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Delivering safer immunotherapies for cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:79-101. [PMID: 28545888 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is now a powerful clinical reality, with a steady progression of new drug approvals and a massive pipeline of additional treatments in clinical and preclinical development. However, modulation of the immune system can be a double-edged sword: Drugs that activate immune effectors are prone to serious non-specific systemic inflammation and autoimmune side effects. Drug delivery technologies have an important role to play in harnessing the power of immune therapeutics while avoiding on-target/off-tumor toxicities. Here we review mechanisms of toxicity for clinically-relevant immunotherapeutics, and discuss approaches based in drug delivery technology to enhance the safety and potency of these treatments. These include strategies to merge drug delivery with adoptive cellular therapies, targeting immunotherapies to tumors or select immune cells, and localizing therapeutics intratumorally. Rational design employing lessons learned from the drug delivery and nanomedicine fields has the potential to facilitate immunotherapy reaching its full potential.
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Segal NH, Logan TF, Hodi FS, McDermott D, Melero I, Hamid O, Schmidt H, Robert C, Chiarion-Sileni V, Ascierto PA, Maio M, Urba WJ, Gangadhar TC, Suryawanshi S, Neely J, Jure-Kunkel M, Krishnan S, Kohrt H, Sznol M, Levy R. Results from an Integrated Safety Analysis of Urelumab, an Agonist Anti-CD137 Monoclonal Antibody. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:1929-1936. [PMID: 27756788 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Urelumab is an agonist antibody to CD137 with potential application as an immuno-oncology therapeutic. Data were analyzed to assess safety, tolerability, and pharmacodynamic activity of urelumab, including the dose selected for ongoing development in patients with advanced solid tumors and lymphoma.Experimental Design: A total of 346 patients with advanced cancers who had progressed after standard treatment received at least one dose of urelumab in one of three dose-escalation, monotherapy studies. Urelumab was administered at doses ranging from 0.1 to 15 mg/kg. Safety analyses included treatment-related and serious adverse events (AEs), as well as treatment-related AEs leading to discontinuation and death, with a focus on liver function test abnormalities and hepatic AEs.Results: Urelumab doses between 1 and 15 mg/kg given every 3 weeks resulted in a higher frequency of treatment-related AEs than 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg every 3 weeks. Dose was the single most important factor contributing to transaminitis development, which was more frequent and severe at doses ≥1 mg/kg. At the MTD of 0.1 mg/kg every 3 weeks, urelumab was relatively well tolerated, with fatigue (16%) and nausea (13%) being the most common treatment-related AEs, and was associated with immunologic and pharmacodynamic activity demonstrated by the induction of IFN-inducible genes and cytokines.Conclusions: Integrated evaluation of urelumab safety data showed significant transaminitis was strongly associated with doses of ≥1 mg/kg. However, urelumab 0.1 mg/kg every 3 weeks was demonstrated to be safe, with pharmacodynamic activity supporting continued clinical evaluation of this dose as monotherapy and in combination with other immuno-oncology agents. Clin Cancer Res; 23(8); 1929-36. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil H Segal
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | - Omid Hamid
- The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Caroline Robert
- Gustave Roussy and Paris-Sud University Villejuif, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Paolo A Ascierto
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione "G. Pascale," Naples, Italy
| | | | - Walter J Urba
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Tara C Gangadhar
- Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | - Holbrook Kohrt
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Mario Sznol
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ronald Levy
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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Schrand B, Verma B, Levay A, Patel S, Castro I, Benaduce AP, Brenneman R, Umland O, Yagita H, Gilboa E, Ishkanian A. Radiation-Induced Enhancement of Antitumor T-cell Immunity by VEGF-Targeted 4-1BB Costimulation. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1310-1321. [PMID: 28082399 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy can elicit systemic immune control of local tumors and distant nonirradiated tumor lesions, known as the abscopal effect. Although this effect is enhanced using checkpoint blockade or costimulatory antibodies, objective responses remain suboptimal. As radiotherapy can induce secretion of VEGF and other stress products in the tumor microenvironment, we hypothesized that targeting immunomodulatory drugs to such products will not only reduce toxicity but also broaden the scope of tumor-targeted immunotherapy. Using an oligonucleotide aptamer platform, we show that radiation-induced VEGF-targeted 4-1BB costimulation potentiated both local tumor control and abscopal responses with equal or greater efficiency than 4-1BB, CTLA-4, or PD1 antibodies alone. Although 4-1BB and CTLA-4 antibodies elicited organ-wide inflammatory responses and tissue damage, VEGF-targeted 4-1BB costimulation produced no observable toxicity. These findings suggest that radiation-induced tumor-targeted immunotherapy can improve the therapeutic index and extend the reach of immunomodulatory agents. Cancer Res; 77(6); 1310-21. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Schrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Bhavna Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Agata Levay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Shradha Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Iris Castro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Ana Paula Benaduce
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Randall Brenneman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Oliver Umland
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eli Gilboa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Adrian Ishkanian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
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Pastor F. Aptamers: A New Technological Platform in Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:E64. [PMID: 27783034 PMCID: PMC5198039 DOI: 10.3390/ph9040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The renaissance of cancer immunotherapy is, nowadays, a reality. In the near future, it will be very likely among the first-line treatments for cancer patients. There are several different approaches to modulate the immune system to fight against tumor maladies but, so far, monoclonal antibodies may currently be the most successful immuno-tools used to that end. The number of ongoing clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies has been increasing exponentially over the last few years upon the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first immune-checkpoint blockade antibodies. In spite of the proved antitumor effect of these reagents, the unleashing of the immune system to fight cancer cells has a cost, namely auto-inflammatory toxicity. Additionally, only a small fraction of all patients treated with immune-checkpoint antibodies have a clinical benefit. Taking into account all this, it is urgent new therapeutic reagents are developed with a contained toxicity that could facilitate the combination of different immune-modulating pathways to broaden the antitumor effect in most cancer patients. Based on preclinical data, oligonucleotide aptamers could fulfill this need. Aptamers have not only been successfully used as antagonists of immune-checkpoint receptors, but also as agonists of immunostimulatory receptors in cancer immunotherapy. The simplicity of aptamers to be engineered for the specific delivery of different types of cargos to tumor cells and immune cells so as to harvest an efficient antitumor immune response gives aptamers a significant advantage over antibodies. In this review all of the recent applications of aptamers in cancer immunotherapy will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pastor
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA), Recinto de Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain.
- Program of Molecular Therapies, Aptamer Unit, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Pamplona 31008, Spain.
