Athens, Greece
| | - Vaggelis Harokopos
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming,” Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christos Valavanis
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Metaxa Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kotanidou
- First Department of Critical Care, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - George Kollias
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming,” Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming,” Athens, Greece
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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97
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Strangfeld A, Listing J. Bacterial and opportunistic infections during anti-TNF therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2006; 20:1181-95. [PMID: 17127203 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a crucial role in host defence against bacterial infections. Summarizing the results, the findings of immunological and clinical research suggest a higher infection risk in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis patients receiving anti-TNF treatment. This is especially true for granulomatous infections in patients treated with the monoclonal TNF-alpha antibodies infliximab or adalimumab. Furthermore, patients treated with TNF inhibitors have a higher susceptibility to infections because of their higher active and more severe disease. Therefore, patients receiving anti-TNF treatment should be closely monitored for serious infections. A rapid and sufficient treatment of infections that are not mild and transient is recommended. There are atypical signs and symptoms as well as atypical pathogen that should be considered. Patients should be educated about how to avoid infectious complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Strangfeld
- German Rheumatism Research Centre, Epidemiology Unit, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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98
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Differential efficacy of TNF-α antagonists in granulomatous diseases: potential explanations. INDIAN JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0973-3698(10)60202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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99
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Ryan AA, Spratt JM, Britton WJ, Triccas JA. Secretion of functional monocyte chemotactic protein 3 by recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG attenuates vaccine virulence and maintains protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis infection. Infect Immun 2006; 75:523-6. [PMID: 17074853 PMCID: PMC1828426 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00897-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A strain of Mycobacterium bovis BCG that secretes high levels of functional murine monocyte chemotactic protein 3 (BCG(MCP-3)) was developed. Mice vaccinated with BCG(MCP-3) displayed increased lymphocyte migration in vivo and augmented antigen-specific T-cell responses compared to mice vaccinated with BCG alone. The level of protection afforded by BCG(MCP-3) was equivalent to that with control BCG; however, immunodeficient mice infected with BCG(MCP-3) survived significantly longer than mice infected with the control BCG strain. Therefore, BCG(MCP-3) may be a safer alternative than conventional BCG for vaccination of immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Ryan
- Mycobacterial Research Group, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Locked Bag No. 6, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
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Alexopoulou L, Kranidioti K, Xanthoulea S, Denis M, Kotanidou A, Douni E, Blackshear PJ, Kontoyiannis DL, Kollias G. Transmembrane TNF protects mutant mice against intracellular bacterial infections, chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2768-80. [PMID: 16983719 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200635921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Using targeted mutagenesis in mice, we have blocked shedding of endogenous murine TNF by deleting its cleavage site. Mutant mice produce physiologically regulated levels of transmembrane TNF (tmTNF), which suffice to support thymocyte proliferation but cannot substitute for the hepatotoxic activities of wild-type TNF following LPS/D-galactosamine challenge in vivo and are not sufficient to support secondary lymphoid organ structure and function. Notably, however, tmTNF is capable of exerting anti-Listerial host defenses while remaining inadequate to mediate arthritogenic functions, as tested in the tristetraprolin-deficient model of TNF-dependent arthritis. Most interestingly, in the EAE model of autoimmune demyelination, tmTNF suppresses disease onset and progression and retains the autoimmune suppressive properties of wild-type TNF. Together, these results indicate that tmTNF preserves a subset of the beneficial activities of TNF while lacking detrimental effects. These data support the hypothesis that selective targeting of soluble TNF may offer several advantages over complete blockade of TNF in the treatment of chronic inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Alexopoulou
- Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
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