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Gilboa E, Berezhnoy A, Schrand B. Reducing Toxicity of Immune Therapy Using Aptamer-Targeted Drug Delivery. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 3:1195-200. [PMID: 26541880 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Modulating the function of immune receptors with antibodies is ushering in a new era in cancer immunotherapy. With the notable exception of PD-1 blockade used as monotherapy, immune modulation can be associated with significant toxicities that are expected to escalate with the development of increasingly potent immune therapies. A general way to reduce toxicity is to target immune potentiating drugs to the tumor or immune cells of the patient. This Crossroads article discusses a new class of nucleic acid-based immune-modulatory drugs that are targeted to the tumor or to the immune system by conjugation to oligonucleotide aptamer ligands. Cell-free chemically synthesized short oligonucleotide aptamers represent a novel and emerging platform technology for generating ligands with desired specificity that offer exceptional versatility and feasibility in terms of development, manufacture, and conjugation to an oligonucleotide cargo. In proof-of-concept studies, aptamer ligands were used to target immune-modulatory siRNAs or aptamers to induce neoantigens in the tumor cells, limit costimulation to the tumor lesion, or enhance the persistence of vaccine-induced immunity. Using increasingly relevant murine models, the aptamer-targeted immune-modulatory drugs engendered protective antitumor immunity that was superior to that of current "gold-standard" therapies in terms of efficacy and lack of toxicity or reduced toxicity. To overcome immune exhaustion aptamer-targeted siRNA conjugates could be used to downregulate intracellular mediators of exhaustion that integrate signals from multiple inhibitory receptors. Recent advances in aptamer development and second-generation aptamer-drug conjugates suggest that we have only scratched the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Gilboa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
| | - Alexey Berezhnoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Brett Schrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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Liu J, Blake SJ, Harjunpää H, Fairfax KA, Yong MCR, Allen S, Kohrt HE, Takeda K, Smyth MJ, Teng MWL. Assessing Immune-Related Adverse Events of Efficacious Combination Immunotherapies in Preclinical Models of Cancer. Cancer Res 2016; 76:5288-301. [PMID: 27503925 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New combination immunotherapies are displaying both efficacy and immune-related adverse events (irAE) in humans. However, grade 3/4 irAEs occur in a high proportion, which can lead to discontinuation of treatment and can result in fatalities if not promptly treated. Prolonged T regulatory cell (Treg) depletion in tumor-bearing Foxp3-DTR mice using diphtheria toxin (DT) mirrored the spectrum of antitumor responses and severity of irAEs that can occur in ipilimumab/nivolumab-treated patients. In contrast, transient Treg depletion or anti-CTLA-4/PD-1 therapy had equivalent effects in mice, lowering the immune tolerance threshold and allowing irAEs to be more easily induced following treatment with additional immunomodulatory antibodies. Transient Treg depletion of DT in combination with anti-PD-1 or anti-TIM-3 monoclonal antibodies had a high therapeutic window compared with DT plus anti-CD137. In contrast, DT plus anti-CD137-treated mice developed severe irAEs similar to grade 3/4 clinical symptoms. These irAEs appeared because of an infiltration of activated proliferating effector T cells in the tissues producing IFNγ and TNF; however, TNF blockade decreased irAEs severity without impacting on tumor growth. Cancer Res; 76(18); 5288-301. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia. Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia. School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blake
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heidi Harjunpää
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia. School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kirsten A Fairfax
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Molecular Medicine Division, Melbourne, Australia. The Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle C R Yong
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stacey Allen
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Holbrook E Kohrt
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Division of Cell Biology, Biomedical Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia. School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michele W L Teng
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia. Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia. School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
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Vilgelm AE, Johnson DB, Richmond A. Combinatorial approach to cancer immunotherapy: strength in numbers. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:275-90. [PMID: 27256570 PMCID: PMC6608090 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5ri0116-013rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint blockade therapy with antibodies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1 has revolutionized melanoma treatment by eliciting responses that can be remarkably durable and is now advancing to other malignancies. However, not all patients respond to immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Extensive preclinical evidence suggests that combining immune-checkpoint inhibitors with other anti-cancer treatments can greatly improve the therapeutic benefit. The first clinical success of the combinatorial approach to cancer immunotherapy was demonstrated using a dual-checkpoint blockade with CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibitors, which resulted in accelerated FDA approval of this therapeutic regimen. In this review, we discuss the combinations of current and emerging immunotherapeutic agents in clinical and preclinical development and summarize the insights into potential mechanisms of synergistic anti-tumor activity gained from animal studies. These promising combinatorial partners for the immune-checkpoint blockade include therapeutics targeting additional inhibitory receptors of T cells, such as TIM-3, LAG-3, TIGIT, and BTLA, and agonists of T cell costimulatory receptors 4-1BB, OX40, and GITR, as well as agents that promote cancer cell recognition by the immune system, such as tumor vaccines, IDO inhibitors, and agonists of the CD40 receptor of APCs. We also review the therapeutic potential of regimens combining the immune-checkpoint blockade with therapeutic interventions that have been shown to enhance immunogenicity of cancer cells, including oncolytic viruses, RT, epigenetic therapy, and senescence-inducing therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Vilgelm
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Douglas B Johnson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ann Richmond
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and
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58
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Fromm G, de Silva S, Giffin L, Xu X, Rose J, Schreiber TH. Gp96-Ig/Costimulator (OX40L, ICOSL, or 4-1BBL) Combination Vaccine Improves T-cell Priming and Enhances Immunity, Memory, and Tumor Elimination. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:766-78. [PMID: 27364122 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell costimulation typically occurs in a defined microenvironment that is not recapitulated by agonistic antibody therapy. To deliver such stimulation under more favorable conditions, we investigated whether an allogeneic cell-based vaccine that secreted Fc-OX40L, Fc-ICOSL, or Fc-4-1BBL would activate and expand T cells comparably with systemically administered agonist antibodies. Among these costimulators, locally secreted Fc-OX40L provided superior priming of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, compared with combinations with OX40 antibodies or vaccine alone. Vaccine-expressed Fc-OX40L also stimulated IFNγ, TNFα, granzyme B, and IL2 by antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells similarly to OX40 antibodies, without off-target consequences such as proinflammatory cytokine induction. Vaccine-secreted Fc-OX40L increased CD127(+)KLRG-1(-) memory precursor cells during the contraction phase, resulting in improved proliferation upon secondary antigen challenge, as compared with OX40 antibody. A cell-based vaccine cosecreting gp96-Ig and Fc-OX40L led to even more pronounced tumor control, complete tumor rejection, and increased tumor antigen-specific T-cell proliferation, including in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, as compared with combinations of gp96-Ig vaccine and OX40 antibodies, in mice with established melanoma or colorectal carcinoma. These data suggest that local modulation of the vaccine microenvironment has unexpected advantages over systemic costimulation with agonistic antibodies, which may simplify the clinical translation of such combination immunotherapies into humans. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(9); 766-78. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xin Xu
- Heat Biologics, Inc., Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jason Rose
- Heat Biologics, Inc., Durham, North Carolina
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Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes F, Blake SJ, Makkouk A, Chester C, Kohrt HE, Smyth MJ. Anti-CD137 enhances anti-CD20 therapy of systemic B-cell lymphoma with altered immune homeostasis but negligible toxicity. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1192740. [PMID: 27622048 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1192740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of sequential anti-CD137/anti-CD20 therapy have previously shown that the efficacy of anti-CD20 was heavily reliant upon anti-CD137; however, the exact mechanism of the anti-B-cell lymphoma efficacy, and whether this correlates with enhanced adverse effects or toxicity, had not been elucidated. Here, we observed that sequential anti-CD137 administration with anti-CD20 resulted in a synergistic therapy, largely dependent upon Fc receptors (FcR), to prolong survival in an experimental B-cell lymphoma therapy model. Tumor suppression was accompanied by B cell depletion, which was not dependent on one activating FcR. Surprisingly, the B-cell activating factor (BAFF) was elevated in the plasma of mice receiving anti-CD137 alone or in combination with anti-CD20, while a selective increase in some plasma cytokines was also noted and triggered by anti-CD137. These effects were independent of activating FcR. Sustained treatment of advanced lymphoma revealed increased lymphocyte infiltrates into the liver and a significant decrease in the metabolic capability of the liver in mice receiving anti-CD137. Importantly, these effects were not exacerbated in mice receiving the anti-CD20/CD137 combination, and elevations in classical liver damage markers such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were less than that caused by the lymphoma itself. Thus, combined anti-CD20/anti-CD137 treatment increases the therapeutic index of anti-CD20 or anti-CD137 alone. These mouse data were corroborated by ongoing clinical development studies to assess safety, tolerability and pharmacodynamic activity of human patients treated by this approach. Together, these data support the use of this sequential antibody therapeutic strategy to improve the efficacy of rituximab in B-cell lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia; Molecular Immunology Division, Walter & Elisa Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blake
- Cancer Immunoregulation and Immunotherapy Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Amani Makkouk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cariad Chester
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Holbrook E Kohrt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Aptamers: A Feasible Technology in Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:1083738. [PMID: 27413756 PMCID: PMC4931050 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1083738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are single-chained RNA or DNA oligonucleotides (ODNs) with three-dimensional folding structures which allow them to bind to their targets with high specificity. Aptamers normally show affinities comparable to or higher than that of antibodies. They are chemically synthesized and therefore less expensive to manufacture and produce. A variety of aptamers described to date have been shown to be reliable in modulating immune responses against cancer by either blocking or activating immune receptors. Some of them have been conjugated to other molecules to target the immune system and reduce off-target side effects. Despite the success of first-line treatments against cancer, the elevated number of relapsing cases and the tremendous side effects shown by the commonly used agents hinder conventional treatments against cancer. The advantages provided by aptamers could enhance the therapeutic index of a given strategy and therefore enhance the antitumor effect. Here we recapitulate the provided benefits of aptamers with immunomodulatory activity described to date in cancer therapy and the benefits that aptamer-based immunotherapy could provide either alone or combined with first-line treatments in cancer therapy.
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Ragonnaud E, Andersson AMC, Pedersen AE, Laursen H, Holst PJ. An adenoviral cancer vaccine co-encoding a tumor associated antigen together with secreted 4-1BBL leads to delayed tumor progression. Vaccine 2016; 34:2147-56. [PMID: 27004934 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown promising results when using an agonistic anti-4-1BB antibody treatment against established tumors. While this is promising, this type of treatment can induce severe side effects. Therefore, we decided to incorporate the membrane form of 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) in a replicative deficient adenovirus vaccine expressing the invariant chain (Ii) adjuvant fused to a tumor associated antigen (TAA). The Ii adjuvant increases and prolongs TAA specific CD8+ T cells as previously shown and local expression of 4-1BBL was chosen to avoid the toxicity associated with systemic antibody administration. Furthermore, adenovirus encoded 4-1BBL expression has previously been successfully used to enhance responses toward Plasmodium falciparum and Influenza A antigens. We showed that the incorporation of 4-1BBL in the adenovirus vector led to surface expression of 4-1BBL on antigen presenting cells, but it did not enhance T cell responses in mice towards the Ii linked antigen. In tumor-bearing mice, our vaccine was found to decrease the frequency of TAA specific CD8+ T cells, but this difference did not alter the therapeutic efficacy. In order to reconcile our findings with the previous reports of increased anti-cancer efficacy using systemically delivered 4-1BB agonists, we incorporated a secreted version of 4-1BBL (Fc-4-1BBL) in our vaccine and co-expressed it with the Ii linked to TAA. In tumor bearing mice, this vaccine initially delayed tumor growth and slightly increased survival compared to the vaccine expressing the membrane form of 4-1BBL. Accordingly, secreted 4-1BBL co-encoded with the Ii linked antigen may offer a simplification compared to administration of drug and vaccine separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Ragonnaud
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anne-Marie C Andersson
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Elm Pedersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Laursen
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter J Holst
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ryan JM, Wasser JS, Adler AJ, Vella AT. Enhancing the safety of antibody-based immunomodulatory cancer therapy without compromising therapeutic benefit: Can we have our cake and eat it too? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:655-74. [PMID: 26855028 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1152256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated clinical benefit in treating patients with cancer and have paved the way for additional immune-modulating mAbs such as those targeting costimulatory receptors. The full clinical utility of these agents, however, is hampered by immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that can occur during therapy. AREAS COVERED We first provide a general overview of tumor immunity, followed by a review of the two major classes of immunomodulatory mAbs being developed as cancer therapeutics: checkpoint inhibitors and costimulatory receptor agonists. We then discuss therapy-associated adverse events. Finally, we describe in detail the mechanisms driving their therapeutic activity, with an emphasis on interactions between antibody fragment crystallizable (Fc) domains and Fc receptors (FcR). EXPERT OPINION Given that Fc-FcR interactions appear critical in facilitating the ability of immunomodulatory mAbs to elicit both therapeutically useful as well as adverse effects, the engineering of mAbs that can effectively engage their targets while limiting interaction with FcRs might represent a promising future avenue for developing the next generation of immune-enhancing tumoricidal agents with increased safety and retention of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Ryan
- a Department of Immunology , UConn Health , Farmington , CT , USA
| | | | - Adam J Adler
- a Department of Immunology , UConn Health , Farmington , CT , USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- a Department of Immunology , UConn Health , Farmington , CT , USA
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Dharmadhikari B, Wu M, Abdullah NS, Rajendran S, Ishak ND, Nickles E, Harfuddin Z, Schwarz H. CD137 and CD137L signals are main drivers of type 1, cell-mediated immune responses. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1113367. [PMID: 27141396 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1113367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137 is expressed on activated T cells and NK cells, among others, and is a potent co-stimulator of antitumor immune responses. CD137 ligand (CD137L) is expressed by antigen presenting cells (APC), and CD137L reverse signaling into APC enhances their activity. CD137-CD137L interactions as main driver of type 1, cell-mediated immune responses explains the puzzling observation that CD137 agonists which enhance antitumor immune responses also ameliorate autoimmune diseases. Upon co-stimulation by CD137, Th1 CD4+ T cells together with Tc1 CD8+ T cells and NK cells inhibit other T cell subsets, thereby promoting antitumor responses and mitigating non-type 1 auto-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Dharmadhikari
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Meihui Wu
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Nur Sharalyn Abdullah
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Sakthi Rajendran
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Nur Diana Ishak
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Emily Nickles
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Zulkarnain Harfuddin
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Clouthier DL, Watts TH. TNFRs and Control of Chronic LCMV Infection: Implications for Therapy. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:697-708. [PMID: 26481667 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The control of persistent viral infections requires the immune system to limit the spread of the virus while avoiding immunopathology. Recent studies have revealed that members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily play unique and pivotal roles in control of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and in some settings can tip the balance between immune control and immune pathology. We review these findings and discuss how our understanding of the role of TNFRs in the immune response to chronic LCMV infection may shed light on what happens during HIV infection in humans. We discuss preclinical models of TNF/TNFR family-targeted immunotherapy of chronic LCMV infection and evaluate which TNFRs present the most promising targets for immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L Clouthier
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION 4-1BB (CD137) is an important T-cell stimulating molecule. The 4-1BB mAb or its variants have shown remarkable therapeutic activity against autoimmunity, viral infections, and cancer. Antibodies to 4-1BB have recently entered clinical trials for the treatment of cancer with favorable toxicity profile. In this article, we present a review documenting the efficacy and pitfalls of 4-1BB therapy. AREAS COVERED An extensive literature search has been made on 4-1BB, spanning two decades, and a comprehensive report is presented here highlighting the origins, biological effects, therapeutic potential, and mechanistic basis of targeting 4-1BB as well as the side effects associated with such therapy. EXPERT OPINION Research so far indicates that 4-1BB is highly protective against various pathological conditions including cancer. However, a few important side effects of 4-1BB therapy such as liver toxicity, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and suppressive effects on certain immune competent cells should be taken into consideration before it is used for human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- a 1 Tulane University, Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine , New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- a 1 Tulane University, Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine , New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.,b 2 Cell and Immunobiology, and R & D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center , Goyang 410-769, Korea ;
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66
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Yonezawa A, Dutt S, Chester C, Kim J, Kohrt HE. Boosting Cancer Immunotherapy with Anti-CD137 Antibody Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:3113-20. [PMID: 25908780 PMCID: PMC5422104 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the past 5 years, immunomodulatory antibodies have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy. CD137, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, represents a promising target for enhancing antitumor immune responses. CD137 helps regulate the activation of many immune cells, including CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Recent studies indicate that the antitumor efficacy of therapeutic tumor-targeting antibodies can be augmented by the addition of agonistic antibodies targeting CD137. As ligation of CD137 provides a costimulatory signal in multiple immune cell subsets, combination therapy of CD137 antibody with therapeutic antibodies and/or vaccination has the potential to improve cancer treatment. Recently, clinical trials of combination therapies with agonistic anti-CD137 mAbs have been launched. In this review, we discuss the recent advances and clinical promise of agonistic anti-CD137 monoclonal antibody therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yonezawa
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyoto University Hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suparna Dutt
- Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Cariad Chester
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California. Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jeewon Kim
- Transgenic, Knockout and Tumor Model Center, Stanford Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Holbrook E Kohrt
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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67
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Irvine DJ, Hanson MC, Rakhra K, Tokatlian T. Synthetic Nanoparticles for Vaccines and Immunotherapy. Chem Rev 2015; 115:11109-46. [PMID: 26154342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J Irvine
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University , 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, United States
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Bartkowiak T, Curran MA. 4-1BB Agonists: Multi-Potent Potentiators of Tumor Immunity. Front Oncol 2015; 5:117. [PMID: 26106583 PMCID: PMC4459101 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a rapidly expanding field of oncology aimed at targeting, not the tumor itself, but the immune system combating the cancerous lesion. Of the many approaches currently under study to boost anti-tumor immune responses; modulation of immune co-receptors on lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment has thus far proven to be the most effective. Antibody blockade of the T cell co-inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) has become the first FDA approved immune checkpoint blockade; however, tumor infiltrating lymphocytes express a diverse array of additional stimulatory and inhibitory co-receptors, which can be targeted to boost tumor immunity. Among these, the co-stimulatory receptor 4-1BB (CD137/TNFSF9) possesses an unequaled capacity for both activation and pro-inflammatory polarization of anti-tumor lymphocytes. While functional studies of 4-1BB have focused on its prominent role in augmenting cytotoxic CD8 T cells, 4-1BB can also modulate the activity of CD4 T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. 4-1BB’s expression on both T cells and antigen presenting cells, coupled with its capacity to promote survival, expansion, and enhanced effector function of activated T cells, has made it an alluring target for tumor immunotherapy. In contrast to immune checkpoint blocking antibodies, 4-1BB agonists can both potentiate anti-tumor and anti-viral immunity, while at the same time ameliorating autoimmune disease. Despite this, 4-1BB agonists can trigger high grade liver inflammation which has slowed their clinical development. In this review, we discuss how the underlying immunobiology of 4-1BB activation suggests the potential for therapeutically synergistic combination strategies in which immune adverse events can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Bartkowiak
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Michael A Curran
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX , USA ; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
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69
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Lee SC, Seo KW, Kim HJ, Kang SW, Choi HJ, Kim A, Kwon BS, Cho HR, Kwon B. Depletion of Alloreactive T-Cells by Anti-CD137-Saporin Immunotoxin. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:1167-81. [DOI: 10.3727/096368914x679327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Depletion of alloreactive T-lymphocytes from allogeneic bone marrow tansplants may prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) without impairing donor cell engraftment, immunity, and the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. Alloreactive T-cells may be identified by their expression, upon activation, of CD137, a costimulatory receptor and putative surrogate marker for antigen-specific effector T-cells. In this context, we tested the use of anti-CD137-saporin immunotoxin to selectively deplete mouse and human alloreactive T-cells. Anti-CD137 antibodies were internalized by cells within 4 h of binding to the cell surface CD137, and anti-CD137-saporin immunotoxin effectively killed polyclonally activated T-cells or antigen-stimulated T-cells. Transfer of donor T-cells after allodepletion with anti-CD137-saporin immunotoxin failed to induce any evident expression of GVHD; however, a significant GVL effect was observed. Targeting of CD137 with an immunotoxin was also effective in killing polyclonally activated or alloreactive human T-cells. Our results indicate that anti-CD137-saporin immunotoxin may be used to deplete alloreactive T-cells prior to bone marrow transplantation and thereby prevent GVHD and the relapse of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang C. Lee
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Personalized Medicine System R&D Center, Bio-support Co., Ltd., Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang W. Seo
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye J. Kim
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang W. Kang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jeong Choi
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ansuk Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung S. Kwon
- Division of Cell and Immunobiology and Research and Development Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong R. Cho
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungsuk Kwon
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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70
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Schrand B, Berezhnoy A, Brenneman R, Williams A, Levay A, Gilboa E. Reducing toxicity of 4-1BB costimulation: targeting 4-1BB ligands to the tumor stroma with bi-specific aptamer conjugates. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e970918. [PMID: 25949891 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.970918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic administration of immune modulatory antibodies to cancer patients is associated with autoimmune pathologies. We have developed a clinically feasible and broadly applicable approach to limit immune stimulation to disseminated tumor lesions using a bi-specific agonistic 4-1BB oligonucleotide aptamer targeted to a broadly expressed stromal product (e.g., VEGF or osteopontin). The stroma-targeted aptamer conjugates engendered potent antitumor immunity against unrelated tumors and exhibited a superior therapeutic index compared to non-targeted agonistic 4-1BB antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schrand
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Miami ; Miami, FL, USA
| | - A Berezhnoy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Miami ; Miami, FL, USA
| | - R Brenneman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Miami ; Miami, FL, USA
| | - A Williams
- Department of Pathology; Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami ; Miami, FL, USA
| | - A Levay
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Miami ; Miami, FL, USA
| | - E Gilboa
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center; University of Miami ; Miami, FL, USA
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71
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Tongu M, Harashima N, Tamada K, Chen L, Harada M. Intermittent chemotherapy can retain the therapeutic potential of anti-CD137 antibody during the late tumor-bearing state. Cancer Sci 2014; 106:9-17. [PMID: 25363339 PMCID: PMC4317772 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulating monoclonal antibodies (mAb) can evoke antitumor T-cell responses, which are attenuated by regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). Treatment with cyclophosphamide (CP) and gemcitabine (GEM) can mitigate the immunosuppression by Treg and MDSC, respectively. In the current study, we examined the antitumor effects of a combination of local injection with anti-CD137 mAb and intermittent low-dose chemotherapy using CP and GEM in subcutaneously established CT26 colon carcinoma. Although a significant antitumor effect was observed when local anti-CD137 mAb therapy (5 μg) was started early in the tumor-bearing stage (day 10), no therapeutic efficacy was observed when the mAb therapy was started at a later tumor-bearing stage (day 17). Analyses of the tumor-infiltrating immune cells revealed that the number of Gr-1(high/low) CD11b(+) MDSC started to increase 13 days after tumor inoculation, whereas injection with low-dose (50 mg/kg) CP and GEM mitigated this increase. In addition, although intermittent injections with low-dose CP and GEM on days 10 and 18 suppressed tumor growth significantly, additional local injections of anti-CD137 mAb on days 19, 21, and 23 further augmented the therapeutic efficacy. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes reactive to CT26 and a tumor antigen peptide were induced successfully from the spleen cells of tumor-cured or tumor-stable mice. In a bilateral tumor inoculation model, this combination therapy achieved systemic therapeutic effects and suppressed the growth of mAb-untreated tumors. These results suggest that intermittent immunochemotherapy using CP and GEM could retain the therapeutic potential of anti-CD137 mAb that is normally impaired during the late tumor-bearing stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Tongu
- Department of Experimental Animals, Center for Integrated Research in Science, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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72
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Sharma RK, Yolcu ES, Shirwan H. SA-4-1BBL as a novel adjuvant for the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:387-98. [PMID: 24521311 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.880340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor associated antigen (TAA)-based therapeutic vaccines have great potential as a safe, practical, and cost-efficient alternative to standard treatments for cancer. Clinical efficacy of TAA-based vaccines, however, has yet to be realized and will require adjuvants with pleiotropic functions on immune cells. Such adjuvants need not only to generate/boost T cell responses, but also reverse intrinsic/extrinsic tumor immune evasion mechanisms for therapeutic efficacy. This review focuses on a novel agonistic ligand, SA-4-1BBL, for 4-1BB costimulatory receptor as an adjuvant of choice because of its ability to: i) serve as a vehicle to deliver TAAs to dendritic cells (DCs) for antigen uptake and cross-presentation to CD8(+) T cells; ii) augment adaptive Th1 and innate immune responses; and iii) overcome various immune evasion mechanisms, cumulatively translating into therapeutic efficacy in preclinical tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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73
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Chen S, Lee LF, Fisher TS, Jessen B, Elliott M, Evering W, Logronio K, Tu GH, Tsaparikos K, Li X, Wang H, Ying C, Xiong M, VanArsdale T, Lin JC. Combination of 4-1BB agonist and PD-1 antagonist promotes antitumor effector/memory CD8 T cells in a poorly immunogenic tumor model. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 3:149-60. [PMID: 25387892 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies targeting the programmed death 1 (PD-1) coinhibitory receptor have shown great promise for a subset of patients with cancer. However, robust and safe combination therapies are still needed to bring the benefit of cancer immunotherapy to broader patient populations. To search for an optimal strategy of combinatorial immunotherapy, we have compared the antitumor activity of the anti-4-1BB/anti-PD-1 combination with that of the anti-PD-1/anti-LAG-3 combination in the poorly immunogenic B16F10 melanoma model. Pronounced tumor inhibition occurred only in animals receiving anti-PD-1 and anti-4-1BB concomitantly, while combining anti-PD-1 with anti-LAG-3 led to a modest degree of tumor suppression. The activity of the anti-4-1BB/anti-PD-1 combination was dependent on IFNγ and CD8(+) T cells. Both 4-1BB and PD-1 proteins were elevated on the surface of CD8(+) T cells by anti-4-1BB/anti-PD-1 cotreatment. In the tumor microenvironment, an effective antitumor immune response was induced as indicated by the increased CD8(+)/Treg ratio and the enrichment of genes such as Cd3e, Cd8a, Ifng, and Eomes. In the spleen, the combination treatment shaped the immune system to an effector/memory phenotype and increased the overall activity of tumor-specific CD8(+) CTLs, reflecting a long-lasting systemic antitumor response. Furthermore, combination treatment in C57BL/6 mice showed no additional safety signals, and only minimally increased severity of the known toxicity relative to 4-1BB agonist alone. Therefore, in the absence of any cancer vaccine, anti-4-1BB/anti-PD-1 combination therapy is sufficient to elicit a robust antitumor effector/memory T-cell response in an aggressive tumor model and is therefore a candidate for combination trials in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Chen
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California.
| | - Li-Fen Lee
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Bart Jessen
- Drug Safety R&D, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Mark Elliott
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | - Kathryn Logronio
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Guang Huan Tu
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Xiaoai Li
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Hui Wang
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Chi Ying
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Mengli Xiong
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - John C Lin
- Rinat Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., South San Francisco, California.
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74
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Clouthier DL, Zhou AC, Watts TH. Anti-GITR agonist therapy intrinsically enhances CD8 T cell responses to chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), thereby circumventing LCMV-induced downregulation of costimulatory GITR ligand on APC. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:5033-43. [PMID: 25281716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The costimulatory TNFR family member GITR can provide important survival signals for CD8 T cells. However, little is known about the regulation of this pathway during a chronic infection. In this study, we show that GITR ligand (GITRL) is maximally induced on APCs at day 2 post-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 infection, but is downregulated to below baseline levels by day 8 postinfection (p.i.), and remains so at the chronic stage of infection. At its peak, GITRL expression is highest on macrophages, with lower expression on conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. GITR expression was highest on T regulatory cells but was also detected on Th1 and LCMV-specific CD8 T cells at day 8 p.i. and was maintained at low, but above baseline levels at the chronic stage of LCMV infection. As GITRL was limiting at the chronic stage of infection, we investigated the potential of therapeutic stimulation of GITR at this stage using agonistic anti-GITR Ab. Anti-GITR treatment at day 21 p.i. increased the frequency and number of LCMV-specific CD8 T cells, resulting in increased in vivo CTL activity and a concomitant decrease in viral load, despite the persistence of PD-1 expression. These effects of anti-GITR were CD8 T cell intrinsic, with no detectable effects on Th1 or T regulatory cells. In contrast to other TNFR agonists, such as anti-4-1BB, which can cause immune pathology, a single therapeutic dose of anti-GITR did not induce splenomegaly or increase serum alanine transaminase. These studies identify GITR as a promising therapeutic target for chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek L Clouthier
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Angela C Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tania H Watts
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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75
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Schrand B, Berezhnoy A, Brenneman R, Williams A, Levay A, Kong LY, Rao G, Zhou S, Heimberger AB, Gilboa E. Targeting 4-1BB costimulation to the tumor stroma with bispecific aptamer conjugates enhances the therapeutic index of tumor immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 2:867-77. [PMID: 24938283 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent successes of using immune modulatory Abs in patients with cancer, autoimmune pathologies resulting from the activation of self-reactive T cells preclude the dose escalations necessary to fully exploit their therapeutic potential. To reduce the observed and expected toxicities associated with immune modulation, here we describe a clinically feasible and broadly applicable approach to limit immune costimulation to the disseminated tumor lesions of the patient, whereby an agonistic 4-1BB oligonucleotide aptamer is targeted to the tumor stroma by conjugation to an aptamer that binds to a broadly expressed stromal product, VEGF. This approach was predicated on the premise that by targeting the costimulatory ligands to products secreted into the tumor stroma, the T cells will be costimulated before their engagement of the MHC-peptide complex on the tumor cell, thereby obviating the need to target the costimulatory ligands to noninternalizing cell surface products expressed on the tumor cells. Underscoring the potency of stroma-targeted costimulation and the broad spectrum of tumors secreting VEGF, in preclinical murine tumor models, systemic administration of the VEGF-targeted 4-1BB aptamer conjugates engendered potent antitumor immunity against multiple unrelated tumors in subcutaneous, postsurgical lung metastasis, methylcholantrene-induced fibrosarcoma, and oncogene-induced autochthonous glioma models, and exhibited a superior therapeutic index compared with nontargeted administration of an agonistic 4-1BB Ab or 4-1BB aptamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Schrand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Alexey Berezhnoy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Randall Brenneman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Anthony Williams
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Agata Levay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Ling-Yuan Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shouhao Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eli Gilboa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
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76
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Mbanwi AN, Watts TH. Costimulatory TNFR family members in control of viral infection: Outstanding questions. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:210-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gauttier V, Judor JP, Le Guen V, Cany J, Ferry N, Conchon S. Agonistic anti-CD137 antibody treatment leads to antitumor response in mice with liver cancer. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2857-67. [PMID: 24789574 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a promising strategy against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We assessed the therapeutic effects of stimulating CD137, a member of the TNF receptor family, with agonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Agonistic anti-CD137 mAb treatment was tested on two in situ models of HCC in immunocompetent mice. We also studied the mediators involved at different time points. In an orthotopic HCC the treatment consistently leads to complete tumor regression in 40-60% of animals. The protection is long lasting in the animals responding to the treatment, which can reject a second tumor challenge more than 3 months after treatment and eradication of the first malignancy. The main mediators of the effect are T lymphocytes and NK cells, demonstrated through depletion experiments. In addition, adoptive transfer of splenocytes prepared from anti-CD137 mAb-treated and -cured mice to naive mice allowed them to, in turn, reject the tumor. The efficacy of anti-CD137 mAb treatment is associated with early, sustained recruitment of iNOS-positive macrophages within tumor nodules. Moreover, in the absence of treatment, tumor development is accompanied by infiltration by myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and regulatory T lymphocytes. In mice responding to the anti-CD137 mAb treatment, this infiltration is very limited, and a combination treatment with a depletion of MDSC leads to the recovery of 80% of the mice. These results demonstrate that agonistic anti-CD137 mAb is a promising therapeutic strategy for anti-tumor immunity stimulation against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Gauttier
- INSERM UMR1064, Centre for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Université de Nantes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôtel-Dieu, Nantes, France
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78
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Immune checkpoint blockade in cancer treatment: a double-edged sword cross-targeting the host as an "innocent bystander". Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:914-33. [PMID: 24594636 PMCID: PMC3968368 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6030914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted immune checkpoint blockade augments anti-tumor immunity and induces durable responses in patients with melanoma and other solid tumors. It also induces specific “immune-related adverse events” (irAEs). IrAEs mainly include gastrointestinal, dermatological, hepatic and endocrinological toxicities. Off-target effects that arise appear to account for much of the toxicity of the immune checkpoint blockade. These unique “innocent bystander” effects are likely a direct result of breaking immune tolerance upon immune check point blockade and require specific treatment guidelines that include symptomatic therapies or systemic corticosteroids. What do we need going forward to limit immune checkpoint blockade-induced toxicity? Most importantly, we need a better understanding of the roles played by these agents in normal tissues, so that we can begin to predict potentially problematic side effects on the basis of their selectivity profile. Second, we need to focus on the predictive factors of the response and toxicity of the host rather than serially focusing on individual agents. Third, rigorous biomarker-driven clinical trials are needed to further elucidate the mechanisms of both the benefit and toxicity. We will summarize the double-edged sword effect of immunotherapeutics in cancer treatment.
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79
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Yi L, Zhao Y, Wang X, Dai M, Hellström KE, Hellström I, Zhang H. Human and mouse CD137 have predominantly different binding CRDs to their respective ligands. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86337. [PMID: 24466035 PMCID: PMC3897701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to CD137 (a.k.a. 4-1BB) have anti-tumor efficacy in several animal models and have entered clinical trials in patients with advanced cancer. Importantly, anti-CD137 mAbs can also ameliorate autoimmunity in preclinical models. As an approach to better understand the action of agonistic and antagonistic anti-CD137 mAbs we have mapped the binding region of the CD137 ligand (CD137L) to human and mouse CD137. By investigating the binding of CD137L to cysteine rich domain II (CRDII )and CRDIII of CD137, we found that the binding interface was limited and differed between the two species in that mouse CD137L mainly combined with CRDII and human CD137L mainly combined with CRDIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yi
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlin Zhao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojue Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Pathology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Karl Erik Hellström
- Department of Pathology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ingegerd Hellström
- Department of Pathology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University and Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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80
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Morales-Kastresana A, Sanmamed MF, Rodriguez I, Palazon A, Martinez-Forero I, Labiano S, Hervas-Stubbs S, Sangro B, Ochoa C, Rouzaut A, Azpilikueta A, Bolaños E, Jure-Kunkel M, Gütgemann I, Melero I. Combined immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies extend survival in an aggressive transgenic hepatocellular carcinoma mouse model. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:6151-62. [PMID: 24030703 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies (ISmAb) that unleash antitumor immune responses are showing efficacy in cancer clinical trials. Anti-B7-H1 (PD-L1) monoclonal antibodies (mAb) block a critical inhibitory pathway in T cells, whereas anti-CD137 and OX40 mAbs provide T-cell costimulation. A combination of these ISmAbs (anti-CD137 + anti-OX40 + anti-B7-H1) was tested using a transgenic mouse model of multifocal and rapidly progressing hepatocellular carcinoma, in which c-myc drives transformation and cytosolic ovalbumin (OVA) is expressed in tumor cells as a model antigen. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Flow-cytometry and immunohistochemistry were used to quantify tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) elicited by treatment and assess their activation status and cytolytic potential. Tolerance induction and its prevention/reversal by treatment with the combination of ISmAbs were revealed by in vivo killing assays. RESULTS The triple combination of ISmAbs extended survival of mice bearing hepatocellular carcinomas in a CD8-dependent fashion and synergized with adoptive T-cell therapy using activated OVA-specific TCR-transgenic OT-1 and OT-2 lymphocytes. Mice undergoing therapy showed clear increases in tumor infiltration by activated and blastic CD8(+) and CD4(+) T lymphocytes containing perforin/granzyme B and expressing the ISmAb-targeted receptors on their surface. The triple combination of ISmAbs did not result in enhanced OVA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity but other antigens expressed by cell lines derived from such hepatocellular carcinomas were recognized by endogenous TILs. Adoptively transferred OVA-specific OT-1 lymphocytes into tumor-bearing mice were rendered tolerant, unless given the triple mAb therapy. CONCLUSION Extension of survival and dense T-cell infiltrates emphasize the translational potential of combinational immunotherapy strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res; 19(22); 6151-62. ©2013 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizea Morales-Kastresana
- Authors' Affiliations: Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra; Department of Oncology, Clinica Universidad de Navarra; Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Pamplona, Spain; Oncology Drug Discovery division, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, New Jersey; and Department of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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81
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Melero I, Hirschhorn-Cymerman D, Morales-Kastresana A, Sanmamed MF, Wolchok JD. Agonist antibodies to TNFR molecules that costimulate T and NK cells. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:1044-53. [PMID: 23460535 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Therapy for cancer can be achieved by artificially stimulating antitumor T and natural killer (NK) lymphocytes with agonist monoclonal antibodies (mAb). T and NK cells express several members of the TNF receptor (TNFR) family specialized in delivering a costimulatory signal on their surface. Engagement of these receptors is typically associated with proliferation, elevated effector functions, resistance to apoptosis, and differentiation into memory cells. These receptors lack any intrinsic enzymatic activity and their signal transduction relies on associations with TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) adaptor proteins. Stimulation of CD137 (4-1BB), CD134 (OX40), and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR (GITR; CD357) promotes impressive tumor-rejecting immunity in a variety of murine tumor models. The mechanisms of action depend on a complex interplay of CTL, T-helper cells, regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, and vascular endothelium in tumors. Agonist mAbs specific for CD137 have shown signs of objective clinical activity in patients with metastatic melanoma, whereas anti-OX40 and anti-GITR mAbs have entered clinical trials. Preclinical evidence suggests that engaging TNFR members would be particularly active with conventional cancer therapies and additional immunotherapeutic approaches. Indeed, T-cell responses elicited to tumor antigens by means of immunogenic tumor cell death are amplified by these immunostimulatory agonist mAbs. Furthermore, anti-CD137 mAbs have been shown to enhance NK-mediated cytotoxicity elicited by rituximab and trastuzumab. Combinations with other immunomodulatory mAb that block T-cell checkpoint blockade receptors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 are also promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Melero
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada, and Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.
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82
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Guo Z, Cheng D, Xia Z, Luan M, Wu L, Wang G, Zhang S. Combined TIM-3 blockade and CD137 activation affords the long-term protection in a murine model of ovarian cancer. J Transl Med 2013; 11:215. [PMID: 24044888 PMCID: PMC3853027 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) is known as a negative immune regulator and emerging data have implicated TIM-3 a pivotal role in suppressing antitumor immunity. The co-stimulatory receptor CD137 is transiently upregulated on T-cells following activation and increases their proliferation and survival when engaged. Although antagonistic anti-TIM-3 or agonistic anti-CD137 antibodies can promote the rejection of several murine tumors, some poorly immunogenic tumors were refractory to this treatment. In this study, we sought to evaluate whether combined TIM-3 blockade and CD137 activation would significantly improve the immunotherapy in the murine ID8 ovarian cancer model. Methods Mice with established ID8 tumor were intraperitoneally injected with single or combined anti-TIM-3/CD137 monoclonal antibody (mAb); mice survival was recorded, the composition and gene expression of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in these mice was analyzed by flow cytometry and quantitative RT-PCR respectively, and the function of CD8+ cells was evaluated by ELISA and cytotoxicity assay. Results Either anti-TIM-3 or CD137 mAb alone, although effective in 3 days established tumor, was unable to prevent tumor progression in mice bearing 10 days established tumor, however, combined anti-TIM-3/CD137 mAb significantly inhibited the growth of these tumors with 60% of mice tumor free 90 days after tumor inoculation. Therapeutic efficacy was associated with a systemic immune response with memory and antigen specificity, required CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells. The 2 mAb combination increased CD4+ and CD8+ cells and decreased immunosuppressive CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid suppressor cells (MDSC) at tumor sites, giving rise to significantly elevated ratios of CD4+ and CD8+ cells to Treg and MDSC; This is consistent with biasing local immune response towards an immunostimulatory Th1 type and is further supported by quantitative RT-PCR data showing the increased Th1-associated genes by anti-TIM-3/CD137 treatment. The increased CD8+ T cells produced high level of IFN-γ upon tumor antigen stimulation and displayed antigen-specific cytotoxic activity. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report investigating the effects of anti-TIM-3/CD137 combined mAb in a murine ovarian cancer model, and our results may aid the design of future trials for ovarian cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Guo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, ShenYang 110004, China.
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83
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Wortzman ME, Clouthier DL, McPherson AJ, Lin GHY, Watts TH. The contextual role of TNFR family members in CD8+T-cell control of viral infections. Immunol Rev 2013; 255:125-48. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek L. Clouthier
- The Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
| | - Ann J. McPherson
- The Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
| | - Gloria H. Y. Lin
- The Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
| | - Tania H. Watts
- The Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto; ON; Canada
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84
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Daniel-Meshulam I, Horovitz-Fried M, Cohen CJ. Enhanced antitumor activity mediated by human 4-1BB-engineered T cells. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2903-13. [PMID: 23754772 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137) is a costimulatory molecule transiently expressed on the T-cell surface after TCR engagement, whereas its ligand 4-1BBL can be found on professional antigen-presenting cells, but more importantly, also on tumor cells. As the role of the 4-1BB/4-1BBL pathway has emerged central to CD8(+) T-cell responses and survival, we sought to test its relevance in the context of genetically modified human T cells. To that end, T cells purified from healthy donors and from vaccinated-melanoma patients were transduced to express high levels of constitutive 4-1BB. 4-1BB-transduced T cells were cocultured with melanoma tumor lines and exhibited enhanced cytokine secretion, upregulation of activation markers as well as increased cytotoxicity in a chick-chorioallantoic membrane model of human melanoma tumors. In addition, these cells expanded and proliferated at a higher rate, expressed heightened levels of the antiapoptotic molecule Bcl(XL) and were also relatively insensitive to immunosuppression mediated by transforming growth factor-β, compared to control cells. We also show that 4-1BBL expression on the target cell is essential to 4-1BB-mediated functional improvement. Overall, we conclude that the modification of human T cells with 4-1BB yields enhanced antitumor function which may have important applications in therapies based on the genetic modification of patient lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Daniel-Meshulam
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat, Gan, Israel
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85
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Targeting of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily for cancer immunotherapy. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:371854. [PMID: 23840967 PMCID: PMC3693168 DOI: 10.1155/2013/371854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand and cognate TNF receptor superfamilies constitute an important regulatory axis that is pivotal for immune homeostasis and correct execution of immune responses. TNF ligands and receptors are involved in diverse biological processes ranging from the selective induction of cell death in potentially dangerous and superfluous cells to providing costimulatory signals that help mount an effective immune response. This diverse and important regulatory role in immunity has sparked great interest in the development of TNFL/TNFR-targeted cancer immunotherapeutics. In this review, I will discuss the biology of the most prominent proapoptotic and co-stimulatory TNF ligands and review their current status in cancer immunotherapy.
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86
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Tang Q, Jiang D, Alonso S, Pant A, Martínez Gómez JM, Kemeny DM, Chen L, Schwarz H. CD137 ligand signaling enhances myelopoiesis during infections. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1555-67. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven; CT; USA
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87
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Lin GHY, Snell LM, Wortzman ME, Clouthier DL, Watts TH. GITR-Dependent Regulation of 4-1BB Expression: Implications for T Cell Memory and Anti–4-1BB–Induced Pathology. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4627-39. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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88
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Kwong B, Gai SA, Elkhader J, Wittrup KD, Irvine DJ. Localized immunotherapy via liposome-anchored Anti-CD137 + IL-2 prevents lethal toxicity and elicits local and systemic antitumor immunity. Cancer Res 2013; 73:1547-58. [PMID: 23436794 PMCID: PMC3594475 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunostimulatory agonists such as anti-CD137 and interleukin (IL)-2 have elicited potent antitumor immune responses in preclinical studies, but their clinical use is limited by inflammatory toxicities that result upon systemic administration. We hypothesized that by rigorously restricting the biodistribution of immunotherapeutic agents to a locally accessible lesion and draining lymph node(s), effective local and systemic antitumor immunity could be achieved in the absence of systemic toxicity. We anchored anti-CD137 and an engineered IL-2Fc fusion protein to the surfaces of PEGylated liposomes, whose physical size permitted dissemination in the tumor parenchyma and tumor-draining lymph nodes but blocked entry into the systemic circulation following intratumoral injection. In the B16F10 melanoma model, intratumoral liposome-coupled anti-CD137 + IL-2Fc therapy cured a majority of established primary tumors while avoiding the lethal inflammatory toxicities caused by equivalent intratumoral doses of soluble immunotherapy. Immunoliposome therapy induced protective antitumor memory and elicited systemic antitumor immunity that significantly inhibited the growth of simultaneously established distal tumors. Tumor inhibition was CD8(+) T-cell-dependent and was associated with increased CD8(+) T-cell infiltration in both treated and distal tumors, enhanced activation of tumor antigen-specific T cells in draining lymph nodes, and a reduction in regulatory T cells in treated tumors. These data suggest that local nanoparticle-anchored delivery of immuno-agonists represents a promising strategy to improve the therapeutic window and clinical applicability of highly potent but otherwise intolerable regimens of cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Res; 73(5); 1547-58. ©2012 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Kwong
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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89
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Ye J, Li L, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Ren D, Chen W. Recombinant Salmonella-based 4-1BBL vaccine enhances T cell immunity and inhibits the development of colorectal cancer in rats: in vivo effects of vaccine containing 4-1BBL. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:8. [PMID: 23413971 PMCID: PMC3605352 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapy with vaccines is attractive for the treatment of cancer. This study is aimed at determining the effect of recombinant Salmonella (SL3261)-based 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) vaccine on the development of colorectal cancers and the potential immune mechanisms in rats. Results In comparison with that in the PBS group, similar levels of 4-1BBL expression, the frequency of T cells, IFN-γ responses, and comparable numbers of tumors were detected in the SL3261 and SL3261C groups of rats. In contrast, significantly fewer numbers of tumors, increased levels of 4-1BBL expression in the spleens and colorectal tissues, higher frequency of peripheral blood and splenic CD3+CD25+ T cells, and stronger splenic T cell IFN-γ responses were detected in the SL3261R group of rats. Conclusion Our results indicated that vaccination with recombinant attenuated Salmonella harboring the 4-1BBL gene efficiently enhanced T cell immunity and inhibited the development of carcinogen-induced colorectal cancers in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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90
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Abstract
Inhibitors of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) are among the most successful protein-based drugs (biologics) and have proven to be clinically efficacious at reducing inflammation associated with several autoimmune diseases. As a result, attention is focusing on the therapeutic potential of additional members of the TNF superfamily of structurally related cytokines. Many of these TNF-related cytokines or their cognate receptors are now in preclinical or clinical development as possible targets for modulating inflammatory diseases and cancer as well as other indications. This Review focuses on the biologics that are currently in clinical trials for immune-related diseases and other syndromes, discusses the successes and failures to date as well as the expanding therapeutic potential of modulating the activity of this superfamily of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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91
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Vinay DS, Lee SJ, Kim CH, Oh HS, Kwon BS. Exposure of a distinct PDCA-1+ (CD317) B cell population to agonistic anti-4-1BB (CD137) inhibits T and B cell responses both in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185591 PMCID: PMC3503989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137) is an important T cell activating molecule. Here we report that it also promotes development of a distinct B cell subpopulation co-expressing PDCA-1. 4-1BB is expressed constitutively, and its expression is increased when PDCA-1+ B cells are activated. We found that despite a high level of surface expression of 4-1BB on PDCA-1+ B cells, treatment of these cells with agonistic anti-4-1BB mAb stimulated the expression of only a few activation markers (B7-2, MHC II, PD-L2), cytokines (IL-12p40/p70), and chemokines (MCP-1, RANTES), as well as sTNFR1, and the immunosuppressive enzyme, IDO. Although the PDCA-1+ B cells stimulated by anti-4-1BB expressed MHC II at high levels and took up antigens efficiently, Ig class switching was inhibited when they were pulsed with T-independent (TI) or T-dependent (TD) Ags and adoptively transferred into syngeneic recipients. Furthermore, when anti-4-1BB-treated PDCA-1+ B cells were pulsed with OVA peptide and combined with Vα2+CD4+ T cells, Ag-specific cell division was inhibited both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that the 4-1BB signal transforms PDCA-1+ B cells into propagators of negative immune regulation, and establish an important role for 4-1BB in PDCA-1+ B cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass S. Vinay
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Seung J. Lee
- Cell and Immunobiology, and R and D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Chang H. Kim
- Cell and Immunobiology, and R and D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Ho Sik Oh
- Cell and Immunobiology, and R and D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
| | - Byoung S. Kwon
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Cell and Immunobiology, and R and D Center for Cancer Therapeutics, National Cancer Center, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea
- * E-mail:
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92
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Zhao Y, Tahiliani V, Salek-Ardakani S, Croft M. Targeting 4-1BB (CD137) to enhance CD8 T cell responses with poxviruses and viral antigens. Front Immunol 2012; 3:332. [PMID: 23162550 PMCID: PMC3492829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attenuated vaccinia virus (VACV) vectors are considered prime vaccine candidates for use in immunotherapy of infectious disease. In spite of this, recent data show that the level of attenuation may hamper the efficient generation of protective CD8 T cells. This suggests that additional adjuvant-like activities may need to be combined with attenuated VACV for optimal vaccination. Stimulatory reagents to the TNFR family molecule 4-1BB (CD137) may represent such an adjuvant for vaccination. Previous murine studies have found that 4-1BB can participate in optimal priming of effector and memory CD8 T cells in response to several virus infections, and concordantly direct stimulation of 4-1BB with agonist reagents effectively boosts the CD8 T cell response against those viruses. In contrast, we recently reported that 4-1BB plays no role in the response to a virulent strain of VACV, questioning whether agonists of 4-1BB will be useful adjuvants for vaccination with VACV vectors. Here we show that agonist anti-4-1BB strongly enhanced the primary viral-specific effector CD8 T cell response during infection with live virulent VACV and attenuated VACV, and during immunization with VACV peptides given in IFA. However, accumulation of memory CD8 T cells was enhanced only following infection with virulent VACV or with peptide vaccination, but not with attenuated VACV, correlating in part with more transient expression of 4-1BB on CD8 T cells with attenuated virus. Our data therefore suggest that 4-1BB may be a promising candidate for targeting as an adjuvant for short-term enhancement of CD8 T cell responses with VACV vaccine strategies, but additional receptors may need to be engaged with 4-1BB to allow long-term CD8 T cell immunity with attenuated VACV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology La Jolla, CA, USA
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93
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Fisher TS, Kamperschroer C, Oliphant T, Love VA, Lira PD, Doyonnas R, Bergqvist S, Baxi SM, Rohner A, Shen AC, Huang C, Sokolowski SA, Sharp LL. Targeting of 4-1BB by monoclonal antibody PF-05082566 enhances T-cell function and promotes anti-tumor activity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1721-33. [PMID: 22406983 PMCID: PMC11028822 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
4-1BB (CD137, TNFRSF9) is a costimulatory receptor expressed on several subsets of activated immune cells. Numerous studies of mouse and human T cells indicate that 4-1BB promotes cellular proliferation, survival, and cytokine production. 4-1BB agonist mAbs have demonstrated efficacy in prophylactic and therapeutic settings in both monotherapy and combination therapy tumor models and have established durable anti-tumor protective T-cell memory responses. PF-05082566 is a fully human IgG2 that binds to the extracellular domain of human 4-1BB with high affinity and specificity. In preclinical studies, this agonist antibody demonstrated its ability to activate NF-κB and induce downstream cytokine production, promote leukocyte proliferation, and inhibit tumor growth in a human PBMC xenograft tumor model. The mechanism of action and robust anti-tumor efficacy of PF-05082566 support its clinical development for the treatment of a broad spectrum of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S. Fisher
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Cris Kamperschroer
- Immunotoxicology Center of Emphasis, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT USA
| | - Theodore Oliphant
- Protein Therapeutics Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO 63017 USA
| | - Victoria A. Love
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Paul D. Lira
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Regis Doyonnas
- Genetically Engineered Models Center of Emphasis, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Simon Bergqvist
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Sangita M. Baxi
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Allison Rohner
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Amy C. Shen
- Biomarkers Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Chunli Huang
- Biomarkers Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Sharon A. Sokolowski
- Biomarkers Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Leslie L. Sharp
- Oncology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., 10724 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
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SA-4-1BBL costimulation inhibits conversion of conventional CD4+ T cells into CD4+ FoxP3+ T regulatory cells by production of IFN-γ. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42459. [PMID: 22870329 PMCID: PMC3411638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors convert conventional CD4+ T cells into induced CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T regulatory (iTreg) cells that serve as an effective means of immune evasion. Therefore, the blockade of conventional CD4+ T cell conversion into iTreg cells represents an attractive target for improving the efficacy of various immunotherapeutic approaches. Using a novel form of 4-1BBL molecule, SA-4-1BBL, we previously demonstrated that costimulation via 4-1BB receptor renders both CD4+and CD8+ T effector (Teff) cells refractory to inhibition by Treg cells and increased intratumoral Teff/Treg cell ratio that correlated with therapeutic efficacy in various preclinical tumor models. Building on these studies, we herein show for the first time, to our knowledge, that signaling through 4-1BB inhibits antigen- and TGF-β-driven conversion of naïve CD4+FoxP3− T cells into iTreg cells via stimulation of IFN-γ production by CD4+FoxP3− T cells. Importantly, treatment with SA-4-1BBL blocked the conversion of CD4+FoxP3− T cells into Treg cells by EG.7 tumors. Taken together with our previous studies, these results show that 4-1BB signaling negatively modulate Treg cells by two distinct mechanisms: i) inhibiting the conversion of CD4+FoxP3− T cells into iTreg cells and ii) endowing Teff cells refractory to inhibition by Treg cells. Given the dominant role of Treg cells in tumor immune evasion mechanisms, 4-1BB signaling represents an attractive target for favorably tipping the Teff:Treg balance toward Teff cells with important implications for cancer immunotherapy.
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Palazón A, Martínez-Forero I, Teijeira A, Morales-Kastresana A, Alfaro C, Sanmamed MF, Perez-Gracia JL, Peñuelas I, Hervás-Stubbs S, Rouzaut A, de Landázuri MO, Jure-Kunkel M, Aragonés J, Melero I. The HIF-1α hypoxia response in tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes induces functional CD137 (4-1BB) for immunotherapy. Cancer Discov 2012; 2:608-23. [PMID: 22719018 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-11-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The tumor microenvironment of transplanted and spontaneous mouse tumors is profoundly deprived of oxygenation as confirmed by positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging. CD8 and CD4 tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL) of transplanted colon carcinomas, melanomas, and spontaneous breast adenocarcinomas are CD137 (4-1BB)-positive, as opposed to their counterparts in tumor-draining lymph nodes and spleen. Expression of CD137 on activated T lymphocytes is markedly enhanced by hypoxia and the prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG). Importantly, hypoxia does not upregulate CD137 in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α-knockout T cells, and such HIF-1α-deficient T cells remain CD137-negative even when becoming TILs, in clear contrast to co-infiltrating and co-transferred HIF-1α-sufficient T lymphocytes. The fact that CD137 is selectively expressed on TILs was exploited to confine the effects of immunotherapy with agonist anti-CD137 monoclonal antibodies to the tumor tissue. As a result, low-dose intratumoral injections avoid liver inflammation, achieve antitumor systemic effects, and permit synergistic therapeutic effects with PD-L1/B7-H1 blockade. SIGNIFICANCE CD137 (4-1BB) is an important molecular target to augment antitumor immunity. Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment as sensed by the HIF-1α system increases expression of CD137 on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes that thereby become selectively responsive to the immunotherapeutic effects of anti-CD137 agonist monoclonal antibodies as those used in ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asís Palazón
- CIMA and CUN University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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Teijeira Á, Palazón A, Garasa S, Marré D, Aubá C, Rogel A, Murillo O, Martínez‐Forero I, Lang F, Melero I, Rouzaut A. CD137 on inflamed lymphatic endothelial cells enhances CCL21‐guided migration of dendritic cells. FASEB J 2012; 26:3380-92. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-201061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Teijeira
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Applied Medical ResearchUniversity of Navarra Pío XII Pamplona Spain
| | - Asís Palazón
- Hepathology and Gene Therapy Unit, Centre for Applied Medical ResearchUniversity of Navarra Pío XII Pamplona Spain
| | - Saray Garasa
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Applied Medical ResearchUniversity of Navarra Pío XII Pamplona Spain
| | - Diego Marré
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Clínica Universidad de NavarraUniversity of Navarra Pío XII Pamplona Spain
| | - Cristina Aubá
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Clínica Universidad de NavarraUniversity of Navarra Pío XII Pamplona Spain
| | - Anne Rogel
- Institut de Recherche Thérapeutique de l'Université de Nantes Nantes France
| | - Ohiana Murillo
- Hepathology and Gene Therapy Unit, Centre for Applied Medical ResearchUniversity of Navarra Pío XII Pamplona Spain
| | - Iván Martínez‐Forero
- Hepathology and Gene Therapy Unit, Centre for Applied Medical ResearchUniversity of Navarra Pío XII Pamplona Spain
| | - François Lang
- Institut de Recherche Thérapeutique de l'Université de Nantes Nantes France
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Hepathology and Gene Therapy Unit, Centre for Applied Medical ResearchUniversity of Navarra Pío XII Pamplona Spain
| | - Ana Rouzaut
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Applied Medical ResearchUniversity of Navarra Pío XII Pamplona Spain
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The effect of CD137–CD137 ligand interaction on the expression of NFATc1 in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Int J Cardiol 2012; 157:134-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
4-1BB (CD137), a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is an activation-induced T-cell costimulatory molecule. Signaling via 4-1BB upregulates survival genes, enhances cell division, induces cytokine production, and prevents activation-induced cell death in T cells. The importance of the 4-1BB pathway has been underscored in a number of diseases, including cancer. Growing evidence indicates that anti-4-1BB monoclonal antibodies possess strong antitumor properties, which in turn are the result of their powerful CD8+ T-cell activating, IFN-γ producing, and cytolytic marker-inducing capabilities. In addition, combination therapy of anti-4-1BB with other anticancer agents, such as radiation, has robust tumor-regressing abilities against nonimmunogenic or poorly immunogenic tumors. Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of ex vivo anti-4-1BB-activated CD8+ T cells from previously tumor-treated animals efficiently inhibits progression of tumors in recipient mice that have been inoculated with fresh tumors. In addition, targeting of tumors with variants of 4-1BBL directed against 4-1BB also have potent antitumor effects. Currently, a humanized anti-4-1BB is in clinical trials in patients with solid tumors, including melanoma, renal carcinoma, and ovarian cancer, and so far seems to have a favorable toxicity profile. In this review, we discuss the basis of the therapeutic potential of targeting the 4-1BB-4-1BBL pathway in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dass S Vinay
- Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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100
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Snell LM, Lin GHY, McPherson AJ, Moraes TJ, Watts TH. T-cell intrinsic effects of GITR and 4-1BB during viral infection and cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2012; 244:197-217. [PMID: 22017440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
GITR [glucocorticoid inducible tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-related protein] and 4-1BB are costimulatory TNFR family members that are expressed on regulatory and effector T cells as well as on other cells of the immune system. Here we discuss the role of GITR and 4-1BB on T cells during viral infections and in cancer immunotherapy. Systemic treatment with agonistic anti-4-1BB antibody leads to a number of immune system abnormalities, and clinical trials of anti-4-1BB have been terminated. However, other modes of 4-1BB ligation may be less toxic. To date, similar toxicities have not been reported for anti-GITR treatment of mice, although anti-GITR antibodies can exacerbate mouse autoimmune models. Intrinsic effects of GITR and 4-1BB on effector T cells appear to predominate over their effects on other cell types in some models. Despite their similarities in enhancing T-cell survival, 4-1BB and GITR are clearly not redundant, and both pathways are required for maximal CD8(+) T-cell responses and mouse survival following severe respiratory influenza infection. GITR uses TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) 2 and TRAF5, whereas 4-1BB recruits TRAF1 and TRAF2 to mediate survival signaling in T cells. The differential use of signaling adapters combined with their differential expression may explain the non-redundant roles of GITR and 4-1BB in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Snell
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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